An Industrial training in

HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED, LUCKNOW

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of BECHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY Degree In ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG. By RAHUL CHAURASIA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MORADABAD IN STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MORADABAD

FROM 16/0608 TO 15/07/08

ABSTRACT
Sukhoi is a fighter plane.

It is a type of Air superiority fighter or a Strike fighter. Sukhoi is the manufacturer of this plane. Its maiden flight is in 1989. And it is firstly introduced in 1996. Its status is generally operational. Russian, Algerian, Indian, PLA, Venezuelan Air Force are primary users of this fighter plane. Its unit cost is US$33-$45 million.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people have contributed to make of this project report. I am grateful to HINDUSTAN AERLIMITEDONAUTICS LIMITED who has made enormous contribution to the clarity, accuracy & completeness of finished text. I acknowledge my debt of following contributors who have provided reference material to build different chapters of this project report.

H.A.L. faculty name R.M.CHATURVEDI

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter-1 1. OVERVIEW OF SU-30 MKI Chapter-2 2. PURCHASE Chapter-3 3. DEVELOPMENT 3.1 SU-27 PU Long Range Interceptor 3.2 IMPROVEMENTS Chapter-4 4. DESIGN 4.1 Technical Information 4.2 Range and fuel system 4.3 Highly flexible multi-role fighter 4.4 Angle of attack 4.5 Power Plant 4.5.1 Diagonally 2D thrust vector control 4.6 Avionics 4.7 Air frame 4.8 Aerodynamics 4.9 Flight control 4.10 Cockpit instrumentation

4.10.1 Navigation 4.10.2 Communication 4.10.3 Two pilot crew 4.10.4 Ejection seats 4.11 Radar 4.11.1 Features 4.11.2 Future upgrades 4.11.3 Radar modes 4.12 Weapons and payload 4.12.1 Armament 4.12.1.1 Air to air missile 4.12.1.2 Air to surface missile 4.12.2 Bombs 4.13 Laser optical locator system 4.13.1 Targeting pod 4.14 Electronic countermeasures Chapter-5 5.1 Unit Costs 5.2 Variants 5.3 Military Operators Of The Su-30 5.4 Specifications (Su-30) 5.5. Some Other Information 5.5.1 Indian Contribution 5.5.2 Further Developments in Local Avionics 5.5.3 Further Improvements to the MKI 5.5.4 Health and Usage Monitoring System

CHAPTER-1

SU-30 MKI OVERVIEW

The Su-30MKI version is a development of the Su-27 series. Though a variant of Su-30, the Su-30 MKI is more advanced than the basic Su-30 or the Chinese Su-30 MKK aircraft. Its avionics, aerodynamic features and components are similar to the Su-35. This variant has significant upgrades on it from the basic Su-30 MK version. The aircraft was jointly designed by Russia's Sukhoi and India's HAL.India exercised its Su-30MKIs against the Royal Air Force's Tornado ADVs in October 2006. This was the first large scale exercise with any foreign air force in which the IAF used its Su-30MKI's extensively. This exercise was also the first in 43 years with the RAF. In July 2007, the IAF'S Sukhoi-30MKI'S were pitted against RAF Eurofighter Typhoon's The Sukhoi Su30 (NATO reporting name "Flanker-C") is an agile military aircraft developed by Russia's Sukhoi Aviation Corporation and introduced into operational service in 1996. It is a multi-role strike fighter that can perform both air superiority and ground attack missions.The aircraft is a modernized version of the Su-27UB and has several variants. The Su-30K and Su-30MK series have had commercial success. The variants are manufactured by competing organizations: KNAAPO and the IRKUT Corporation, both of which come under the Sukhoi group's umbrella. KNAAPO manufactures the Su30MKK and the Su-30MK2, which were designed for and sold to China. Irkut makes the long-range, multirole Su-30MK series. The series includes the Su-30MKI developed for the Indian Air Force and its derivatives, the MKM, MKA and MKV for Malaysia, Algeria and Venezuela respectively. The IAF has been exercising with other air forces like the USAF, French Air Force, Singapore Air Force, Israeli Air Force over the last couple of years and the most recent one being the exercise with the RAF's Tornados and Eurofighter Typhoons. The IAF is sending Su-30Mki's and aerial refuellers to participate in the red flag exercises in the United States.

