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Analysis and Comparison of Power Loss and Voltage Drop of 15 kV and 20 kV Medium

Voltage Levels in the North Substation of the Kabul Power Distribution System by
CYMDIST




A thesis presented to
the faculty of
the Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
Master of Science




Shah M. Mehryoon
November 2009
2009 Shah M. Mehryoon. All Rights Reserved.
2

This thesis titled
Analysis and Comparison of Power Loss and Voltage Drop of 15 kV and 20 kV Medium
Voltage Levels in the North Substation of the Kabul Power Distribution System by
CYMDIST


by
SHAH M. MEHRYOON

has been approved for
the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
and the Russ College of Engineering and Technology by



Jeffrey J. Giesey
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science




Dennis Irwin

Dean, Russ College of Engineering and Technology
3

ABSTRACT

MEHRYOON, SHAH M., M.S., November 2009, Electrical Engineering

Analysis and Comparison of Power Loss and Voltage Drop of 15 kV and 20 kV Medium
Voltage Levels in the North Substation of the Kabul Power Distribution System by
CYMDIST (102 pp)
Director of Thesis: Jeffrey J. Giesey

This thesis analyzes and compares the performances of two levels of medium
voltages (15 kV and 20 kV) in the North substation of the Kabul power distribution
system. Although performance of a power distribution system contains numerous
important factors such as harmonics, voltage sags, short circuits, outages, and so forth
this thesis focuses only on two factors that are more important for the Kabul power
distribution system. The two factors are power loss and voltage drop. The analysis of the
two medium voltage (MV) levels is done by a software (CYMDIST) simulation. At the
end, 20 kV is recommended as MV level for the Kabul power distribution system.
Key terms: Power distribution, power loss, voltage drop, under-voltage.

Approved: _____________________________________________________________
Jeffrey J. Giesey
Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

4


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This thesis is a work on a part of the Kabul power distribution system by
CYMDIST software (software is introduced in Section 2.4.1) that needed the software
package and skills to use it. Dr. Jeffery J. Giesey, my advisor, prepared the package of
the software for the project and taught me how to use it for the project analysis.
Meanwhile, he was always answering my questions and helping me to find the materials
for the research project. On the other hand, this research work has been conducted on a
project (the Kabul power distribution system) that was not physically accessible. I was
able to conduct the work with the assistances of friends by means of sending required
data from the Kabul city.
Hereby I sincerely thank Dr. Jeffery J. Giesey for his friendly assistance and kind
advices that made me able to complete the thesis. I also appreciate the assistances of my
graduation committee members, Dr. Savas Kaya, Dr. Wojciech M. Jadwisienczak, and
Dr. Martin J. Mohlenkamp Graduate Chair of Mathematics Department of College of Art
and Science, and thank them for their time to read the thesis and give comments on. I
give special thanks to Najib Rahman Sabory Deputy Dean of the Engineering School of
the Kabul University because of his friendly assistances (collecting the data and sending
the technical reports about MV and LV of the Kabul distribution system). Finally, I thank
those staffs of the Ministry of Energy and Water, Da Afghanistan Breshna Moassessa
(DABM), and US Agency for International Developments (USAID) that have played
indirect role for completion of this thesis; I thank them because of their assistances in
regard to preparing the required data for simulation of the research project.
5

PREFACE

In the twenty-first century, it is hard to imagine life without electricity in
developed countries. Yet, in developing countries, not all the people have access to
electric power. In Afghanistan, for example, less than 15% of the whole population has
access to electricity; while in residential areas, electric power is used only for lighting
purposes; a few people are using it for electronic devices such as television, radio, and
computer. Meaning that, they cannot use electric power for cooking, heating, and air-
conditioning. It is worth mentioning that, in most residential areas, the power provided is
not running 24 hours a day. The people are using electric power 2-4 hours a day
periodically. In Kabul city, the capital of the country, with almost 3.5 million people,
supplied peak electric power was 130 MW in (2006) [1]. On the other hand, because of
the economic growth, the demand for electric power increases day by day. Thus, lack of
electric power is one of the biggest challenges for the government of Afghanistan and
electrical engineers.
Despite growing demand for electric power, the people of Afghanistan are faced
with a lack of resources. For instance, the actual peak capacity of four electric power
generation stations (three hydro power plants and one thermal power plant) providing
power for Kabul city and its surrounding areas was 211 MW in 2007 [2]. The efficiency
of the system is terribly low because of the transmission and distribution systems low
quality and poor material condition. Now, in order to have a good power system,
involved people must pay full attention to the system losses, reliability of the system,
power quality, and affordability of the electric power. Although all the factors mentioned
above are extremely important for a standard power system, in Afghanistan, priority must
be given to the loss reduction because we have a very low electric power generation kWh
(per capita). That is why the consumers use the electric power only for lighting purposes
and electronic devices, in residential areas.
As was already mentioned, electric power is, mostly, used for lighting purposes
and electronic devices and the people have access to the city power every other night
periodically, or every other two nights. This is not, of course, the only problem with the
6

Kabul city power system. Voltage drop in the distribution system, especially in low
voltage, is another significant problem affecting the quality of the electric power. In some
cases the voltage drop in low voltage reaches to 30%; while it is six times the worst case
according to standards, for example national electric code (NEC). Therefore, it is crucial
to take care of voltage drops in medium voltage and low voltage in the distribution
system because voltage drop affects the lighting quality and electronic devices
functionality and causes increases in reactive load. This means that, when the people are
using electronic devices, they have to use small single phase transformers in order to
compensate the voltage drop. As a result, inductive load goes up and causes a low power
factor and more voltage drop. Considering the above explanation, power generation
capacity, in the Kabul power system, is not sufficient to satisfy the demand. On the other
hand, the Kabul power system is not an efficient system; hence, it needs to be upgraded
in order to reduce systems losses and improve its efficiency.

7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract.3
Acknowledgments.....4
Preface ...5
List of Figures9
List of Tables 11
1. Chapter 1: Background .................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Parts of a Power System ................................................................................... 13
1.2.1 Power Generation .......................................................................................... 13
1.2.2 Power Transmission ...................................................................................... 13
1.2.3 Power Distribution ........................................................................................ 14
1.3 Background ....................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1 Historical Background .................................................................................. 14
1.3.2 Current Situation of the Kabul Electrical Power System .............................. 18
1.3.3 Over Loaded Transformers ........................................................................... 23
1.3.4 Future Growth and Anticipation ................................................................... 24
1.4 Power Loss Minimization and Power Reliability and Quality Maximization .. 27
1.5 Voltage Drop and Voltage Sag ......................................................................... 28
1.6 Medium Voltage in Power Distribution Systems ............................................. 29
1.7 The Kabul Power System Voltage Configuration ............................................ 29
2 Chapter 2: Methodology .................................................................................................. 32
2.1 Consumer Classification ................................................................................... 32
2.2 Research Project Selection ................................................................................ 33
2.3 Data Used for Network Simulation ................................................................... 33
2.3.1 Transmission Lines ....................................................................................... 33
2.3.2 Loads ............................................................................................................. 34
2.4 Simulation Tool and Network Simulation Data ................................................ 47
2.4.1 Simulation Tool (CYMDIST Software) ....................................................... 47
8

2.4.2 Network Elements ......................................................................................... 47
2.4.3 Load Modeling for the Network Simulation ................................................. 49
2.4.4 Load Allocation for the North Substation Simulation .................................. 50
2.4.5 Simulation Settings and Accuracy ................................................................ 51
3 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................ 52
3.1 Simulation Results with 15 kV MV .................................................................. 52
3.1.1 Levels of Under Voltage ............................................................................... 52
3.1.2 Overloaded Feeders ...................................................................................... 58
3.1.3 Losses, Under-voltage, and Overload Summary .......................................... 62
3.1.4 Abnormal Conditions with 50 MVA ............................................................ 64
3.2 Simulation Results with 20 kV MV .................................................................. 65
3.2.1 Levels of Under Voltage ............................................................................... 65
3.2.2 Overloaded Feeders ...................................................................................... 69
3.2.3 Losses, Under-voltage, and Overload Summary .......................................... 71
3.2.4 Abnormal Conditions with 50 MVA ............................................................ 73
4 Chapter 4: Discussions ..................................................................................................... 74
4.1 Criteria for MV Application ............................................................................. 74
4.1.1 Technological Feasibility .............................................................................. 74
4.1.2 Economical Justification ............................................................................... 75
4.1.3 Technical Advantages ................................................................................... 76
4.2 Analysis of Voltage Drop in the North Substation ........................................... 76
4.2.1 Analysis of 15 kV MV .................................................................................. 77
4.2.2 Analysis of 20 kV MV .................................................................................. 81
4.2.3 Summary of the Discussion .......................................................................... 85
5 Chapter 5: Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 88
5.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 88
5.2 Future Works .................................................................................................... 89
References .92
Appendix - A: Abnormal Conditions in 15 kV Scenario...94
Appendix - B: Abnormal Conditions in 20 kV Scenario ..99
9

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 The Compact Information about the Kabul Power System Transmission Lines
[2]. ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Table 2-1 Outgoing Feeders of the North Substation and its Associated Junction Stations.
........................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 2-2 Combination of nominal Loads in the North Substation. ................................ 35
Table 2-3 Conductors Specifications Used for Overhead Lines in the North Substation.
........................................................................................................................................... 48
Table 2-4 Under-ground Cable Conductors Specifications Used in the North Substation.
........................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 3-1 Feeders Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV). ............................... 55
Table 3-2 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV). .... 56
Table 3-3 Underground Cables Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV) .
........................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 3-4 Overloaded Feeder Sections in the North Substation. ..................................... 62
Table 3-5 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 15 kV MV. ............ 64
Table 3-6 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 15 kV
MV. ................................................................................................................................... 64
Table 3-7 Feeder Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV). ................................. 67
Table 3-8 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV). .... 68
Table 3-9 Underground Cable Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV).
........................................................................................................................................... 68
Table 3-10 Overloaded Feeder Sections in the North Substation. ................................... 71
Table 3-11 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 20 kV MV. .......... 72
Table 3-12 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 20
kV MV. ............................................................................................................................. 73
Table 4-1 Slope of the Voltage Profiles in sample feeders (513 and 516). ..................... 86


