History Exam Notes

Causes of World War 1: Militarism: Nations were racing to build their military strength. Armies grew larger and a naval race began between England and Germany The assassination of Franz Ferdinand set off the final spark to the war (Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, whom was aided by Russia. Germany aided A-H) The Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) were prepared to aid each other if war were to arise to fight for their interests. Economic Rivalry: After the Industrial Revolution, new factories were producing goods at an extremely high rate. Modern technologies created more destructive weapons Countries competed for materials and markets. Nationalism: Countries wanted to go to war to show that they were a superior country, and they should not be taken lightly. Imperialism: Nations were competing to expand and colonize other lands Africa and Asia were amongst the greater competition Germany started colonizing too late, but still wished to be a large nation (Alsace Lorraine, French land captured by Germany. Competition over land created tensions in countries Balkans: Known as the Balkan Power Keg because tensions were high and could erupt into war quickly Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary all had interests in the Balkans. Bosnia had been captured and added into the Balkans. Many Serbs lived there and wished to return to Serbia Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, A-H demanded Serbia allow troops in to search for extremists Serbia refused and turned to Russia for help. Russia turned to France. Austria-Hungary turned to Germany for help When Germans attacked Belgium, Britain became involved. Start of WWI Home-front Issues: Prejudice: British Canadians were the only treated fairly in the army, and made up a majority of it Women were not allowed to enlist and French Canadians were shown little respect Chinese, Italians, Japanese and Jews were assigned to labour forces, and contribution not recognized. Francis Pegahmagabow:

Aboriginals were allowed to avoid the war, but some enlisted. They were hunters so they were very skilled snipers The Aboriginals contribution was not recognized for years. No.2 Construction Battalion: Africans were not allowed to enlist because it was a white men s war Africans were only allowed to play support roles, such as building trenches. Only until later on, were they allowed to fight Bluebirds: 3000 Canadians served as nurses Bluebirds because of blue uniforms Worked close to the front line and died from disease and shells. Conscription: Conscription was a huge issue in 1917 Borden had promised not to implement conscription Some felt they had already done their part Soldiers would later be divided amongst other battalions, and that was not wanted Conscription was passed, but the country was bitterly divided Other Issues: Censorship, war media was not allowed to exist Income tax was presented as temporarily, for a necessity to win Debt, rose greatly and almost cost Canada $1million a day War production caused Canadians to work long hours in difficult and dangerous environments Germany s plan was called the Schlieffen plan. Great Battles: Ypres: April, 1915 When Canadian soldiers advanced upon Ypres, the town released chlorine gas. The gas killed soldiers so the French had to fall back, with Germans advancing in the gap Canadian forces extended their lines and closed the gap Ypres was the Canadian s first victory The Somme: July, 1916 Was meant to be the big push that would bring a quick end to the war Soldiers were sent over the top against machine gunners, shot if they didn t cooperate. Newfoundlanders were killed at Beaumont, Hamel. known as Das Blutbad , 600000 deaths on both sides

Vimy Ridge:

April, 1917 Allied forces actually made a strategy this time Required perfect timing and the use of aerial assistance also Used a strategy called the Creeping Barrage , which called for Canadians to continue shooting after they left the trench, so that enemies would have to remain in the trench First Canadian operated battle Passchendaele: November, 1917 Almost immediately after Vimy, sending troops in was almost slaughter but it continued anyways Allied forces almost crumbled under German attack Terrible conditions, battlefield was very muddy and swampy Seized town, but PM Borden said if anything were to happen like such again, no more Canadian forces were going to join the war

The Hundred Days: Early 1918, Russia had lost a lot of territory and was forced to pull out of war and sign peace treaty United States entered the war Germans concentrated on Western Front and launched a huge onslaught August, 1918 British blockade starved Germany of food and materials for war Allied forces drove into Axis lines and finally won the war after 6 weeks. Treaty of Versailles: November 11, 1918 Took place at Palace of Versailles in France Victors hoped to restrain Germany from rising to power again Peace treaty, but dictated by rulers. Losers were reluctant and would rather fight. Signed in 1919 Germany lost all its overseas colonies, France regained Alsace-Lorraine Germany s western border was demilitarized and air force was disbanded with navy reduced Had to pay $32 billion Forced to accept full responsibility for war Consequences of War: When the soldiers came back, they brought back the Spanish Flu Millions of casualties from war Germany felt very bitter after the Treaty had been signed. Advance in technology due to reverse engineering Women became more independent since the men were gone and gained rights More jobs in the city due to urbanization from advancing technology Canada gained independence from foreign policies

League of Nations

Came as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and promised prevention of any war Created in 1919 Canada was an eager member of the organization 1920 s: Half the population consisted of people under 30 years old, and many families had many children Borden stepped down and Arthur Meighen became PM Quebec: After the war and conscription crisis, Quebec was angry There were no French-Canadian Conservative MP s They began to form their own unions, farmer parties and co-operatives Americans began investing in Quebec, so it flourished Quebec thought it would be better to separate from Canada Maritimes: Alienated from the rest of Canada Decline for fish and coal put strain on economy Banks left, and railway expenses doubled as did tariffs Subsidies were given and situation was investigated, though few changes were made Farmers: Farmers WERE conscripted Wheat market collapsed due to mechanization costs and farmers had no money Gov. did not lower tariffs so they formed parties Established Progressive Party which later became the opposition in the House of Commons Progressive Party Although they had 2nd most seats, they were divided on policies so Conservatives became opp. They wanted people to have more control over advocates and representatives, with tactics such as recalls and referendums. In the 1925 election, Progressives won many seats in the West but King convinced Progressives to support liberals and he became the Prime Minister in Canada s first minority government Chanak Crisis: October, 1922 Turks threatened to invade Britain asked for aid, Meighen agreed, King disagreed Canada wanted independence from foreign affairs Halibut Treaty: March, 1923 Covered the protection of the Pacific halibut fishery The first treaty Canada signed without consent from Britain

Imperial Conference:

1923, King went to resist British efforts to centralize foreign policy for all British colonies King succeeded 1926, King succeeded in giving Canada independence in foreign policies and changed the role of the Governor General Constitutional Crisis: 1926, Election, but no party held a majority Governor General hoped for King to resign, but he didn t. Scandal appeared but he fired minister. King requested G.G. to call an election, but he refused. G.G. elected Meighen as P.M. but he lost a non-confidence vote King re-elected and promised to change the role of G.G. Labour Unrest After WWI, massive inflation occurred, doubling the cost of living expenses. When soldiers returned, they couldn t find work People who had jobs joined unions to fight for better pay and working conditions. When their demands were not met, they went on strikes Employers managed to get court injunctions to prevent strikes, or hired temporary workers. One Big Union 1919, union delegates of Western Canada gathered in Calgary and became the One Big Union (OBU) Included both trained and untrained workers; they hoped to stop all business so their demands would be met. OBU members praised the communist revolution in Russia. Winnipeg General Strike Unions complained the Government favoured employers over employees Attempted to negotiate for better conditions and the right to collective bargaining (Bargaining on behalf of everyone), but employers refused. Thousands of employees walked out The strike spread to nearly every industry and Winnipeg shut down. Workers formed a Central Strike Committee to oversee the strike; they also issued permits for essential services such as milk or electricity The Citizens Committee of 1000 was created to run the city until the end of strike and consisted of Winnipeg s wealthiest. Citizens Committee accused the strike as being a communist conspiracy. The strike gained national attention and sympathy strikes appeared in other cities. Federal government intervened and allowed the deportation / arrest of strike leaders. Strikes appeared to protest the arrests. Police intervened and a violent uproar occurred. Strike was soon called off to avoid violence; Was known as Bloody Saturday. Impact of Strike Men returning to work were forced to sign Yellow-dog contracts that forbade them from joining Unions. Some were even banned from returning to their jobs. The communist theory discredited unions and action was taken against them. Ignited the labour s political consciousness and social activists such as Woodsworth were elected to Parliament A Booming Economy

In 1924, Canada s abundant resources supplied economic growth Farmers created cooperatives to help sell products and invested in machinery. Pulp and paper became Canada s largest export. Established mines in the Canadian Shield. Oil became highly valued (Alberta owns many reserves) as did hydroelectricity People soon found jobs and began to buy the huge variety of consumer goods. The Automobiles changed society and soon nearly 1/8.5 Canadians owned a car. The automobile industry significantly fuelled the economy Shares Soon, companies allowed investors to buy shares of the company. In the 1920 s share prices tripled and many people made fortunes in the stock market. People began buying shares and would sell it for a profit to make quick money. Credit was easy to get and many committed their life savings to invest in the stock market. Causes of the Great Depression: New York Stock Market Crash Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 Prosperity of 1920 s ended and stocks values plummeted Investors quickly sold all stocks and the prices dropped even lower (50%) Easy Credit During the 1920 s, business borrowed a lot of money to expand their operations When the prices dropped, they could no longer repay the money Many companies went broke and workers lost jobs Homes, farms, cars, and other stuff were repossessed. Lack of Financial Regulation In the United States, there were little financial regulations. Canada had some. 1920 s, banks made money when people deposited money When stock market crashed, everyone withdrew savings and the reserves went empty. Banks were bankrupt. Canada had it easier due to regulations, but still had impact on the West. Shrinking Demand Canada s economy relied on exporting materials such as wheat, pulp, fish, etc. High demand in the 1920 s, so overproduced. Demands decreased, prices went to down and it impacted Canada s income. Economic Ties U.S. was Canada s biggest trading partner With bankruptcy in U.S., fewer orders came into Canada. U.S. parent companies shut down Canadian operations, workers in Canada lost jobs.

Protective Tariffs

Many countries imposed protective tariffs on imported goods to protect industries from foreign competition. Exporting countries like Canada had fewer markets. Effects of the Great Depression 30% of Canadian workers were un-employed People were forced to barter because they had no money, or take shelter in Churches Families were unable to pay rent or mortgage and they lost their home No unemployment insurance or universal health care Effect on Agriculture Industrial-based southern Ontario and Quebec were not hit as hard due to domestic industry tariffs Due to cycles of nature in the summer, agriculture was hit extremely hard during the Depression Companies producing farm equipment cut back on production This in turn became a layoff in workers And without money, they could no longer afford other goods, like cars, so they were affected also. Atlantic Canada had less prosperity during the 1920 s. Therefore, they fared better in the East, and they also had a larger variety of crops to feed their families with. Effect on Resource Industries Workers in resource industries felt the full force because demand plummeted Metis and First Nations who earned living by trapping, furs, and fishing were impacted. Newfoundland, who was still part of British Commonwealth, was hit by decline in fish demand and Britain had to take control of NFL s economy. Who Benefited A few wealthy Canadians with extra cash benefited. They bought farms, land and homes for cheap, then sold high later Large corporations profited by cutting wages, laying off workers and reducing production. Bennett s Response Bennett was elected in 1930, because King had no plans to help unemployment Bennett raised tariffs once elected to protect manufacturing sector. Export sector crippled due to immense decline in demand. Unemployment skyrocketed. Relief Citizens began borrowing money, became door-to-door salesmen, and offered work for rooms. Men took over many jobs for women, like teaching/secretary, and women worked in homes. To qualify for relief, people had to live for 6 months to 1 year in their community. Men who travelled to find work did not qualify There were many other conditions, so people hoped to avoid relief.

Impact on Aboriginals

The government had formerly tried to assimilate all Aboriginals To deal with Depression, they cut down on funding on First Nations reserves. Advised to live off land, but many had lost their land and it was illegal to hunt/fish on gov. lands Many First Nations died of tuberculosis and malnutrition. Federal government tried to relocate Inuit from Baffin Island to Devon Island Were given the choice to return to Baffin Island if they wished though After harsh winters and hurricanes, Inuit decided to return to Baffin. But there were more attempts to relocate them. Rails to Camps Many men left their families and travelled West hoping to look for jobs, and ended up in B.C. They overwhelmed relief organizations, so government set up relief camps in remote parts of the country Discipline in camps was strict, and work was hard for only 20 cents. Living conditions and food was terrible. It was comparable to prison. In 1935, they set up the Relief Camp Worker s Union under Arthur Evans and went on strike, demonstrating in Vancouver. They launched the On-to-Ottawa Trek in June. Regina Riot Bennett stopped the trains in Regina, and invited On-to-Ottawa Trek leaders to Ottawa. Talks didn t work out and leaders returned to Regina. Bennett ordered the police to arrest the men, and a riot broke out. The rioters returned to relief camps, but Bennett lost reputation. Bennett s New Deal Bennett decided to copy Roosevelt and provide relief and economic recovery He announced programs like unemployment insurance and minimal wage. Voters thought he was just trying to buy bets, and they voted King back in. Emergence of Political Alternatives Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Under Woodsworth, they rejected capitalism and revolutionary communism for democratic socialism Promised public ownership of banks, transportation and other industries, improved health and social services, and a tax system to redistribute wealth. CCF was accused as being communists in disguise. They gained support in the Western provinces though. Social Credit Party Based on the platform of social dividend, they would give money to every Albertan so they would buy things, thus leading to demand, and jumpstarting community Under the leadership of William Aberhart He won an election, but realized that the government didn t have enough money to pay each Albertan $25. He wanted to print more money, but was denied. They still remained in power though. Union Nationale