CHAPTER -2

PURCHASE
After 2 years of evaluation and negotiations, in 1996, India decided to purchase Su-30 aircraft. India signed a US $1.462 billion deal with Sukhoi on 30 November 1996 for the delivery of 40 Su-30 aircraft. These aircraft were to be delivered in three batches. The first batch were 10 Su-30K or Su-30MK, the basic version of Su-30. The second batch were to be 8 Su-30MK with French and Israeli avionics. The third batch were to be 10 Su-30MKs featuring canard foreplanes. The fourth and final batch Su-30MKIs of 12 aircraft were to have the AL-31FP turbofans. Eventually, India will license produce up to 140 Su-30MKI domestically. After the delivery of the first batch, the second batch was delayed for unknown reasons. Thus it was decided to take delivery of full-standard Su30MKIs. IAF decided to buy 10 additional Su-30Ks which were originally destined for Indonesia. The first batch of 8 Su-30Ks and these 10 additional Su-30Ks were to be upgraded in India by HAL. In 2000, an agreement was signed allowing the license production of 140 Su-30MKIs in India. The deal combines license production with full technology transfer and hence is called a 'Deep License'. The MKI production is being done in four Phases, Phase I, II, III and IV respectively. The original plan called for the MKI production to be complete by 2018. While Phase I would see complete aircraft shipped to India, and reassembled, Phase II would see MKI's manufactured from SKD (Semi Knocked Down) kits, whereas Phase III would have MKI's made from CKD (Completely Knocked Down) assemblies as well as Indian made aggregates. Phase IV would see MKI's made from local raw materials, with locally manufactured systems (upwards of 90%).However, the IAF's declining fleet levels had the MKI production reoriented, and the timeframe compressed by 4 years, with production to be complete by 2014. This includes MKI specific avionics at HAL Korwa and Lucknow and MKI engines at Koraput, whereas other MKI parts such as airframe, canards et al are being manufactured by HAL and private partners. HAL Nasik, in Maharashtra state, is the lead Program manager of the MKI and aircraft are integrated, test flown and delivered to the Indian Air Force at the city.

However, HAL's deep manufacture of the MKI is expected to allow MKI serviceability to remain high and ample spares stocks to be maintained over time. This decision was taken based on the lessons learnt from earlier programs. HAL is also acquiring technology for manufacturing items sourced from other Original Equipment Manufacturers, such as Sagem. In 2007 Sagem and HAL agreed to set up a Joint Venture in India to make Sagem's Sigma 95N Ring Laser Inertial Navigation Systems and service Automatic Flight control systems. HAL had earlier ordered 100 Sigma 95N systems from Sagem for the MKI, LCA and other programs. Recent reports indicate that Belarus is to buy the second hand 18 Su-30Ks from IndiaThough a variant of Su-30, the Su-30 MKI is significantly more advanced than the Su-30 and its various other variants.India signed a deal on Feb 2007 for purchase of another 40 Su-30MKI in light of the declining fleet levels of the Indian Air Force. These will be Mk3 standard aircraft. In light of the fully booked production facilities at HAL, and the IAF's desire for aircraft as soon as possible, a new arrangement was worked out for these 40 aircraft. 15 Aircraft will be provided complete, whereas another 15 will be provided partially assembled and will have to be integrated and tested in India. The remaining ten will be provided as partial kits, so that HAL can assemble them, also utilizing components which have already been mastered in India.India will eventually acquire a total of 230 Su30MKI with all these supplied by 2014.

CHAPTER-3

Development
3.1 Su-27PU long-range interceptor
While the original Su-27 had good range, it still did not have enough for certain airdefense tasks required by the PVO Strany ("PVO" being short for Protivo-Vozdushnaya Oborona "Air Defense") whose requirements spanned the need to cover the vast expanse of the Soviet Union. Hence, development began in 1986 on the Su-27PU, an improved-capability variant of the Su-27 capable of serving as a long-range interceptor or airborne command post. The two-seat Su-27UB combat trainer was selected as the basis for the Su-27PU, because it had the performance of a single-seat Su-27 and long-range missions require two crewmen. A "proof-of-concept" demonstrator flew 6 June 1987, and this success led to the kick-off of development work on two Su-27PU prototypes. The first Su-27PU flew at Irkutsk on 31 December 1989, and the first of three pre-series models flew in 14 April 1992.

To adapt the Su-27UB to its new role, the aircraft was fitted with a retractable inflight refueling probe to increase range; the probe is offset to the left side of the nose and, to accommodate it, the IRST was offset to the right. The aircraft's avionics were changed, fitting special communications and guidance equipment to command formation flights of single-seat Su-27 interceptors. The rear cockpit received a large CRT display which provides the formation leader with tactical information regarding targets and interceptors. The navigation and fly-by-wire systems were also upgraded. It was fitted with an updated NIIP N001 radar, providing some ability for air-to-ground attack and to track and engage multiple aerial targets simultaneously.

Sukhoi offered the Su-27PU to be used as a "fighter controller", a sort of mini-AWACS, with the back-seater using the radar and data links to control other fighters. However, the PVO was not interested in buying the Su-27PU. All five Su-27PUs, with the new designation of "Su-30", ended up in PVO service in the training role. Deliveries to the 54th Interceptor Air Regiment at the advanced training base at Savostleyka began in 1996. According to a German Technical survey magazine sukhoi-30's Indian version MKI is the best combat fighter bomber aircraft ever built in the world. This aircraft have changed all the balances in the south asian context and many countries have expressed serious concerns over this aircraft's ability. It is fitted with an airbrake behind the cockpit.

