DNV-RP-C205 what is new?

Analysis of wave-in-deck loads

Konstruksjonsseminar, Petroleumstilsynet
Arne Nestegrd, Det Norske Veritas 27.08.2008

DNV Offshore Codes: 3-level document hierarchy

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Offshore Service Specifications (OSS):

Principles and procedures for DNV offshore verification, classification, qualification and asset operation services

Offshore Standards (OS):

- Technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well as the technical basis for DNV offshore services.

Recommended Practices (RP):

- Proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level Offshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.

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Offshore Standard vs. Recommended Practice

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Offshore Standard (OS)

- A DNV offshore standard is a document which presents the principles and technical requirements for design of offshore structures. The standard is offered as DNVs interpretation of engineering practice for general use by the offshore industry for achieving safe structures.

Recommended Practice (RP)

- The recommended practice publications cover proven technology and solutions, which have been found by DNV to represent good practice, and which represent one alternative for satisfying the requirements stipulated in the DNV offshore standards or other codes and standards cited by DNV.

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Structure of OSs and RPs

u u u u u u u u u

A: Quality and Safety Methodology B: Materials Technology C: Structures D: Systems E: Special Facilities F: Pipelines and Risers G: Asset Operation H: Marine Operation J: Wind Turbines

ABC DE FGH J

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RP-C205 Environmental Conditions and Environmental Loads

Background:
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RP-C205 is an updated and enhanced version of DNV Classification Notes 30.5 Environmental conditions and Environmental loads. CN 30.5 provides key information on main issues related to environmental loads on ships and offshore structures.
- description on wave, wind and current conditions - methods for load prediction on various types of structures

CN30.5 has been widely used in the industry for design of offshore structures The document has also been widely used by DNV in verification and advisory services and it serves as a basic reference for several other DNV rules, standards and recommended practices (RP).
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Developed in Joint Industry Project 2005-06

Objectives:
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Establish a Recommended Practice for assessment of environmental conditions and environmental loads on marine structures Establish a common basis for DNVs offshore standards with respect to assessment of load effects

Participants:
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Hydro, Statoil, BP, DNV (funding) Aker Kvrner, Moss Maritime, PGS, PSA (observers)

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Contents of DNV RP-C205

1. Introduction 2. Wind conditions 3. Wave conditions 4. Current and tide conditions 5. Wind loads 6. Wave and current induced loads on slender structures 7. Wave and current induced loads on large volume structures 8. Airgap, wave-in-deck loads and wave slamming 9. Vortex induced oscillations 10. Hydrodynamic model testing Appendices: Scatter diagrams, added mass and drag coefficients
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Wind conditions
n n n

Definition of wind parameters Wind data and wind speed statistics Wind modelling
- Mean wind speed and standard deviation - Long term probability distributions - Wind speed profiles (logarithmic, power law, Frya)

n n n n n

Wind turbulence Wind spectra (offshore / over land) limitations/recommendation for use Wind speed process and wind speed field (coherence spectra) Wind profiles and atmospheric stability Transient wind conditions (gusts & squalls)

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Wave conditions
n n n n

Wave theories and wave kinematics Short term wave conditions Long term wave statisitics Extreme value predictions

2 1 2
(+ )

2( ) 2

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Contents of DNV RP-C205

1. Introduction 2. Wind conditions 3. Wave conditions 4. Current and tide conditions 5. Wind loads 6. Wave and current induced loads on slender structures 7. Wave and current induced loads on large volume structures 8. Airgap, wave-in-deck loads and wave slamming 9. Vortex induced oscillations 10. Hydrodynamic model testing Appendices: Scatter diagrams, added mass and drag coefficients
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Wave and current induced loads on slender structures

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Morisons equation
- Combined current and waves - Fixed and moving structures - Normal and axial forces

Governing parameters
Diffraction parameter D/ Reynolds number Re=DU/ Roughness = k/D KC number KC=UMT/D Current flow velocity ratio =

Uc Uc + Uw

Mass and drag coefficients dependency on

Cross sectional shape Parameters (KC, Re, ..) Shielding/wake effects Wall interaction effects and effect of free surface
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Wave loads on large volume structures

n n n n n n

Frequency domain analysis Time domain analysis Forward speed effects Numerical methods (panel methods) Hydrostatic and inertia loads Wave frequency loads
n Mean and slowly varying loads Random wave loads - Difference frequency QTFs Equivalent linearization - Mean drift force Panel mesh requirements - Viscous effect on drift forces Irregular frequencies - Damping of low frequency motions Multi-body hydrodynamic interactions - Viscous hull damping Generalized body modes Shallow water and restricted areas n High frequency loads Moonpool effects - Sum-frequency wave loads (springing) Fluid sloshing in tanks - Higher order wave loads (ringing)

