CONTENT

PREFACE...........................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVATIONS...........................................................

x
xi
xii

Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION........................................

1.1

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Basic Phenomena........................................................
Ideal Elements............................................................
Electric Circuit.............................................................
Units
......................................................................
Definition of Various Terms.........................................
Symbols used for Average, Rms and Maximum
Values ......................................................................
Steady State and Transient Analysis...........................
Assumptions in Circuit Theory.....................................

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3

Chapter 2 : BASIC CONCEPTS OF CIRCUITS......................

2.1

1.7
1.8

2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4
2.5
2.6

2.7

2.8
2.9
2.10

Basic Elements of Circuits...........................................

Nodes, Branches and Closed path...............................
Series, Parallel, Star and Delta Connections...............
2.3.1
Series Connections........................................
2.3.2
Parallel Connections......................................
2.3.3
Delta Connections.........................................
Open Circuit and Short Circuit.....................................
Sign Conventions........................................................
Ohms and Kirchoffs Laws..........................................
2.6.1
Ohms Law.....................................................
2.6.2
Kirchoffs Current Law(KCL)...........................
2.6.3
Kirchoffs Voltage Law(KVL)...........................
Voltage and Current Source........................................
2.7.1 Ideal and Practical Source.................................
2.7.2 Source Transformation......................................
Dependent Sources.....................................................
Power and Energy.......................................................
Resistance...................................................................
2.10.1 Resistance Connected to DC Source.............
2.10.2 Current Division in Parallel Connected
Resistance.....................................................
2.10.3 Voltage Division in Parallel Connected

1.5
1.6
1.6

2.1
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16

Resistance.....................................................
2.11 Network Topology.......................................................
2.11.1 Graph............................................................
2.11.2 Tree, Link and Cotree....................................
2.11.3 Network Variables.........................................
2.11.4 Solution of Network Variables.......................
2.12 Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits...............................
2.12.1 Single Loop Circuit..........................................
2.12.2 Single Node Pair Circuit...................................
2.13 Solved Problems....................................................................
2.14 Short Questions and Answers.....................................
2.15 Exercises ....................................................................

2.16
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.24
2.24
2.25
2.31
2.35

Chapter 3 : BASIC CONCEPTS OF AC CIRCUITS..................

3.1

3.1
3.2
3.3

3.4
3.5

3.6

3.7
3.8

3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14

3.15

Introduction.................................................................
3.1
AC Voltage and Current Source...................................
3.1
3.2.1
Source transformation..................................
3.3
Sinusoidal voltage.......................................................
3.3
3.3.1
Average value...............................................
3.5
3.3.2
RMS value.....................................................
3.6
3.3.3
Form factor and Peak factor .
3.7
Sinusoidal Current.......................................................
3.7
Inductance .................................................................
3.8
3.5.1
Voltage-current relation in an indutance ......
3.9
3.5.2
Energy stored in an indutance ..
3.10
Capacitance ...............................................................
3.10
3.6.1
Voltage-current relation in an capacitance . .
3.11
3.6.2
Energy stored in an capacitance ..
3.12
V-I Relation of R, L and C in Various Domains.............
3.12
Sinusoidal V and I in Frequency Domain.....................
3.15
3.8.1
Phase and Phase Difference.......................... 3.15
3.8.2
Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantities3.17
3.8.3
Phasor Diagram of a Circuit........................... 3.18
Power, Energy and Power Factor................................. 3.20
Resistance Connected to Sinusoidal Source................ 3.23
Inductance Connected to Sinusoidal Source............... 3.25
Capacitance Connected to Sinusoidal Source............. 3.28
Impedance ................................................................. 3.30
3.13.1 Impedance Connected to Sinusoidal Source. 3.31
Conductance, Susceptance and Admittance............... 3.32
3.14.1 Conductance................................................. 3.33
3.14.2 Admittance.................................................... 3.33
3.14.3 Admittance Connected to Sinusoidal Source. 3.34
KVL, KCL and Ohms Law applied to AC Circuits..........
3.35

3.16

3.17
3.18
3.19

Current and Voltage Division Rules for Impedance.....

3.16.1 Current Division in Paralllel Connected
Impedances...................................................
3.16.2 Voltage Division in Series Connected
Impedances...................................................
Solved Problems..........................................................
Short Questions and Answers.....................................
Exercises ....................................................................

Chapter 4 :
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

4.6

5.3
5.4
5.5

5.6

3.36
3.37
3.60
3.64
4.1

Introduction.................................................................
Mesh Analysis of Resistive Circuits Excited by
DC Sources..................................................................
Mesh Analysis of Reactive Circuits..............................
Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Both Voltage
and Current Sources...................................................
Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent
and Dependent Sources..............................................
4.5.1
Circuits with Dependent Voltage Source.......
4.5.2
Circuits with Dependent Current Source.......
Exercises.....................................................................

4.1
4.1
4.20
4.26
4.29
4.29
4.30
4.36

NODE ANALYSIS..................................