Under the leadership of Maurice Duplessis Based upon nationalism, he promised to defend French language, heritage, and work against English businesses. He was elected but fulfilled no promises. He left the economy to the English, and passed laws against labour protests. Padlock Law Claimed that communism was a threat, the Padlock Law gave authorities power to seize and building to search for communist propaganda. Communism was defined on their own terms They kept political opposition and labour unions weak this way Nonetheless, he defended French traditions and values. He introduced income tax system for Quebec also. He still remained in power for the next 5 elections, but it was thought of as a dark era. Canadian Culture Radio Radio was a form of entertainment escape during the Depression Most news was from the U.S. though Bennett formed the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission in 1932 and created programs. Musical Trends Big band sounds became popular, and African-Americans made their mark on music. Newspaper and Magazines U.S. Magazines out-won Canadians, so Bennett imposed a huge tariff on American magazines. Canadian magazine sales sky-rocketed Rise of Fascism and Nazism Civil War In Spain Statute of Westminster allowed Canada independence in foreign policies King wished to remain neutral in the military coup in Spain Civil war in Spain was between fascism and communism Franco had support fascists Mussolini and Hitler, the government had communist regime in Soviet Union. French Catholics supported Franco Communist Party of Canada supported left-wing government. In English Canada, they feared communism might appeal frustrated, angry, unemployed workers. King banned any fighting in foreign armies, yet 1500 fought in Spain. Half died and Franco won the coup and Canadians returned home, but were ignored as veterans. Hitler Gains Power Depression in Germany robbed over 6 million jobs Hitler promised to restore employment, and was elected. Soon, he moved to dictatorship. He imposed censorship to ban political opposition and banned strikes and unions. The Jews became a scapegoat for economic woes and were persecuted. S.S. St. Louis

Over 1000 Jews boarded looking for a safe haven, but were all rejected They returned to Europe and eventually most died in concentration camps War on the Horizon Hitler was determined to overturn the Treaty of Versailles He re-armed Germany and rebuilt the military and occupied demilitarized zones to integrate German lands. Britain and France didn t stop him, they appeased to his demands Munich Agreement Hitler wished to gain control of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Leaders of Germany, Italy, France and Britain met in Munich and signed the Munich Agreement Allowed Hitler to take control of Sudetenland, if he stopped his campaign to take over Europe World War 2 Canada Declares War Canada had the choice to declare war, and this was the first time English Canadians wanted to support Britain and do whatever was necessary French Canadian supported the declaration of war, but not any form of conscription The Great Depression had deteriorated Canada s army and they had few modern ships or aircraft Germany Occupies Europe From 1939-1940, no one did anything and built forces Germany then launched a series of blitzkrieg attacks, and took over Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg In 10 days, Nazi soldiers had invaded the country and occupied Paris Dunkirk English soldiers raced on the English Channel to help France Germany trapped them on the coast of Dunkirk Britain evacuated and France was forced to surrender, leaving Britain alone against Germany Battle of Britain Hitler planned to bomb Britain into submission in an attack called the Blitz They bombed London and other cities every day for days They eventually gave up and postponed all invasions. This boosted Britain s morale. War on the Eastern Front Germany and Italy included Japan into their pact Hitler broke his pact with the Soviet Union, and invaded the USSR for oil and other materials They captured many lands, but were forced to stop due the winter Soviet Union launched a counter-attack, and Germany eventually had to retreat.

Dieppe

Huge failure for the Allied troops Launched a raid against the French coast of Dieppe, but it was heavily fortified They lost the cover of night and their presence was known Tanks sank into the sand and troops were open to heavy gunfire Battle of the Atlantic Longest military campaign from 1939 1945 for dominance over the sea Tonnage war; Allied forces tried to supply Britain, Axis forces tried to cut Britain s supplies. For the most part, Axis forces were winning until after Pearl Harbour where Allied forces began pushing Axis forces back. Liberation of Europe Battle of Ortona Allied forces launched a campaign against Italy, who were tired of war They learned a new tactic called mouse-holing Won, and was a good example of urban warfare D-Day Largest sea-borne invasion in history, was planned to re-take France Used many tactics like fake weaponry to mislead German intelligence Canadian s took down Juno Beach, Invasion was a success and Germany retreated Victory in Europe Allied forces pushed the Germans to Berlin and retook back many countries Mussolini was executed by his own people, so Hitler committed suicide in Berlin After Hitler died, Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945 The Holocaust Final Solution Nazi s solution to the Jewish problem Rounded up all the Jews and sent them to concentration camps in Germany and Poland Also in concentration camps were gays, gypsies, and mentally or physically ill Divided into two groups, strong went to labour camps, others were killed in gas chambers Life in Camps Living conditions in camps were terrible and they were malnourished Heavily fortified with electrified barbed wired, and guards who were eager to kill Some used for human testing Some did escape though War Crimes Over 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust Nazis kept journals and photographs, which was used as evidence at War Crime Trials Many soldiers denied involvement and claimed they were following orders Many Nazis hid, but were eventually found and tried. War in the Pacific