10

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 The Kabul Power System General Layout [2]. .............................................. 17
Figure 1-2 The Kabul Power Distribution System General Layout [2]. .......................... 19
Figure 1-3 The Breshna Kot Power Substation Layout [2]. ............................................. 21
Figure 1-4 The North-west Substation Layout [2]. .......................................................... 21
Figure 1-5 The East Substation Layout [2]. ..................................................................... 22
Figure 1-6 The North Substation Layout [2]. .................................................................. 23
Figure 1-7 A Destroyed Transformer House in the Kabul Power Distribution System [2].
........................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 1-8 A Piece of Secondary Distribution Underground Cable in the Kabul
Distribution System [2]. .................................................................................................... 26
Figure 1-9 The Kabul Power Distribution System Voltage Arrangement. ...................... 30
Figure 2-1 Layout of the Feeder 512 with 20 Loads. ...................................................... 36
Figure 2-2 the Layout of Feeder 528 with 13 Loads. ...................................................... 37
Figure 2-3 Layout of the Feeder 513 with 18 Loads. ...................................................... 38
Figure 2-4 The Layout of the Feeders 519 and 520 with their Associated Loads. .......... 39
Figure 2-5 The Layout of Feeder 529 and the Feeders Connected to the Junction Station
Five. .................................................................................................................................. 40
Figure 2-6 The Layout of the Feeder 518 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the
Junction Station Two. ....................................................................................................... 42
Figure 2-7 The Layout of the Feeder 515 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the
Junction Station Two. ....................................................................................................... 43
Figure 2-8 The Layout of the Feeder 514 with its Associated Loads. ............................. 44
Figure 2-9 The Layout of the Feeder 516 with its Associated Loads. ............................. 45
Figure 2-10 The Layout of the Feeder 517 with its Associated Loads. ........................... 46
Figure 2-11 The Layout of the Feeder 527, Connected to the Junction Station Ten, with
its Associated Loads. ........................................................................................................ 46
Figure 3-1 The North Substation Map with 15 KV Simulation Results. ......................... 63
Figure 3-2 The North Substation Map with 20 kV Simulation Results. .......................... 72
11

Figure 4-1 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (15
kV). ................................................................................................................................... 77
Figure 4-2 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions
(15 kV). ............................................................................................................................. 78
Figure 4-3 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 15 kV MV. ......................... 79
Figure 4-4 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 15 kV MV. ......................... 80
Figure 4-5 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (20
kV). ................................................................................................................................... 81
Figure 4-6 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions
(20 kV). ............................................................................................................................. 82
Figure 4-7 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 20 kV MV. ......................... 83
Figure 4-8 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 20 kV MV. ......................... 84
Figure 4-9 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513. ...................................... 85
Figure 4-10 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516. .................................... 86


12

1. CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction
Power loss and voltage drop minimization, in medium voltage (MV) and low voltage
(LV), is the first priority in the Kabul city power distribution system because it seriously
affects the lighting quality and causes an increase of reactive power. In other words,
lighting quality is directly proportional to the voltage quality, and reactive power is
inversely proportional to the voltage quality. However, reliability of power is highly
important [3] in governmental office buildings and commercial loads because of the
usage of the digital electronics devices, the power loss and voltage drop are serious
concerns in the Kabul city power distribution condition. Therefore, this thesis focuses
mainly on how to reduce the losses and voltage drop in medium voltage (MV) in the
Kabul city power distribution system. In this thesis, two levels of voltages (15 kV and 20
kV) will be analyzed mainly in regard to power loss and voltage drop, for the Kabul city
power distribution system at the medium voltage levels.
This thesis contains three main parts: background of electric power and preventing
problems in the Kabul city power distribution system, problem analysis, and results. In
order to have a general view of electric power in Afghanistan, the historical background
of the Kabul city electrical power distribution system is explained in the first part of the
thesis. In historical background we see that when the power network was established and
how it has grown in Kabul. In addition, preventing problems of further growth of the
system are evaluated. Also the current situation of the system, after the civil war, will be
discussed. In the second part, 15 kV vs. 20 kV will be analyzed at the medium voltage
level. The evaluation method is such that we will divide consumers in three parts:
industrial, commercial, and residential loads. Then we will make some assumptions
considering the local culture and the social conditions and simulate the system with
(CYMDIST) software. Finally, the results for 15 kV and 20 kV are compared and the
best result is recommended to implement in the Kabul electrical distribution system
reconstruction.
13

1.2 Parts of a Power System
1.2.1 Power Generation
Electrical energy is obtained by means of changing another type of energy existed
in the nature, such as mechanical, thermal, and light. Considering that power is energy
consumption during a period of time (P = Et), power is used instead of energy in the
rest of this discussion.
There are seven common types of power plants (sources) for bulk electric power
generation: hydro, nuclear, coal, oil, gas, wind, and solar. Of course, there are some other
sources such as biomass, geothermal, waste, and tide as well. In hydro power plants and
wind power plants, electric power is generated in one step; mechanical power is
transformed to electrical power. Yet, in coal power plants and nuclear power plants,
electrical power is generated in two steps; first generated thermal power is transformed to
mechanical power, and then the mechanical power is transformed to electrical power.
There are two ways to generate electric power by using solar power. Solar panels (PV)
generate electric power in one step process; while light concentrators generate electric
power in a two step process. First, light is concentrated to produce heat and the heat is
used to operate electrical power generator.

1.2.2 Power Transmission
Transmission of electric power is highly crucial because power is, generally,
generated far from the consumption area, in centralized (large scale) systems. Electric
power is transmitted by means of transmission lines. On the other hand, since
transmission of low voltage (voltages usable for electrical appliances) causes
unacceptable real power losses based on (P
Ioss
= I
2
R), the voltage for transmission is
stepped up. Higher voltage reduces the current I based on (S = II) and as a result power
loss is reduced, in transmission lines. Transmission voltage is called high voltage and it is
the voltage in transmission lines connecting a power generation plant to a power
substation. It should be mentioned that different countries have their own standards for
transmission voltages. The transmission voltage level is in the range of 110 kV 765 kV;
14

in the future it may become higher. We should notice that transmission voltage in the
Kabul power distribution system, for four power plants located in the Kabul city, is 110
kV; and recently, 220 kV transmission lines have been installed to transmit power from
Uzbekistan to the Kabul city.

1.2.3 Power Distribution
Power distribution in a power system is composed of medium voltage (MV) part
and low voltage (LV) part. Medium voltage part starts from substation and continues to
distribution transformers. The level of the voltage in (MV) is in the range of 7.2 kV 110
kV [4], [5] according to the different standards and applications. Medium voltage in the
Kabul power distribution system is 10 kV, 15 kV, and 20 kV.
Low voltage in an electric power system contains transmission lines with low
voltages connecting the distribution transformers to consumers. The voltage in this part
of a power system is also different; it is in the range of 110 V 600 V. The usual low
voltage in the Kabul electric power system is 220 V line to neutral (LN) and 380 V phase
to phase (LL).

1.3 Background
1.3.1 Historical Background
1.3.1.1 Starting Point of Electric Power
Although discoveries in electricity had a rapidly increasing rate in the 1800s, the first
practical generator and motor was developed by Zenobe Theophile Gramme, a Belgian
born engineer in 1873, and in 1879, the first incandescent lamp was perfected by Thomas
Alva Edison. At the same time, the first electric company started working in San
Francisco California. Thomas Edison established his DC electric network in Manhattan
New York in 1882 to serve several incandescent lamps. This network was the first
commercial electric system which served customers by 100V DC voltage [6]. By 1900,
there were 3000 electrical stations in the United States [7]; this indicates an extremely
rapid increase in electric power usage.
15


1.3.1.2 Electric Power Generation in the Kabul Power System
The first electric power network was established in the Kabul city in 1957 [2] (75 years
after Edisons first power distribution station), with the capacity of 22 MVA. This
network was fed by the first power generation station, the Surobi hydro power plant,
which was built in 1957 by Germany. This power plant has a rated peak capacity of 22
MVA with two turbines. The Surobi hydro power plant was built along the Kabul and
Panjsher rivers. The Mahipar hydro power plant was built in 1967 by Germany along the
Kabul and Logar rivers. This power plant does not have a dam (water reservoir). It works
with the flowing water, which is why it is not functioning 12 months a year. The Mahipar
power generation station has three turbines with a total rated peak capacity of 66 MVA.
In 1967, the Naghlu hydro power plant was built by the USSR along the Panjsher River.
Naghlu power plant has a water reservoir and it has four turbines with a total peak rated
capacity of 100 MVA. This power plant is the largest power plant in the Kabul power
system so far. The last power plant built in Kabul is the North-West Kabul thermal power
plant, which was built by Switzerland in 1985. This power plant has two turbines with a
total peak capacity of 45 MVA.

1.3.1.3 Electric Power Transmission in the Kabul Power System
In 1985 the Kabul electric power system had contained eight transmission lines [2]
carrying electric power from power plants to the Kabul city with 110 kV voltage level.
Transmission line 121, with a length of 12 km, connected the Naghlu power plant to the
Surobi power plant. Transmission lines 111 and 112, with a length of 66 km, were
transmitting the power from Surobi power plant to the Breshna Kot substation.
Transmission lines 141 and 142, with a length of 54.5 km, were transmitting the power
from Naghlu power plant to the East substation. Transmission line 144, with a length of
16 km, had connected the East substation to the Breshna Kot substation. Transmission
line 143, with a length of 27 km, had connected the East substations to the North
substation. Transmission line 145, with a length of 9 km, had connected the North
16

substation to the North-west substation. Table 1-1 contains the compact information
about the Kabul power system transmission lines.

Table 1-1 The Compact Information about the Kabul Power System Transmission Lines [2]
Number Lines Name From- To Distance
1 121 Naghlu to Surobi 12 km
2 111 & 112 Surobi to Breshna Kot 66 km
3 141 & 142 Naghlu to East 54.5 km
4 144 East to Breshna Kot 16 km
5 143 East to North 27 km
6 145 North to North-west 9 km


1.3.1.4 Electric Power Distribution in the Kabul Power System
In the late 1980s, the Kabul power distribution system was composed of six
power substations: 1) Breshna Kot, 2) North-west, 3) North, 4) East, 5) Pul-e-charkhi,
and 6) Butkhak. The Breshna Kot substation had two 25 MVA power transformers [2].
The North-west substation had two 25 MVA and one 20 MVA power transformers. The
North substation had two 40 MVA power transformers. The East substation had one 25
MVA power transformers. The Pul-e-Charkhi substation had two 6.3 MVA power
transformers. The Butkhak substation had one 4 MVA power transformer.
Figure 1-1 illustrates the Kabul power systems layout containing generation
stations, power transmission lines and power distribution substations. After 1985, the
Kabul power system did not have a significant improvement until 2007. Of course,
because of increasing power demand, some privately owned small generators have fed
the system, but the power generation, transmission, and distribution system have
seriously suffered from bad maintenance, long wars and conflicts.
17


Figure 1-1 The Kabul Power System General Layout [2].
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18

