An Optimal Design of a Grid Connected Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell

System for Distributed Energy Production

Debosmita Das
1,2
Reza Esmaili
1,2
Longya Xu
1
Dave Nichols
2

1.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2.American Electric Power
The Ohio State University 4001 Bixby Road
Columbus, OH 43210,USA Groveport, OH 43125,USA
das.42@osu.edu esmaili.4@osu.edu xu.12@osu.edu dknichols@aep.com

Abstract This paper proposes a hybrid energy system
consisting of wind, photovoltaic and fuel cell designed to supply
continuous power to the load. A simple and economic control
with dc-dc converter is used for maximum power point tracking
and hence maximum power extraction from the wind turbine
and photovoltaic array. Due to the intermittent nature of both
the wind and photovoltaic energy sources, a fuel cell is added to
the system for the purpose of ensuring continuous power flow.
The fuel cell is thus controlled to provide the deficit power when
the combined wind and photovoltaic sources cannot meet the
net power demand. In worst environmental conditions, when
there is no output power from the wind or photovoltaic sources,
the fuel cell will operate at its rated power of 10 kW. Hence this
system under any operating condition will ensure a minimum
power flow of 10 kW to the load. This hybrid system allows
maximum utilization of freely available renewable energy
sources like wind and photovoltaic and demand-based
utilization of hydrogen-based fuel cell. The proposed system is
attractive owing to its simplicity, ease of control and low cost.
Also it can be easily adjusted to accommodate different and any
number of energy sources. A complete description of this system
is presented along with its simulation results which ascertain its
feasibility.

Index Terms step-up dc-dc converter, maximum power point
tracking, hybrid energy system, variable speed wind turbine,
photovoltaic array, fuel cell, PWM voltage source inverter, PI
controller.

I. INTRODUCTION

The ever-increasing demand for conventional energy
sources like coal, natural gas and crude oil is driving society
towards the research and development of alternate energy
sources. Many such energy sources like wind energy and
photovoltaic are now well developed, cost effective and are
being widely used, while some others like fuel cells are in
their advanced developmental stage. These energy sources
are preferred for being environmental-friendly. The
integration of these energy sources to form a hybrid system is
an excellent option for distributed energy production.

Many such hybrid systems comprising of wind energy,
photovoltaic and fuel cell have been extensively discussed in
[1] [2] [3]. A fuzzy logic control for maximum power point
tracking is employed for wind and photovoltaic energies in
[1]. Digitally controlled multiphase switching dc-dc
converters using PWM switching is introduced in [2] to
obtain the required power from the fuel cells.

This paper discusses a hybrid wind, photovoltaic and fuel
cell generating system. The wind and photovoltaic are used
as primary energy sources, while the fuel cell is used as
secondary or back-up energy source. A simple control
method tracks the maximum power from the wind energy
source without measuring the wind or generator speed, which
is very useful for actual small size wind turbines. The same
control principle is applied to track maximum power point of
the photovoltaic system without sensing the irradiance level
and temperature. The fuel cell is also controlled using a dc-dc
converter to supply the deficit power when the primary
energy sources cannot meet the load demand. In the complete
absence of power from the wind and photovoltaic sources the
fuel cell supplies its full rated power of 10 kW.

The system studied in this paper comprises of a 20 kW
wind turbine generator, 15 kW photovoltaic array and 10 kW
fuel cell. Individual step-up dc-dc converter is used to control
each of the three sources. The individual dc-dc converters of
are in turn connected to a single PWM voltage source
inverter, which holds the output voltages of all the converters
at a fixed value by balancing input and output power of the
dc links. All the energy sources are modelled using PSIM

software tool to analyze their dynamic behaviour. The
complete hybrid system is simulated for different operating
conditions of the energy sources. The simulation results
prove the operating principle, feasibility and reliability of this
proposed system.

II. HYBRID SYSTEM DISCRIPTION

The proposed hybrid system consists of the following:
A. A 20 kW wind turbine
B. A 15 kW photovoltaic array
C. A 10 kW fuel cell

A. Wind Energy Source

The amount of mechanical power captured from wind by a
wind turbine [4] can be formulated as:
3
P m
v AC
2
1
P = (1)
Where: = Air density (Kg/m
3
)
A = Swept area (m
2
)
C
P
= Power coefficient of the wind turbine
V = Wind speed (m/s)

Therefore, if the air density, swept area and wind speed are
2499 0-7803-9252-3/05/$20.00 2005 IEEE

constant the output power of the turbine will be a function of
power coefficient of the turbine. In addition, the wind turbine
is normally characterized by its C
P
- curve; where the tip-
speed ratio, , is given by:

v
R
= (2)

In (2), , R and v are the turbine rotor speed in rad/s,
radius of the turbine blade in m, and wind speed in m/s
respectively. Fig.1 shows a typical C
P
- curve for a wind
turbine.

