Comprehensive NuclearTest-Ban Treaty

Annex Two countries that are parties to, signatories to, or are outside the CTBT are coloured red, orange and yellow respectively. Other states that are parties to, signatories to, or are outside the CTBT are coloured blue, azure and cyan respectively The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans all nuclear explosions in all environments, for military or civilian purposes.

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Opened for September 10, 1996[1] in New signature York Entered into Not yet in force force The treaty will enter into force 180 days after it is ratified by all of the following 44 (Annex 2) countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, People's Republic of China, Colombia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of the Conditions Congo, Egypt, Finland, France, for entry Germany, Hungary, India, into force Indonesia, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Romania, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, Vietnam. 138, including 34 of the 44 Parties Annex 2 countries [2] (as of 4 February 2007)

Contents
[hide]

1 Status 2 Obligations 3 History o 3.1 Partial Test Ban Treaty, 1963 o 3.2 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1968 o 3.3 Negotiations for the CTBT o 3.4 Adoption of the CTBT, 1996 o 3.5 US Ratification of the CTBT o 3.6 Monitoring of the CTBT 4 Notes 5 Signatures and Ratifications 6 See also 7 References and external links

[edit] Status
The Treaty was opened for signature in New York on 24 September 1996, when it was signed by 71 States, including five of the eight then nuclear-capable states. The CTBT has now been signed by 177 states and ratified by 138. On 16 January 2007, Moldova ratified the CTBT, completing the ratification of the treaty by all the states of Europe. India and Pakistan, though not nuclear weapons states as defined by the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), did not sign; neither did the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). India and Pakistan conducted back-to-back nuclear tests in 1998, while North Korea withdrew from the NPT in 2003 and tested a nuclear device in 2006. 15 other states have not signed.

[edit] Obligations
(Article I): 1. Each State Party undertakes not to carry out any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion, and to prohibit and prevent any such nuclear explosion at any place under its jurisdiction or control. 2. Each State Party undertakes, furthermore, to refrain from causing, encouraging, or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion.

[edit] History
Arms control advocates had campaigned for the adoption of a treaty banning all nuclear explosions since the early 1950s, when public concern was aroused as a result of radioactive fall-out from atmospheric nuclear tests and the escalating arms race. Over 50 nuclear explosions were registered 2

between 16 July 1945, when the first nuclear explosive test was conducted by the United States at Alamogordo, New Mexico, and 31 December 1953. Prime Minister Nehru of India voiced the heightened international concern in 1954, when he proposed the elimination of all nuclear test explosions worldwide. However, within the context of the Cold War, skepticism in the capability to verify compliance with a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty posed a major obstacle to any agreement. On 13 October 1999 the United States Senate rejected ratification of the CTBT.

[edit] Partial Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Limited success was achieved with the signing of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963, which banned nuclear tests in the atmosphere, underwater and in space. However, neither France nor China, both nuclear weapon States, signed the PTBT.

[edit] Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1968

A major step towards the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons came with the signing of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968. Under the NPT, non-nuclear weapon states were prohibited from, inter alia, possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. All signatories, including nuclear weapon states, were committed to the goal of total nuclear disarmament.

[edit] Negotiations for the CTBT

Given the political situation prevailing in the subsequent decades, little progress was made in nuclear disarmament until 1991. Parties to the PTBT held an amendment conference that year to discuss a proposal to convert the Treaty into an instrument banning all nuclear-weapon tests; with strong support from the UN General Assembly, negotiations for a comprehensive test-ban treaty began in 1993. One of the largest issues was the priorities of the different countries. The Non-aligned movement countries were highly concerned with vertical proliferation (more and more bombs, new bomb technology) while the Nuclear Powers were focusing on horizontal proliferation (nuclear bombs being produced by states other than themselves).

[edit] Adoption of the CTBT, 1996

Intensive efforts were made over the next three years to draft the Treaty text and its two annexes, culminating in the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 10 September 1996 by the United Nations General Assembly in New York.

[edit] US Ratification of the CTBT

The US has signed the CTBT, but not ratified it. There is ongoing debate whether or not the US should ratify the CTBT. Proponents of ratification claim that it would: 1. Establish an international norm that would push other nuclear capable countries like North Korea, Pakistan, and India to sign. 2. Constrain worldwide nuclear proliferation by vastly limiting a country's ability to make nuclear advancements that only testing can ensure. 3

3. Not compromise US national security because the Science Based Stockpile Stewardship Program serves as a means for maintaining current US nuclear capabilities without physical detonation.

[edit] Monitoring of the CTBT

Geophysical and other technologies are used to monitor for compliance with the Treaty: seismology, hydroacoustics, infrasound, and radionuclide monitoring. On Site Inspection is provided for where concerns about compliance arise. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), an international organization headquartered in Vienna, Austria, was created to build the verification regime, including establishment and provisional operation of the network of monitoring stations, and development of the On Site Inspection capability. As of December 2005, around 65 percent of monitoring stations are operational.

[edit] Notes
Original text derived from Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization.