1.3.2 Current Situation of the Kabul Electrical Power System
The Kabul electrical power system has not upgraded since 1985; it has been affected and
damaged during the three decades of wars and conflicts. Particularly, the power
distribution system has been seriously affected during the civil war in the Kabul city in
early 1990s. Even though there is no reliable data showing the percentage of the people
who have access to the electric power, according to the director general of Da
Afghanistan Breshna Moassesa (DABM), it is estimated that the power coverage is over
70% in urban areas and less than 7% in rural areas. This power coverage contains
privately owned small generators and even batteries [1]. Meaning that, some of the
people mentioned do not have access to reliable electric power. On the other hand, since
the people usually use electric power only for lighting, the coverage mentioned means
that 70% of the urban people have access to electric power for a few hours a day. In some
cities, for example Herat, the situation is better, and the people in Herat city are using
electric power for a longer time.
The Kabul electric power system is served by three hydro power plants: Naghlu,
Mahipar, Surobi, and one thermal power plant located in the North-West of the Kabul
city. The rated capacities of the plants are 100 MVA, 66 MVA, 22 MVA, and 45 MVA,
and the actual capacities of the plants are 100 MVA, 44 MVA, 22 MVA, and 45 MVA
respectively. The capacities are peak capacities and the stations can only work at their
peak capacities when the water and diesel are available. On the other hand, all four
generation stations need rehabilitation. From the four generation stations, only two
turbines of the three in Mahipar station have been rehabilitated so far [2].
However, the 110 kV transmission lines, carrying power from generation stations
to the Kabul city, are operational and in a better condition compared to generation and
distribution systems, but still they need upgrading and rehabilitation. Figure 1-2 shows a
general layout of Kabul power distribution system containing four power distribution
substations and 11 junction stations (For AutoCAD drawing see attachments of [2]). This
layout does not contain Pule Charkhi substation which is in island mode. An important
achievement in transmission line is the transmission line installed from Hairatan
19

(Northern border of the country), to Kabul to carry 100 MVA power from Uzbekistan to
Kabul with 220 kV voltage level.

Figure 1-2 The Kabul Power Distribution System General Layout [2].
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20

According to [2], the Kabul power distribution system is composed of five
distribution substations, 11 junction stations, and 717 distribution transformers in 2007.
The Butkhak substation (sixth substation) and one junction station (nine), in Paghmaan
district, have been destroyed to the ground during the wars in 1991 to 1993. The existing
part of the Kabul distribution system has three different medium voltages, 20 kV, 15 kV,
and 10 kV.
The Breshna Kot substation has two 25 MVA power transformers. They have two
different output voltages, 15 kV and 20 kV. Eight outgoing feeders with four additional
spare feeders
1
have been connected to this power substation. The Breshna Kot substation
and its associated junction stations feed 156 distribution transformers with 20 kV/0.4kV
and 15 kV/ 0.4kV voltages. The total capacity of the distribution transformers is 89.5
MVA [2]. Figure 1-3 shows the layout of the Breshna Kot substation.
The north-west substation has two 25 MVA transformers with output voltages of 15 kV
and one 20 MVA transformer with 15 kV output. There are nine feeders connected to this
power substation and also it has three spare feeders. The north-west substation and its
associated junction stations feed 207 distribution transformers with 15 kV/0.4 kV
voltages. The capacity of the transformers fed by the north-west substation is 108.7 MVA
[2]. Figure 1-4 shows the layout of the north-west substation.
The east substation has one transformer with 25 MVA capacity and its output
voltages are 15 kV and 20 kV. This power substation has six operational feeders and one
spare feeder. The east substation and its associated junction stations feed 133 distribution
transformers with 20 kV/ 0.4kV and 15 kV/0.4 kV. The total capacity of the distribution
transformers is 68.3 MVA [2]. Figure 1-5 shows the layout of the east substation.

1
Reserve (spare) feeders are additional installed feeders that are not in use. In case of necessity, they are
used.
21


Figure 1-3 The Breshna Kot Power Substation Layout [2].


Figure 1-4 The North-west Substation Layout [2].
Br eshna Kot
Subst ati on
Juncti on
# 6
Juncti on
# 3
Juncti on
# 1
Nort h- West
Subst ati on
Juncti on
# 4
Juncti on
# 8
Juncti on
# 11
101.57%
101.90%
101.76% NW-514- Borj _2_Par wanshe
22


Figure 1-5 The East Substation Layout [2].

Pul-e-Charkhi substation has two 6.3 MVA transformers. This substation is in
island mode and feeds the Kabul Radio Station and villages near the station. The output
voltage of this substation is 10 kV [2]. Map for the Pul-e-Charkhi substation was not
found.
The north substation has two power transformers. Each of the transformers in the
north substation has 40 MVA capacity and the output voltages of these transformers are
15 kV. There have been connected 12 outgoing feeders to this power substation and there
exist nine spare feeders. One of these outgoing feeders has been installed for transformers
repairing shop which is located inside the substation offices building. The North
substation and its associated junction stations feed 221 operational distribution
transformers with 15 kV/0.4 kV voltage. The total capacity of these distribution
transformers is 130 MVA [2]. Figure 1-6 illustrates the layout of the North substation.
East
Subst ati on
Juncti on
# 7
23


Figure 1-6 The North Substation Layout [2].

Finally, the total capacity of the five substations is 237.6 MVA, which does not
satisfy the Kabul city power demand. Hence, the Kabul city power distribution system
needs upgrading and expanding to meet the increasing demand.

1.3.3 Over Loaded Transformers
One of the important concerns in the Kabul power distribution system is
inappropriate load conditions of the distribution transformers. There are a total of 96 over
loaded distribution transformers in the Kabul distribution system in 2007 [2], which are
13.4% of the transformers. Unfortunately, the number of overloaded distribution
transformers goes up increasing population and demands. The over loaded transformers
are distributed in the four substations as the following. The Breshna Kot substation and
its associated junction stations feed 19 over loaded transformers. A total of 44 over
loaded transformers are connected to the North substation and its associated junction
Nort h
Subst ati on
Juncti on
# 2
Juncti on
# 5
Juncti on
# 5
Juncti on
# 10
Juncti on
# 11
Juncti on
# 12
24

stations. The North-west substation and its associated junction stations feed a total of 24
over loaded transformers. A total of nine over loaded transformers are connected to the
East substation and its associated junction stations. We should remember that the number
of overloaded transformers is increasing because more customers are connected to the
existing transformers.

1.3.4 Future Growth and Anticipation
Although the whole system of electrical power in Afghanistan is in a very bad condition,
the distribution system is the worst. During the early 1990s wars and conflicts in the
Kabul city the distribution system was seriously affected. For example, Butkhak power
distribution substation was damaged to the ground and it does not exist now. A
considerable part of the underground feeders and overhead lines of the distribution
system were also destroyed. On the other side, the system has not been upgraded since
1985. Furthermore, the weakness of the distribution system causes constraints and it
limits power supply seriously. Therefore, the main focus in power system rehabilitation
has been expansion and rehabilitation of the distribution system [1]. Figure 1-7 illustrates
a war hit distribution transformer house. We should remember that some transformer
houses have been destroyed to the ground. Figure 1-8 exhibits a piece of secondary
distribution cable showing the conditions of the power distribution system.
It is proposed that over 90% of the Kabul population, as capital of the country,
will have access to affordable electric power by 2013. Also over 50% of the population in
small towns and villages will have access to electric power by then. As electric power
production growth has a direct co-relation with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), it will
help eliminate extreme poverty in the country. Therefore, it is anticipated that the
operating capacity should be increased from 464 MVA in 2007 to 850 MVA by the end
of 2010, in the whole country. This will provide electric power for, at least, 65% of the
dwellings in major urban areas. Of course, the installed capacity is much higher than
operating capacity. The current installed capacity is estimated to be 769 MVA, while the
operating capacity is estimated to be less than 448 MVA [1]. It is estimated that, the
power losses can be reduced as much as 285 MVA in urban areas and 80 MVA in rural
25

areas by 2020 by system improvement. The power availability increase needs the power
distribution system to be enhanced and improved to meet the requirements [1].


Figure 1-7 A Destroyed Transformer House in the Kabul Power Distribution System [2].

Especially in the Kabul city because of significant population growth, the power
demand will exceed 500 MVA by 2013, while the total installed capacity, including small
generators, is estimated to be 205 MVA in 2007. This implies that in the next five years
the power demand will increase more than two times. Therefore, improving the capacity
of the distribution system to an adequate level and upgrading the medium voltage from
10 kV and 15 kV to 20 kV in order to reduce losses of the system are considered
necessary.

26




Figure 1-8 A Piece of Secondary Distribution Underground Cable in the Kabul Distribution
System [2].

As mentioned in section 1.2.2, the Kabul distribution system has five substations
that all need upgrading to meet the increasing demand for power. Therefore, there are
plans to upgrade the capacity of the five distribution substations, and also to establish an
additional substation in south part of the Kabul city [2]. Due to upgrading plan of the
Kabul power distribution system, two 25 MVA transformers with their associated
equipment have been added to the Breshna Kot substation. The capacity of this substation
has been increased from 50 MVA to 100 MVA. The capacity of the East substation has
been increased from 25 MVA to 65 MVA by adding a 40 MVA power transformer and
its associated equipment. The North substation has capacity of 80 MVA. A 40 MVA
power transformer will be added in this substation to increase the capacity from 80 MVA
to 120 MVA. The existing capacity of the North-west substation is 70 MVA which is
27

composed of two 25 MVA transformers and one 20 MVA transformer. These
transformers will be replaced by three 40 MVA transformers. The Pul-e-Charkhi
substation (island mode), at the present time, has two 6.3 MVA transformers. They will
be replaced by two 16 MVA transformers. The total capacity in this substation will be
increased from 12.6 MVA to 32 MVA. Based on this upgrading plan, the total capacity of
the Kabul power distribution substations will be 437 MVA [2].
Although the current plans to upgrade the Kabul power distribution substations may be
considered as a big change, they will not be adequate to meet the increasing power
demand. Therefore, the Kabul city distribution system needs at least one more substation
to serve minimum power demand in next five years. The distribution systems losses, on
the other hand, are another important problem to have an optimized power distribution
system. Theoretically, one of the efficient factors to reduce the losses is upgrading the
medium voltage from 10 kV and 15 kV to 20 kV; which is part of the subject of this
thesis. At the present time, the Kabul power distribution system has three medium
voltage levels, 10 kV, 15 kV, and 20 kV. It has been planned that the 10 kV and 15 kV
voltage levels should be upgraded to 20 kV. In this way the losses will be reduced;
meanwhile the capacity of feeders will be increased as well.