Fig.1 shows that C
P
has its maximum value at
opt,
which
results in optimum efficiency; therefore, maximum power is
captured from wind by the turbine. Fig. 2 illustrates the
output power of a wind turbine versus rotor speed while
speed of wind is changed from v
1
to v
3
(v
3
>v
2
>v
1
). Fig. 2
shows that if the speed of wind is v
1,
then the maximum
power could be captured when the rotor speed is
1
; in other
words, the operating point of the system is point A, which
corresponds to the maximum output power. If wind speed
changes from v
1
to v
2
while the rotor speed is fixed at
1
, the
operating point of system is point B, which does not
correspond to maximum power tracking. The rotor speed
should be increased from
1
to

2,
which results in the
maximum power at operating point C.
C
P-Max
C
P
0 15

opt

Fig. 1. Power Coefficient vs. Tip-Speed Ratio.
P
m
v
3
v
2
v
1
v
3
>v
2
>v
1
B
A
C
1

Fig. 2. Output Power vs. Rotor Speed for Three Different Wind Speeds.

Based on (2) and Fig.1, the optimum speed of rotor can be
estimated as follows:

opt
opt opt
opt
R
v
R
v

= = (3)

Unfortunately, measuring the wind speed in the rotor of
turbine is very difficult; thus, to avoid using wind speed, (1)
needs to be revised. By substituting the wind speed
equivalent from (3) into (1), the output power of the turbine
is given as:
3
opt
opt
P m
R
AC
2
1
P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

(4)
Finally, the target torque can be written as:

2
opt opt target
k T = (5)
Where:
3
opt
PMax opt
R
AC
2
1
k
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

B. Photovoltaic System

A solar cell is the most fundamental component of a
photovoltaic (PV) system, which converts the solar energy
into electrical energy. A solar cell essentially consists of a p-
n junction formed by semiconductor material. When sunlight
falls on a solar cell an electron-hole pair is generated by the
energy from the light (photons). The electric field created at
the junction causes the electron-hole pair to separate with the
electrons drifting towards the n-region and the holes towards
the p-region. Hence electrical voltage is generated at the
output. The photocurrent (I
ph
) will then flow through the load
connected to the output terminals of the cell.

The ideal equivalent circuit of a solar cell consists of a
current source in parallel with a diode. The output terminals
of the circuit are connected to the load. Ideally the voltage-
current equation of the solar cell [5] is given by:

I
PV
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
1
0
kT
qV
ph
PV
e I I (6)
Where: I
ph

= Photo current (A)
I
0
= Diode reverse saturation current (A)
q = Electron charge = 1.6X10
-19
(C)
k = Boltzman constant = 1.38X10
-23
(J/K)
T = Cell temperature (K)

The power output of a solar cell is given by
P
PV
= V
PV
* I
PV
(7)
Where: I
PV
= Output current of solar cell (A).
V
PV =
Solar cell operating voltage (V).
P
PV
=Output power of solar cell (W).

The power-voltage (P-V) characteristic of a photovoltaic
module operating at a standard irradiance of 1000 W/m
2
and
temperature of 25C is shown in Fig.3.












Fig. 3. Power-Voltage (PV) Characteristic of a Photovoltaic Module.
Pmpp
Vmpp
Maximum Power Point
(MPP)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

Voltage (V)
2500

It can be seen from the characteristics, that there is a
unique point on the characteristics at which the photovoltaic
power is maximum. This point is termed as the maximum
power point (MPP). The power corresponding to this point is
termed as power at maximum power point (P
mpp
) and the
voltage as voltage at maximum power point (V
mpp
). Due to
high cost of solar cells, it must be ensured that the
photovoltaic array operates at all time to provide maximum
power output. Hence a maximum power point tracker must
be used to track the maximum power of the system. This is
commonly known as maximum power point tracking
(MPPT). Now if the irradiance level of the photovoltaic
system is changed from the standard 1000 W/m
2
to say 600
W/m
2
or 400 W/m
2
then the P-V characteristic will change as
shown in Fig. 4.














Fig. 4. Variation of P-V Characteristics of Photovoltaic Module.

Fig. 4 shows that, the maximum power of the PV system
also reduces accordingly. The maximum power point tracker
must now track the new maximum power point for the
changed irradiance level.

