Worked solutions Chapter 12 The nature of matter

12.1 Matter waves

1 2 B is the correct answer. The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is defined by = h/mv. a = h/mv = (6.63 1034 J s)/(9.11 1031 kg)(1.00 107 m s1) = 7.28 1011 m = h/p = (6.63 1034 J s)/1.67 1021 kg m s1 = 3.97 1013 m p = (2mEk) = [2(1.67 1027 kg)(3.00 1018 J)] = 1.00 1022 kg m s1 and = h/p = (6.63 1034 J s)/1.00 1022 kg m s1 = 6.62 1012 m = (6.63 1034 J s)/(0.400 kg)(10 m s1) = 1.66 1034 m = (6.63 1034 J s)/(40 103 kg)(1.0 103 m s1) = 1.7 1035 m There is no slit small enough for such a wave to pass through in order to be diffracted. This wavelength is many times smaller than the radius of an atom. No. The objects that we encounter in our daily lives are simply too massive to have a momentum small enough to produce a detectable matter wave. The wavelength of the gamma ray is given by: = hc/E = (6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m s1)/(6.63 1014 J) = 3.00 1012 m Then (1.67 1027 kg)v = (6.63 1034 J s)/3.00 1012 m and v = 1.32 105 m s1 The wavelength of the yellow light is given by: = hc/E = (6.63 1034 J s)(3.00 108 m s1)/(2.15)(1.60 1019 J) = 5.78 107 m Then (1.67 1027 kg)v = (6.63 1034 J s)/5.78 107 m and v = 0.69 m s1 The proton must have the same momentum as the electron. Then (1.67 1027 kg)v = 1.82 1024 kg m s1 and v = 1.09 103 m s1

a b c

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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

a b

EK = qV = (1.60 1019 C)(50.0 V) = 8.0 1018 m s1 p = (2mEk) = [2(9.11 1031 kg)(8.0 1018 m s1)] = 3.82 1024 kg m s1 = h/p = (6.63 1034 J s)/3.82 1024 kg m s1 = 1.74 1010 m

Ek = qV then p = (2mEk) = (2mqV) and = h/p = h/(2mqV) D. In order to undergo appreciable diffraction, the bombarding particle must have a wavelength of around the same order of magnitude as the interatomic spacing. The other alternatives do not satisfy these criteria. The wavelength of the 1.0 keV electrons is: = (6.63 1034 J s)/[(2(9.11 1031 kg)(1.0 103)(1.60 1019 J)] = 3.9 1011 m a V = h2/2mq() = (6.63 1034 J s)2/2(9.11 1031 kg)(1.60 1019 C)(2.0 109 m)2 = 0.38 V V = h2/2mq() = (6.63 1034 J s)2/2(1.67 1027 kg)(1.60 1019 C)(2.0 109 m)2 = 2.0 104 V V = h2/2mq() = (6.63 1034 J s)2/2(6.67 1027 kg)(3.20 1019 C)(2.0 109 m)2 = 2.57 105 V

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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

12.2 Photons shed light on atom structure

1 a The term quantisation refers to the fact that the energy levels in an atom cannot assume a continuous range of values but are restricted to certain discrete values, i.e. the levels are quantised. The ground state is the lowest energy state that an atom can exist in, and represents the stable state of the atom before any external energy has been added. Excited states are the possible energy levels that an atom can move to after it has absorbed energy from an external source. The ionisation energy is the least amount of energy required to eject an electron from an atom, and represents the highest energy state of an atom. E3 E1 = h(6.00 1014 Hz) and E2 E1 = h(4.00 1014 Hz) then E3 E2 = h(2.00 1014 Hz) = h(3.00 108 m s1)/ and = (3.00 108 m s1)/2.00 1014 Hz = 1.5 106 m D is correct. This wavelength of light corresponds to the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. E2 E1 = (3.39 eV) (13.6 eV) = 10.21 eV = (10.21 eV)(1.60 1019 C) = 1.633 1018 J = hf Then f = 1.6336 1018 J/(6.63 1034 J s) = 2.46 1015 Hz E3 E1 = (1.51 eV) (13.6 eV) = 12.09 eV = (12.09 eV)(1.60 1019 C) = 1.934 1018 J = hc/ Then = (6.63 1034 Js)(3.00 108 m s1)/1.934 1018 J = 1.03 107 m The ionisation energy = 0 (13.6 eV) = 13.6 eV. The hydrogen atom can accept any fraction of the electrons energy that corresponds to an exact difference in its energy levels. By accepting 12.09 eV of the electrons energy, the atom can be excited to the n = 3 state. No. The difference between the ground state and n = 3 is 12.09 eV. A photon will not give up a fraction of its energy to the atom. The atom would be ionised and the ejected electron would be emitted with kinetic energy 0.40 eV. E4 E1 = (0.88 eV) (13.6 eV) = 12.72 eV Consequently the n = 4 state is the highest energy level that the atom can be excited to by such a collision. There are six possible transitions as the hydrogen atom moves from the n = 4 state back to the ground state. Each transition produces a photon energy defined by the difference in energy levels. The possible photon energies are: 0.63 eV, 2.51 eV, 1.88 eV, 12.72 eV, 12.09 eV, 10.21 eV.

b c d

c 4 a

b c

The excess energy is given to the electron in the form of kinetic energy. A freed electron may have kinetic energy of any value, i.e. it is not quantised.
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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

Bohrs model states that electrons may only have specific energy values. The energy quanta absorbed or emitted by an atom correspond to the differences between the allowed energy states. The shortest wavelength of light corresponds to the greatest frequency and therefore the greatest energy change for the electron, E = 3.19 eV. 4.14 1015 3.00 108 = 3.89 107 m = hc/E = 3.19

Consider all of the possible jumps that can occur during de-excitation. These are n = 5 to 4, 5 to 3, 5 to 2, 5 to 1, 4 to 3, 4 to 2, 4 to 1, 3 to 2, 3 to 1, and 2 to 1. Therefore there are 10 different photon energies emitted. Like all atoms sodium atoms are able to emit more frequencies of light than they can absorb as the electrons can fall down through orbits in stages or in a single fall. Atom excitation occurs in single jumps from the ground state only.

