Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

Contents
I. 1. 2. III. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 Definition ........................................................................................................................ 2 I-beam girder and box girder............................................................................................ 3 Box-girder Bridge in Boisbriand, Quebec ........................................................................ 4 II. Generality ........................................................................................................................... 2

Summary: ............................................................................................................................... 4 Bridge Description: ................................................................................................................. 4 IV. a. b. VI. a. b. VII. Different assembly methods ............................................................................................. 6 Bolting ............................................................................................................................ 6 Welding ........................................................................................................................... 6 The method of assembly ................................................................................................... 7 Bolting ............................................................................................................................ 7 Welding ........................................................................................................................... 7 Assemblies used in the project ......................................................................................... 7 V. The general concept ............................................................................................................ 6

VIII. Conclusion: ..................................................................................................................... 9 Reference: ................................................................................................................................ 10

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

Girder Bridge
I. Introduction
In the name of student in the fourth year in Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC), we have to do research about the steel structure in order to realize the concepts of calculating and gain more general knowledge about steel construction. The lesson in the class is not provide us enough knowledge to understand this course deeply, so professor lets students to do a research more about different topics. As a result, our group was doing a research about the girder bridge. First of all, we have to know what the bridge is. A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed, and the material. There are six main types of bridges: girder bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges. For this research, we focus deeply on girder bridges only.

II.

Generality 1. Definition

Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by abutments, hence their structural name of simply supported. When there is more than one span the intermediate supports are known as piers. Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the abutments at either end of the bridge.

Figure 1

There are four types of beams: the beams souls full, the box girders, beams, trusses and beams bow-strings. The constructional material of beams can be metal, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete, wood or, more recently, composite materials.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

2. I-beam girder and box girder

A girder bridge is perhaps the most common and most basic bridge. In modern steel girder bridges, the two most common girders are I-beam girders and box-girders.

The vertical plate in the middle is known as the web, and the top and bottom plates are referred to as flanges(figure 1).

Figure 2

A box girder is much the same as an I-beam girder except that, obviously, it takes the shape of a box. The typical box girder has two webs and two flanges (figure 2).

Figure 3

Now that we know the basic physical differences between box girders and I-beam girders, let's look at the advantages and disadvantages of each. An I-beamisvery simple to design and build and works very well in most cases. However, if the bridge contains any curves, the beams become subject to twisting forces, also known as torque. The added second web in a box girder adds stability and increases resistance to twisting forces. This makes the box girder the ideal choice for bridges with any significant curve in them. Box girders, being more stable are also able to span greater distances and are often used for longer spans, where I-beams would not be sufficiently strong or stable. However, the design and fabrication of box girders is more difficult than that of Ibeams. For example, in order to weld the inside seams of a box girder, a human or welding robot must be able to operate inside the box girder.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

III.

Box-girder Bridge in Boisbriand, Quebec

Summary:
Comprehensive redevelopment of the interchange of highways 15 and 640 in Boisbriand requires the construction of several curve bridges. This article describes the process of bridge design of the ramp above the 15 and 640 freeways. The geometry of the ramp to cross the highways and the criteria of aesthetics were the decisive factors in choosing ranges, bridge construction in curves, a continuous structure of three spans of 49, 52 and 36 m curve with a mean radius of 120 m and another right continuous structure of two spans of 45 m. Given the high torsional stiffness required and length of spans, an apron made of two steel box girders proved to be the best choice for this complex structure. The complexity of the stress distribution in the box girders and their specific geometry impose additional requirements on the details of assembly of the components of the structural steel. Some of the details used in this project are reported and discussed. The box girder bridges have become increasingly popular due to their good behavior compared to girder bridges assembled in I. They are cheaper, more stable, and structurally more efficient and have a more aesthetic.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

Bridge Description:
The design of the curved section that is the subject of this article has an average radius of curvature of 120m over a length of 137 m. Given the span lengths and the limit of 5 m minimum clearance required under the structure, the selected section of the deck is made of two steel box girders spaced 4.6 m center-center. The composite action of the concrete slab with steel section is provided through the shear connectors. The two chambers are supported by bearings fixed to the battery 2, 3 and 5-way supports the abutments and the battery 4. The thickness of the top flanges ranges from 30 mm to 50 mm in span over batteries while the thickness of the bottom flange varies from 20 mm to 50 mm in span over batteries. Souls have a height and a constant thickness of 1700 mm and 14 mm respectively.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

Page 5

Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

Connection of Girder Bridge

IV. Different assembly methods
Assemblies currently used in steel construction can be classified into two broad headings: those that allow the transmission of forces by mechanical contact, we gather under the name of mechanical assemblies; those who provide continuity of the metal and the joints which consist of various welding processes (always autogenously).

y y

V.