5.1

Introduction.................................................................
Node Analysis of Resistive Circuits Excited by
DC Sources..................................................................
Node Analysis of Reactive Circuits..............................
Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by both Voltage
and Current Sources...................................................
Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent
and Dependent Sources..............................................
5.5.1
Circuits with Dependent Current Source.......
5.5.2
Circuits with Dependent Voltage Source.......
Exercises.....................................................................

5.1

Chapter 6 :

6.1
6.2

3.36

MESH ANALYSIS..................................

Chapter 5 :
5.1
5.2

3.36

5.1
5.14
5.19
5.28
5.28
5.29
5.34

NETWORK REDUCTION.........................

6.1

Introduction.................................................................
Resistances in Series and Parallel ..............................
6.2.1
Equivalent of Series Connected Resistances.
6.2.2
Voltage Division in Series Connected
Resistances...................................................

6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2

6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3

6.4
6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

6.10

6.11

6.12

6.13
6.14
6.15

Equivalent of Parallel Connected Resistances

Voltage Division in Parallel Connected
Resistances...................................................
6.4
Resistances in Star and Delta.....................................
6.5
6.3.1
Delta to Star Transformation.........................
6.6
6.3.2
Star to Delta Transformation.........................
6.9
Source Transformation................................................ 6.13
Voltage Sources in Series and Parallel ....................... 6.14
6.5.1
Series Connection of Voltage Sources.......... 6.14
6.5.2
Parallel Connection of Voltage Sources......... 6.15
Current Sources in Series and Parallel ....................... 6.17
6.6.1
Series Connection of Current Sources......... 6.17
6.6.2
Parallel Connection of Current Sources........ 6.18
Inductances in Series and Parallel .............................. 6.19
6.7.1
Equivalent of Series Connected Inductances. 6.19
6.7.2
Equivalent of Parallel Connected Inductances
Capacitances in Series and Parallel ............................ 6.22
6.8.1
Equivalent of Series Connected Capacitances
6.8.2
Equivalent of Parallel Connected Capacitances 6.24
Impedances in Series and Parallel .............................. 6.25
6.9.1
Equivalent of Series Connected Impedances. 6.25
6.9.2
Voltage Division in Series Connected
Impedances................................................... 6.26
6.9.3
Equivalent of Parallel Connected Impedances
6.9.4
Current Division in Parallel Connected
Impedances................................................... 6.28
6.9.5
Reactances in Series and Parallel.................. 6.29
Impedances in Star and Delta..................................... 6.29
6.10.1 Delta to Star Transformation......................... 6.30
6.10.2 Star to Delta Transformation......................... 6.30
Conductances in Series and Parallel .......................... 6.31
6.11.1 Equivalent of Series Connected Conductances 6.31
6.11.2 Equivalent of Parallel Connected Conductances6.32
Admittances in Series and Parallel ............................. 6.33
6.12.1 Equivalent of Series Connected Admittances 6.33
6.12.2 Equivalent of Parallel Connected Admittances
Solved Problems.......................................................... 6.36
Short Questions and Answers..................................... 6.44
Exercises .................................................................... 6.49

6.3

6.21
6.22

6.27

6.35

Chapter 7 :
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

THEOREMS IN CIRCUIT ANALYSIS..........

7.1

Superposition Theorem...............................................
Thevenins and Nortons Theorems.............................
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem............................
Reciprocity Theorem...................................................
Short Questions and Answers.....................................
Exercises.....................................................................

7.1
7.20
7.48
7.71
7.82
7.87

Chapter 8 :

8.1

8.2

8.3
8.4

9.3

8.1

Series Resonance........................................................
8.1
8.1.1
Quality factor of Series RLC Circuit ..............
8.3
8.1.2
Bandwidth of Series RLC Circuit ...................
8.5
8.1.3
Selectivity of Series RLC Circuit ....................
8.9
8.1.4
Voltage Across L & C at Resonance in Series
RLC Circuit .................................................... 8.10
8.1.5
Solved problems in Series Resssonance........ 8.11
Parallel Resonance...................................................... 8.15
8.2.1
Resonant Frequency of Parallel RLC Circuit .. 8.16
8.2.2
Characteristics of Parallel RLC Circuit .......... 8.21
8.2.3
Quality factor of Parallel RLC Circuit ............. 8.23
8.2.4
Bandwidth of Parallel RLC Circuit ................ 8.25
8.2.5
Current through L & C at Resonance in Parallel
RLC Circuit ................................................... 8.31
8.2.6
Solved Problems in Parallel Resonance........ 8.32
Short Questions And Answers..................................... 8.39
Exercises..................................................................... 8.44

Chapter 9 :
9.1
9.2

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE......

COUPLED CIRCUITS..............................