3.2 Improvements
The addition of canards is a notable improvement over the basic K and MK variants.

Canard Foreplanes: Canards are installed to increase lifting effectiveness and enhance manoeuvrability of the aircraft, They are deflected automatically to ensure controllable flight at high angles-of-attack. Thrust Vectoring Control (TVC): The 2D TVC makes an aircraft highly maneuverable. The aircraft is capable of near-zero airspeed at high angles of attack and dynamic aerobatics in negative speeds up to 200 km/h. Su-30MKI becomes the world's first TVC equipped operational fighter aircraft. According to Jane's all the World's Aircraft, India has the option to upgrade the engine with AL-31FP, which employs fuel manipulation to provide a pseudo 3D TVC (asymmetric 2D TVC), resulting in greater maneuverability. The N011-M Bars is the most powerful Russian passive phased array Radar (PESA) radar on any exported fighter aircraft. The passive phased array Radar Irbis-E will make its debut by 2010, when the first totally-built Su-30MKI will roll out from HAL Nasik.

A multi-national avionics complex sourced from Russia, France, Israel and India which includes Display, Navigation, Targeting and Electronic warfare systems. The Su-30 MKI has a maximum range, with one in-flight refuelling, of 8000 km. The Su-30MK and Su-30MK-1 have a maximum range, with one in-flight refuelling, of 5200 km (35% less than MKI variant).

More than 50 Su-30 MKI aircraft are currently serving in the IAF (The first squadron of Su-30MK aircraft has been taken out of service for upgrading to MKI standard), and belong to different batches- Mk.1, Mk.2 and Mk.3. 230 Su-30 MKIs, of Mk.3 standards and beyond, are expected to be in service by 2014.

CHAPTER-4

DESIGN
A Su-30M two-seat multirole variant was proposed for Russian use and a few may have been built in the mid-1990s for evaluation.

Sukhoi proposed an export variant, Su-30MK, where "MK" stood for "Modernizirovannyi Kommercheskiy" (Modernized Commercial). Sukhoi displayed a Su-30MK demonstrator at the Paris Air Show in 1993.

A much more optimized Su-30MK demonstrator, rebuilt from the first production Su-27PU, was displayed in 1994.

4.1 Technical information

The integrated aerodynamic configuration, combined with the thrust vectoring control ability, results in unprecedented maneuverability and unique takeoff and landing characteristics. Equipped with a digital fly-by-wire system, the Su-30MK is able to perform some very advanced maneuvers. They include the well-known Pugachev's Cobra and the Bell. While performing a somersault maneuver the aircraft makes 360-degree turn in the pitch plane without any loss of altitude. In the Controlled Flat Spin maneuver the aircraft performs several full turns in the horizontal plane, with zero forward speed, virtually on the spot.

4.2 Range and fuel system

The Su-30MKI has a range of 5,000 km with internal fuel which ensures a 4.5 hour combat mission. Also, it has an in-flight refueling (IFR) probe that retracts beside the cockpit during normal operation. The air refuelling system increases the flight duration up to 10 hours with a range of 8,000 km at a cruise height of 11 to 13 km.

The IAF in cooperation with the Defence Food Research Laboratories (DFRL) has designed inflight meals to provide nutrition to pilots flying long duration missions. Su 30 MKIs also can use the Cobham 754 buddy refuelling pods.

4.3 Highly flexible multi-role fighter

The Su-30MK is capable of accomplishing a wide variety of combat missions at significant distances from the home base, in any weather conditions and in severe jamming environment, both by day and by night. This multirole aircraft is adequately fitted for the entire spectrum of tactical and operational combat employment scenarios, varying from counter-air tasks (ie. gaining air superiority, air defense, air patrol and escort) to ground attack, suppression of enemy air defenses, air interdiction, close air support and maritime attack. Additionally, the Su30MK can perform ECCM and early warning tasks, as well as exercise command-andcontrol over a group of aerial combat assets performing joint missions.

4.4 Angle of attack

The Su-30MK's aerodynamic configuration is an unstable-in-longitude triplane. To increase lifting effectiveness and enhance maneuverability of the aircraft, canards are installed. They are deflected automatically to ensure controlled flight at high angles-of-attack. Canards, however, are installed only in some Su-30 variants like Pugachev's Cobra maneuver The integrated aerodynamic configuration, combined with the thrust vectoring control ability, results in unprecedented maneuverability and unique takeoff and landing characteristics. Equipped with a digital fly-by-wire system, the Su-30MK is able to perform some very advanced maneuvers. They include the well-known Pugachev's Cobra and the Bell. While performing a somersault maneuver the aircraft makes 360-degree turn in the pitch plane without any loss of altitude.

