Mitosis and Meiosis What is Mitosis?

Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. If the parent cell is haploid (N), then the daughter cells will be haploid. If the parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells will also be diploid. N N 2N 2N This type of cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow and repair damaged tissue. Click here to go to the chapter on Mitosis.

Summary of the Phases of Mitosis

The drawings below show chromosome movement and alignment in a cell from a species of animal that has a diploid number of 8. As you view the drawings, keep in mind that humans have a diploid number of 46.

Interphase Chromosomes are not visible because they are uncoiled

Prophase The chromosomes coil. The nuclear membrane disintegrates. Spindle fibers (microtubles) form. The drawing shows a cell with 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids.

Metaphase The chromosomes become aligned. The drawing shows a cell with 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids.

Anaphase The chromatids separate; the number of chromosomes doubles. The drawing shows a cell with 16 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 16 chromatids.

Telophase The cell divides into two. The chromosomes uncoil. The nucleus reforms. The spindle apparataus disassembles. The drawing shows a cell with 16 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 16 chromatids. G1 Interphase The chromosomes have one chromatid. The drawing shows two cells. Each cell has 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 1 chromatid for a total of 8 chromatids per cell.

G2 Interphase The chromosomes have two chromatids each. The drawing shows two cells. Each cell has 8 chromosomes. Each chromosome has 2 chromatids for a total of 16 chromatids per cell.

What is Meiosis?
Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. 2N N Meiosis enables organisms to reproduce sexually. Gametes (sperm and eggs) are haploid. Meiosis involves two divisions producing a total of four daughter cells.

Summary of the Phases of Meiosis

A cell undergoing meiosis will divide two times; the first division is meiosis 1 and the second is meiosis 2. The phases have the same names as those of mitosis. A number indicates the division number (1st or 2nd): meiosis 1: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1 meiosis 2: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2 In the first meiotic division, the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not. This results in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell. The second meiotic division is like mitosis; the number of chromosomes does not get reduced. Prophase I Homologous chromosomes become paired. Crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes.

Crossing over

Metaphase I Homologous pairs become aligned in the center of the cell.

The random alignment pattern is called independent assortment. For example, a cell with 2N = 6 chromosomes could have any of the alignment patterns shown at the left..

Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate.

Telophase I This stage is absent in some species

Interkinesis

Interkinesis is similar to interphase except DNA synthesis does not occur.

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Daughter Cells

Mitosis
Occurrence of Crossing Over: Occurs in: Number of Daughter Cells produced: Creates: Yes Humans, animals, plants, fungi 4 Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. four haploid daughter cells The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. Oscar Hertwig Sexual different Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II 2 Yes sexual reproduction Reduced by half No all organisms 2

Meiosis

Makes everything other than sex cells A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell two diploid daughter cells The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis Walther Flemming Asexual identical Occurs in Telophase 1 No Cellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body Remains the same Occurs in Interphase Does not occur The centromeres split during Anaphase

Definition: Produces: Steps: Discovered by: Type of Reproduction: Genetically: Cytokinesis: Number of Divisions: Pairing of Homologues: Function: Chromosome Number: Karyokenesis: Crossing Over:

Occurs in Interphase I Mixing of chromosomes The centromeres do not separate during Centromeres Split: anaphase I, but during anaphase II

Animal Cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough): Ribosomes: Mitochondria: Present Present Present Present One or more small vacuoles (much Vacuole: smaller than plant cells). Centrioles: Present in all animal cells Plastids: Absent Golgi Apparatus: Present Cell wall: Absent Plasma Membrane: only cell membrane Microtubules/ Microfilaments: Present Flagella: May be found in some cells Lysosomes: Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm. Nucleus: Present Cilia: Present Shape: Round (irregular shape) Chloroplast: Cytoplasm:

Plant Cell

Present Present One, large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume. Only present in lower plant forms. Present Present Present cell wall and a cell membrane Present May be found in some cells Lysosomes usually not evident. Present It is very rare Rectangular (fixed shape) Plant cells have chloroplasts because Animal cells don't have chloroplasts they make their own food Present Present

DNA RNA Hide All Show All Predominant Structure: Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides Pairing of Bases: A-T(Adenine-Thymine), G-C(Guanine-Cytosine) A-U(Adenine-Uracil), G-C(Guanine-Cytosine) Stability: Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less reactive because of C-H bonds. Stable in alkaline conditions. DNA has smaller grooves where the damaging enzyme can attach which makes it harder for the enzyme to attack DNA. Ribose sugar is more reactive because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds. Not stable in alkaline conditions. RNA on the other hand has larger grooves which makes it easier to be attacked by enzymes. hide Unique Features: The helix geometry of DNA is of B-Form. DNA is completely protected by the body i.e. the body destroys enzymes that cleave DNA. DNA can be damaged by exposure to Ultra-violet rays The helix geometry of RNA is of A-Form. RNA strands are continually made, broken down and reused. RNA is more resistant to damage by Ultra-violet rays. hide Difference: 1.Found in nucleus 2. sugar is deoxyribose 3. Bases are A,T,C,G 1.Found in nucleus and cytoplasm 2.sugar is ribose. 3. Bases are A,U,C,G hide Bases & Sugars: DNA is a long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil Definition: A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms RNA, single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information. hide Job/Role: Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information The main job of RNA is to transfer the genetic code need for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. this process prevents the DNA from having to leave the nucleus, so it stays safe. Without RNA, proteins could never be made. hide Stands for: DeoxyriboNucleicAcid RiboNucleicAcid hide

DIFFERENCES OF DNA AND RNA

Similarities (2) Differences (18) All Attributes Eukaryotic Cell Vesicles: Mitochondria: Chloroplasts: Plasma membrane with steriod: Golgi apparatus: Endoplasmic reticulum: Differentation: Ribosomes: Cytoskeleton: Vacoules: Number of chromosomes: DNA complexed histones: True Membrane bound Nucleus: Cell wall: Nucleolus: Mitosis Occurs: Genetic Recombination: Flagella: Lysosomes and peroxisomes: Microtubules: Present Present Present (in plants) Yes Present Present Tissue and organs 80S especially in Mitochondria and chloroplast Present Present More than one Yes Present Chemically simpler Present Yes Mitosis and fusion gametes Prokaryotic Cell Present Absent Absent Usually no Absent Absent Radimentary 70S May be absent Present One No Absent Hide All hide hide hide hide hide hide hide hide hide hide hide hide hide

Usually chemically complexed hide Absent hide No hide Partial, undirectional transfers hide DNA hide hide hide

Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually Submicroscopic in size, arranged as nine doublets surrounding two composed of only one fiber singlets Present Present Absent Absent or rare

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