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Contents of DNV RP-C205

1. Introduction 2. Wind conditions 3. Wave conditions 4. Current and tide conditions 5. Wind loads 6. Wave and current induced loads on slender structures 7. Wave and current induced loads on large volume structures 8. Airgap, wave-in-deck loads and wave slamming 9. Vortex induced oscillations 10. Hydrodynamic model testing Appendices: Scatter diagrams, added mass and drag coefficients
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Wave in deck - background

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~1972 designed according to API: Safety margin: 1.5m airgap for 100 yr wave ~1985 subsidence detected ~1993 Kaplans simplified wave-in-deck formulaes 2005 Renewed attention to wave-indeck loads. Lifetime extension of exisiting jackets. Computational Fluid Dynamics for wave-in-deck calculations

n n

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Wave-in-deck and jacket loads

10000 y 1000 y 100 y

Wave-in-deck load

22o

N
SWL

Jacket wave load

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Present jacket load analysis methodology

Loads on jacket: According to Norsok (API/ISO) Stokes 5th order (Hmax , THmax ) VRF = 0.95 for North Sea conditions Morisons equation with CD = 0.65 (smooth), 1.05 (rough) (+ marine growth) Loads from disturbed kinematics beneath the deck (jet effect) Loads on deck: Stokes 5th order (Hmax , THmax ) u(z) distribution shifted upwards (adjust water depth) so that Creststokes = Crest max No velocity reduction, VRF = 1.0. Long-crested waves d(,u)/dy = 0 CFD (VOF) wave-in-deck analysis with inflow Stokes wave
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5th order Stokes wave

Wave period, T
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Wave height, H Water depth

Crest

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Computational Fluid Dynamics ComFLOW

Deck structure

Inflow boundary, Stokes 5th wave

Fluid domain

Courtesy of Jrn Birknes, DNV Benedicte Brodtkorb, DNV

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Modelling of deck geometry

NP wave NWP wave

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Fluid domain 3D view

Incoming wave

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Wave in deck Fluid grid

Wave from NP

Detailed fluid grid close to structure, ~0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5m

Wave from NWP

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Global wave-in-deck loads (1)

Direction: 110 100 90 80 Fx-Deck Fz-Deck

[MN] .

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -102.0 -20 -30 -40 -50 3.0

Fz

force

Deck

Fx
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Time (sec)
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Global wave-in-deck loads (2)

max F z deck max F x deck
Direction: 110 100 90 80 Fx-Deck Fz-Deck 225, PL NW 1000yr DNV ( H = 29.31m)

min F z deck

[MN] .

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -102.0 -20 -30 -40 -50 3.0

Fz

force

Deck

Fx
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Time (sec)
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Deck vs jacket loads

n n

Wetted deck area varies with time Time correlation with jacket load
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 2 -20 -30 -40 -50 3 4 5 6 7 8 . Fx-Deck Fz-Deck Jacket Horisontal loading Jacket vertical loading

Direction: 110

Wave load (MN)

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Time (sec)

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1) Simplified API method (solid decks)

1 Fh = Cd A v 2 2

Cd =

2.5 1.9

for end -on and broadside waves for diagonal ( w = 45 o ) waves

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2) Fh head-on waves
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Deck structures
- Box-shaped, 30 m x 50 m - 6 other configurations

15 to 20 analyses
- Varying wave inundation - Rp: 100 year to 10 000 year - Horizontal top of crest velocity: 7 m/s to 12 m/s - Fluid mesh: Horizontal ~0.3 m to ~0.5 m Vertical ~0.2 m to ~0.5 m
3.5

deck girders

Fx / 0.5 A v [-] Normalized force ( -)

2 x-max

Cd API = 2.5
2.5

Normalized horizontal force curves versus the API method

1.5

Boxshaped deck

0.5

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

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Time (s)

time [s]

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2) Fh head-on waves selected deck

6

5
2 Fx / 0.5 rho A v x_max [-]

Multiple fx 2101_8p5m_1_non_dim under-deck 2.3m 7.8m/s API Head-On girders

4m 7.6m/s fx 101_11b_non_dim

.
4 3
Cd API = 2.5

30 m by 50 m smooth deck

0 0.0 0.5 1.0

time (s) Time(s)