1.4 Power Loss Minimization and Power Reliability and Quality Maximization
Minimization of power loss and maximization of power reliability and quality are
the three fundamental aspects in power distribution systems, which have drawn serious
attention of researchers and designers. Therefore, many ways have been proposed to
minimize power losses and maximize power reliability and quality. One of the common
approaches to the power loss minimization is reconfiguration of a system [8]. One should
know that a power network normally contains different types of loads such as industrial,
commercial, residential, and lighting loads. On the other hand, the peak load occurs in
different times of the days. Hence, by switching loads from one feeder to another, it is
possible to minimize the power losses in the network [8], [9]. Also, this type of
reconfiguration allows making the peak load more smooth [9], which consequently
results more reliability of the power network.
28

Reconfiguration of a power network is performed to minimize power losses and
make the network more balanced [8]; however, in the Kabul power distribution system
efficient reconfiguration of the network seems difficult because of the improper modeling
of the system. Whereas, proper modeling of a power network is one of the considerations
in the power network reconfiguration [8].

1.5 Voltage Drop and Voltage Sag
From supply quality point of view, voltage level at the load point is one of the most
important parameters [10]. To keep the voltage level in a certain range, voltage
regulations is usually applied to a standard power distribution system. One knows that the
slope of voltage profile is determined by type of a transmission line, its cross-section, and
the power flowing through it [10], [11]. Although the Kabul power distribution system is
not well equipped according to a high standard (for example American standards) it is
possible to compensate the voltage drop by changing MV/LV transformers tap; and by
placing shunt capacitor banks in the network [11], reactive power can be compensated;
which causes a decrease in voltage drop. But this voltage regulation and reactive power
compensation does not help sufficiently to minimize power loss and voltage drop in the
MV level of the Kabul power distribution system, because it does not deal with primary
feeders and medium voltage level.
Another severe power quality disturbing factor, propagating in a network, is
voltage sag
2
[12]. The severity of this phenomenon is because it occurs numerous times
per year; also, it affects businesses very seriously. For instance, very short (10 ms)
voltage sag can cause an industry or laboratory to be inoperable for hours [12]. Even it
can cause loose of data and so forth. According to [12], voltage sag is characterized by its
duration
3
and magnitude
4
(for details, see [12]). Usually a voltage sage lasts for 10ms to
one minute. It is worth keeping in mind that there is a type of voltage sag that cannot be

2
Voltage sag is a momentary decrease in RMS value of voltage in a range of 10% - 90% of nominal
voltage [12].
3
The duration time of a voltage sag starts from the instant that voltage sag crosses the threshold (90% of
nominal voltage) and ends when voltage sag arrives back to the threshold [12].
4
Magnitude of a sag is defined as minimum RMS value of voltage during the voltage sag occurrence [12]
29

defined by it duration and magnitude; also it cannot be characterized with respect to its
duration because the wave form of it decreases linearly to a minimum value (e.g. 33%)
and then increases linearly to its nominal voltage level [3]. In other words, this type of
voltage sag does not have a single definitive value.
Even though, voltage sag is considered a severe disturbance in power distribution
network from power quality point of view, but it is not big concern in this thesis work.
Because this research work does not deal with highly sensitive consumers and big
industries; rather it deals more with residential consumer and some commercial, hospital,
and governmental consumers.

1.6 Medium Voltage in Power Distribution Systems
Medium voltage functions as a bridge between high voltage (110 kV and 220 kV
in our case) and usable (low) voltage (0.4 kV in our case). Therefore, medium voltage has
key role in power distribution system. In order for a system to be considered efficient, it
must have an efficient medium voltage [4], besides other elements of the system such as
generation, transmission, and low voltage system. Meaning that, the medium voltage part
of a power system should have minimum power loss and voltage drop and it should
satisfy required criteria of an optimum system (for criteria, see section 4.1.).

1.7 The Kabul Power System Voltage Configuration
Kabul power distribution system is composed of substations, junction stations,
and distribution transformers. There are three voltage configurations in Kabul power
system, 110 kV/10 kV/0.4 kV, 110 kV/15 kV /0.4 KV, and 110 kV/20 kV /0.4 kV. High
voltage, in Kabul distribution system, is 110 kV, which comes from generation stations to
the distribution substations. The outputs of substations, medium voltages (MV), are 10
kV, 15 kV, and 20 kV, which go to junction stations
5
or directly to distribution

5
Junction station is a place where the several feeders are connected together. Junction stations have one to
three incoming feeders and several outgoing feeders.
30

transformers
6
. Figure 1-9 illustrates the Kabul power distribution systems voltage
arrangement.


Figure 1-9 The Kabul Power Distribution System Voltage Arrangement.

Although the Kabul power distribution system has three level voltage
configurations the levels of the medium voltages are not the same in all substations. The
Breshna Kot and the East substations have two voltage arrangements, 110 kV/15 kV
/0.4KV and 110 kV/20 kV /0.4kV; but the North-west and the North substations have
only one voltage arrangement, 110 kV/15 kV /0.4KV. The Pule-charkhi substation
(island mode substation) has also a three level voltage configuration, which is 110 kV/10
kV/0.4kV arrangement. However, these voltage arrangements have the least voltage
levels and distribution stages, but still 15 kV and 10 kV medium voltages have some
disadvantages [4] to be considered. The criteria for MV application are discussed in
section 4.1.
In reference [4], three voltage configurations 220 kV/110 kV/10 kV, 220 kV/110
kV/20, and 220 kV/20 kV have been experimented with different load densities (1.0

6
In (2007), there have been 4 substations, 12 junction stations, and 717 distribution transformers in Kabul
power distribution transformers [2].
.. ee
. + _ EC-
V
e
+ _
+ _ EC-
EC-
.
.
.
. + _
EC-
e
+ _
+ _
EC-
EC-
. .

eV
4]4)E-e4C4)E
e4p
e4C)E
eV
eV
V
31

MW/km
2
60.0 MW/km
2
), for overhead lines and underground cables. The results of the
research in [4] show that the cost of unit load in all three projects decreases if the load
density increases. In other words, the cost of unit load has inverse (may not be linear)
correlation with load density. Likewise, the radius of power supply would also decrease if
load density increases.
In case of overhead lines, for load densities lower than 10 MW/km
2
,
220kV/110kV/20 kV is the best arrangement if the cost of unit load is concerned [4];
considering reliability, the voltage arrangement 220 kV/110 kV/10 kV is the best in all
three cases that are studied in [4]. For underground cables, 220 kV/110 kV/20 kV
configuration is better than 220 kV/110 kV/10 kV taking the cost of unit load into
account. Even though, as result of the research, 20 kV has been recommended in [4] as
medium voltage for the area assuming the load density more than 10 MW/km2, compared
to 10 kV medium voltage; in the project in hand, two voltage arrangements 110 kV/15
kV and 110 kV/20 kV are studied for load density lower than 10 MW/ km
2
in the Kabul
power distribution system.



32

2 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY
2.1 Consumer Classification
In general, consumers of electric power are divided into three main groups (types)
which have some different characteristics [6]. The three groups are: 1) industrial, 2)
commercial, and 3) residential consumers. The main requirements of the three types of
consumers can be determined as: total amount of electrical energy consumed over a
period of time (the period of time can be annually or monthly), the rate of change of the
consumption, the required voltage level (for different operation purposes), the reliability
requirement of the system serving the consumption area, and power quality requirements.
The quality includes, mainly, continuity of power supply and the level of the voltage and
the frequency of the voltage wave [13].
The consumers are divided into two main groups in this research work, residential
consumers and commercial consumers. There are two other categories of consumers,
governmental
7
and hospital that have similar characteristics to commercial consumers;
therefore, they are considered as commercial consumers. There is no industrial consumer
connected to the North substation, which is studied in this research work.
Based upon the customers characteristics and their power demands a power
distribution system is designed and implemented. Commercial, industrial, hospitals, and
governmental (in our case) power customers need more reliable power with higher
quality. Therefore, economy is not the first priority for commercial, industrial, hospital,
and governmental customers. Yet, for residential customers the priority is given to
economy. Meaning that, for residential customers cheaper systems are designed and
applied. One should notice that the optimization of the system according to the
requirements of the customers is highly important.


7
Governmental consumers are referred to governmental office buildings. This type of consumers has
similar characteristics to the commercial consumers.
33

2.2 Research Project Selection
As was mentioned in earlier sections, currently the Kabul power distribution
system has five substations with different output voltage levels. The Breshna Kot
substation and the East substations have two output voltages with 15 kV and 20 kV
voltage levels. The North and North-west substations have one 15 kV output voltage
level. The Pul-e-charkhi substation has also one output voltage level but it is 10 kV.
For the present research work, the North substation is chosen based upon the
following reasons. The North substation has the best location in the Kabul power
distribution system, and it covers mostly the central part of the Kabul city. It is located in
a central location of the Kabul city; thus it covers an area, which have higher load density
and it serves more customers compared to the other substations. Also it serves a relatively
good combination of the consumers types in the Kabul power distribution system. This
substation has the highest capacity and serves a great number of residential customers
and governmental customers. The North substation has not been rehabilitated yet; hence,
it worth examining and upgrading the level of the output voltage.

2.3 Data Used for Network Simulation
The data for the network simulation are taken from the results of a survey
conducted by Advanced Engineering Associates International (AEAI), funded by the US
Agency for International Development (USAID), with approval of Da Afghanistan
Breshna Moassessa (DABM) in 2007 [2]. The results of the survey have been reported as
a technical report to the DABM.

2.3.1 Transmission Lines
According to the report prepared based on the survey, the North substation has 12
outgoing feeders, from which 11 feeders serve distribution transformers and junction
stations and one feeder serves the workshop of distribution transformer repairing located
inside of the North substation office building. This substation also has nine reserve
(spare) feeders which are not considered in this research work. A list of the North
34

substation and its associated junction stations outgoing feeders and their conductors
sizes is shown in Table 2-1. It should be remembered that the size of the feeders are not
the same from the beginning to the end of the feeders. The sizes in the table are the sizes
of the first portion of the feeders going out of the substation and junction stations.

Table 2-1 Outgoing Feeders of the North Substation and its Associated Junction Stations
North S/S Junction # 2 Junction # 5 Junction # 10
Feeder
Name
Size
(mm
2
)
& Type
Feeder
Name
Size
(mm
2
)
& Type
Feeder
Name
Size
(mm
2
)
& Type
Feeder
Name
Size
(mm
2
)
& Type
512 120 Al 531 50 Cu B-2-5 95 Cu 527 185 Al
528 185 Al 517 50 Cu F-3-5 50 Cu J-10 95 Cu
513 185 Al D-2-7 50 Cu MO 50 Cu MA 70 Cu
520 185 Al E-1-2 50 Cu AU 95 Cu EL 35 Cu
519 185 Al B-1-2 35 Cu F-4-5 95 Cu
529 185 Al A-1-2 50 Cu
518 185 Al B-2-5 50 Cu
515 185 Al
515 185 Al
511 185 Al
516 185 Al
517 185 Al


2.3.2 Loads
The North substation and its associated junction stations serve a total of 229
distribution transformers that are considered as spot loads for the network simulation
(including some of the inactive distribution transformers). As was mentioned in the first
section of this chapter, the loads are composed of four types: residential loads,
governmental loads, hospital loads, and commercial loads. There are no industrial loads
connected to the North substation; however, some of the distribution transformers serve
some small technical workshops having small electrical motors. In order to have an easy
view of the network loads, they are categorized into feeders and types; but before that,
see Table 2-2 for the combination of nominal loads served by the North substation. It
should be noted that the table contains some inactive transformers also.