4.5 Power plant

.The Su-30MKI is powered by the two Al-31FP turbofans. Each Al-31FP is rated at 12,500 kgf (27,550 lbf) of full afterburning thrust.

Al-31FP builds on the Al-37FU with the capability to vector in 2 planes. The TVC nozzles of the MKI are mounted 32 degrees outward to longitudinal engine axis (i.e. in the horizontal plane) and can be deflected 15 degrees in the vertical plane. This produces a cork-screw effect and thus enhancing the turning capability of the aircraft. Two AL-31FP by-pass thrust-vectoring turbojet reheated engines (25,000 kgf full afterburning thrust) ensure a 2M horizontal flight speed (a 1350 km/h groundlevel speed) and a rate of climb of 230 m/s. The mean time between overhaul for the AL-31FP is given at 1,000 hours with a full-life span of 3,000 hours. The titanium nozzle has a mean time between overhaul of 500 hours. There is no strain-gauge engine control stick to change the engine thrust in the cockpit, rather just a conventional engine throttle control lever. The pilot controls the aircraft with help of a standard control stick. On the pilot's right there is a switch which is turned on for performing difficult maneuvers. After the switchover, the computer determines the level of use of aerodynamic surfaces and swiveling nozzles and their required deflection angles. The aircraft's power plant incorporates two Saturn AL-31FP afterburning lowbypass turbofan engines. A total afterburning thrust of 25,000 kgf (245 kN) ensures Mach 2 horizontal flight speed, 1,350 km/h speed at low altitude, and a 230 m/s climbing rate. With a normal fuel reserve of 5,270 kg, the Su-30MK is capable of performing a 4.5-hour combat mission with a range of 3,000 km. An in-flight refueling system increases the flight duration up to 10 hours with a range of 8,000 km at cruise altitudes of 11 to 13 km.

The long range significantly increases employment options. The missions vary from prolonged patrols and escorts to long-range intercepts and air-to-ground strikes.

4.5.1 Diagonally 2D thrust vectoring control

Differential 15-degree deflection of the engines' asymmetric nozzles (with turn axes positioned at 32-deg angle to each other) enables pitch/yaw thrust vectoring control. Depending on the maneuver to be performed, nozzles deflections can be synchronized with or differ from the deflections of horizontal tail planes. Two-member crew A two-member crew configuration contributes significantly to enhanced combat capabilities, due to rational distribution of workload between crewmembers. While the first pilot flies the aircraft, controls weapons and performs maneuvering dogfight, the copilot employs BVR air-to-air and air-to-ground guided weapons in long-range engagements, monitors tactical environment to ensure situational awareness, and performs command-and-control tasks in group missions.

4.6 Avionics

Radar: Either a N001VE or Phazotron N010 Zhuk-27 or an N011M BARS pulse Doppler passive electronically scanned array radar. Capable of detecting and tracking up to 15 air targets, while concurrently attacking four of them. The N011M BARS radar (featuring a 20-m (65.6 ft) resolution) ensures detection of large sea-surface targets at a distance of up to 400 km (248.5 mi), and small-size ones at a distance of up to 120 km (74.5 mi). Other avionics include an integrated optronic sighting-and-navigation system with a laser gyro navigation system; helmet-mounted displays, a head-up-display, multi-function color LCDs with image mixing ability; and a GPS system (GLONASS/NAVSTAR compatible). IR and laser sighting pods to detect and engage small-size ground targets are available for installation. The aircraft is provided with an ECCM facility intended to subvert hostile electronic and electro-optical countermeasures. The aircraft features autopilot ability at all flight stages including low-altitude flight in terrain-following mode, and individual and group combat employment against air and ground/sea-surface targets. Automatic control system

interconnected with the navigation system ensures route flight, target approach, recovery to airfield and landing approach in automatic mode..

4.7 Airframe
The Su-30MKI is a highly integrated twin-finned aircraft. The airframe is constructed of titanium and high-strength aluminium alloys. The engine nacelles are fitted with trouser fairings to provide a continuous streamlined profile between the nacelles and the tail beams. The fins and horizontal tail consoles are attached to tail beams. The central beam section between the engine nacelles consists of the equipment compartment, fuel tank and the brake parachute container. The fuselage head is of semi-monocoque construction and includes the cockpit, radar compartments and the avionics bay.

4.8 Aerodynamics
Su-30MKI aerodynamic configuration is an unstable longitudinal triplane. The canard increases the aircraft lifting ability and deflects automatically to allow high angle-ofattack (AoA) flights. The integral aerodynamic configuration combined with thrust vectoring results in extremely capable maneuverability, taking off and landing characteristics. This high agility allows rapid deployment of weapons in any direction as desired by the crew. The canard notably assists in controlling the aircraft at large anglesof-attack and bringing it to a level flight condition. The wing will have high-lift devices featured as deflecting leading edges, and flaperons acting as flaps and ailerons.