Battle for Hong Kong Japanese troops invaded China which was poorly equipped Churchill didn t want to lose the colony of Hong Kong, so he asked King to send troops in Hours after Pearl Harbour, Hong Kong was attacked Due to lack of air force or navy, they couldn t fight back and eventually surrendered. Japanese Occupation Japanese soldiers were unaccustomed to surrender so they treated POW s cruelly. In Hong Kong, women were raped and murdered and soldiers were tortured and killed. Created controversy over sending more troops in Atomic Age With the success of the Manhattan Project, Americans created weapons of mass destruction After Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan was forced to surrender Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945 and WW2 ended. War on the Home Front Wartime Agreements 1939, Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand signed the BCATP to train air force pilots in the open airs of Canada. This was a major factor for the air supremacy in the Allied Forces. 1940, Concern that if Britain fell to the Nazis, North America would be next. The United States and Canada signed the Ogdensburg Agreement for joint military defense in the case of the event. 1941, Lend-Lease Act allowed United States to manufacture war materials and lend/ lease/ sell them to any country, Britain could easily obtain military materials and delay payment. The Hyde Park Agreement ensured that U.S. would buy more war supplies from Canada to make up from its loss from Britain. 1942, Americans feared a Japanese attack on Alaska so US made a deal with Canada to build the Alaska Highway to British Columbia. Wartime Economy WW2 pulled Canada out of the Great Depression King kept a close eye on wartime economy to avoid the greed and price fixing of WW1 King s cabinet minister Howe expanded existing industries to help them support war, like auto companies would create jeeps and army trucks. Victory bonds purchased by Canadians funded the war Women s Wartime Role 1941, wartime economy faced a shortage of workers so government launched a campaign to recruit women. Women soon worked in ALL industries and those who could not join the paid workforce volunteered their time. Women s new roles allowed them to improve their social and economic status, which would plant the seed of the women s rights movement.

The Cold War: Began in 1945

Countries were divided into two camps, communist states led by the USSR and democratic states led by the United States No active aggression; Cold War rather than Hot War. Began with an arms race. Yalta War Conference: February 4, to February 11, 1945 Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin attended a Black Sea Meeting to decide upon the dividing up of Europe Potsdam Conference: July 16 to August 2, 1945 Death of Roosevelt, Churchill no longer PM, Stalin only one left Mistrust between leaders about how to divide up Europe and the rest of the world Treatment of Germany: Rebuild, Re-establish Government, Currency, Industries Military: Send home or Demilitarize Revalue of the Deutschmark - USSR opposed, allied supported Democratic Council of Berlin - USSR opposed, allied supported Secret Agreement Between Churchill and Stalin in Moscow Greece to belong to Britain Romania and Bulgaria to belong to USSR Yugoslavia / Hungary to split 50/50 Russian support for Communist Government in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and East Germany Spy Networks Igor Gouzenko and others in Canada, Mi6 and CIA in Russia Churchill s Iron Curtain Speech Iron Curtain represented the boundary between communist states of Eastern Europe and democratic states of Western Europe 5 March 1946, Churchill gave a speech about the Iron Curtain which supposedly seemed to promote war Berlin Blockade 24 June 1948 12 May 1949 East Germany proclaimed as Communist, West Germany proclaimed as Democratic Soviet blocked all railroads and modes of transportation of West Berlin to other Allied sectors in hopes that they would turn to Soviet Union for aid, allowing them to control the city Allied forces organized the Berlin Airlift which air-dropped supplies, thus allowing West Berlin to survive.

Berlin Wall 13 August 1961 - November 9, 1989

Cut off West Berlin from East Berlin and East Germany to prevent immigration from East to West Results of the Cold War Communist Paranoia Igor Gouzenko defected as a Russian spy and gave Canada many important Russian documents. Because of Gouzenko, US Senator McCarthy targeted citizens with links to the Soviet as being communists, known as McCarthyism. Citizenship Act Passed in 1951 Allowed authorities to revoke citizenship of Canadians convicted of being communist. Targeted gays and lesbians, and those convicted were transferred to lower job positions or lost their jobs all together Secret Experiments 1957 to 1964, CIA funded secret brain washing experiments at McGill Patients soon accused the government and began pending lawsuits Nuclear Threat After WW2, USA began advancing in nuclear technology and built bombs more powerful than the ones used on Japan. 1952, USA used its first Hydrogen bombed, but in 1954, USSR test their own Hydrogen bomb too. Both countries began stockpiling their nuclear arms in the case of a war. Civil Defence Growing fear of a possible imminent nuclear attack Government set up a national civil defence program and plans for mass evacuations Fallout shelters and air-raid sirens appeared in many cities and many people built ground shelters in their backyards. Diefenbunker was built in 1961 for federal usage. Marshall Plan / Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan (1948 1953) planned to fund European countries for economic recovery, meant to prevent the USSR from influencing communism in accepting countries Canada supplied $706 million in goods, and in total $13.5 billion was sent to 16 European countries. Truman doctrine similar to the Marshall Plan, supported Greece and Turkey who were at risk of falling to Soviet influence The Commonwealth Canada maintained its ties with Britain but it wanted to define its own role in the world 1950, Commonwealth developed the Colombo plan which was equivalent to the Marshall Plan and lasted till 1970. Canada contributed $2 billion GATT The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (for Commonwealth Colonies) Canada joined in 1947

Reduced tariffs to stimulate world trade, and one country s agreement applied to all other countries Canada wished to reduce dependence on United States SALT I + II Stands for Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty between U.S. and Soviet Union The SALT I Treaty took place in 1969, Helsinki, Finland to stop the construction of more warheads. SALT II would further the previous treaty, but U.S. withdrew from it after the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan United Nations Due to the failure of the League of Nations, plans were underway to create an international organization to secure world peace. Any bodies within the UN had to have real power to intervene and settle disputes before events escalated into war In June 1945, the United Nations were created. Basic Accomplishments: The World Bank was developed in 1945 to provide aid to countries affected by war and provide money for economic development projects. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created in 1945 to stabilize exchange rates and promote international trade and lend money to countries at risk. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was created in 1961to promote economic and social policies for its members. Refugees International Refugee Organization created in 1946 IRO took over abandoned military bases and prisoner-of-war camps to create refugee shelters Because of the denying entry of Jewish refugees, Canada dropped discriminatory immigration policies Canada accepted 186, 000 refugees between 1947 and 1952, thus issuing them the Nansen Refugee Award Military Alliances: Canada formerly practiced isolationism, meaning they didn t get involved in conflicts that didn t affect them. NATO and the Warsaw Pact NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Formed on 4 April 1949 and consists of democratic West European countries and the United States and Canada to defend against possible Soviet Aggression Warsaw Pact formed on 14 May 1955 Formed by the communist countries of Eastern Europe All countries in these alliances pledged to defend each other in the case of attack

Foreign Policy The plan of governments in order to deal with questions concerning international issues and relations