35


Table 2-2 Combination of nominal Loads in the North Substation
Feeder
ID
Load Type Total
Number/MVA
Residential Governmental Hospital Commercial
Number MVA Number MVA Number MVA Number MVA
512 11 7.520 5 1.840 4 3.630 0 0.000 20 12.990
528 13 8.900 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 13 8.900
513 12 7.090 6 4.260 0 0.000 0 0.000 18 13.160
520 12 8.240 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 12 8.240
519 Connects J/S #10 to the North S/S
529 1 0.800 Connects J/S #5 1 0.160 2 0.960
518 1 0.160 Connects J/S #2 0 0.000 1 0.160
515 Connects J/S #2 to the North S/S
514 12 7.780 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 12 7.780
511 1 Unknown 1
516 15 10.030 9 5.350 0 0.000 0 0.000 24 15.380
517 13 8.730 4 1.760 0 0.000 0 0.000 17 10.490
527 13 7.690 0 0.000 0 0.000 1 0.250 14 7.940
EL 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 1 0.250 1 0.250
MA 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 1 0.400 1 0.400
D2-7 0 0.000 5 2.140 0 0.000 0 0.000 5 2.140
531 1 0.400 3 1.200 0 0.000 0 0.000 4 1.600
517 2 1.260 10 4.440 0 0.000 0 0.000 12 5.700
E2-1 1 0.630 13 7.690 2 1.400 0 0.000 16 9.720
B2-1 3 1.770 7 2.100 0 0.000 0 0.000 10 3.870
A2-1 6 3.050 3 1.000 0 0.000 2 1.250 11 5.300
B2-5 5 2.690 2 0.880 0 0.000 2 2.500 9 6.070
B5-2 6 3.770 2 0.600 2 1.030 2 0.410 12 5.810
F5-3 3 2.060 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 3 2.060
F5-4 5 3.460 2 0.800 0 0.000 2 1.600 9 5.860
MOK 2 1.260 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 2 1.260
Aux 1 0.630 0 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.000 1 0.630
Total 138 82.608 79 40.120 0 0.000 12 6.820 229 129.548


Feeder 512 serves 11 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.52 MVA,
five governmental loads with a total nominal power of 2.07 MVA, four hospital loads
with a total nominal power of 3.63 MVA. No commercial load is served by this feeder.
Feeder 511 serves the repairing workshop for distribution transformers in the North
substation area. The power of the load for this feeder is unknown. The layout of the
feeders 512, 511, and connected loads to them is shown in Figure 2-1 (for AutoCAD
drawings see attachments of [2]).
36




Figure 2-1 Layout of the Feeder 512 with 20 Loads.

Feeder 528 serves 13 residential loads with a total nominal power of 8.9 MVA.
This feeder does not serve any commercial load and governmental load. See Figure 2-2
for a layout of feeder 528 and connected loads to it.


120sqmm 70sqmm
50sqmm
70sqmm
70sqmm
70sqmm
70sqmm
50sqmm
95sqmm
UG Cabl e
50sqmm
UGC
185sqmm
UG Cabl e
70sqmm
95sqmm
50sqmm
95sqmm
35sqmm
70sqmm
50sqmm
UGC
50sqmm
UGC
50sqmmUGC
50sqmm
UGC
F- 512
F- 511
A
A
- 0. 35 MW N- 512- Lawaye Amni at
N- 512- Chamandi
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 14 MW
- 0. 70 MW - 0. 55 MW
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 22 MW
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 512- Abr asani
N- 512- Bl ak hay Hawaee
N- 512- Hawa Shenasi
N- 512- Qal oi Wakil
N- 512- Qal ai Khwaj a
N- 512- Qal ai Khat er
N- 512- Moqabel e Bi bi Mahr o
N- 512- Nowabad Bi bi Mahr o
2 x

- 0. 87

MW
N- 512- 400 Best er 1&2
N- 512- T#3 Wzir Akber Khan
N- 512- Tr/ S 12
N- 512- Mi ni stry of Publi c Healt h
N- 512- T#2 Wzir Akber Khan
N- 512- T#1 Wzir Akber Khan
N- 512- Sehat e Tefl
N- 512- Wzir Akber Khan Hospit al
N- 512- Nursi ng
Nort h Subst ati on
Juncti on # 2
37


Figure 2-2 the Layout of Feeder 528 with 13 Loads.

Feeder 513 serves 12 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.09 MVA
and six governmental loads with a total nominal power of 4.26 MVA. This feeder does
not serve any commercial load. See Figure 2-3 for a layout of feeder 513 and connected
loads to it.

- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Taqi at ee Chmandi
- 0. 87 MW
N- 528- Chmandi Hawaee
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Syed Nezam#1&2
- 0. 70 MW
N- 528-
Mohammadya#2
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Mohammadya#1
- 0. 70 MW
N- 528- Taqwi at ee Wazir Abad
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Wazir Abad
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Borj e Tahir e
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Char Qal a Wazir Abad #1&2
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- Now Abad Qal a Mosa
- 0. 55 MW
N- 528- No- 3- Qal a Mosa
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 528
185sqmm
UCG
38


Figure 2-3 Layout of the Feeder 513 with 18 Loads.

Feeder 520 serves 12 residential loads with a total power of 8.24 MVA. No
governmental and commercial loads are connected to this feeder. Feeder 519 connects the
junction station 10 to the North substation. The layout of the feeders 519, 520 and
connected loads to them is shown in Figure 2-4. Feeder Mastora serves one 400 kVA
commercial load. Feeder Elham serves one 250 kVA commercial load.



N- 513- No- 1 Khaj a Bughr a #1&2
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 513- No- 2 Hawaee Khaj a Bughr a
- 0. 70 MW
N- 513- No- 3 Zami nee Khaj a Bughr a
- 0. 70 MW
N- 513- No- 60
Khaj a Bughr a
- 0. 35 MW
N- 513- No- 59 Khaj a Bughr a- A
- 0. 35 MW
N- 513- No- 62 Hawaee Khaj a Bughr a- A
- 0. 35 MW
N- 513- No- 59 Khaj a Bughr a- B
- 0. 70 MW
N- 513- No- 59 Taqwi at ee
Khaj a Bughr a
- 0. 55 MW
A
A
N- 513- Reyasat- e-l ogi sti c
- 0. 35 MW
N- 513- Gaur d Milli #1&2
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 513- Techni c wa Asl eha
N- 513- Tahar okat Tr ansport
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 513- Tasadee Kamaz
- 0. 35 MW
N- 513- Regr ati on
- 0. 35 MW
N- 513- Mamr- e- Wazar at e Tr ansport
F- 513
150sqmm
185sqmm
UGC
N- 513- No- 1 Taqwi at ee Khaj a Bughr a
Nort h Subst ati on
39


Figure 2-4 The Layout of the Feeders 519 and 520 with their Associated Loads.

Feeder 529 serves one residential load with a total nominal power of 800 kVA
and one commercial load with a total power of 160 kVA. This feeder does not serve any
governmental load; but it connects junction station five to the North substation. Whereas,
the junction station five feeds the following loads:
Feeder B-5-2 serves six residential loads with a total nominal power of 3.77
MVA, two governmental loads with a total power of 630 kVA, two hospitals with a total
load of 1.03 MVA, and two commercial loads with a total nominal power of 410 kVA.
Feeder F-5-3 serves only three residential loads with a total nominal power of 2.06 MVA.
Feeder Mohammad Omar Khan (MOK) serves two residential loads with a total nominal
power of 1.26 MVA. This feeder does not serve any governmental and commercial loads.
The Feeder Auxiliary serves only one 630 kVA residential load. No governmental loads
and commercial loads are connected to this feeder. Feeder F-5-4 serves five residential
loads with a total nominal power of 3.46 MVA, two governmental loads with a total
nominal power of 800 kVA, and two commercial loads with a total power of 1.6 MVA.
- 0. 70 MW
N- 520- No- 11- Zami ni #1&2
- 0. 55 MW
N- 520- No- 11- Hawaee
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 22 MW
N-J/ S 10 Bl and Manzel Mast or a #1&2
N- 520- Sar war- e- Kaynat
- 0. 55 MW
N- 520- No- 12 Taqwi at ee
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 520- No- 12 Zami ni #1&2
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 520- 8 Jeem#1&2
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 520- Borj Ser a Mena #1&2
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 520- No- 13 Zami ni #1&2
Juncti on # 10
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 519
185sqmm
UGC
F- 520
40

Figure 2-5 shows the layout of the feeder 529 and the feeders distributed from the
junction station five.


Figure 2-5 The Layout of Feeder 529 and the Feeders Connected to the Junction Station Five.