4.9 Flight control

The aircraft has a fly by wire (FBW) with quadruple redundancy. Depending on the flight conditions, signals from the control stick position transmitter or the FCS will be coupled to the remote control amplifiers. These signals are combined with feedback signals fed by acceleration sensors and rate gyros. The resultant control signals are coupled to the highspeed electro-hydraulic actuators of the elevators, rudders and the canard. The output signals are compared and, if the difference is significant, the faulty channel is disconnected. FBW is based on a stall warning and barrier mechanism which prevents development of aircraft stalls through a dramatic increase in the control stick pressure.

This allows a pilot to effectively control the aircraft without running the risk of reaching the limit values of angle of attack and acceleration. Although the maximum angle of attack is limited by the canards the FBW acts as an additional safety mechanism.

4.10 Cockpit instrumentation

The displays include a highly customised version of the Elbit Su 967 head-up display consisting of bicubic phase conjugated holographic displays and seven liquid crystal multifunction displays, six 127 mm x 127 mm and one 152 mm x 152 mm. The HUD was widely misreported to be the VEH 3000 from Thales. Variants of the same HUD have also been chosen for the IAF's MiG-27 and SEPECAT Jaguar upgrades, on grounds of standardisation. Flight information is displayed on four LCD displays which include one for piloting and navigation, a tactical situation indicator, and two for display systems information including operating modes and overall operation status. The rear cockpit is fitted with a larger monochromatic screen display for the air-to-surface missile guidance.

4.10.1 Navigation
The aircraft is fitted with a satellite navigation system (A-737 GPS compatible), which permits it to make flights in all weather, day and night. The navigation complex comprises high accuracy SAGEM integrated global positioning system and ring laser gyroscope inertial navigation system.

4.10.2 Communication
The communications equipment comprises secure VHF and HF radio sets, a secured digital telecommunications system, and antenna-feeder assembly. It mounts a noise-proof target data exchange system, which provides for coordination of the actions of several fighter aircraft engaged in a group air combat. An automatic flight control system makes all phases of its flight automatic, including the combat employment of its weapons.

4.10.3 Two-pilot crew

Two-pilot crew provides higher work efficiency as well as the engagement in close and long range combat and the air situation observation. Besides, the same dual control aircraft can be used as a combat and training aircraft. Additionally, the integrated airborne equipment enables the aircraft to be used as an air command post to control the operation of other aircraft. The back seater is the Weapon systems officer (WSO). The pilot flies the aircraft and handles air-to-air and some air-to-ground (ATG) weapons, as well as countermeasures. The WSO takes care of the detailed aspects of navigation, ground radar mapping & target designation, delivery solution for ATG weapons etc.

4.10.4 Ejection seats

The crew are provided zero-zero KD-36DM ejection seats. The rear seat is raised for better visibility. The cockpit is provided with containers to store food and water reserves, a waste disposal system and extra oxygen bottles. The KD-36DM ejection seat is inclined at 30, to help the pilot resist aircraft accelerations in air combat.

4.11 Radar
The forward facing NIIP N011M Bars (Panther) is a powerful integrated passive electronically scanned array radar. The N011M is a digital multi-mode dual frequency band radar.

4.11.1 Features:

The N011M can function in air-to-air and air-to-land/sea mode simultaneously while being tied into a high-precision laser-inertial or GPS navigation system. It is equipped with a modern digital weapons control system as well as anti-jamming features. For aircraft N011M has a 350 km search range and a maximum 200 km tracking range, and 60 km in the rear hemisphere. A MiG-21, for instance can be detected at a distance of up to 135 km. Design maximum search range for an F-16 target was 140160 km.

The radar can track 15 air targets and engage the 4 most dangerous simultaneously. These targets can even include cruise missiles and motionless helicopters. The Su-30MKI can function as a mini-AWACS as a director or command post for other aircraft. The target co-ordinates can be transferred automatically to at least 4 other aircraft. The radar can detect ground targets such as tanks at 4050 km. The N011M is claimed to detect large sea targets at a distance up to 400 km, and small sized ones at a distance of 120 km.

The Su-30MKI can be integrated with the BrahMos cruise missiles, it can carry up to 3 of these cruise missiles for the land attack and anti shipping roles. This ability, being a unique feature, usually assigned to dedicated bombers, further enhances its multi-role capabilities and is the only fighter in the world at present, with this capability.