Split into Community of Nations (Diplomatic, compromising approach) and Realist (Dictatorial, total control approach) Goals include Economic Growth, Sovereignty, Peace and Security, Social Justice, Quality of Life, etc. Radar Lines Canada and United States built three radar lines across the Arctic in 1954 to provide a warning of Soviet Attack Canada built the establishments, but the U.S. maintained them. This caused some serious implications as Canada lost sovereignty over Canadian North. In 1957, Soviet Union launched Sputnik satellite into orbit Worried that the Soviet was taking a lead in the arms race, Americans built intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) which were later built by the Soviets also. Radar lines become obsolete. NORAD Created in 1956, North American Air Defense Agreement created a unified air defense system. Canada and USA would have their own individual air forces, but in the case of an attack, forces would be under joint control. Time was needed to integrate the forces so it was not formally signed until 1958. Unfortunately, Canada became involved with all of American conflicts and all Canadian military equipment was replaced with the American s. Hotspots of the Cold War Korean War: After the Japanese left Korea when WW2 ended, Korea was split into communist North Korea and democratic South Korea which were separated by the 38th parallel. They maintained an uneasy truce. In 1950, North Korea launched a massive invasion of South Korea with the Soviet support UN Security Council demanded North Korea withdraw its troops, but it failed to comply. King was reluctant to send troops at first, but then he called a voluntary group to fight in Korea. The battle was locked in a stalemate for years as nuclear arms were refused, and finally in 1953 a ceasefire was called. United States demonstrated that it had surpassed Britain and Canada now had a military commitment to United States Suez Crisis: In 1948, Western Allies partitioned Palestine to create Jewish homes for Holocaust survivors, creating tensions between the Arabs and the Israelis (Jews) The Suez Canal which was controlled by Britain and France was rich in oil Egypt wished to destroy Israel but needed to nationalize the Suez Canal for money. Britain and France threatened to attack, asking for North America s help but both countries refused. Britain and France negotiated a secret agreement with Israel as they would attack Egypt, then Britain and France would come in demanded they both stop. Israel would leave while Egypt would not, allowing Britain and France to bomb the Canal Region. On October 29, 1956, Israel Attacked Egypt Soviet Union threatened to launch a nuclear attack against Paris and London if they did not withdraw Pearson was sent in as a peacekeeper and Canada provided logistical support and aerial reconnaissance personnel to maintain peace. Canada was now a peace-keeping country. Symbols of Independence:

Citizenship: Canadians were British subjects until January 1st, 1947 when the Citizenship Act was passed Gave men and women equal citizenship status; citizenship of husband did not define the wife Many flaws as it didn t permit dual citizenship and special treatment to British subjects. New Citizenship Act was passed in 1977, created a generation of Lost Canadians who were the children of men who left and lost their citizenship, thus forcing them to lose their citizenship and would not allow them to apply without immigrant status. War brides and border babies were not given citizenship either. Supreme Court of Canada: Before 1949, highest court of appeal was the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. In 1949, The Supreme Court obtained independence. The Supreme Court ruled on a civil liberties case involving Jehovah s Witnesses and the banning of their literature, marking their first deterrence of legal foundations. Political Changes: Newfoundland Joins Confederation: Britain didn t want to fund Newfoundland anymore after WW2 and wanted them to join Canada. Canada wanted Newfoundland for strategic value due to the Cold War and their position next to the Atlantic and for their resources Newfoundlanders wanted a better economy, and wanted the benefits that Canada had but small Newfoundland businesses were afraid of being overrun by larger Canadian businesses that would wipe them out. They were given the choice to, continue with commission of Government (Keeping British ties), return to responsible government and get aid from America or join Canada in Confederation First vote dropped the commission; second vote had Confederation winning by a very small margin of less than 5%. Quebec Nationalism: Premier of Quebec, Maurice Duplessis, focused on his own fold for power, left social and cultural life in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church, ignored unions and worker s rights and used this to lure American branches to Quebec. In 1949, asbestos workers went on strike, but their demands were poorly met. The strike spread to other mines, crippling the economy. Because they went on strike before arbitration, the union was revoked of its legal status. Charbonneau supported the strikers, outraging Duplessis. The strike ended only giving them a 10cent raise and no other demand, but Duplessis was outraged and attempted to remove Charbonneau from the Vatican. The Indian Act: Aboriginal groups across Canada grew increasingly political. They demanded Aboriginals the right to vote and having a greater control over their lives. Revisions to the Indian Act eased some policies; however it still kept some laws of controlling the First Nations in hopes of making them assimilate into Canadian culture.

Canada s Golden Age:

Shaping Welfare: After the war, Canadians wanted more protection against poverty and ill-health Canadians became interested in the CCF, so Liberals adopted a social welfare program. Perks included family allowances, disability pensions, education grants, mortgage, health care insurance and old age security pensions. The New Economy: The war had not devastated Canada physically or economically, so wartime industries converted to other types of industries to meet the growing needs of the post-war era. Manufacturing sector grew dramatically, as did mining, lumbering, farming and fishing. GN nearly tripled and unemployment fell to 3%. Growth of Unions: To gain favour over CCF, government allowed unions as bargaining agents in labour disputes. In 1944, collective bargaining was legalized. Expanded rights meant more responsibility for unions, but membership in unions doubled. Between 1945 to 1949, wages doubled while prices rose 70%. Women in the Workforce: Because men were returning from war, women were pressured to leave the workplace. Surprisingly, women enjoyed working and they also wished to enjoy the growing amounts of consumer goods available. They worked mainly in the service sector. Billion Dollar Mega Projects: Trans-Canada Highway: In 1949, the Trans-Canada Highway Act was passed (also to create employment) Would stretch from St. John s to Victoria Cost was shared equally between federal and provincial government but because of massive delay, federal government agreed to pay more. Target date was 1956, but it was only finished in 1962 with many unpaved sections. In 1966, the whole route was paved. Trans-Canada Pipeline: Discovery of oil in Alberta created prosperity in the province and crude oil production rose 10 times between 1945 to 1959. Canada needed to deliver own supply of oil and gas via pipeline from BC to central Canada so plans to build a pipeline from Alberta to Montreal were made. American Private Investors made a deal with the government to finance it but more money was needed however, and so the government created a bill to finish off the financing of the pipeline. Opposition opposed the bill but the Liberals invoked closure to end all debate.

