Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Define variance and standard deviation. 2. Discuss the difference between X and x. 3. Compute the variance and standard deviation for a population and sample using the deviation method. 4. Compute the variance and standard deviation for a population and sample using the raw score method. 1. Variance is the standard deviation squared. 2. Standard Deviation is the average amount that the scores in a distribution differ from that distributions mean There are three ways to determine variability: 1) range, 2) semi quartile range, (Since this method is not often used, we will not discuss it), 3) standard deviation and variance.
RANGE
The distance between the highest and the lowest score. The range is a rough index of variability. There are problems with using the range. When the variability is determined by only two scores: 1) Both the highest and lowest scores could be extremes. 2) The variability could fluctuate a large amount when even one score is dropped. 3) There is insensitive to the shape of the distribution.
= x N 6. Note that when we sum x, we get 0. So we use the absolute value of x. = lxl N 7. The average deviation is limited because it is based on absolute values in which signs are ignored and is, therefore, nonalgebraic. II. COMPUTATION OF VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION USING THE DEVIATION METHOD A. The problem of having the plus and minus xs cancels each other out is avoided by squaring each x so that all the numbers are positive. Thus instead of , we have 2. To find , we take the square root ( ) of 2. B. Thus the formulas for variance and standard deviation are: 1. Variance of a population: x2 2 = N 2. Standard Deviation of a population N C. Steps to Calculate the Population Variance and Standard Deviation Using the Deviation Method x2 2 = N Variance for a population: X = N 1. Find . 2. Find the deviation of each raw score. (x = X-) 3. Square each deviation. (x2). 4. Sum the squared deviations. (x2).
N 5. Divide the sum of the squared deviations by N. 6. To find the standard deviation, take the square root of the variance.
x
N
25 =5 N 5 1. Find 2. Find the deviation of each raw score. (x = X-) = = X 9 6 5 3 2 6-5 5-5 3-5 2-5 (X-) = x 9-5 1 0 -2 -3
0 3. Square each deviation. (x2). X (X-)= x x2 9 9-5 4 16 6 6-5 1 1 5 5-5 0 0 3 3-5 -2 4 2 2-5 -3 9 25 30 4. Sum the squared deviations. (x2). x2=30
x 2 30 2 = = = 6 N 5
6. Find the standard deviation. Take the square root of the variance
x
N
30 = 5
6= 2.45
III. CORRECTED ESTIMATES OF POPULATION VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION A. If we found the variance and standard deviation samples using the same formula, we would be using biased estimates of 2 and because samples tend to be smaller and thus underestimate the population values. 1. When we add another case (or score), not only does N increase, another x2 also increases the numerator. 2. The two components are not increased proportionately. 3. The more cases we select, the more likely that extremely deviant scores will be included. 4. Thus, because the variance of a sample is smaller than the standard deviation of a population , it does not vary as much as the standard deviation of a population. B. To obtain an unbiased estimate of the population variance from sample data, we use a correction factor. We subtract one from N. (N-1).
3
1.
N 1
2. Find the deviation of each raw score. (x = X- X ) X (X- X ) = 9-5 6-5 5-5 3-5 2-5 x 4 1 0 -2 -3
9 6 5 3 2 25 3. Square each deviation. (x2). X 9 6 5 3 2 (X- X )= 9-5 6-5 5-5 3-5 2-5
x 1 0 -2 -3
x2 4 1 0 4 9
16
25 4. Sum the squared deviations. (x2). x2=30 2 5. Find the variance s using the formula:
2 2 = x = 30 = 30 = 7.5 s N 1 5 1 4
30
IV. COMPUTATION OF VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION FROM RAW SCORES A. This formula is used to avoid inaccuracies due to rounding and B. The formula for the variance for a population is: 1. Variance of a POPULATION
N 2. Variance of a SAMPLE:
=
2
(X)
N
N 1 a. Find each X2. b. Find X2. c. Find X d. Find (X)2. C. Standard Deviation for a POPULATION: 1. For a population:
s =
2
(X)
N
(X)
N N
(X)
N 1 N
D. Example: X 9 6 5 3 2 25
X2 81 36 25 9 4 155
1. VARIANCE OF A SAMPLE: a. Find X2 (see second column). b. Find X2 = 155 c. Find X = 25 d. Find (X)2= (25)2 = 625. e. Use formula
s2 =
(X)
N 1 N
155
( 25 )
51
5 =
155
2. STANDARD DEVIATION OF A SAMPLE: a. Find X2 (see second column). b. Find X2 = 155 c. Find X = 25 d. Find (X)2= (25)2 = 625. e. Use formula
s=
(X)
N 1 N
( 25 ) 155
5 1 5
155 4
625 5 =
155 125 = 4
30 = 4
7.5 2.74 =
x
N
N 1
2 =
(X)
N
N N 3. Variance of a SAMPLE:
(X)
2
(X)
s=
(X)
N 1 N
HOMEWORK PROBLEMS CHAPTER 3 1. a. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following population using the deviation method. b. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following SAMPLE using the deviation method. 2. a. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following population using the RAW SCORE method. b. Find the variance and standard deviation for the following SAMPLE using the Raw SCORE. Score (X) 39 31 30 26 25 23 3. Define the following: a.
b. c. s 2 d. s e. N f. g. x h. X
i. j.
(X)
2
k. X l. variance m. standard deviation 1. Answer the following questions. a. Why is standard deviation important? b. What does it mean if the standard deviation is large? c. What does it mean if the standard deviation is small?
x=X- X 10 2 1 -3 -4 -6
x2 100 4 1 9 16 36 166
x
N
2
166 = 6
27.67= 5.26
b.
x =
N 1
166 = 33.2 5
166 = 6 1 166 = 5 33.2 5.76 =
s=
N 1
2.
39 31 30 26 25 23 174
a.
2 =
(X)
N N
2
( 174 ) 5212
6 6
5212
30276 6 = 5212 5046 = 166 = 27.67 6 6 6 30276 6 = 5212 5046 = 166 = 27.67 = 5.26 6 6 6
(X)
N N
=
2
5212
( 174 )
6
=
2
5212
b.
s2 =
(X)
N 1 N
( 174 ) 5212
6 1 6
5212
s=
(X)
N 1 N
( 174 ) 5212
6 1 6
5212