4.11.2 Future upgrades:

Future upgrade plans include new gimbals for the antenna mount to increase the field of view to about 90-100 degrees to both sides. New software will enable a Doppler-sharpening mode and the capability to engage up to eight air targets simultaneously. By 2010, when the first totally-built Su-30MKI will roll out from HAL, it could be equipped with a new phased array radar called the Irbis (Snow Leopard), which will replace the N011M Bars. These reports are yet to be confirmed by the Indian Air Force or official sources. The Irbis has been widely misreported to be an active phased array. It is not. NIIP in Vzlet, 2006 (a journal edited by noted aviation journalist A. Fomin) details the Irbis as a high power passive electronically scanned array, built using the experience of the Bars project. However, it will have a lighter antenna derived from the NIIP Osa (Wasp) radar,

4.11.3 Radar modes:

Air-to-Air : velocity search, range while search, track while scan, target ID, close combat modes. Air-to-Surface : Real beam mapping, DBS mapping, SAR mapping, moving ground target selection, tracking and measuring of ground target coordinates. Anti-shipping : Sea surface search, moving sea targets selection, tracking and measuring of sea target coordinates, sea target ID.

4.12 Weapons and payload

The Su-30MKI combat load is mounted on 12 stations. The maximum advertised combat load is 8000 kg (17,600 lb). The aircraft features the built-in single-barrel GSh-301 gun, a 30 mm weapon, and space for 150 rounds. Over 70 versions of guided and unguided weapon stores may be employed, which allows the aircraft to fly the most diverse tactical missions.

4.12.1 Armament:
The ranges mentioned should be taken as indicative, since they vary based on flight profile, target characteristics as well as several other factors.

4.12.1.1 Air to Air Missiles:

6 R-27R/AA-10A/Astra semi-active radar homing medium range AAM of range 80 km. 6 R-27T (AA-10B) infrared homing seeker, medium range AAM, 70 km 2 R-27P (AA-10C) passive radar seeker, long range AAM 10 R-77 (AA-12) active radar homing medium range AAM, 100 km 6 R-73 (AA-11) short range AAM, 30 km

4.12.1.2Air to Surface Missiles:

2 Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missile, 115 km 2 Kh-59MK Laser guided standoff Missile, 130 km

4 Kh-35Anti-Ship Missile, 130 km 3 PJ-10Bramhos Supersonic Cruise Missile,300 km 4 Kh-31P/A anti-radar missile, 70 km 6 Kh-29T/L laser guided missile, 30 km 4 S-8 rocket pods (80 unguided rockets) 4 S-13 rocket pods (20 unguided rockets)

4.12.2 Bombs:

6 KAB-500L laser guided bombs 3 KAB-1500L laser guided bombs 8 FAB-500T dumb bombs 28 OFAB-250-270 dumb bombs 8 RBK-500 cluster bombs

4.13 Laser-optical locator system

OLS-27 laser-optical locator system to include a day and night FLIR capability and is used in conjunction with the helmet mounted sighting system. The OLS-27 (Izdeliye 36Sh) is a combined IRST/LR device using a cooled, broader waveband, sensor. Tracking rate is over 25 deg/s with 50 km range in pursuit engagement, 15 km head-on. The laser rangefinder operates between 300 and 3000 m for air targets, 300 and 5000 m for ground targets. Detection range is up to 50 km, whilst the laser ranger is effective from 300 to 3000 m. Azimuth tracking is accurate to 5 s, whilst range data is accurate to 10 m. Targets are displayed on the same CRT display as the radar. Weighs 174 kg.

4.13.1 Targeting Pod

Israeli LITENING targeting pod will be used to target the laser guided munitions. Litening incorporates in a single pod all the targeting features required by a modern strike fighter.

The original pod included a 1st Generation FLIR, a TV camera, a flash-lamp powered laser designator, laser spot tracker for tracking target designated by other aircraft or from the ground, and an electro-optical point and inertial tracker, which enabled continuous engagement of the target even when the target is partly obscured by clouds or countermeasures. The pod integrates the necessary laser rangefinder and designator, required for the delivery of Laser Guided Bombs, cluster and general purpose bombs. APK-9 (Datalink Pod for the KH-59 Missile) Cobham buddy refuelling pod, 754 series. IAI - Elta EL/L-8222 (RF jammer) Rafael LITENING Laser Targeting Pod. DARE (DRDO) High Accuracy Direction Finding (HADF) pod

4.14 Electronic countermeasures

An integrated ECM system turns on the warning units that provide signals about incoming enemy missiles, a new generation radio recon set, active jamming facilities and radar and heat decoys. It also includes an electronic intelligence unit, a chaff and flare dispenser and a RWR system.

The RWR system is an indigenously developed system by DRDO, called Tarang, (Wave in Sanskrit). It has direction finding capability and is known to have a programmable threat library. The RWR is derived from work done on an earlier system for India's MiG-23BNs known as the Tranquil, which is now superseded by the more advanced Tarang series. Elta EL/M-8222 a self-protection jammer developed by Israel Aircraft Industries is the MKI's standard EW pod, which the Israeli Air Force uses on its F-15s. The ELTA El/M-8222 Self Protection Pod is a power-managed jammer, air-cooled system with an ESM receiver integrated into the pod. The pod contains an antenna on the forward and aft ends, which receive the hostile RF signal and after processing deliver the appropriate response.