The closure sparked a multitude of larger debates over the government s involvement with private companies. Critics said that if the Pipeline was for Canadians, the government should ve financed it all itself so that the profits go to the taxpayers instead of American corporations. Arguments also arose

over whether closure was justified. Government said that the opposition was stalling too much, however critics disagreed and said that it was only so that the government could get its own way. Hydro-electric Dams: Government created a hydro-electric power plant in Nechako River in the 1940 s, without consulting the public. The Cheslatta Carrier First Nation had lived there for thousands of years, and the dam flooded their homes and burial sites, forcing them to relocate. Uranium Mining: Uranium mining was vital for nuclear production, but the sector had fluctuating cycles. Canada became the leading exporter of uranium, but then in 1959, USA lawed against the buying of foreign uranium and the sector crashed. Then in the 21st century, it revived. Exposure to uranium causes cancer and the people of Deline (Dene First Nations) worked in the uranium mines in the 1950 s. They were exposed to lethal doses of radiation, ate and drank contaminated water and food and died of cancer. The government was aware, but they didn t tell the Dene. Promoting Canadian Culture: Stratford Festival Launched in 1953, residents put on shows by Shakespeare. To everyone s surprise, it survived and it inspired many other festivals. The Music Scene In the 1950 s Canadians had trouble getting airtime on Canadian radio stations and only CBC devoted time to them Glenn Cloud and Oscar Peterson gained international attention by using a unique musical style. Rock n Roll became extremely popular to the young people as they escaped their parent s values born of Depression and war. Elvis Presley and Bill Haley became extremely popular It became popular for teens to form their own bands and singing groups. Television: Television became an instant success and soon one in five families owned a television Most channels were American in 1948, CBC was given a license to create a Canadian television network In 1952, CBC opened in Toronto and Montreal, 1953 Ottawa and Vancouver and 1954 Halifax and Winnipeg. Hockey Night In Canada was broadcasted on radio in 1931, but in 1952 it went on television. It soon became the most popular TV show ever.

Teenagers The word teenagers was made to describe young people between 13 19 They had more freedom and had more money to spend on more things.

Many teenagers questioned authority and redefined how they lived their lives, and advertisers were eager to capitalize the spending habits of teenagers. A Population Explosion: Post-war Immigration After WW2, immigrants came to Canada to escape the devastation of their homeland and to build new lives. Canada encouraged immigration for economic prosperity, but policies were put into place to maintain social and cultural status quo. African, Arab and Asians were discriminated. The government used labour schemes and forced immigrants to sign two-year work contracts. Immigrants became manual labourers or domestic servants, and they were discriminated against. They created a more multi-cultural nation. Baby Boomers Because of Depression and War, couples put off birth and the infant population declined. The post-war years though, the baby boom occurred from the baby-bonus which encouraged couples to have children. The government funds the areas that the baby boomers are in, as they are necessary. New age required higher education, so universities and colleges were made. Suburbs Cars and houses symbolized the good life . Growing use of cars made suburbs more accessible, so many houses were built there Houses were more affordable since the introduction of Mortgage in 1946. Suburban gender roles were mostly with the father working in the paid labour force with the mother at home raising the children and managing the household. People used to go to the city for entertainment, through community gatherings and such, however more people stayed home to watch Television. Eventually large Supermarkets were built in the suburbs to fuel more consumerism. Dief the Chief : 1957 and the Liberals are getting arrogant in Parliament due to long reign in power Conservatives overthrew the Liberals and created a minority government Diefenbaker s energetic style was well accepted amongst the society, and he addressed issues such as the old-age, a new National policy and the economy of the Atlantic Provinces. He won another election in 1957, winning with the largest majority of seats ever. Bill of Rights Diefenbaker was of German-Scottish descent so he wanted to protect human rights He created the Bill of Rights in 1958 Because it wasn t included in Constitution, it was only Federal enforced. It had no power in provincial or municipal courts. Finally passed in 1960 Extending Voting Rights

First Nations were forced to give up their status and identity as First Nations to vote, and that was too much for them Diefenbaker allowed them to vote. New Immigration Policies Under Diefenbaker, there was a significant amount of change to the immigrant policies Canada favored immigrants from Britain, the US, France and other northern European countries Immigrants from Asia, Africa, and southern Europe were placed in limited or prohibited By the 1960s, the growing recognition of Canada s cultural diversity signalled for a change 1962, the minister of Citizenship and Immigration set a new immigration regulation (eliminated racial discrimination, allowed immigration from all part of the continent, but discrimination still ruled out sponsorship from Africa and Asia) Economic and Foreign Policy Woes Years after WWII, unemployment remained low, by 1957, the unemployment increased from 3% to 7% Diefenbaker tried to ease the burden by increasing unemployment insurance, cutting taxes and increasing spending Diefenbaker clashed with James Coyne about what should happen, since Coyne was more interested in keeping the interest rates high, which improve no foreign investment Diefenbaker introduced a bill that removed Coyne out of the Bank of Canada At the same time, Canadian dollar was falling low on the international money markets The decline of value in Canadian dollar made Canadian goods less expensive for foreign consumer, giving a boost to the economy Canada and the US After WWII, Canada s most important ally was the US Canada was linked by many different reasons to the US (NORAD, NATO) Growing Canadian nationalism left the both countries going into different path The Cuban Missile Crisis Communist overthrew the dictatorship in Cuba The US sought to isolate the country and overthrow the communist government, which allied itself to the Soviet Union Canada refused to cut the economic ties with Cuba By October 1962, the US learned about nuclear missiles in Cuba that can reach the US The US then blockaded Cuba to stop the Soviet Union from delivering more nuclear missiles Tension was tensed, and the US raised their state of nuclear readiness Canada refused to do the same thing as the US But eventually the minister of Defense secretly put Canada on alert After two weeks of intense threats, the Soviet Union agreed to dismantle their weapons US and Canada relationship had been strained

The Government Falls

The government called for an election in June 1962, the Conservatives seats plummeted down to hang on the minority government The party was disarray, by January 1963, many members of the Cabinet lost confidence in Diefenbaker The Liberals Return into Power Taking advantage of Diefenbaker s reputation, they quickly form a minority government after campaigning through a 60 days of Decision Canadian-American Relations Pearson s victory marked the beginning of a better relationship with the US Pearson was relaxed with the US president Pearson agreed to accept nuclear warheads as a commitment to the NORAD and NATO agreement Relationship with the US soured again when President Johnson became president The Vietnam War US involved in the Vietnamese politics since the mid-1950s The US supported the government of South Vietnam against the communist government of North Vietnam Johnson increased US involvements Pearson criticized the US president for doing something harshly The relationship between Pearson and Johnson never recovered and it s a low point in CanadianAmerican relations Situation in Vietnam became more and more desperate, massive protests exploded throughout US and Canada War ended with the defeated of South Vietnam The Auto Pact Economic relations between Canada and the United States was better than the political relations 1950s to 1960s, boom years for Canada s automobile industry Most of the cars were imported from the US, but there were tariffs to protect the Canadian s automobile industry But the Canadian industry began to disappear and the tariffs wasn t helping anyone out, so the Liberals government decided to take it out Then automobile parts can crossed over to Canada easier, and Canadian automobile industry was dominated by three big American automakers The deal was good for Canadians, within two years, employment in the automobile industry skyrocketed Most significant international trade deal in the history of Canadian-American relations