C. Fuel Cell System

A fuel cell consists of an electrolyte and two catalyst-
coated electrodes. The electrodes are a porous cathode and
anode located on either side of the electrolytic layer.

Gaseous fuel (usually hydrogen) is fed continuously to the
anode and the oxidant (i.e. oxygen from air) is fed to the
cathode). Thus when hydrogen is fed to the anode, the
catalyst in the electrode separate the negatively charged
electrons of the hydrogen from the positively charged ions.
The hydrogen ions pass through the electrolyte at the centre
of the fuel cell and combine with the oxygen and electrons at
the cathode with the help of catalyst to form water. The
overall equation is given by:

2H
2
+ O
2

catalyst
2H
2
O (8)

The electrons, which cannot pass through the electrolytic
layer, flow from the anode to the cathode via the external
circuit, giving rise to electric current.

The output voltage of a single fuel cell [6] [8] is given by:
V
FC
= E
Nernst
V
act
V
ohmic
V
con
(9)
Where: E
Nernst
= Thermodynamic potential of the cell.
V
act
= Voltage drop due to the activation of anode and
cathode.
V
ohmic
= Ohmic voltage drop resulting from the
resistances to the conduction of protons through the
solid electrolyte and the electrons through its path.
V
con
= Voltage drop resulting from the reduction in
concentration of the reactants gases.

The thermodynamic potential (E
Nernst
) represents the fuel
cell open circuit voltage and the other three voltages
activation voltage drop (V
act
), ohmic voltage drop (V
ohmic
)
and concentration voltage drop (V
con
) represent reductions in
this voltage to supply the useful voltage across the cell
electrodes, V
FC
, for a certain operation current.

Thermodynamic Potential/ Cell Reversible Voltage (E
Nernst
)

E
Nernst
=
F
G
2

+
F
S
2

(T - T
ref
) +
F
RT
2
| ) ln( 2 H P
+
| ) ln(P 2 O
(10)
Where: G = Change in the free Gibbs energy (J/mol).
F = Constant of Faraday (96.487 C).
S = Change of the entropy (J/mol).
R = Universal constant of the gases (8.314 J/Kmol).
P
H2
= Partial pressures of hydrogen (atm).
P
O2
= Partial pressures of oxygen (atm).
T = Cell operation temperature (K).
T
ref
= Reference temperature (K).

Using the standard pressure and temperature (SPT) values
for G, S and Tref [7] [8] equation (10) can be simplified
to:
E
Nernst
= 1.229 0.85X10
-5
(T298.15) + 4.31X10
-5
| ) ln( 2 H P
+
| ) ln(P 2 O
(11)
Activation voltage Drop (V
act
)

The activation voltage drop, which takes into account both
the anode and the cathode over-voltage [6] [8] is given by:

V
act
= - | 1 + 2 .T+ 3 .T. ( ) 2 ln O C + 4 .T. | ) ln( FC i (12)
Where: i
FC
= Cell operating current (A).
s = Parametric coefficient of each cell model.
2 O C = Concentration of oxygen in the catalytic
interface of the cathode (mol/cm
3
).

Ohmic Voltage Drop (V
ohmic
)

This voltage drop can be represented using Ohms law as:

V
ohmic
= i
FC
(R
c
+ R
M
) (13)
Where: R
c
= Resistance to electron flow.
R
M
= Resistance to the flow of protons


Voltage (V)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

Pmpp1
Pmpp2
Pmpp3
1000 W/m
2

600 W/m
2

400 W/m
2

2501

Concentration Voltage Drop (V
ohmic
) [8]

The concentration voltage drop is given by the equation:
V
con
= -B ln
|
.
|

\
|

max
1
J
J
(14)
Where: B = Parametric coefficient (V).
J = Actual current density (A/cm
2
).
J
max
= Maximum current density (A/cm
2
).

Fuel Cell Power

The instantaneous electric power of each fuel cell [8] is
given by:

P
FC
= V
FC
* i
FC
(15)
Where: i
FC
= Cell operating current (A).
V
FC
= Output voltage of the fuel cell (V).
P
FC
=Output power of each fuel cell (W).

The voltage-current (V-I) and power-current (P-I)
characteristics of the fuel cell system are shown in Fig.5.










Fig. 5. Voltage-Current (V-I) and Power-Current (P-I) Characteristics of the
Fuel Cell

III. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

As said earlier both the wind turbine and the photovoltaic
array must be adjusted to operate at their point of maximum
power. Many different maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) algorithms like perturbation observation method,
incremental conductance method have been developed and
widely used for such systems [9]. The perturbation
observation method is adopted in this paper for both the wind
turbine and the photovoltaic array for it simplicity and
accuracy.