CHAPTER-5
5.1 Unit Costs

A standard Su-30K is estimated at $34 million USD which is more than double the cost of an F-16A Fighting Falcon. A Su-30MKK variant is estimated at $53 million USD

5.2 Variants
Indian Su-30K with Mirage 2000 and USAF F-15 during Cope India '04 Su-27PU Long range interceptor based on two-seater Su-27UB trainer. Later renamed Su30 Su-30 Testbed fighter with canards added. Su-30K Commercial version of the basic Su-30. 50 units sold to India and later upgraded to Su-30MKI. Su-30KI Sukhoi proposal for upgrading Russian AF single seat Su-27S. Also proposed export version for Indonesia, 24 was ordered but subsequently cancelled due to the ASEAN economic crisis , only single seat in Su-30 family. Su-30KN Upgrade for operational two-seat fighters, the Su-27UB, Su-30 and Su-30K. Su-30M Basically an upgraded Su-27PU, first real multi-role aircraft in Su-27 family. Su-30MK The commercial version of Su-30M first revealed in 1993. Su-30M2 Upgraded Su-30MK with canards and TVC. Su-30MKI exercises.

Jointly-developed with India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for the Indian Air Force. Includes Thrust Vectoring Control (TVC) and canards. Equipped with a multi-national avionics complex sourced from Israel, India, Russia and France. Su-30MKK Export version for China. Su-30MKM Based on the MKI, a highly specialised version for Royal Malaysian Air Force with the same platform but a French, South African and Russian combination of avionics. It will feature head-up displays (HUD), navigational forward-looking IR system (NAVFLIR) and Damocles Laser Designation pod (LDP) from Thales Group of France, MAW-300 missile approach warning sensor (MAWS) and laser warning sensor (LWS) from SAAB AVITRONICS (South Africa), as well as the Russian NIIP N011M BARS PESA radar, electronic warfare (EW) system, optical-location system (OLS) and a glass cockpit. Su-30MKV Export version for Venezuela is most likely to be similar to the Su-30MK2. This is based on the presence of two such demonstrator models (No. 0460 and No. 1259) from the KNAAPO facility that took part in July 2006 national day parade in Caracas. The latest news confirm that the Su-30 purchased by Venezuela are indeed Su-30MK2. Su-30MK2 Su-30MKK with upgraded electronics that enabled support for anti-ship missiles Su-30MK2V Su-30MK2 variant for Vietnam with minor modifications. Su-30MK3 Su-30MKK with Zhuk MSE radar and Support for Kh-59MK anti-ship missile. Su-30MKA Highly specialised version for Algeria is similar to the MKI, but will principally be equipped with French and Russian avionics. It will feature head-up and multifunction displays from the Thales Group and Sagem of France.

5.3 Military operators of the Su-30

Su-30 MKA of Algerian Air Force Sukhoi Su-30Mk2 Venezuelan Air Force Algeria

Algerian Air Force operates 44 Su-30MKA version.

People's Republic of China

People's Liberation Army Air Force operates 76 Su-30MKK (Russian: Modernizirovannyi Kommercheskiy Kitaya; Modernized Commercial China). The PLAAF was already operating the Su-27. The first batch of 38 were delivered between December 20, 2000 and the end of 2001. The second batch of 38 were ordered in 2001 and thought to have been delivered by 2003.

People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force operates 24 Su-30MK2. They were ordered in January 2003 and delivered by August 2004.

India

Indian Air Force, after years of negotiations, decided to purchase 50 Su-30 aircraft and acquired the licence from Sukhoi and Russia to manufacture an additional 140 Su-30MKI aircraft. India's Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is the largest manufacturer of the Sukhoi Su-30 in the world. India is expected to eventually acquire a total of 230 aircraft.

Indonesia

Indonesian Air Force operates 2 Su-27SK & 2 Su-30MK aircraft and signed a deal in 2006 to buy 3 Su-27SKM and 3 Su-30MK2.

Malaysia

Royal Malaysian Air Force after a close visit to India's Su-30MKI, signed a deal to purchase 18 of Sukhoi Su-30MKM (M for Malaysia) in May 2003. The first 2 Su-30MKMs were formally handed over in Irkutsk on 23 May 2007, later arrived in Gong Kedak airbase on 21 June. Full squadron of 18 aircraft will be operational by the end of 2008. As part of the deal, the Russians will send a Malaysian astronaut to the ISS.

Russia

Russian Air Force Only 9 are in service with the Russian Air Force VVS because of budget problems.(production started in 1996).