The general concept

a. Bolting
In this type of assembly, the bolt works in tension and can withstand high loads because it is made of steel with high yield. The pressure exerted by the bolt is distributed over the contact surface with steel washers grade very similar, so that the forces exerted on the sheets pass through the rings and the presence of holes weakens structure.Avec not the highstrength bolt, force transmission is achieved by adhesion (attachment) despises in touch. Under the clamping force and thanks to the abrasion resistance of wetted parts, assembled The items cannot slide. The ordinary bolt (or bolt raw or black bolt) is placed in holes that its diameter is larger than 1 to 2 mm of diameter nominal of bolt, providing a game setting, this game can be decrease in the cases where it is desired reduce the relative displacements despises .Les highstrength bolts are class 8.8, 10.9, 12.9 and 14.9 (Rn from 800 to 1400 MPa, Re from 640 to 1260 MPa).

b. Welding
Welding is a metallurgical micro-operation is to run a cord linking the melted edges of two pieces and is called homogeneous when these two parts, and the solder joint, have a chemical composition identical or similar, and heterogeneous in other cases. It ensures continuity of the metal piece, giving it the characteristics of the assembly level equivalent to that of the metal assembly (mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, sealing, durability ...). It meets the high demands. In addition, it is durable (insensitive to temperature variations, weather ...). And it ensures the tightness of the welded part. Welding residues are called "projections" or "gratons" (small pins that stick to the metal). Welding has three major families of problems: y Operative (Development of welding procedure) y Global (the solder is, it breaks elsewhere), and y Metallurgical (case of steel welding 9% Ni in uniform).

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

Page 6

Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

VI.

The method of assembly

There are four necessities for assembly modeling: joint beam, beam-column connection, angle frame, and the column bottom. As elsewhere, there are two types of assembly:

a. Bolting
For bolted connections, in general, it must be for the structural safety, serviceability, fatigue, and quality assurance. Structural safety of the bolt can be verified according to the basic principle expressed by: R Ed e Rd ! k KM

Ed : Design value of the effects of actions

Rd : Design value of resistance
K M : Resistance factor

b. Welding
For welding connections, in general, it must be for the structural safety, serviceability, fatigue, and quality assurance. Structural safety of the bolt can be verified according to the basic principle expressed by: R Ed e Rd ! k KM

Ed : Design value of the effects of actions Rd : Design value of resistance

K M : Resistance factor; K M 2 ! 1.25

VII.

Assemblies used in the project

Specific details
The complexity of the forces acting on the box girders and their particular geometry impose additional requirements on the details of assembly of the components of the structural steel. The most important recommendations include, among other things:  details used should facilitate future inspection of the boxes;  details of assemblies of the diaphragms at the supports must be adjusted to take account of the great torsional rigidity of the box and installation methods;  all details must be designed to minimize fatigue stress;  a layer of light colored paint to be applied inside the enclosure to facilitate future inspection and crack detection.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

Because of the shape of the box almost closed, the stiffeners to intermediate bracing must be attached to the soles to reduce local stresses due to distortion of the section. To enable continuous welding of the soul with the bottom plate, the stiffeners are stopped at a distance of 90 mm above the bottom flange. After assembly of the box, a Welded gusset is added to ensure continuity between the stiffener and the bottom plate (Figure 9).

Drainage holes (Figure 10) is another important detail of the steel box. The holes are located in the bottom soles at about 100 mm of the soul. The drains can not only remove the accumulated water inside but also improve ventilation inside the box. To prevent animals from entering through the drainage holes, a grid of stainless steel protection covers the opening. External support to the diaphragms, designed as deep beams, subjected to bending due to shear and torsion in the box girders. Large bending moments acting on the diaphragms have required the development of the rigid in flexion (Figure 11a). Particular attention was paid to the details of fatigue in order to ensure a direct and natural transmission of effort.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

For ease of installation and allow the replacement of slippery surfaces, the bumpers are designed to be replaceable. In addition, to reduce the impact force and uniform pressure on the contact surfaces, a neoprene pad installed on the fixed portion between the plate bumper and sliding plate (Figure 14).

VIII.

Conclusion:

The design of the bridge box girder steel curved horizontally posed significant challenges. The realization of this project allowed Dessau to accumulate knowledge and experience on the design of such structures. We like to thank Mr. LY Hav, Prof. of Steel Construction, for the opportunity they provided us knowledge convenience the field of metal construction, particularly steel beam bridge.

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

Page 9

Institute de Technologie du Cambodge

Rapport de Construction Mtallique

Reference:
Manfred A. Hirt, Rolf Bez et Alain Nussbaumer, 2006,lEcole polytechnique fdration de Lausanne, Construction Mtallique , Volume 10 http://www.otua.org/v3/documentation/soudage/assemblage.htm http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_m%C3%A9tallique http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulon http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudage

Professor: LY Hav

Group 6

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