ZOOLOGY

(B - 10)
Characteristic features and affinities of Protochordates, cyclostomes and Dipnoi, origin of amphibians, reptile, birds and mammals, Adaptive radiation, Parental care in amphibians, skull in reptiles, flightless birds, Reproduction in protozoa, Canal system, polymorphism in Siphonophora, Adaptive radiation in polychaetes, Nervous system and modification of foot in mollusks, Crustacean larvae and their significance, Larval forms of Echinoderms and their significance, Neural basis of behaviour, communication and animal signals, Reproductive strategies and parental care, Social organization, learning, parental care, mimicry, social behaviour, circadian rhythm, migration (fish and birds), Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis and vitellogenesis, in vitro oocyte maturation and superovulation. Cleavage, gastrulation, induction, Determination, Differentiation, body pattern formation, late embryonic development, formation of neural tubes, development of limbs in invertebrates, hormonal control of metamorphosis in amphibians, Senescence and apoptosis, embryonic stem cells and their applications, Theories of organic evolution, synthetic theory, population genetics, factors and forces of evolution, chromosomal allozyme and DNA polymorphisms, isolating mechanism, concept of species and speciation, phylogenetic relationship, evolution of man, origin of life, Host parasite interactions, host specificity, basic principles and concepts of various symbiotic associations and their definitions, Distribution, habits and habitat, structure and life cycle of pathogenic protozoan parasites, Plant parasitic nematodes. Salient features of insects, external anatomy of integument, head, thorax, anatomy and physiology of locomotion, nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory, respiratory, sensory, excretory, reproductive and digestive systems of insects, insect development and life history, introduction to elementary knowledge of applied entomology. Physiology of digestion, gastrointestinal hormones, musculature in vertebrates, ultra structure and chemical composition of skeletal muscle, molecular mechanism and regulation of muscle contraction, neural impulse conduction through axon, neurotransmitters and synaptic transmission, circulatory system in invertebrates and vertebrates, cardiac cycle and its regulation in mammals, respiratory organs in vertebrates, mechanism of breathing and its regulation in mammals, respiratory pigments, transport of gases, Bohr effect and Root effect, Structure of vertebrate kidney and nephron, formation of urine, acid base balance, Homoeostasis, osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals. Structure, classification and function of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids amino acids, deamination, transamination, decarboxylation and oxidation, Ramchandran plot, Laws of thermodynamics and applications in cellular reactions, free energy, energy rich compounds and their biological significance, Acids, bases, pH and buffers, Handerson Hasselbach equation, Glycolytic pathway, Kerb cycle, Redox potential, Electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, HMP pathway and its significance, urea cycle, oxidation and biosynthesis of fatty acids, enzyme properties, active site specificity, enzyme classification, Protein denaturation, mechanism of enzyme action, effects of different physiochemical factors on enzyme activity, inhibition of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics- Michaelis Menten equation and Lineweaver Burk plot, Allosteric enzymes, isoenzymes, Ribozymes, Abzymes, vitamins as coenzymes, cofactors. Salient features of different ecosystems, Biosphere, composition of biotic communities, limiting factors, Homeostasis, population ecology, population interactions, interspecific and intraspecific competition, mutualism, commensalisms, Biogeochemical cycling of

U.P.Higher Education Service Commission mydoc/raju/SYLLABUS 50

phosphorus, nitrogen carbon and sulphur, Population explosion, global warming and green house effect, environmental pollution, biomagnification, Chemistry and biosynthesis of hormones, hormone receptors, characteristics and types, mechanism of action of peptide /protein and steroid hormones, estrous and menstrual cycles, hormone and behaviour, structure and function of hypothalamus,- hypothalamic hormones, feedback, hormone receptor complex and signal transduction mechanisms, hormones and calcium homeostasis in blood, hormones and reproduction, Pineal gland and photoperiodic regulation of breeding cycles of vertebrates. C-value paradox, unique and repetitive sequences in eukaryotic genome, transposable elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Bacterial chromosome, transformation, transduction, conjugation, Bacteriophage - type, structure and morphology, sex determination, role of Y chromosome, sex mosaics, genomics and proteomics, human genome project. DNA and RNA as the genetic material, structure of DNA including various forms, physicochemical properties of DNA, DNA replication, transcription, Reverse transcription, RNA processing, RNA editing, Genetic code, translation, prokaryotic gene expression- inducible and repressible operon system, concept of eukaryotic gene regulation, transcription factors. Restriction enzymes, cloning vectors and strategies, detection of recombinant molecules, transgenic organisms and applications of genetic engineering. Cells - chemical complexity and organization, organizational and functional features of plasma membrane, distinctive structural and molecular features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, topography of cytoskeleton - general features, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments structure and functional dynamics, ultra structure and functional characteristics of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Goli complex, lysozyme, peroxisomes and nucleus, chromatin - types, chemical composition, molecular organization of nucleosomes, chromatin and chromosomes, cell cycle. Characteristics of malignant cells, Benign and malignant tumors, cell death- aging and apoptosis. Innate and acquired immunity, humoral and cell mediated immune response and cytokines, Antigens- antigenecity and immunogenecity, factors affecting antigenecity, epitopes and haptens, Immunoglobulins - basic molecular structure, classes and functions, Ag-Ab interactions, Major histocompatibility I and II molecules - structure and function, complement system, cytokines, interferons. Biosystematics, conventional and current approaches of biosystematics, Hierarchy of categories, taxonomic characters, taxonomic procedures, taxonomic keys; biological nomenclature - general and operative principles, Biodiversity, endemic and threatened species. Light, phase contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy, cell culture techniques, Principle and application of tracer technique: autoradiography and radioimmunoassay, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, centrifugation and ultracentrifugation, chromatography - adsorption, partition, ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity and HPLC, electrophoresis and isoelectrofocussing, spectrophotometry and spectroflurometry, Southern, northern and western blotting techniques, sequencing of nucleic acids, principle and application of nick translation, in situ hybridisation, PCR, RFLP. Application of statistics in biology, mean, median, mode. Standard deviation, standard error, t-test, chi square test, Analysis of variance, simple correlation and regression, Bioinformatics and data retrival. Fixatives, fixation, tissue processing and staining of paraffin sections, histochemical

localization and identification of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein end groups, nucleic acids, enzymes, Basic principles of immunocytochemistry, Fluorescence histochemistry.