Feeder 518 serves a water-pump load with a nominal power of 160 kVA and
connects junction station 2 to the North substation. This feeder does not serve any other
load. However, the other loads connected to the junction station two are served by feeder
518. Meanwhile, the feeder 515 connects the junction station 2 to the North substation. In
- 0. 17 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Techni c wa Asl eha Amnei at
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Mal al ay Hospit al
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Zami ni Qwai Markaz
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Market Naji b Aar ab
- 0. 14 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Borj Zami ni Market Kohna
- 0. 30 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Amni at Hospit al
- 0. 35 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
No- 2- Kart e Aryana
- 0. 70 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
No- 1- Kart e Aryana
- 0. 55 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Sar ak Awal Bahari st an
- 0. 70 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Hesa Awal Kart e Par wan
N- 529- Bl and Manzel Gul zad
- 0. 14 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Noor TV St ati on
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
Borj Bagh Bal a #1&2
- 0. 22 MW
- 0. 55 MW - 0. 55 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
Borj Awal Kart e Mamor een
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
Borj DowomKart e Mamor een
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
Borj Sil oy Markaz
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
Borj Polit echni c #1&2
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
Borj I nt erconti nent al #1&2
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
M. Omar Khan #1&2
- 1. 29 MW
N-JS5- Milli Bus
N- 529-JS5- B- 2- 5
UK Embassy
- 0. 35 MW
N- 529-JS5- B- 4- 5
Auxili ary
- 0. 55 MW
N- 529- Borj 5 Chamani Babr ak
- 0. 55 MW
Juncti on # 5
A
A
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 529
185sqmm
UGC
41

Figure 2-6 the layout of feeders 518 is shown and the layout of feeder 515 is illustrated in
Figure 2-7. The loads, connected to the junction station two, are as the following:
Feeder D-2-7 serves only five governmental loads with a total nominal power of
2.14 MVA. Neither residential nor commercial loads are served by this feeder. Feeder
531 serves one 400 kVA residential load and three governmental loads with a total
nominal power 1.2 MVA. No commercial load is connected to this feeder. Feeder 517
serves two residential loads with a total nominal power of 1.26 MVA and 10
governmental loads with a total nominal power 4.44 MVA. There is no commercial load
connected to this feeder. Feeder E-2-1 serves one 630 kVA residential load, two hospitals
with a total connected power of 1.4 MVA, and 13 governmental loads with a total
nominal power of 7.69 MVA. This feeder serves no commercial load. Feeder B-2-1
serves three residential loads with a total power of 1.77 MVA and seven governmental
loads with a total power of 2.1 MVA. This feeder does not serve any commercial load.
Feeder A-2-1serves six residential loads with a total power of 3.05 MVA, three
governmental loads with a total power of 1000 kVA, and two commercial loads with a
total power of 1.25 MVA. Feeder B-2-5 serves five residential loads with a total power of
2.69 MVA, two governmental loads with a total power of 880 kVA, and two commercial
loads with a total power of 2.5 MVA. One can see the layout of the junction feeders and
connected loads to them in the loads associated with feeder 518 and 515.

42


Figure 2-6 The Layout of the Feeder 518 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the Junction
Station Two.
3
4
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2
Edar a Omoor
- 0. 55 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2
Wezar at Def aa N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2
Wezar at Mokhaber at
2

- 0. 87 MW

5
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2- Kart ogr afi

- 0. 17 MW

5
- 0. 55 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2
Wezar at Madan
- 0. 35 MWN- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2
Wezar at Mal ya
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2
Pasht oni st an Waat
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 17 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2
Post Tel ephone Tel egr am
- 0. 22 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2
Spenzar Hot el
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2-
Wezar at Et el aat
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2-
Pasht ani Bank
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 17 MW 7
6
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2- Rabi a Bal khi Hospit al

- 0. 87 MW

6
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2- St omat ol ogy

- 0. 35 MW

7
B
B
Juncti on # 2
A
A
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 518
185sqmm
UGC
N- 518- A- 1- 2
Qal ai Fat hull ah #1
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 14 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 518- A- 1- 2
Naqli a Sheer poor
- 0. 14 MW
N- 518- Abr asani
Wazir Abad
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 135 MW
N- 518-JS2-
Radi o Af ghni st an #1&2
- 0. 22 MW
N- 518-JS2- 517- Hawanawar di
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- 517- Af ghni st an
Nati onal TV #1&2
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- 517-
Af ghan Fil m
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- 517-
Lessee Amani
- 0. 17 MW
N- 518-JS2- 517
Sef ar at Al man
- 0. 22 MW
N- 518-JS2- 517
Sef ar at Turki a
- 0. 22 MW
N- Emegency
Hospit al - 0. 55 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 2- 5
Gul khani Park
- 0. 22 MW
N- 518-JS2- A- 1- 2
Bl and Manzel Ansar
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 17 MW
N- 518-JS2- A- 1- 2
Haji Yaqoob #1&2
N- 518-JS2- A- 1- 2
Omarzi a
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 2- 5
Konj Park Shahr Now
2

- 1. 09 MW

N- 518-JS2- B- 2- 5- Kabul
Cit y Cent er #1&2
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 2- 5-
Tank Teel Shar Now
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- A- 1- 2-
Wezar at Dakhel a
- 0. 17 MW
N- 518-JS2- A- 1- 2-
Mokhabr at Shar e Now
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2-
Jamhoori at Hospit al
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 70 MW
N- 518-JS2- A- 1- 2-
Moqabel Wezar at Dakhel a
N- 518-JS2- B- 2- 5-
Moqabe Markaz Lesan
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 22 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2-
Borj- 2- Sedar at
- 0. 55 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2-
Borj- 1- Sedar at
- 0. 35 MW
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2-
Wezar at Eqt esad
- 0. 70 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2- Sedar at
- 0. 70 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2- Wezar at Khar ej a
- 0. 3 MW
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2
Ar ge Jamhoori
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2- Lesse Est eql al
1

- 0. 35 MW

1
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2- Guar d Milli

- 0. 17 MW

2
N- 518-JS2- E- 1- 2- Da Aghani st an Bank

- 0. 70 MW

3
N- 518-JS2- B- 1- 2- Bank Milli

- 0. 22 MW

4
2
43




Figure 2-7 The Layout of the Feeder 515 and its Associated Feeders Connected to the Junction
Station Two.

Feeder 514 serves only 12 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.78
MVA. No governmental and commercial loads are served by this feeder. A simple layout
of the feeder 514 and connected loads to it is shown in Figure 2-8.

- 0. 55 MW
N- 515-JS2- D- 2- 7- Edar a Comput er
185sqmm
UGC
- 0. 55 MW- 0. 55 MW
N- 515-JS2- D- 2- 7- Ehsaye Markazi #1&2
- 0. 35 MW
N- 515-JS2- 531- Ari ana Hot el
- 0. 35 MW
N- 515-JS2- 531- Mat bea Ur do
- 0. 35 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 515-JS2- 531- Qasr Del kosha #1&2
A
A
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 515
Juncti on # 2
44


Figure 2-8 The Layout of the Feeder 514 with its Associated Loads.

Feeder 516 serves 15 residential loads with a total power of 10.03 MVA and nine
governmental loads with a total nominal power of 5.35 MVA. No commercial load is
connected to this feeder. A simple layout of the feeder 516 and connected loads to it can
be seen in Figure 2-9.
Feeder 517 serves 13 residential loads with a total nominal power of 8.73 MVA
and four governmental loads with a total nominal power of 1.76 MVA. This feeder does
not serve any commercial load. Figure 2-10 shows a simple layout of feeder 517 and the
loads connected to it.
Feeder 527 serves 13 residential loads with a total nominal power of 7.69 MVA
and one 250 kVA commercial load. No governmental load is served by this feeder. One
can see the layout of the feeder 527 in Figure 2-11.

- 0. 63 MW
N- 514- No- 6- Pr oj a
Wazir Abad #1&2
- 0. 50 MW
- 0. 37 MW - 0. 24 MW
N- 514- No- 2- Pr oj a
Wazir Abad #1&2
- 0. 31 MW
N- 514- Sali mKar wan
- 0. 63 MW
- 0. 63 MW
N- 514- No- 3- Pr oj a
Wazir Abad #1&2
- 0. 50 MW - 0. 50 MW
N- 514- No- 7- Pr oj a
Wazir Abad #1&2
- 0. 50 MW - 0. 63 MW
N- 514- No- 1- Pr oj a
Wazir Abad #1&2
- 0. 50 MW
N- 514- No- 4- Pr oj a Wazir Abad
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 514
185sqmm
UGC
45


Figure 2-9 The Layout of the Feeder 516 with its Associated Loads.




- 0. 70 MW
N- 516- 40 Metr a Wazir Abad
B
B
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- No- 1- Qwai Hawaye
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- No- 2- Qwai Hawaye
- 0. 87 MW
N- 516- Academey Nezame
- 0. 70 MW
N- 516- T/ S Markazi Bl ak Hawaye #1
- 0. 35 MW
N- 516- T/ S Ri asat
Amni at Kabul
- 0. 87 MW
N- 516- No- 11
Macr oryan
N- 516- No- Macr oryan
Comuni cati on
N- 516- No- 9- Macr oryan
- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 516- St ar a Mahkama
- 0. 22 MW
N- 516- No- 12- Macr or ayan

- 0. 87 MW

1
2
3
4
1
2
N- 516- No- 7- Macr or ayan

- 0. 55 MW

N- 516- No- 10- Macr or ayan

- 0. 70 MW

3
4
N- 516- No- 8- Macr or ayan

- 0. 55 MW

- 0. 70 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- No- 15- Macr oryan #1&2
- 0. 55 MWN- 516- No- 14-
Macr oryan
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- No- 14-
Macr oryan - 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- Mat bea #1&2
- 0. 35 MW
N- 516- Emal at Khana Ur do
- 0. 35 MW
N- 516- Gar ni zi on
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- Ryasat Aamni at #16
- 0. 55 MW
N- 516- Shash Dr ak
Juncti on # 12
Juncti on # 2
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 516
185sqmm
UNG
A
A
46


Figure 2-10 The Layout of the Feeder 517 with its Associated Loads.


Figure 2-11 The Layout of the Feeder 527, Connected to the Junction Station Ten, with its
Associated Loads.
N- 517- Tal eem Wa Tar bi a
- 0. 09 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 517- Hawa Shenasee
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- Do Sar aka
Mai dan Hawaee
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- Qal a Wakil Jadeed
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 23- Macr or ayan
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 24- Macr or ayan
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 22- Macr or ayan
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 21- Macr or ayan #1&2
- 0. 87 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 20- Macr or ayan
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 19- Macr or ayan
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- No- 18- Macr or ayan
N- 517- No- 17- Macr or ayan
N- 517- No- 16- Macr or ayan #1&2
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
N- 517- Bukhar Khana Macr or ayan #1&2
Juncti on # 12
A
A
Nort h Subst ati on
F- 517
185sqmm
UGC
N- 527- No- 10 Zami ni #1&2
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 35 MW
N- 527- Qal a Naj ar ha
N- 527- No- 22 Zami ni
- 0. 70 MW
N- 527- No- 25- Hawaee
- 0. 35 MW
N- 527- No- 25- Hawaee #1&2
- 0. 35 MW
A
A
- 0. 35 MW
N- 527- No- 10 Hawaee
- 0. 22 MW
N- 527- Hot el Shame Pari s
- 0. 70 MW
N- 527- Shahr ak Poli ce
- 0. 70 MW
N- 527- No- 9 Zami ni #1&2
- 0. 55 MW
- 0. 70 MW
Juncti on # 10
F- 527
47



2.4 Simulation Tool and Network Simulation Data
2.4.1 Simulation Tool (CYMDIST Software)
For the network simulation, well known and powerful software is used. The
software is named CYMDIST (version 4.7 revision 11), which has been designed for
power distribution system modeling and analysis by CYME International Inc. This
software has been used for distribution systems simulation and design, fault analysis,
and reliability analysis worldwide. As an example, CYMDIST RAM has been used for
reliability analysis of the distribution system in New York (the area served by Niagara
Mohawk Power Corporation), by Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation [16]. Another
example, CYMDIST has been used to prove numerical accuracy of a proposed load flow
method in [17]. In fact, this software needs a very detailed and specific data according to
the type, complexity, advancement, types of equipment, and devices used in a network.
Although the software is able to analyze very specific issues regarding to a power
distribution system there are two main features of analysis in CYMDIST
8
. One is
network analysis based on voltage drop and the other one is analysis of the system based
on short circuit. The software analyzes the system base on power flow theory ladder
iterative technique (for power flow analysis and ladder iterative technique, see [5]). In
this research work, the network is analyzed based on voltage drop analysis. On the other
hand, since the system power losses and voltage drop are the first priority in this research,
more attention is paid on the factors causing power loss and voltage drop.