1.5

2.0

2.5

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2) Fh oblique waves
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Normalized horizontal force curves versus the API method, 2 45 oblique waves
1.8

Cd API = 1.9

1.6

Fx / 0.5 A v force -) x Normalized-max [-] (

1.4

Boxshaped deck

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

time [s] Time (s)

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3) Simplified vertical force DNV-RP-C205 (1)

Deck structure, elevation view
Wave propagation

vz bos

Undisturbed surface elevation

1 2 Fv = Cv A v z bos 2
Wetted deck area at the time of maximum impact force

5 Cv = 10
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for head-on and broadside waves for 45o oblique waves.

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3) Simplified vertical force DNV-RP-C205 (2)

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Definition of wetted length for maximum vertical impact force

Wave crest

Deck elevation view

vz bos

Lp

Undisturbed surface elevation

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3) Simplified vertical force DNV-RP-C205 (3)

Deck breadth = B

Top view

0 head-on wave
Deck structure, elevation view
vz bos Lp

Wetted length = Lp

Pr

oj

ec

te

Top view
d de ck br ea

le ng th

dt

W et te d

45 oblique wave
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3) Fv head-on waves
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Normalized vertical force curves versus DNV-RP-C205, 0 head-on waves

6

CV DNV= 5
5

Fz / 0.5 A v [-] Normalized force ( -)

Boxshaped deck

2 z-bos

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time (s)
time [s]
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3) Fv head-on waves selected deck

8 7
4m 3.9m/s fz 101_11b_non_dim 2.3m 3.4m/s fz 2101_8p5m_1_non_dim Under-deck girders of varying size

. Fz / 0.5 rho A v bos2 [-] z

6
Cv DNV = 5

5 4 3 2 1 0 0.0 0.5 1.0

time (s)

1.5

2.0

2.5

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3) Fv oblique waves
n

Normalized vertical force curves versus DNV-RP-C205, 45 oblique waves 12

10

Cv DNV = 10
Fz / 0.5 A v z-bos [-] Normalized2 force ( -)
8

Boxshaped deck

0 0

0.5

1.5

2.5

time (s) Time [s]

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Increased jacket substructure loads due to disturbed wave kinematics

Free kinematics DECK

Disturbed kinematics

In Marinteks Wave Impact JIP PIV measurements of fluid velocities will be performed.
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Wave kinematics models

Horizontal velocity of design wave 100 y

10000 y

Stokes 5th VRF = 1

VRF= 0.94

Stokes 5th VRF = 1

VRF= 0.94

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Comparison of CFD models

Comflow By University of Groningen

Comet by CD-Adapco

Wave-in-deck loads on regular box with and without girders. Courtesy of Oleg Gaidai, DNV
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Wave in box without girders

Horizontal load Vertical load

Red line COMFLOW, blue line COMET

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Wave in box with girders

Horizontal load Vertical load

Red line COMFLOW, blue line COMET

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Contents of DNV RP-C205

1. Introduction 2. Wind conditions 3. Wave conditions 4. Current and tide conditions 5. Wind loads 6. Wave and current induced loads on slender structures 7. Wave and current induced loads on large volume structures 8. Airgap, wave-in-deck loads and wave slamming 9. Vortex induced oscillations 10. Hydrodynamic model testing Appendices: Scatter diagrams, added mass and drag coefficients
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Vortex induced oscillations

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Introduction to Vortex induced oscillations

Vortex shedding frequency, reduced velocity, lock-in, damping, etc. Cross Flow and In-Line response

n n

Implications of VIV Principles for prediction of VIV

Force models, response models, flow models (CFD), model tests Assumptions and limitations

n n n n

Vortex induced hull motions Wind induced vortex shedding Current induced vortex shedding Vortex induced oscillations in waves

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Hydrodynamic model testing

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When is model testing recommended

Hydrodynamic load characteristics Global system concept and design verification Individual structure component testing Marine operations, demonstration of functionality Validation of nonlinear numerical models Extreme loads and response Unknown or unexpected phenomena

Test methods and procedures

- Modelling and calibration of environment (waves, wind and current) - Restrictions and simplifications in physical model n - Calibration of physical model set-up - Measurement of physical parameters and phenomena - Nonlinear extreme loads and response - Data acquisition, analysis and interpretation - Flow measurements - Accuracy level; repeatability - Photo and video
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Courtesy of Marintek

Scaling effects
Froude scaling Reynolds number scaling Choice of scale Scaling of slamming load measurements

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Thank you for your attention!

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