The algorithm starts by choosing an initial reference rotor
speed for the wind turbine and an initial reference voltage for
the photovoltaic array. The corresponding output powers of
the two systems are measured. If this power does not
correspond to their maximum powers, then their initial
reference values are incremented or decremented by one step.
If this adjustment leads to an increase in their output powers
then the next adjustment is made in the same direction and
vice-versa. The above steps are repeated till the maximum
power points of the wind turbine and photovoltaic array are
reached.
IV. POWER ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL

A. Power Circuit Topology

The configuration of the proposed hybrid system
consisting of a wind turbine and photovoltaic array as
primary energy sources and fuel cell as backup energy source
is shown in Fig. 6. All the three energy sources are connected
in parallel to a common PWM voltage source inverter
through their individual dc-dc converters.

Fig. 6. Configuration of the Hybrid Energy System.

In this system each source has its individual control;
meanwhile, from the inverter point of view, all the three
generating units can be replaced by a single unit having a
total current of I
D1
+I
D2
+I
D3
.To explain the main advantage of
this circuit topology, let us focus on Fig. 6. Diodes D
1
, D
2
,
and D
3
play the key role in the system. The diodes allow only
unidirectional power flow i.e. from the sources to the dc-link
or the utility grid. Therefore, in the event of malfunctioning
of any of the energy sources, the respective diode will
automatically disconnect that source from the overall system.

B. Control Circuit Topology

The basic structure and control topology of the dc-dc boost
converter is shown in Fig. 7. The converter divides the input
dc-link voltage into two levels: variable dc-link voltage at the
output terminals of the energy source and fixed dc-link
voltage at the input terminals of the voltage source inverter.
In this section, the operation of the boost chopper is
theoretically analyzed. The energy sources are replaced by a
variable dc voltage source in order to facilitate the analysis.
The inverter circuit is simulated as a resistive load connected
to a fixed dc-link, since it can be controlled to behave as a
current source at the high power factor. The inductance and
capacitance of the system are assumed to be sufficiently
large, such that the switching device current and the dc
output voltage are filtered by the inductor and capacitor
respectively. The energy is stored in L, when S
dc
is 1, and
the energy is transferred to C, when S
dc
equals 0.
R
+
-
V
dc
S
dc
i
L
i
C
i
dc
L
C
+
-
V
in


Fig. 7. Step-up dc-dc Boost Converter Circuit Topology.
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

Current (A)
DC to AC
Inverter
Fuel
Cell
Unit
Local Load
Grid
D
1
D
2
D
3
I
D1
I
D2
I
D3
PMG
PV
2502

i
L-ref
+
-
+ Current
Controller
-
+ -
Speed/Voltage
Controller
i
L
+ S
dc
MPPT
P
Cal
PV m
/V
PV m
/V
ref - PV
ref - m
V

Fig. 8. Control Topology of dc-dc Boost Converter for Maximum Power
Point Tracking of Wind and Photovoltaic Sources.

i
L-ref
+
-
+ Current
Controller
- + -
Look-Up
Table
i
L
+ S
dc
P
Load
-
P
Turbine
P
Sollar


Fig. 9. Control Topology of dc-dc Boost Converter for Fuel Cell.

The state equation that describes the dc-dc boost converter
is given by (16), where S
dc
is the switch status that takes the
value of 1 or 0.

in
dc
L
dc
dc
dc
L
V
L
V
i
RC C
S
L
S
dt
dV
dt
di

0
1
1 1
1
0
(
(
(
(
(

+
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

(16)

In wind turbine and photovoltaic array, the inductor
current is controlled based on the error signal. For the wind
turbine the error signal is the difference between the
reference turbine speed obtained from MPPT and the actual
speed. Similarly for the photovoltaic array this error is the
difference between the reference voltage set by the MPPT
algorithm and the actual measured voltage. The error is fed
into a proportional integrator (PI) type controller, which
controls the duty cycle of the dc-dc converters. For the fuel
cell system, the inductor reference current is calculated using
a look-up table. The input of the look-up table is difference
between required power and summation of the power
generated by the turbine and photovoltaic array. The
difference between this reference current and the measured
inductor current is fed to the PI controller to minimize the
error.

Since this system does not allow reverse power flow,
because of step-up boost chopper, many generating units can
be connected in parallel one smoothing unit and inverter.
However, this gives rise to current distortion and a lagging
power factor.

Detail description of vector control operation of current
regulated PWM voltage source inverter is given in [10].