2.4.2 Network Elements
This research project has a situation that obtaining the specific detail, for
CYMDIST, is very difficult. Because the project is located in the Kabul city and there are
no complete data available for the Kabul power distribution system and equipment even
in DABM. Therefore, the distribution transformers are not included in the simulation of

8
For more information about CYMDIST, one can see
http://www.cyme.com/software/cymdist/CYMDIST.pdf
48

the network. Also, some devices such as, fuses, re-closers, circuit breakers, switches, and
etc are not included in the network simulation. Since the main point of the research is
systems power loss and voltage drop in the MV level, the ignorance of the distribution
transformers and protection devices do not have significant effect on the system
simulation results.
For the feeders, as main factor causing power loss and voltage drop in the system,
the zero sequence and negative sequence impedances and admittances and size of the
conductors, used in CYMDIST, are collected for the system simulation. Table 2-3 shows
bare conductors sizes used in the North substation electric network for overhead MV
transmission lines. Similarly, Table 2-4 contains specifications
9
of the under-ground
cables used in the North substation. Note that the spacing of the overhead lines is the
default values in CYMDIST with a geometric mean distance (GMD) of 1.3m because the
exact spacing for overhead lines was not available.

Table 2-3 Conductors Specifications Used for Overhead Lines in the North Substation
Material Size
(mm
2
)
Z
1
(/km) Z
0
(/km) B
1
(S/km)
B
0
(S/km)
Ratings
R
1
X
1
R
0
X
0

ACSR 35 0.8579 0.4022 1.006 1.57 9.05 4.43 165
ACSR 50 0.6108 0.3915 0.7588 1.5593 9.31 4.49 200
ACSR 70 0.4219 0.3791 0.57 1.5468 9.63 4.56 270
ACSR 95 0.3125 0.3696 0.461 1.5374 9.89 4.62 330
ACSR 120 0.2602 0.3678 0.4083 1.5376 9.94 4.63 365
ACSR 150 0.2069 0.3602 0.355 1.528 10.16 4.68 425
ACSR 185 0.1676 0.3538 0.3157 1.5216 10.35 4.78 490



9
Z
1
and B
1
are positive sequence impedance and susceptance respectively, Z
0
and B
0
are zero sequence
impedance and susceptance respectively.
49

Table 2-4 Under-ground Cable Conductors Specifications Used in the North Substation
Material Size
(mm
2
)
Z
1
(/km) Z
0
(/km) B
1
(S/km)
B
0
(S/km)
Ratings
R
1
X
1
R
0
X
0

Cu 35 0.527 0.153 1.38074 0.5661 159 159 189
Cu 50 0.39 0.146 1.2441 0.56064 175 175 222
Cu 70 0.271 0.138 1.12194 0.55338 196 196 271
Cu 95 0.196 0.132 1.045 0.54912 216 216 323
Cu 120 0.167 0.127 0.96526 0.5461 235 235 354
Cu 150 0.129 0.122 0.76497 0.29646 254 254 409
Cu 185 0.104 0.118 0.73944 0.29382 273 273 461
Cu 240 0.081 0.133 0.71523 0.29154 304 304 532
Al 50 0.644 0.146 1.50052 0.56064 175 175 172
Al 70 0.446 0.138 1.29786 0.55338 196 196 210
Al 95 0.323 0.132 1.172 0.54912 216 216 251
Al 120 0.256 0.127 1.10336 0.5461 235 235 285
Al 150 0.209 0.122 0.9422 0.29646 254 254 340
Al 185 0.169 0.118 0.804 0.29382 273 273 361


2.4.3 Load Modeling for the Network Simulation
As was mentioned in the previous sections, there are no real industrial loads
connected to the network under study of this research work. Thus, considering the load
characteristics, four types of loads are specified in the network: residential loads,
commercial loads, governmental loads, and hospital loads. Governmental loads, and
hospital loads, introduced in the earlier sections, have similar characteristics to the
commercial loads. Therefore, they are considered similar to the commercial loads in the
simulation of the system. In order to model the loads for the system simulation, the
following assumptions are made.
Although, for residential consumers with low income constant current is used in
[14] because it is not an exact model and it gives a higher loss and voltage regulation, the
residential loads are considered 20% constant power and 80% constant impedance
according to [3]. Likewise, commercial loads, in developing countries, are proposed 20%
constant power and 80% constant impedance in [3] it is assumed that 30% constant
power and 70% constant impedance is more convenient for commercial loads because of
computers and other electronic devices

50

2.4.4 Load Allocation for the North Substation Simulation
For analysis of a power distribution system, loads must be allocated properly,
either in transformer level or feeder level. On the other hand, load allocation needs
specific data of customers consumption. If sufficient data are available, load demand
curve can be obtained by statistical method, for example regression. This type of load
allocation is done when sufficient power is available for consumers. In this project, it is
not possible to allocate the load based upon the consumers needs, because of two
obstacles; 1) power supplied from the source (the North substation) is limited (80 MVA
that does not satisfy the consumers needs), 2) there are no specific and sufficient data
available for customers energy consumption served by the North substation.
It is obvious that for lower allocated loads the performance of the North
substations is better; fewer numbers of feeders sections are overloaded, and/or have
under-voltage conditions (see results sections 3.1.4 and 3.2.4 in next chapter). This is not
a good assumption for the North substation in the Kabul power distribution system;
because not only the total nominal power of the transformers connected to the substation
is high (130 MVA), but also the transformers are working under the loads that are,
mostly, near their nominal capacities. Even 44 transformers connected to the North
substation have been overloaded in 2007 [2]. Therefore, loads are allocated for each load
points (transformers) based upon their connected capacity and the nominal capacity of the
North substation; because it is more realistic and safe. According to the CYMDIST load
allocation option, loads allocated for each load points are 52.328% of connected capacity
of the loads. Note that in either case, loads are allocated based on nominal capacity of the
substation or loads allocated based on 50 MVA of the capacity of the substation, 20 kV
gives better results. The system simulation shows that if the loads allocated for load
points are decreased the performance of the network becomes better; meaning that power
loss and voltage drop decrease (see sections 3.1.4 and 3.2.4). We should remember that
because of the North substations load condition 50% load is not a realistic assumption as
it was explained before.

51

2.4.5 Simulation Settings and Accuracy
While running the voltage drop function of the software (CYMDIST), the number
of iteration and percentage of voltage clamp level do not have noticeable impact on the
results of the network simulation, as long as the number of iterations and percentage of
voltage clamp level are sufficient to satisfy the error tolerance (higher number of
iterations for the system simulation might need little longer time if more complex
network is simulated). For the present network simulation, at least 12 iterations are
needed to achieve results with an error less than 1% for voltage level calculation;
whereas, if a higher number of iteration (e.g. 5000) is chosen, the simulation results and
simulation times are still the same. The time of simulation, in any case is less than one
second. However, the least level of voltage clamp is 85% in 15 kV scenario; while it is
92% in 20 kV scenario. As was mentioned, because the number of iterations and
percentage of voltage clamp level do not have noticeable effect on the results of the
system simulation, conservatively, the number of iteration is chosen 40 and the voltage
clamp level is chosen 80% for both cases, 15 kV and 20 kV.

52

3 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS
3.1 Simulation Results with 15 kV MV
3.1.1 Levels of Under Voltage
3.1.1.1 At Feeder
Simulation results of the North substation in the Kabul power distribution system
with 15 kV MV shows that 172 loads (transformers) out of 229 loads have under-voltage
conditions and 57 loads have normal conditions, considering 230 V base voltage
10
.
Meaning that, 75% of the loads, based on number of loads, have under-voltage
conditions. This under-voltage occurs in the range of 87.39% to 96.88% of the base
voltage. Under-voltage condition is the condition in which the level of the input voltage
of equipment (transformer for example) drops below 97% of the base voltage.
Eight out of 11 main feeders with their associated sub-feeders have under-voltage
conditions. In some feeders all the connected loads have under-voltage conditions; in
some feeders a number of loads have under-voltage conditions. Clearly, under-voltage
happens on those loads that are located at the far end of the feeders. The loads served in
under-voltage conditions are as the following:
Feeder 512 and its associated sub-feeders serve 11 residential loads, four
governmental loads, and four hospital loads in under-voltage conditions (see Figure 2-1
for feeder 512 and loads attached to it). Only one load (Lewa-e-Amniat)
11
closed to the
North substation, has normal conditions. The lowest level of the voltage, at loads served
by this feeder is 92.1% of the base voltage, which occurs at the transformer of the
ministry of public health. The total connected load served in under-voltage condition is
12.86 MVA (more details in the next chapter).
Seven residential loads, at the far end of the feeder 528, have under-voltage
conditions. The lowest voltage level occurs at a residential load in Qala-e-Musa, which is
96.57% of the base voltage (230 V). The total connected load with under-voltage

