Nut The nut is a small strip of bone, plastic, brass, corian, graphite, stainless steel, or other medium-hard material,

at the joint where the headstock meets the fretboard. Its grooves guide the strings onto the fretboard, giving consistent lateral string placement. It is one of the endpoints of the strings' vibrating length. It must be accurately cut, or it can contribute to tuning problems due to string slippage or string buzz. To reduce string friction in the nut, which can adversely affect tuning stability, some guitarists fit a roller nut. Some instruments use a zero fret just in front of the nut. In this case the nut is used only for lateral alignment of the strings, the string height and length being dictated by the zero fret. Machine Heads A machine head (also referred to as a tuner, or gear head) is part of a string instrument ranging from guitars to double basses, a geared apparatus for applying tension and thereby tuning a string, usually located at the headstock. A headstock has several machine heads, one per string. Non-geared tuning devices as used on violins, violas, cellos, lutes and (formerly) Flamenco guitars and ukuleles are known as tuning pegs.

Neck A guitar's frets, fretboard, tuners, headstock, and truss rod, all attached to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood used to make the fretboard usually differs from the wood in the rest of the neck.

Body (acoustic guitar) In acoustic guitars, string vibration is transmitted through the bridge and saddle to the body via sound board. The sound board is typically made of tone woods such as spruce or cedar. Timbers for tone woods are chosen for both strength and ability to transfer mechanical energy from the strings to the air within the guitar body. Sound is further shaped by the characteristics of the guitar body's resonant cavity. Bridge The main purpose of the bridge on an acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibration from the strings to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside of the guitar, thereby amplifying the sound produced by the strings. Pickguard Also known as a scratchplate. This is usually a piece of laminated plastic or other material that protects the finish of the top of the guitar from damage due to the use of a plectrum or fingernails. Electric guitars sometimes mount pickups and electronics on the pickguard. It is a common feature on steel-string acoustic guitars. Vigorous performance styles such as flamenco, which can involve the use of the guitar as a percussion instrument, call for a scratchplate, or pick guard to be fitted to nylon-string instruments. Sound hole A sound hole is an opening in the upper sound board of a stringed musical instrument. The sound holes can have different shapes: round in flat-top guitars; F-holes in instruments from the violin or viol families and in arched-top guitars; and rosettes in lutes. Bowed Lyras have D-holes and Mandolins may have round or oval holes. A round or oval hole is usually a single one, under the strings. F-holes and D-holes are usually made in pairs placed symmetrically on both sides of the strings. Some electric guitars, such as Fender Telecaster Thinline and the majority of Gretsch guitars have one or two sound holes. Strings The standard guitar has six strings but four-, seven-, eight-, nine-, ten-, eleven-, twelve-, thirteen- and eighteen-string guitars are also available. Classical and flamenco guitars historically used gut strings but these have been superseded by polymer materials, such as nylon and fluorocarbon. Modern guitar strings are constructed of metal, polymers, or animal or plant product materials. Instruments utilising "steel" strings may have strings made of alloys incorporating steel, nickel or phosphor bronze. Bass strings for both instruments are wound rather than monofilament. Fretboard Also called the fingerboard, the fretboard is a piece of wood embedded with metal frets that comprises the top of the neck. It is flat on classical guitars and slightly curved crosswise on acoustic and electric guitars. The curvature of the fretboard is measured by the fretboard radius, which is the radius of a hypothetical circle of which the fretboard's surface constitutes a segment. The smaller the fretboard radius, the more noticeably curved the fretboard is. Most modern guitars feature a 12" neck radius, while older guitars from the 1960s and 1970s usually feature a 6-8" neck radius. Pinching a string against the fretboard effectively shortens the vibrating length of the string, producing a higher pitch. Fretboards are most commonly made of rosewood, ebony, maple, and sometimes manufactured or composite materials such as HPL or resin. See below on section "Neck" for the importance of the length of the fretboard in connection to other dimensions of the guitar.

Health Education

Bandola, glizel anne B. Bhs-5 Ms. Liana Antonio

Population Explosion
The rapid and dramatic rise in world population that has occurred over the last few hundred years, between 1959 and 2000, the world's population increased from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion people. According to United Nations projections, the world population will be between 7.9 billion and 10.9 billion by 2050. Most of the growth is currently taking place in the developing world, where rates of natural increase are much higher than in industrialized countries. Concern that this might lead to overpopulation has led some countries to adopt population control policies. However, since people in developing countries consume far less, especially of non-renewable resources, per head of population than people in industrialized countries, it has been argued that the West should set an example in population control instead of giving, for example, universal child benefit.

