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Mixing Water for Concrete

Mixing Water for Concrete

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Mixing Water for Concrete

Fig. 4-1. Water that is safe to drink is safe to use in concrete. (44181)

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Typical Water Analyses, ppm

Chemicals Silica (SiO2) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Bicarbonate (HCO3) Sulfate (SO4) Chloride (Cl) City water 0 to 25 0 to 0.2 1 to 100 0 to 30 1 to 225 0 to 20 4 to 550 2 to 125 1 to 300 Seawater 50 to 480 260 to 1410 2190 to 12,200 70 to 550 580 to 2810 3960 to 20,000 35,000

Nitrate (NO3) 0 to 2 Mixing Water for Total dissolved solids 20 to 1000 Concrete

Table 4-1. Typical Analyses of City Water Supplies and Seawater, parts per million Different seas contain different amounts of dissolved salts.

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Acceptance Criteria for Questionable Water Supplies

ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M 157 Limits Compressive strength, minimum percentage of control at 7 days Time of set, deviation from control, hr:min. Mixing Water for Concrete 90 from 1:00 earlier to 1:30 later Test method ASTM C 109 ASTM C 191

Table 4-2. Acceptance Criteria for Questionable Water Supplies (ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M 157) Comparisons should be based on fixed proportions and the same volume of test water compared to a control mixture using city water or distilled water.

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Chemical Limits for Mixing Water

ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M 157 Chemical or type of construction
Chloride, as Cl Prestressed concrete or concrete in bridge decks Other reinforced concrete containing aluminum or dissimilar metals or galvanized metal forms Sulfate, as SO4 Alkalies, as (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) Total solids 500 1,000 3,000 600 50,000 AASHTO T 26 ASTM D 516

Concentration, Max. ppm Test method

ASTM D 512

Mixing Water for Concrete

Table 4-3. Chemical Limits for Wash Water used as Mixing Water (ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M 157) Wash water reused as mixing water in concrete can exceed the listed concentrations of chloride and sulfate if it can be shown that the concentration calculated in the total mixing water, including mixing water on the aggregates and other sources, does not exceed the stated limits. Other test methods that have been demonstrated to yield comparable results can be used. For conditions allowing use of CaCl2 accelerator as an admixture, the chloride limitation may be waived by the purchaser.

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ACI 318 Limits for Chloride Ion Content in Concrete

Prestressed concrete Reinforced concrete exposed to chloride in service Reinforced concrete that will be dry or protected from moisture in service Other reinforced concrete construction

0.06% 0.15%

1.00% 0.30%

Mixing Water for Concrete

ACI 318 building code limits for water soluble chloride ion content in reinforced concrete, percentages by mass of cement

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Acid Waters

Mixing Water for Concrete

Fig. 4-3. Effect of tannic acid on the strength of concrete (Abrams 1920).