9.1

Introduction.................................................................
Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance......................
9.2.1
Self Inductance..............................................
9.2.2
Mutual Inductance.........................................
9.2.3
Coefficient of Coupling..................................
Analysis of Coupled Coils............................................
9.3.1
Dot convention for Coupled Coils..................
9.3.2
Expression for Self and Mutual Induced
EMF in Various Domains................................
9.3.3
Writing Mesh Equations for Coupled Coils.....
9.3.4
Electrical Equivalent of Magnetic
Coupling........................................................
9.3.5
Representation of Mutual Induced EMF

9.1
9.1
9.1
9.2
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.9
9.10
9.11

by Dependent Voltage Sources.....................

Writing Mesh Equations for Circuits with
Electrical Connection & Magnetic Coupling...
Series and Parallel Connections of Coupled Coils........
Tuned Coupled Circuits...............................................
9.5.1
Single Tuned Coupled Circuits.......................
9.5.2
Double Tuned Coupled Circuits.....................
Solved Problems..........................................................
Short Questions and Answers.....................................
Exercises.....................................................................

9.14

9.3.6
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8

Chapter 10 :
10.1
10.2

9.16
9.18
9.24
9.24
9.28
9.32
9.57
9.60

TRANSIENTS....................................... 10.1

Introduction.................................................................
Transient Response.....................................................
10.2.1 First and Second Order Circuits.....................
10.3 Transient Analysis using Laplace Transform............. . .
10.3.1 Some Standard Voltage Signals....................
10.3.2 s-Domain Representation of R,L,C
Parameters....................................................
10.3.3 Solving Initial and Final Conditions
Using Laplace Transform...............................
10.4 Transient in RL Circuit ................................................
10.4.1 Source Free Reponse of RL Circuit................
10.4.2 Step Response of RL Circuit .........................
10.4.3 RL Transient with Initial Current Io................
10.5 Transient in RC Circuit ...............................................
10.5.1 Source Free Reponse of RC Circuit................
10.5.2 Step Response of RC Circuit ........................
10.5.3 RC Transient with Initial Voltage Vo..............
10.6 Transient in RLC Circuit ..............................................
10.6.1 Source Free Response of RLC Circuit.............
10.6.2 Step Response of RLC Circuit........................
10.6.3 s-Domain Current & Voltage Equation of
RLC Circuit.....................................................
10.6.4 Initial Conditions in RLC Circuit.....................
10.6.5 Final Conditions in RLC Circuit.......................
10.7 Transient in Circuits Excited by AC Source..................
10.7.1 RL Circuit Excited by AC Source....................
10.7.2 RC Circuit excited by AC Source....................
10.7.3 RLC Circuit Excited by AC Source..................
10.8 Solved Problems in RL Transient.................................
10.9 Solved Problems in RC Transient................................
10.10 Solved Problems in RLC Transient...............................
10.11 Short Questions and Answers.....................................
10.12 Exercises.....................................................................

10.1
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.3
10.5
10.9
10.10
10.10
10.11
10.16
10.19
10.19
10.21
10.25
10.29
10.29
10.30
10.36
10.36
10.37
10.39
10.39
10.41
10.43
10.45
10.61
10.78
10.90
10.92

Chapter 11 :

THREE PHASE CIRCUITS...................... 11.1

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4

Introduction................................................................. 11.1
Three Phase Sources................................................... 11.1
Representation of Three Phase Emfs.......................... 11.2
Three Phase Star Connected Source........................... 11.4
11.4.1 Star Connected Source - Three Wire
System.......................................................... 11.4
11.4.2 Star Connected Source - Four Wire
System.......................................................... 11.7
11.5 Three Phase Delta Connected Source......................... 11.8
11.6 Three Phase Loads...................................................... 11.12
11.6.1 Choice of Reference Phasor in Analysis
of Three Phase Circuits.................................. 11.12
11.7 Analysis of Balanced Loads......................................... 11.13
11.7.1 Four Wire Star Connected Balanced Load..... 11.13
11.7.2 Three Wire Star Connected Balanced Load. . . 11.15
11.7.3 Delta Connected Balanced Load.................... 11.16
11.7.4 Power Consumed by Three Equal Impedance
in Star and Delta........................................... 11.17
11.8 Analysis of Unbalanced Loads..................................... 11.18
11.8.1 Four Wire Star Connected Unbalanced Load. 11.18
11.8.2 Three Wire Star Connected Unbalanced Load
11.8.3 Neutral Shift in Star Connected Load............ 11.21
11.8.4 Delta Connected Unbalanced Load............... 11.22
11.9 Two Wattmeter Method of Power Measurement......... 11.23
11.9.1 Power Measurement in Balanced Load.......... 11.24
11.9.2 Relation between Power Factor and Wattmeter
Reading......................................................... 11.26
11.10 Solved Problems.......................................................... 11.28
11.11 Short Questions and Answers..................................... 11.63
11.12 Exercises..................................................................... 11.65
APPENDIX 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM...................................................
APPENDIX 2
CALCULATIONS USING COMPLEX MODE OF CALCULATOR. A.5
INDEX ...........................................................................................

A.1
I.1

11.20