Effects of population explosion

A population explosion is when there are a significant increase in numbers of people in a location. Some effects include: - A pressure upon resources as there are more people (eg. Food has to be distributed among more people) - Linking with the above, prices of goods will increase as the demand for the products increase (higher demand means higher prices) - An increased number of poverty-stricked individuals as little food is distributed among more people. - Loss of natural environments (forests and such) because they are destroyed to make way for farming and urban developments to accommodate the rising population. - More people means more greenhouse gases; enhancing the effect of global warming. Some problems associated with or exacerbated by human overpopulation:  Inadequate fresh water for drinking water use as well as sewage treatment and effluent discharge. Some countries, like Saudi Arabia, use energyexpensive desalination to solve the problem of water shortages.   Depletion of natural resources, especially fossil fuels. Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution. Once a country has industrialized and become wealthy, a combination of government regulation and technological innovation causes pollution to decline substantially, even as the population continues to grow.

Deforestation and loss of ecosystems that sustain global atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide balance; about eight million hectares of forest are lost each year.

 

Changes in atmospheric composition and consequent global warming. Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification. Deforestation and desertification can be reversed by adopting property rights, and this policy is successful even while the human population continues to grow.

Mass species extinctions from reduced habitat in tropical forests due to slash-andburntechniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations; presentextinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year. As of February 2011, the IUCN Red List lists a total of 801 animal species having gone extinct during recorded human history.

High infant and child mortality. High rates of infant mortality are caused by poverty. Rich countries with high population densities have low rates of infant mortality.

Intensive factory farming to support large populations. It results in human threats including the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria diseases, excessive air and water pollution, and new viruses that infect humans.

Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. For many environmental and social reasons, including overcrowded living conditions, malnutrition and inadequate, inaccessible, or non-existent health care, the poor are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases.

Starvation, malnutrition or poor diet with ill health and diet-deficiency diseases (e.g. rickets). However, rich countries with high population densities do not have famine.

Poverty coupled with inflation in some regions and a resulting low level of capital formation. Poverty and inflation are aggravated by bad government and bad economic policies. Many countries with high population densities have eliminated absolute poverty and keep their inflation rates very low.

 

Low life expectancy in countries with fastest growing populations. Unhygienic living conditions for many based upon water resource depletion, discharge of raw sewage and solid waste disposal. However, this problem can be reduced with the adoption of sewers. For example, after Karachi, Pakistan installed sewers, its infant mortality rate fell substantially.

Elevated crime rate due to drug cartels and increased theft by people stealing resources to survive.

Conflict over scarce resources and crowding, leading to increased levels of warfare.

Less personal freedom and more restrictive laws. Laws regulate interactions between humans. Law "serves as a primary social mediator of relations between people." The higher the population density, the more frequent such interactions become, and thus there develops a need for more laws and/or more restrictive laws to regulate these interactions. It was even speculated by Aldous Huxley in 1958 that democracy is threatened due to overpopulation, and could give rise to totalitarian style governments.

Population commission
The commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations that is concerned with population control.

Philippine population management program

The goal of the Philippine Population Management Program is to help the country achieve a sustainable population level, structure, distribution and quality in order to empower Filipinos to acquire a better quality of life both within the family and the society at large. The program is guided by certain principles about human life, marriage, family, and environment, as provided for in the Philippine Constitution and embedded in our religious and cultural beliefs. Values and Principles of the PPMP 1. Respect for the sanctity of human life and the rejection of abortion Human life is a gift from God. Our respect for the sanctity of human life is paramount and nonnegotiable. We are clearly against abortion as a method of family planning. Our Constitution and laws rule out abortion. The Philippine government will stand by this. 2. The family as the center of all development efforts of the government The Filipino family remains the foundation of all our strivings for development. While the family is a valuable resource by which we can achieve our development goals, beyond and above all that, the family is the primary reason for government initiatives in human development. Socioeconomic development efforts are directed toward human development. 3. Marriage as the foundation of the family Marriage between man and woman is and will remain an inviolable social institution in Philippine society as provided for in our Constitution. Marriage shall be protected by the State and shall be the foundation of the family. 4. Respect for freedom of conscience, religious convictions, and the right to choose The freedom of conscience does not flow only in our Constitution. It also rings loud and clear in the Holy Book and the Koran. The government policy to provide information to the family as the basis in planning how to live and grow springs from our respect for the freedom of conscience and human life. As mandated by the Constitution, the State shall defend the right of the spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood. 5. Respect for the environment In consonance with the Philippine Environmental Policy (PD 1151) and with Philippine Agenda 21, the PPMP recognizes the need for a harmonious relationship between man and nature, so that the

present and coming generations of Filipinos can be assured of environmental quality conducive to a life of dignity and well-being.