Redefining Canada

Liberal never formed the majority government, but succeeded in passing legislation that strengthened Canada safety net (Canada Pension Plan, Royal Commission of the Status of Women, public health system, temporary hold on the capital punishment, new labour laws) Many of the social programs still continue today Expo 67: In 1967, Canada turned 100 The government celebrate with a one year long party through Canada The Centennial Train toured the country, displaying Canadian history Communities were funded to gain new rinks and libraries Bobby Gimby wrote the song Canada Main attraction was set in Montreal and about 90 countries attended Expo 67 was internationally famous, many leaders visited Montreal, included Charles de Gaulle Quebecois liked de Gaulle, but English Canadians hated him, when he shouted Long live Montreal De Gaulle s proclamation was interference in Canada s internal affairs; Pearson refused to meet de Gaulle Despite that, Expo 67 created a feeling of pride and confidence Quebec and Canada Pearson wanted to focus over the relationship between Quebec and Canada, to control the development of Quebecois nationalism and separatism In 1964, he attempted to find something that will allow Canada to amend its Constitution and give provinces more power He failed due to the Quebec premier, Jean Lesage refused to support him After Pearson got re-elected, Quebec was still a priority He recruited three Quebec activists to join the federal government and help stop the separatist in Quebec (Jean Marchand, Gerard Pelletier, Pierre Trudeau) The Quiet Revolution Quebec had naturally supported rural life over urban, religion and isolationism and Duplessis maintained that with his tight rein After his death, the Union Nationale lost the election of 1960. Under Jean Lesage, Liberals promised to end the corruption and patronage. The victory marked a stunning transformation in Quebec society called the Quiet Revolution. Led by the manifesto called Le Refus global which encouraged the detachment to the Roman Catholic Church Transformation of Quebecois Society They were previously treated as second-class citizens but now wished to become Matres chez nous Lesage implemented Hydro-Quebec and other French businesses over American Government took control over many social services such as health and restricted the role played by the Roman Catholic Church School became mandatory up to 16 by the CEGEP system Provinces were given more power but Quebec opted out of many Federal plans to increase provincial independence

Terrorism Comes To Canada

During the Quiet Revolution, the Separatist idea appeared. In 1963, the Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) appeared and launched many terrorist acts to terrorize the English presence in Quebec. A Question of Language The Official Languages Act In 1963, Pearson had created the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalisms and they reported that Quebec felt alienated from Canada. Trudeau introduced the Official Languages Act in 1969 which gave equal status to French and English languages It angered English Canadians as they thought they were trying to shove French down their throats Bill 22: Making French Mandatory Bill 22 was passed by Robert Bourassa which made French the only official language in Quebec. English Canadians felt that it went too far, while French Canadians found it was insufficient Bill 101: Prohibiting the Use of English In 1977, Ren Lvesque introduced Bill 101 (Charter of the French language) which banned the use of English in government and business in the province. Bill 101 resulted in many English businesses moving their headquarters to Toronto Legal Challenges Some view Bill 101 as an assault on Human Rights. The Supreme Court struck down many clauses in the Bill The October Crisis In 1970, the FLQ kidnapped James Cross (British Trade Comissioner) and threatened to kill him unless the government broadcasted their manifesto and released their prisoners Quebec government refused to release prisoners but offered safe passage out of Canada in return, but they escalated to abducting Laporte (Quebec Labour Minister) Bourassa and Cabinet took refuge in a tightly watched hotel. Some wanted Trudeau to negotiate, but he refused to, while Bourassa urged him to send in military. After invoking the War Measures Act, Laporte s body was found. James Cross was found 53 days later. War Measures Act The War Measures Act allowed police to apprehend anyone that they believe as links with the FLQ Still in effect today. Women s Rights Trudeau wanted women to be equal, and they did too, they got what they want, more job opportunities and fewer stereotypes.

The White Paper

Trudeau also wanted Aboriginals to be equal and wanted to abolish the Indian Act and let Aboriginals commute freely in normal society (The White Paper), but they decided to be ungrateful and they were all like NO so Trudeau gave up Multiculturalism Immigration and Citizenship In the 1970 s, Trudeau created the Citizenship Act of 1978 which abolished the previous one that was filled with discrimination policies. Immigrants were allowed in under Humanitarian objective (refugee), Economic objective (Skilled workforce) or Demographic (Population growth). The more narrow classes of immigrants were Family Class (Family living in Canada), Economic Class (Willing to contribute to Canada s economy on own basis) and Refugee. Some argued the immigration laws would take away jobs from normal Canadians Unemployment was high in the 1970 s and Canadians used immigrants as scapegoats. Strengthening Canadian Identity Canadian Content In 1968, government established the CRTC (pg. 266) which promoted Canadian media. AM stations were required to play 30% Canadian music The Canada-Russia Hockey Series In 1972, Canada and Russia played each other in hockey because there was dispute who was better at hockey. We won. Yay. The Montreal Olympics 1976, Montreal hosted the Olympics. Montreal had promised tax-payers wouldn t pay anything, but because of this Montreal was soon deep in debt. Trudeau refused to let Taiwanese athletes go under Chinese banner and people got mad and they left before the games began PETRO-CANADA Was petroleum company that Trudeau made to compete with foreign affairs in oil, but it did nothing to help. Pierre Elliot Trudeau Rips Off (PETRO)-Canada Lead to his defeat 1979, but after his announcement of retirement, he returned to office to lead the Liberals once again