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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

12.3 Bohr, de Broglie and standing waves

1

The shortest wavelength corresponds to the highest frequency of light, which is produced by the greatest energy level transition by an electron, i.e. from E = 0 eV to E = 3.4 eV. Line 1: E = 3.4 eV to E = 13.6 eV So E = 10.2 eV E = 1 =

hc

hc 4.14 10 15 3.00 10 8 = E 10.2 1 = 1.2 107 m Line 2: E = 1.5 eV to E = 13.6 eV So E = 12.1 eV hc 2 = E 4.14 10 15 3.00 10 8 = 12.1 = 1.0 107 m Line 3: E = 0.85 eV to E = 13.6 eV So E = 12.75 eV hc 3 = E 4.14 10 15 3.00 10 8 = 12.75 = 9.7 108 m
3

The longest wavelength in the Balmer series occurs for E = 3.4 1.5 = 1.9 eV. = =

hc E

4.14 10 15 3.00 10 8 1.9 = 6.54 107 m = 654 nm This is within the visible spectrum. The shortest wavelength in the Balmer series occurs for E = 3.4 0 = 3.4 eV.

= =

hc E

4.14 10 15 3.00 10 8 3.4 = 3.65 107 m = 365 nm Therefore this highest frequency lies just above the highest visible frequency.

The longest wavelength corresponds to the smallest frequency and therefore the smallest absorption energy. From the ground state, the smallest E occurs from E = 13.6 eV to E = 3.4 eV. Hence E = 3.4 13.6 = 10.2 eV.
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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

1 = 1.2 107 m
5

de Broglie proposed a model of the atom in which electrons were viewed as matter waves with resonant wavelengths. The circumference of an electron orbit must correspond to an integer multiple of the de Broglie wavelength of the electron, just as the violin string can only support waves of resonant wavelengths that are integer multiples of the strings fundamental wavelength.
a

13.6 52 = 0.544 eV 13.6 E10 = 10 2 = 0.136 eV 13.6 E15 = 15 2 = 0.060 eV 13.6 E20 = 20 2 = 0.034 eV The differences between energy levels become smaller.
E5 =

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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

Chapter review
1

The maximum amount of energy a mercury atom can accept from the beam = 8.8 eV. Then the highest energy level that the mercury atom can be excited to is the n = 4 state. There are six possible photon energies which can be produced as the mercury atom falls back to the ground state. Each photon energy must correspond to an exact difference between levels. Alternative C is the only photon energy that cannot be produced by such a transition. There are three possible transitions as the mercury atom moves from the second excited state (n = 3) back to the ground state. They are: E3 E1 = (3.70 eV) (10.40 eV) = 6.7 eV = (6.7 eV)(1.60 1019 C) = 1.072 1018 J = (6.63 1034 J s)f and f = 1.62 1015 Hz E3 E2 = (3.70 eV) (5.50 eV) = 1.80 eV = 2.88 1019 J = (6.63 1034 J s)f and f = 4.34 1014 Hz E2 E1 = (5.50 eV) (10.40 eV) = 4.90 eV = 7.84 1019 J = (6.63 1034 J s)f and f = 1.18 1015 Hz No other photon energies are possible.
a b c

A high density of electrons A low density of electrons As de Broglie suggested, particles such as electrons can demonstrate a wavelength and wave behaviour.

The pressure that a beam exerts on a surface is proportional to the change in momentum of each particle in the beam as it strikes the surface. Assuming that the number of electrons striking the target per second is the same, B is the correct answer.
a

hc 6.63 10 34 3.00 10 8 = 580 10 9 = 3.429 1019 J p = (2mEk) = (2 9.11 1031) (3.429 1019) = 7.90 1025 kg m s1 h = p
E =

6.63 10 34 7.90 10 25
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Chapter 12 The nature of matter

c n

= 8.39 1010 m pressure np Since F = and F = area F PA = p =

0.553 N m 2 4 10 4 m 2 7.90 10 25 kg m s 1 = 2.80 1020

The shortest wavelength of light corresponds to the highest possible frequency and therefore the highest energy of light. Since all energies of light above the ionisation energy of hydrogen can be absorbed, there is no limit. Electrons in circular orbits around nucleus. Positive attraction to negative provides centripetal force. Quantised allowable orbit radii. Electron ordinarily occupies lower orbit. Electron doesnt radiate energy while in stable orbit. Only incident photons of energy equivalent to a difference between electron energy levels can be absorbed. As excited electrons drop from high to low energy levels, a photon of this energy (difference) is emitted. Hydrogen can only absorb photons carrying precisely the right amount of energy to lift an electron from one energy level to a higher level. If an electron is given 13.6 eV of energy by an incident photon, the electron will surpass the highest possible orbital level.

a b

The photon is absorbed, and the emitted photons go in all directions. Therefore in the direction that the incident light shines, the intensity of this photon is largely reduced, producing the black line. Objects (for example, strings in musical instruments) have a set of possible modes or frequencies of vibration. Standing waves are established with particular frequencies for each object. The quantised states of the atom involve electrons only existing with particular energy values also. The allowed energy values are particular to the type of atom. These allowed energy values can be compared to the standing waves formed when physical objects vibrate. This is considered evidence for the wave nature of matter (and therefore matter has a dual nature).

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