Scientific Name Xylia xylocarpa Trade Name Pyinkado Family Name Leguminosae Synonyms Xylia dolabriformis

Common Names Boja, Bojeh, Cam xe, Eruvalu, Irul, Irummala, Jamba, Jambe, Jambu, Kada, Kadamaram, Konda tangedu, Kongora, Mai-sa-lan, Mai-sak, Orjori, Panga, Pangali, Pegu ironwood, Pinkado, Pkhay, Praing, Pran, Pyin, Pyinkado, Shilve, Sokram, Suaba, Suria, Tangani, Tangedi, Tangudu, The ironwood of Burma, Tiriwa, Trul, Trumalla, Yerul Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP] Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Boat building (general), Boat building, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Canoes, Chemical derivatives, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Docks, Dockwork, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Golf club heads, Handles: general, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Naval architecture, Piling, Poles, Posts, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Structural work, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction Environmental Profile The future survival of this species is at risk Some long-term concern for the species Generally secure within its natural habitat Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

Distribution Overview Xylia is a small genus of trees distributed in tropical Asia and Africa. X. xylocarpa is common in the forest of the Western Ghats in southern Maharashtra, Mysore, and Kerala in India. Its range is also reported to extend in a scattered manner from Madhya Pradesh eastward to the Esatern Ghats in Orissa and Andra Pradesh, and is locally common in Ganjam. also introduced into West Bengal. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Orange Red

Reddish brown Golden brown with a reddish cast Darkens significantly upon exposure Dark gum streaks Dark brown

Sapwood Color Yellow White

White to yellow Pale pink Well defined

Grain Interlocked Wavy Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Closed Even Distinct (figure) Interlocked Wavy Straight Clear growth rings (figure) May be wavy or curly Distinct figure

Texture Fine Coarse

Fine to medium Medium Medium to coarse Fine Hard Luster High

Dull

Natural Durability Very durable Durable

Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from marine borers Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Very high natural resistance

Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack Resistance to termite attack Odor No specific smell or taste

Light-Induced Color Change Darker

Toxicity Respiratory effects

Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Dry at a slow speed UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US Schedule C (4/4) United Kingdom/T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US Schedule C (4/4) United Kingdom

Drying Defects Distortion

Moderate end spitting Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Moderate surface checking Warping can be expected Slight end splitting Severe twisting/warping Moderate twist/warp Expect splits Checking

Ease of Drying Rapidly Reconditioning Treatement

Dries well under good controlled conditions Dries slowly Difficult Felling should be done during or just after the rainy season and logs should be converted green or stored under water until ready to convert. Sawn material should be stored under cover and protected against rapid drying Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is cylindrical Bole/stem form is fluted

Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 0-10 m Tree height is 40-50 m

Tree height is 50-60 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Trunk diameter is 250-300 cm

Product Sources The bark and oil from the seeds of Irul are used for medicinal purposes. Comments Deposits - Wood vessels may contain whitish deposits. General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as good The woods of Irul (X. xylocarpa ) and Pyinkado (X. dolabriformis ) are very similar in structural and other properties, and are very difficult to distinguish. Wood vessels may contain white deposits. Blunting Effect Moderate

Blunting effect on machining is severe High effect Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe

Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy

Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance Easy to saw

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult

Gluing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Fairly difficult to glue Difficult to glue

Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement

Medium Moderate dimensional stability after seasoning

Nailing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Difficult to nail Poor resistance to decay Holds nails well

Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Requires sharp cutting edges Difficult to plane Wavy and interlocked grain, as well as varying amounts of resin, are reported to influence the machining characteristics of the timber. A cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended in planing to prevent torn grain Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood

Heartwood is highly resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant

Response to Hand Tools Responds Readily Easy to Work

Difficult to machine

Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Fairly good sanding characteristics

Screwing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results

Screwing yields good results

Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Veneering Qualities Veneers easily Veneers moderately easy Difficult to veneer Suitable for peeling

Steam Bending Fair to Good Results

Polishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Satisfactory results Good results Excellent results Good results except when very high resin context Staining Rated as excellent Finish is generally satisfactory

Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Max. crushing strength = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium

Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Hardness (side grain) = hard Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = very high Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low High in density Heavy Hardness (side grain) = very hard Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Numerical Data Item Bending Strength Density Hardness Impact Strength Maximum Crushing Strength Shearing Strength Stiffness Specific Gravity Weight Radial Shrinkage Tangential Shrinkage Volumetric Shrinkage Item Bending Strength Density Hardness Impact Strength Maximum Crushing Strength Shearing Strength Stiffness Specific Gravity Weight Radial Shrinkage Tangential Shrinkage 130 0.69 961 3 6 73 506 1853 0.69 60 3 6 11 Green 867 29 7201 Green 12336 Dry English 18006 psi 55 lbs/ft3 2369 lbs 29 inches 10756 psi 2205 psi 2134 1000 psi 0.76 54 lbs/ft3 % % % Dry Metric 1265 kg/cm2 881 kg/m3 1074 kg 73 cm 756 kg/cm2 155 kg/cm2 150 1000 kg/cm2 0.76 865 kg/m3 % %