Venezuela

Venezuelan Air Force and the government of Venezuela on 14 June 2006, announced the purchase of 24 units of the Su-30MK2 aircraft. The first two Su30MK2 arrived in the first week of December 2006 while another 8 were commissioned during 2007, ten more units have arrived during 2008 and the remaining 4 aircraft are scheduled to arrive before the end of 2008.

Vietnam Vietnam People's Air Force operates 15 Su-30MK2V version. 5.4 Specifications (Su-30)

General characteristics

Crew: two Length: 21.935 m (72 ft 9 in) Wingspan: 14.7 m (48 ft) Height: 6.357 m (21 ft 5 in)

Empty weight: 17,700 kg (39,021 lb)

 Max takeoff weight: 33,000 kg (72,752 lb) Powerplant: 2 Saturn AL-31FL low-bypass turbofans o Dry thrust: 16,754 lbf (74.5 kN) each o Thrust with afterburner: 27,550 lbf (122.58 kN) each

Performance

Maximum speed: 2.35 Mach (2150 km/h) Cruise speed: 870 mph (1,300 km/h) Range: 1,620 nm (3,000 km) Rate of climb: 45,275 ft/min (230 m/s)

5.5 Some other information 5.5.1 Indian Contribution

Su-30MKI is fitted with several Indian designed and manufactured avionic items. Several critical items were developed by DRDO under a project code named "Vetrivel" (Spear of Victory Vel in Tamil) in close collaboration with the PSUs and the IAF. These included the mission computer, display processor and radar computer. Other systems supplied by the DRDO and HAL include the INCOM frequency hopping, jam resistant radio set, radar altimeters, IFF units, as well as dial-pointer instrumentation for the cockpit, intended as a backup for the digital Liquid crystal displays. Some of the components developed by Indian agencies were:

Mission Computer Display Processor-MC-486 and DP-30MK (Defence Avionics Research Establishment DARE): The 32-bit mission computer performs missionoriented computations, flight management, reconfiguration-cum-redundancy management and in-flight systems self-tests. In compliance with MIL-STD-1521 and 2167A standards, Ada language was adopted for the mission computer's software. Radar Computer - RC1 and RC2 (DARE)

Tarang Mk2 Radar Warning Receiver + High Accuracy Direction Finding Module

IFF-1410A - Identification Friend or Foe Integrated communication suite Radar altimeter

Other critical items from the Indian side, included test instrumentation and support equipment for the Sukhoi, which India now hopes to provide to other Sukhoi customers such as Malaysia. Furthermore, Indian pilots and technical personnel played a vital role in optimizing the Sukhoi-30 MKI's ergonomics as well as information displays. Given the high level of user involvement, and local aeronautical expertise built up via the LCA program, it can be reasonably expected that Indian Su-30 MKI's will continue to evolve further.

5.5.2 Further developments in local avionics

The DRDO has gone a step further and come out with a new design of the Core Avionics Computer (CAC) which can be used with a single module adaptation across many other aircraft platforms. HAL and DARE are currently working with SAMTEL India, a prominent Indian manufacturer of television displays, for the development of new multifunctional displays (MFD) which are to be superior to the original Sextant Avionique units currently used on the MKI. These displays will be able to simultaneously display both analogue and digital data on the same screen, and hence help in improved situational awareness for the aircrew. DARE has developed and inducted the High Accuracy Direction Finding (HADF) payload, on a Siva pod, for the MKI. As the name suggests, this is a direction finding sensor, which works in combination with the onboard Tarang RWR.

5.5.3 Further improvements to the MKI

Other improvements suggested include a higher proportion of composites in the airframe, drawn from the Indian experience with the Light Combat Aircraft, whose airframe is 95% composite by surface area, and 45% by weight. Such a move, would assist in:

Weight reduction hence improving the aircraft performance Reduce its radar cross section. A Mid Life Update has been proposed for the MKI, and for the last production batches. This would include improvements to the radar and other avionics systems, as well as new weapons.

5.5.4 Health and usage monitoring system

Russian aircraft are often criticized on account of poor serviceability. For acquiring predictive maintenance capability, the IAF joined forces with South Africa's Aerospace Monitoring And Systems Ltd which developed a health and usage monitoring system. Predictive maintenance refers to the on and off board processing of aircraft subsystems data, resulting in an accurate, conclusive indication of the health and usage status of various airborne systems The Su-30MKI on-board health and usage monitoring system (HUMS) monitors almost every aircraft system and sub-system including the avionics sub-systems. It can also act as an engineering data recorder The Indian Air Force's Software Development Institute has also developed its own Health and Usage Monitoring systems as well as Mission Planning Systems, which are stated to be comparable to other products available internationally. Variants of these may also be used on Indian made MKIs.

The Su-30 MKI's avionics also feature modular components as well as extensive reliance on BITE or Built In Tests, so as to assist maintenance personnel with quickly locating and rectifying/ replacing defective avionics items.