V. SIMULATION RESULTS

To prove the proposed hybrid system design with individual
control, the complete system is simulated using PSIM

software. As mentioned earlier all the three energy sources
are accurately modeled in PSIM

so as to predict their actual

characteristics. Tables 1, 2 and 3 give the specification of the
wind turbine, photovoltaic and fuel cell respectively used for
the modeling and simulation.

TABLE 1: PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS

Rated Power Output 20 kW
Rated Speed 211 r/min
Stator Connection winding Star
Number of Rotor poles 36
Stator Phase Resistor 0.1764
Synchronous Inductance 4.24 mH
Rated Phase Current 35 A
Rated Phase Voltage 205 V

TABLE 2: PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY SPECIFICATIONS

Photovoltaic Module Manufacturer Shell
Type No. SQ160-PC
Standard Irradiance level 1000 W/m
2

Standard Operating Temperature 25C
Rated Power of Each Module 160 W
No. of Cells in Each Module 72
Open Circuit Voltage of Each Module 43.5 V
Short Circuit Current of Each Module 4.9 A
No. of Modules Connected in Series 8
No. of Modules Connected in Parallel 10
Total Rated Power of PV System 15 kW

TABLE 3: FUEL CELL SPECIFICATIONS

Fuel Cell Stack Manufacturer BCS
No. of Cells in Each Stack 32
Rated Power of Each Stack 500 W
No. of Stacks Connected in Series 20
Total Rated Power of Fuel Cell 10 kW

Fig. 10 shows the variation of power output of the three
sources. The wind turbine output is assumed to be 10 kW
initially and then it increases to 15 kW, due to changes in the
wind speed as seen in Fig. 10-a. Similarly, Fig. 10-b shows
that the photovoltaic system is generating 14 kW initially and
then its power level drops to 7.5 kW with decrease in the
irradiance level. The reference fuel cell power is calculated
as the difference between the demand (25 kW for this
simulation case) and the summation of the wind and
photovoltaic powers. This reference power serves as an input
to a look-up table which calculates the reference current of
the boost converter connected to the fuel cell. Fig. 10-c is a
plot of the fuel cell output power, which varies with changes
in the wind and photovoltaic output powers. Fig. 10-d gives
the total power output of the hybrid system. It can be seen
that this output power is always maintained constant at the
demand in spite of the fluctuations in the wind and
photovoltaic power.

2503

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5
10
15
b) Photovoltaic Output Power (kW)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
5
10
c) Fuel Cell Output Power (kW)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
15
20
25
30
Time (sec)
d) Load or Inverter Output Power (kW)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5
10
15
20
a) Wind Turbine Output Power (kW)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
100
120
140
160
180
200
S
p
e
e
d
(
r
p
m
)
a) Reference &Actual Speed of the Turbine Generator (rpm)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
280
290
300
310
320
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
b) Reference &Actual output voltage of Photovoltaic (Volt)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
5
10
15
20
Ti me (sec)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
c) Reference &Actual Output Current of Fuel Cell (Amp)
Fig. 10.Genrated Power by Wind Turbine, Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell.

Fig. 11 proves the concept of individual control of the
sources. Fig. 11-a shows that the wind turbine speed is
controlled accurately to track the maximum power. Similarly
Fig. 11-b shows the effective control of the photovoltaic
output voltage to track the maximum power. Finally Fig. 11-
c illustrates current control of the fuel cell to generate the
deficit power.
Fig. 11. Control of Wind Turbine, Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell.

VI. CONCLUSION

The paper presents a wind, photovoltaic and fuel cell
hybrid energy system, designed to generate a continuous
power irrespective of the intermittent power outputs from the
wind and photovoltaic energy sources. The wind and
photovoltaic systems are controlled to operate at their point
of maximum power under all operating conditions. The fuel
cell is controlled so as to maintain a minimum power level of
10 kW. The simulation results show that:
The dc-dc converters are very effective in tracking the
maximum power of the wind and photovoltaic sources.
The fuel cell controller responds efficiently to the deficit
power demands.
With both wind and photovoltaic systems operating at their
rated capacity, the system can generate power as high as 35
kW and the fuel cell does not need to be utilized in such
cases.
The system is capable of providing a minimum power of
10 kW to the load even under worst climatic conditions,
when the wind and photovoltaic energies are completely
absent.

VII. REFERENCES

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"Energy Management of a Hydrogen-Based Stand-Alone
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[3] J.J. Brey, A. Castro, E. Moreno and C. Garcia, "Integration
of Renewable Energy Sources as an Optimised Solution for
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