Paths to Action To achieve the goal of attaining a sustainable population level, structure, distribution, quality and the improvement of the quality of life, the PPMP is pursuing the following strategies based on these interventions: y Helping couples and individuals achieve their own reproductive goals Studies have shown that majority of our couples would like to have no more children, or would like to space the births of their children, consistent with their religious beliefs. However, they are not able to do this due to lack of services. Improving the status of women through equal access to education and employment opportunities A woman who is educated and gainfully employed commands more respect, particularly from her spouse. Promoting men's increased participation in childcare and housework While women have largely increased their participation in the productive sphere and now contribute to the family income, there is a commensurate need to increase male participation in the domestic sphere. Addressing the needs of the youth related to adolescent sexuality With the youth comprising almost 50 percent of our current population, the program needs to be sensitive to their needs, particularly ensuring the promotion of responsible sexuality and later marriages. Promotion of population and development planning, particularly ensuring that demographic factors are considered in all development plans, particularly in land use and physical framework plans.

Focus Areas of the Program A. Policy and Research POPCOM undertakes researches in support of policy, program, and project development. It has MIS units in all its regional population offices tasked with gathering and analyzing information that can be fed into its planning system. Policy initiatives are supported by advocacy activities of its Information Management and Research Division. B. PopDev Planning To ensure the inclusion of population concerns at the macro- and micro-policy and planning levels, capability-building efforts have been undertaken by POPCOM, directed at national and local executives, legislators, and development planners. With the support of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), POPCOM is currently undertaking the project "PopDev Planning at the Local Level" to strengthen the operationalization of PopDev planning among local government units (LGUs). POPCOM Central Office and the regional technical staff will perform an important part in the land use planning process with the integration of PopDev planning into the procedure. C. Communications for Population Management Developing functional P-R-E awareness is crucial in ensuring the position of population management in both national and local development programs. POPCOM's emphasis is on the

population-resources and population-environment aspects of the framework. Advocacy is undertaken through various POPCOM activities such as discussion fora, publications, and networking actiivities. D. Family Planning/Reproductive Health The Department of Health (DOH) has reoriented its Family Planning program using the Reproductive Health approach. Women's health issues are addressed in its entirety, e.g., maternal and child health, adolescent health, infertility, HIV/AIDS, nutrition, etc. POPCOM, through its regional offices, in coordination with the DOH, Depatment of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), local population offices and health offices, will ensure that information on FP and RH are readily available. E. Gender Equity and Women Empowerment "Development, if not engendered, is endangered." POPCOM goes by the dictum and strives to promote awareness on gender issues by providing technical assistance to all sectors through its policy studies and advocacy campaigns. The Commission believes that genuine development can only be attained by empowering women - recognizing the important role they play in the nation's development efforts. F. Adolescent Health and Youth Development Adolescence is such an awkward stage in a person's transition that parents find it difficult to deal with their children, and vice-versa, regarding the physiological, mental and emotional changes teenagers go through. The resulting communication gap poses a plethora of juvenile anxieties that are so complex that no sector can address these concerns alone. Through its Adolescent and Youth Development program, POPCOM is bringing together people from all sectors -- service organizations in the social development sector, legislators and local executives, church-based groups, business, parents, media, and the youth -- to develop and implement a national program for the youth. An IEC campaign is being carried out to address youth-oriented issues and related concerns such as gender equity and women empowerment, population and sustainable development, maturity, environment, reproductive health rights, and productivity. The Institutional Machinery Behind the Program The PPMP, while under the coordination of the Commission on Population, is a multi-agency, multi-sectoral effort. As the lead coordinator, POPCOM monitors the performance of participating agencies in relation to fulfilling their commitment to the program. While partner agencies may have direct services, the key links to the general public are through local government units, nongovernmental and people's organizations. As a necesary part of the program's strategies, building up the capabilities of their partners in the field are to be undertaken. These include PopDev Planning at the Local Level, Advocacy Skills Development Training, Gender Sensitivity, and Information Management. Through all these plans, actions, and coordination efforts, the PPMP hopes to achieve an ideal balance among population, resources, and environment that will help sustain the country's development through time, for the generations to come.