The Parti Qubcois

Quebec Decides The Parti Quebecois under Levesque gained support under the goal of separatism. In 1976, after the corruption of Bourassa, Quebec had many economic problems and Levesque promised a good government. After Trudeau s defeat in the 1979, Levesque called the plans for the 1979 Referendum because he though Joe Clark would be inexperienced, but was surprised when Trudeau returned to government. The Referendum Question Levesque states that independence would take a long time; Bad move, as many separatists wanted immediate independence. Levesque rallied many Oui forces while Claude Ryan of the Quebec Liberal Party rallied the Non side. Trudeau promised the Non vote that his government would reopen talks on reforms to satisfy Quebec s grievances. In 1980, the vote turned in favour with the Non said with a 60% OKAY, I m sorry about this, but I found pages 285-310 EXTREMELY insignificant so I didn t write notes on them as it would be a huge waste of time. I still suggest you read them though :P A New Conservative Government After the Liberals many years in power, power shifted to the Mulroney government of the Conservatives with the largest number of seats ever. Mulroney, Reagan and Thatcher all promoted policies that would reduce government spending and increased private business involvement. International Trade Freer Trade Mulroney had formerly opposed freer trade at the time of his campaign as he thought that Canada would fall into the influence of America s dominant market position. In 1985 however, it was recommended to him that he promote freer trade with the U.S., so he took the advice. The Shamrock Summit Canadian relations with the U.S. had been strained during Nixon and Reagan because they viewed Trudeau s policies as anti-American. Mulroney hoped to change that. During the Shamrock Summit, Reagan visited Canada in 1985 and it set the tone for Canadian-US relations. Some thought that Mulroney was too cozy with the U.S. Mulroney and Reagan agreed on shared military defences and other joint negotiations. The Free Trade Debate In 1985, Mulroney government began negotiations with the U.S. on the topic of Free Trade. It would target areas such as tariffs, investment, energy and agriculture. In the 1988 election, the key issue was the FTA. Liberals, NDP and Labour unions were against it as they believe it would result in a loss of Canadian jobs and that our reliance on US would be too great. A Free Trade Mandate

In the 1988 election, the election was at an equal. In the mid-point, it seemed opposition to the FTA was winning, but Mulroney won with a majority government once again. FTA was passed in December 30, 1988 and took effect January 1, 1989. Pursuing NAFTA In 1988, after the FTA, United States proposed that Mexico join the FTA. Americans would prosper from this greatly as they would take control of cheap resources to the North, and cheap labour to the south. Mulroney had no choice but to negotiate as he felt that if US made personal agreements with Mexico, they would shift to dependence on Mexico. Furthermore, in the 1990 s, the European Union and the South-East Asian Nations had created a marketing agreement, and Canada would be isolated if they did not join NAFTA. NAFTA was enacted in 1992. The Collapse of the Soviet Union In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union with policies on openness and restructuring. By the early 1990 s, the republics of the Soviet Union had broken into 15 new countries that required stabilization. Canada donated about $100 million. The countries had once maintained tight control over economies, but during the fall of 1989, it changed drastically as citizens were now allowed to cross into neighbouring countries. The Berlin Wall was finally torn down and the Cold War finally ended. Okay, even more insignificance, pages 333 to 346 but .this: The Good and Services Tax A manufacturer s sales tax of 13.5% had exited in Canada since 1926 but it was problematic as many people didn t know they were paying for it, and it only applied to some goods and not services at all. Mulroney government wanted to clear up confusion by introducing GST that applied to every good and service at a rate of 7%. Manufacturer s welcomed the tax as it would allow them to sell their goods outside for a more competitive price (since it only applied to goods sold in Canada) GST was met with dislike from the public and Mulroney had trouble passing the bill. The vast majority of the Senate was Liberal so he asked the Queen to appoint eight extra Senators, which allowed them to pass the bill. Because the tax was now 7% on all goods instead of 13.5% on some, Mulroney government felt that tax income would be the same, but taxpayers felt that they were paying more. National Unity The Meech Lake Accord Mulroney s first attempt to bring Quebec into Canadian constitution in 1987 Each province had its own demands and over a course of 10 hours, negotiations were reached. With the Meech Lake Accord, provincial governments would have input in Supreme Court judges, increased power in immigration rules, ability to opt out of federal programs but still receive money for their own equivalent programs, would have veto power in proposed amendments, and Quebec would be recognized as a distinct society. Controversy over Meech Lake

Critics said the Accord would weaken the power of the federal government over equal services over the country and that too much power would be given to the provinces. Quebec could possibly override many constitutions with the new power and became excessively powerful. Trudeau also protested that the distinct society clause would lead the premiers to believe it was the same thing as two different nations, and that would lead to Canada s downfall. If it did not, separatism in Quebec will strengthen. Many delegates who attended the Accord had been voted out of office and new delegates refused the Accord. Manitoba and Newfoundland failed to pass the Accord and the Aboriginals protested as they were not included in the Accord, thus leading to its failure in 1990. The Charlottetown Accord People in Quebec felt the failure of Meech Lake to be a rejection of the province by the rest of the country and referendum talks arose once again. Mulroney started another Accord called the Charlottetown Accord Liberals, NDP and Conservatives agreed with the Accord but the Reform party, Parti Quebecois, and Trudeau opposed it. Once again, it failed. New Political Parties The Reform Party was created in 1987 to bring the issues of the West to the light as they felt they were constantly ignored. After the failure of Meech Lake, Lucien Bouchard left the Conservatives and created the Bloc Quebecois, which had the same goal as the Parti Quebecois. Mulroney Retires Mulroney had become extremely unpopular with the Canadians as he had imposed many amendments that were much disliked by the public and the failure of both Accords along with many scandals. He retired in 1993, and Kim Campbell was elected leader of Conservatives and the new Prime Minister. She called for the election in 1993, but due to the extreme dislike of the Conservative party, they only won 2 seats and they lost official party status.

National Unity

The 1995 Referendum At first, the support for sovereignty was weak as there was a disagreement in the most effective way to proceed. People were tired of the debates and referendums and elections. When Lucien Bouchard became the leader of Bloc Quebecois, the entire province was reawakened by the separatist dream The province was bombarded with ads, announcements, rallies and parades and the race was now intensely close. Thousands of Canadians poured into Quebec personally or through phone calls to promote NON to support a united Canada. When they went to polls in 1995, Non won by 50.58% and Oui with 49.42%. In the speech after the referendum, Premier Jacques Parizeau blamed the defeat on money and the ethnic vote offending many allophones in Quebec. He had stained the separatist cause. He resigned and was replaced by Lucien Bouchard. Plan B Plan to combat a future referendum. In October 1995, Chrtien established a federal sponsorship plan to funnel millions of dollars to Quebec. Chretien turned to the Stphane Dion to prepare a plan for any future referendums. In 1999, Chretien passed Bill C-29 (The Clarity Act) which would give the federal government a say in the wording of the referendum question on how large the margin would be to win. It forced the House of Commons to debate the result and prohibited a declaration of independence after. It comforted Canadians, but outraged the Quebec separatists.