[edit] Signatures and Ratifications

Source: CTBTO: Status of Signature and Ratification Bold-type indicate the 44 required states. State Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Signature Ratification 24 SEP 2003 27 SEP 1996 15 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 27 SEP 1996 16 APR 1997 24 SEP 1996 01 OCT 11 JAN 2006 04 DEC 1998 12 JUL 2006 24 SEP 2003 23 APR 2003 11 JUL 2003 12 JUL 2006 State Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Signature Ratification 01 OCT 1996 13 NOV 2001 27 SEP 1996 07 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 09 OCT 1996 09 OCT 1996 23 JUL 4 06 JAN 2004 21 SEP 2004 07 FEB 2000 26 MAY 1999 15 SEP 2005

1996 Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 16 SEP 2002 24 SEP 1996 22 JAN 1997 24 SEP 1996 27 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 26 SEP 1996 10 NOV 2000 29 SEP 1999 Nepal 17 APR 2002 Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua 04 OCT 1999 26 OCT 2006 28 OCT 2002 24 JUL 1998 Namibia Nauru 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 14 NOV 2001 27 SEP 1996 13 SEP 2000 29 JUN 1999 26 MAR 2004 06 MAR 2001 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 28 JUL 1997 04 FEB 2005 24 SEP 1996 24 OCT 1996 12 APR 2004 08 MAR 2000 09 JUL 1998 13 MAR 1998 02 FEB 1999 Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia, Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar

1998 01 OCT 1997 18 FEB 1997 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1997 01 OCT 1996 01 OCT 1996 23 OCT 2006 24 SEP 1996 26 SEP 1996 25 NOV 1996 24 SEP 1996 08 SEP 2000 08 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 27 SEP 1996 24 SEP 23 MAR 1999 19 MAR 1999 05 DEC 5 29 JUN 2001 12 NOV 2001 30 APR 2003 05 OCT 1999 25 JUL 1997 16 JAN 2007 18 DEC 1998 08 AUG 1997 23 OCT 2006 17 APR 2000 07 SEP 2000 04 AUG 1999 23 JUL 2001

Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti

16 NOV 2001 24 SEP 1996 01 OCT 1996 19 DEC 2001 08 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 12 DEC 1996 11 FEB 1997 05 DEC 1997 24 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 12 NOV 1996

06 FEB 2006 18 DEC 1998 01 MAR 2006 Niger Nigeria Niue Norway Oman 12 JUL 2000 Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar 18 JUL 2003 11 SEP 1997 Republic of Korea Romania Russian Federation

1996 03 OCT 1996 08 SEP 2000 24 SEP 1996 23 SEP 1999 12 AUG 2003 24 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 30 NOV 2004 23 MAR 2004 04 OCT 1996

2000 09 SEP 2002 27 SEP 2001

15 JUL 1999 13 JUN 2003

23 MAR 1999

04 OCT 2001 12 NOV 1997 23 FEB 2001 25 MAY 1999 26 JUN 2000 03 MAR 1997 24 SEP 1999 05 OCT 1999 30 JUN 2000 30 NOV 2004 27 APR 2005 05 APR 2001 6

06 SEP 2005 25 SEP 2001 11 MAR 2003 02 MAR 2001

04 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 21 OCT

28 SEP 2004 21 DEC 1998 15 JUL 2005

Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia

1996 Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea 03 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 14 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 09 OCT 1996 11 NOV 2003 20 NOV 1996 25 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 07 OCT 1996 09 APR 2003 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 03 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 10 OCT 1996 20 SEP 1999 03 OCT 21 APR 1999 19 AUG 1998 27 SEP 2002 20 AUG 1998 11 NOV 2003 13 AUG 1999 08 AUG 2006 10 OCT 1996 15 JAN 1999 06 APR 1998 20 SEP 2000 11 SEP 1998 12 NOV 2001

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino So Tom and Prncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia 26 SEP 1996 08 JUN 24 SEP 1996 08 SEP 2000 14 JAN 1999 30 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 03 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 OCT 1996 10 JUN 2004 14 JAN 1997 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 02 DEC 1998 10 JUN 2004 07 FEB 2006 30 MAR 1999 31 JUL 1998 09 JUN 1999 19 MAY 2004 13 APR 2004 17 SEP 2001 10 NOV 2001 03 MAR 1998 31 AUG 1999 09 OCT 1996 07 OCT 1996 26 SEP 1996 27 SEP 2002 12 MAR 2002

(continuing the membership 2001 of Serbia and Montenegro)

Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden

1996 Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait 24 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 11 NOV 1996 24 SEP 1996 26 SEP 1996 30 SEP 1996 14 NOV 1996 07 SEP 2000 24 SEP 1996 01 FEB 1999 13 NOV 2001 08 JUL 1997 25 AUG 1998 14 MAY 2002 30 NOV 2000 07 SEP 2000 06 MAY 2003 15 JUL 1999 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 11 APR 1997 07 SEP 2000 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 07 MAR 2001 01 DEC 2005 18 JUL 2001 30 OCT 2003 13 JUL 1999

Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand

24 SEP 1996 07 OCT 1996 12 NOV 1996

01 OCT 1999 10 JUN 1998

The former Yugoslav 29 OCT Republic of Macedonia 1998 Timor-Leste Togo Tonga 02 OCT 1996

14 MAR 2000

02 JUL 2004

26 JUN 2000

Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States of America Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela 07 NOV 1996 27 SEP 1996 25 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 30 SEP 2004 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 03 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 03 OCT 1996 21 SEP 2001 29 MAY 1997 16 SEP 2005 13 MAY 2002 8 14 MAR 2001 23 FEB 2001 18 SEP 2000 06 APR 1998 30 SEP 2004 16 OCT 1996 24 SEP 1996 24 SEP 1996 23 SEP 2004 16 FEB 2000 20 FEB 1998

Kyrgyzstan

08 OCT 1996

02 OCT 2003 05 OCT 2000 20 NOV 2001

Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

24 SEP 1996 30 SEP 1996 03 DEC 1996 13 OCT 1999

10 MAR 2006

Lao People's 30 JUL Democratic Republic 1997 Latvia Lebanon Lesotho 24 SEP 1996 16 SEP 2005 30 SEP 1996

23 FEB 2006

14 SEP 1999