Mataia Watkins

New Era Review

12.5.11

Blackmon

4th

Europe Germanic kingdoms invaders that organized successor states in place of Roman empires. Although did not establish a tightly centralized monarchy, they were successful. Influence of Christianity As some missionaries from Rome traveled out many tribes began to convert to Christianity. First kingdom that did was the Franks. Rise of the Franks Clovis Franks Although survived only for a short time, the Franks profoundly influenced the political, social, and cultural development of western Europe. Created a firm alliance with the western Christian church and helped Roman Christianity maintain its cultural and religious primacy in western Europe Clovis - Under Clovis, the Franks became the preeminent military and political power in western Europe. Organized campaigns to eliminate enemies. Transformed empire into most powerful and dynamic state of western Europe. St. Benedict and monasteries St. Benedict of Nursia strengthened the early monastic movement by providing it with disicipline and a sense of purpose. In 529, St. Benedict prepared a set of regulations known as Benedicts Rule for the monastic community that he had founded at Monte Casino, near Rome. Carolingian Empire -Royal clan established by Charlemagne, who expanded the Carolingian Empire into Spain, Bavaria, and Northern Italy. Charlemagne - 800s AD - built the first real empire in Europe since Rome. Became known as Charlemagne, Charles the Great. Would be called the Holy Roman Empire (north Italy, Germany, Belgium, and France) and brought back centralized government and Rome prestige. Charlemagne promoted art and education with the main focus on religion. Counts & Missi Domenici - "Envoys of the lord ruler," the noble and church emissaries sent out by Charlemagne. Feudalism - a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. In order: kings, lords (lords, knights), vassals (lesser lords, lesser knights), and peasants (serfs). Lord- Vassal relationship - Once the commendation ceremony was complete, the lord and vassal were now in a feudal relationship with agreed-upon mutual obligations to one another. The vassal's principal obligation to the lord was to "aid", or military service. Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from the fief, the vassal was responsible to answer to calls to military service on behalf of the lord. This security of military help was the primary reason the lord entered into the feudal relationship. In addition, the vassal could have other obligations to his lord, such as attendance at his court, whether manorial, baronial, both termed court baron, or at the king's court itself. Fief - A grant of land from a lord to a vassal. Manorialism - an essential element of feudal society, medieva las the organizing principle of rural economy that originated in the villa system of the Late Roman Empire, was widely practiced in western and parts of central Europe, and was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract.

Three-field system Common way that farmers in Middle Ages rotated crops so that there was always one empty field Holy Roman Empire - Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. Vikings-Muslims-Magyars Magyars - Hungarian invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and France in the ninth and tenth centuries. Muslims - During this time Muslim Turks were gaining control of the Holy Lands and threatening Byzantium. Vikings - the Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid-11th century William the Conqueror - In 1066 Norman William the Conqueror invaded England (king died without heir)and defeated the Saxon king at the Battle of Hastings. Battle of Hastings 1066 - Battle where William the Conqueror defeated the Saxon king. Because William had French royal blood there would be much confusion over land rights during the next 400 years. Bayeux Tapestry - an embroidered clothnot an actual tapestrynearly 70 meters (230 ft) long, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. Magna Carta 1215 - an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215 and reissued later in the 13th century in modified versions, which included the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority to date. The charter first passed into law in 1225. The 1297 version, with the long title (originally in Latin) The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest, still remains on the statutebooks of England and Wales. Three Estates - Term for the social classes of the spiritual estate (clergy), the military estate (feudal nobles), and the estate of peasants and serfs. Lay Investiture Controversy - Lay investiture was the appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals. No one questioned a king or noble's right to grant a bishop or abbot a fief and have him become a vassal, but the church did object to kings and nobles naming bishops or abbots. This lead to the controversy over weather the Pope or King controlled the empire. Vernacular literature - The language of the people; Martin Luther translated the Bible from the Latin of the Catholic church into the vernacular German. Black Death (plague) 1340s AD - one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Of several competing theories, the dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Thought to have started in China, it traveled along the Silk Road and reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, probably carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. Hundred Years War - Conflict between France and England (1337-1453) over control of lands in France. Guilds - Socially significant groups of craftspeople who regulated the production, sale, and quality of manufactured goods.

Hanseatic League middle class - the members of the upper class of the free imperial cities Hamburg, Bremen and Lbeck since the middle of the 17th century after the end of the Hanseatic league. A trading alliance in northern Europe in existence between the 13th and 17th centuries. Venice -dominated Mediterranean trade - middleman to Arab spice trade Renaissance- rebirth of classical thought - a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. - Enabled by wealth of Italian city-states and Church - Transmission of technology, science, math to West through Arabs in Spain and Crusades

Crusades First Crusade 1096 AD only success est. 4 Crusader states - a military expedition by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem. Fourth Crusade- sack of Constantinople - was originally intended to conquer Muslimcontrolled Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Christian (Eastern Orthodox) city of Constantinople, capital of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). This is seen as one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church - Little impact on Muslim world - Opened up Europe to new foods, spices, technologies