10
Low voltage in the Kabul distribution system is 400V line to line, and 230 V line to ground. The base
voltage 230 V is line to ground voltage in secondary feeders (low voltage).
11
Name of the load is an indicator for location of the load.
53

conditions, attached to the feeder 528 is 1.43 MVA. The rest of loads attached to this
feeder have normal conditions (see Figure 2-2 for the feeder 528 and loads attached to it).
Ten loads, connected to the feeder 513, have the condition of the under-voltage.
The lowest under-voltage in this feeder occurs at the transformer of ministry of transport
located at the far end of the feeder. The level of the voltage at this load is 95.61% of the
base voltage. The remaining eight residential loads, connected to this feeder, have normal
conditions from voltage drop perspective. The total connected load under under-voltage
conditions attached to the feeder 513 is 6.09 MVA (for the loads attached to the feeder
513, see Figure 2-3).
All of the loads attached to the feeder 529 and its associated sub-feeders have
under-voltage conditions. The combination of the loads, served by feeder 529, is as the
following: 18 residential loads, four governmental loads, two hospital loads, and four
commercial loads. The lowest level of the voltage occurs at a residential load (Siloy
Markaz transformer); which is 94.39% of the base voltage (230 V). While the highest
level of the voltage, at loads attached to the feeder 529 is 96.65% of the base voltage. The
connected load attached to this feeder, that have under-voltage conditions, is 16.55 MVA
(for the load details, see Figure 2-5).
Similar to the feeder 529, all of the loads attached to the feeder 518 and its
associated sub-feeders have under-voltage conditions. Feeder 518 and its associated sub-
feeders feed 17 residential loads, 40 governmental loads, and two hospital loads. Ministry
of communication has the lowest level of the voltage; level of the voltage at this load is
89.35% of the base voltage. The highest level of the voltage at the loads attached to the
feeder 518 and its associated sub-feeders is 94.74% of the base voltage. The total
connected load attached to the feeder 518, in under-voltage condition is 29.67 MVA (for
load details, see Figure 2-6).
All of the loads attached to the feeder 515 have under-voltage conditions. Loads
served by the feeder 515 are composed of three residential loads and four governmental
loads. The lowest level of the voltage occurs at the governmental load (Matbah Urdu);
which is 92.04% of the base voltage (230 V). While the highest level of the voltage, at
loads attached to the feeder 515 is 92.22% of the base voltage. The connected load
54

attached to this feeder that have under-voltage conditions is 3.49 MVA (for the load
details, see Figure 2-7).
From voltage drop perspective, feeder 516 has similar conditions to the feeder
512. Only one load, closed to the North substation, is under normal conditions with
98.61% of the base voltage. The rest of the loads have under-voltage conditions; from
which 15 loads are residential and four loads are governmental. The lowest level of the
voltage (the lowest level of the voltage in the North substation) occurs at a residential
load (Shash Darak) attached to a sub-feeder associated with the feeder 516. This lowest
level of the voltage is 87.39% of the base voltage (230 V). The total connected load
attached to the feeder 516 and its associated sub-feeders, with under-voltage conditions,
is 15.38 MVA (see Figure 2-9, for loads locations and details).
Finally, all of the loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders
have under-voltage conditions. The feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders feed 13
residential loads and four governmental loads. Two transformers (16-1&2) in
Macrorayon have the lowest voltage level, which is 91.3% of the base voltage; while the
highest level of the voltage at the loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-
feeders is 93.18% of the base voltage. The total connected load attached to the feeder 517
and its associated sub-feeders having under-voltage conditions is 10.49 MVA (for loads
locations and details, see Figure 2-10).
For a compact description of feeders having under-voltage conditions in the
North substation, one can see Table 3-1. Notice that this table does not contain feeders
511, 519, 520, 514, 526, and their associated sub-feeders, because the loads attached to
them have normal conditions (The levels of the voltages at the loads attached to the
mentioned feeders are over 97% of the base voltage).

55

Table 3-1 Feeders Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV)
Number Feeder Load
type
Number
of Loads
(out of)
Lowest
Voltage
Level (%)
Connected
Load (kVA)
(out of)
1 512 Residential
Governmental
Hospital
11 (11)
4 (5)
4 (4)
--
92.1
--
12,860
(13,220)
2 528 Residential 7 (13) 96.57 1,430
(8,900)
3 513 Residential
Governmental
3 (12)
6 (6)
--
--
6,090
(11,350)
4 529 Residential
Governmental
Hospital
Commercial
18 (18)
4 (4)
2 (2)
4 (4)
94.39
--
--
--
16,550
(16,550)
5 518 Residential
Governmental
Hospital
17 (17)
40 (40)
2 (2)
--
89.35
--
29,670
(29,670)
6 515 Residential
Governmental
3 (3)
4 (4)
92.17
--
3,490
(3,490)
7 516 Residential
Governmental
15 (15)
9 (9)
87.39
--
15,380
(15,380)
8 517 Residential
Governmental
13 (13)
4 (4)
91.3
--
10,490
(10,490)
Total 8 171 95,960


3.1.1.2 At Sections
Considering a base voltage of 230 V line to neutral and 15 kV medium voltage for
the North substation, 194 out of 279 sections of the feeders and sub-feeders have under-
voltage conditions. From these sections, 63 out of 122 sections are overhead lines and
remaining 131 out of 157 sections are underground cables sections. As was mentioned in
earlier section, the level of the voltage, in under-voltage sections, differs from 87.39% of
the base voltage to 96.88% of the base voltage. The voltage level over 97% of the base
voltage is considered normal conditions. Compact details of the sections that have under-
voltage conditions are illustrated in Table 3-2 and Table 3-3.


56

Table 3-2 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
N132 OHL_120 91.52 N125 OHL_95 91.47
N129 OHL_95 91.44 N131 OHL_95 91.44
N133 OHL_95 91.46 N134 OHL_120 90.26
N135 OHL_95 90.17 N136 OHL_95 90.17
N147 OHL_120 89.38 N148 OHL_120 88.01
N165 OHL_50 87.42 N166 OHL_95 87.44
N23 OHL_70 96.93 N24 OHL_35 96.88
N26 OHL_70 96.64 N27 OHL_70 96.62
N29 OHL_70 96.47 N30 OHL_70 96.43
N35 OHL_50 96.10 N36 OHL_50 96.04
N38 OHL_50 96.06 N41 OHL_50 95.81
N42 OHL_50 95.77 N43 OHL_50 95.76
N44 OHL_50 95.67 N45 OHL_70 95.63
N48 OHL_50 95.76 N49 OHL_50 95.73
N186 OHL_120 93.17 N187 OHL_120 93.16
N188 OHL_95 93.15 N189 OHL_120 93.08
N190 OHL_120 93.04 N196 OHL_150 91.58
N229 OHL_70 96.89 N230 OHL_50 96.76
N231 OHL_50 96.69 N232 OHL_50 96.75
N233 OHL_50 96.58 N234 OHL_50 96.56
N235 OHL_50 96.56 N255 OHL_150 96.71
N256 OHL_95 96.15 N501 OHL_50 95.20
N529 OHL_150 95.20 N258 OHL_50 96.13
N259 OHL_70 96.67 N325 OHL_70 94.12
N265 OHL_70 95.72 N266 OHL_50 95.70
N269 OHL_70 95.23 N270 OHL_70 95.21
N271 OHL_70 94.42 N272 OHL_95 94.37
N277 OHL_95 93.32 N278 OHL_95 93.27
N279 OHL_50 93.25 N563 OHL_95 93.12
N564 OHL_70 92.50 N565 OHL_70 92.40
N322 OHL_150 94.74 N327 OHL_150 94.74


57



Table 3-3 Underground Cables Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV MV)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
N130 UC_120_CU 91.44 N137 UC_95 90.17
N150 UC_185_AL 87.99 N257 UC_95_CU 96.12
N153 UC_185 87.86 N490 UC_95_AL 96.12
N154 UC_185 87.76 N492 UC_95_AL 96.08
N155 UC_185 87.65 N493 UC_95_AL 95.88
N156 UC_185 87.63 N494 UC_95_AL 95.87
N158 UC_185 87.62 N495 UC_95_AL 95.75
N157 UC_185 87.56 N496 UC_95_AL 95.61
N159 UC_185 87.49 N497 UC_50_CU 95.33
N160 UC_185 87.49 N498 UC_35_CU 95.32
N161 UC_185 87.45 N499 UC_50_CU 95.23
N162 UC_185 87.44 N500 UC_50_CU 95.23
N163 UC_185 87.43 N502 UC_35_CU 95.19
N164 UC_185 87.43 N506 UC_95_AL 95.27
N167 UC_185_AL 87.42 N507 UC_95_AL 95.26
N168 UC_185_AL 87.41 N508 UC_95_AL 95.25
N169 UC_185_AL 87.39 N509 UC_95_AL 95.24
N31 UC_35_CU 96.42 N519 UC_50_CU 96.07
N39 UC_95_CU 96.05 N522 UC_50_CU 96.00
N191 UC_95 93.08 N523 UC_50_CU 95.90
N197 UC_185_AL 91.50 N524 UC_50_CU 95.89
N198 UC_185_AL 91.49 N528 UC_95_CU 96.04
N199 UC_185 91.49 N530 UC_95_AL 94.78
N200 UC_185 91.46 N531 UC_95_AL 94.49
N201 UC_95 91.44 N532 UC_95_AL 94.48
N202 UC_185 91.43 N533 UC_95_AL 94.39
N210 UC_185 91.44 N537 UC_70_CU 94.44
N211 UC_185 91.40 N273 UC_185_AL 93.63
N212 UC_185 91.37 N275 UC_95_CU 93.60
N213 UC_185 91.34 N276 UC_95_AL 93.43
N214 UC_185 91.31 N492 UC_95_AL 96.08
N424 UC_50 89.28 N493 UC_95_AL 95.88
N281 UC_95_CU 93.12 N425 UC_50 89.24
N282 UC_35_CU 93.11 N426 UC_50 89.22
N326 UC_150_CU 92.39 N427 UC_50 89.14
N323 UC_150_CU 92.39 N406 UC_50 89.45
N295 UC_50_CU 92.26 N407 UC_50 89.45
N294 UC_50_CU 92.22 N408 UC_50 89.38
N293 UC_50_CU 92.24 N409 UC_50 89.38
N292 UC_50_CU 92.40 N410 UC_50 89.35
N300 UC_50_CU 92.17 N432 UC_35 91.59
(Continued)
58

Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
N301 UC_50_CU 92.08 N433 UC_35 91.58
N297 UC_50 92.13 N434 UC_35_CU 91.37
N298 UC_50 92.10 N435 UC_50_CU 91.32
N291 UC_50 92.08 N436 UC_50_CU 91.29
N566 UC_50_CU 91.99 N437 UC_50_CU 91.29
N367 UC_50 92.00 N438 UC_35_CU 91.25
N368 UC_35 91.81 N446 UC_35_CU 91.31
N369 UC_50 91.79 N447 UC_35_CU 91.31
N370 UC_50 91.69 N448 UC_35_CU 91.31
N371 UC_35 91.67 N452 UC_50_AL 92.38
N372 UC_35_CU 91.66 N453 UC_50_CU 91.86
N373 UC_50_CU 92.03 N454 UC_35_CU 91.85
N374 UC_50_CU 92.02 N455 UC_35_CU 91.85
N375 UC_50_CU 92.25 N456 UC_50_CU 91.50
N387 UC_50 92.24 N457 UC_50_CU 91.42
N388 UC_35 92.18 N458 UC_50_CU 91.36
N392 UC_50 92.17 N459 UC_95_CU 91.34
N393 UC_50 89.79 N474 UC_35_CU 91.42
N394 UC_50 89.77 N475 UC_35_CU 91.38
N395 UC_50 89.56 N476 UC_35_CU 91.36
N401 UC_50 89.47 N469 UC_50_CU 92.30
N402 UC_50 89.41 N470 UC_50_CU 91.94
N403 UC_50 89.40 N471 UC_50_CU 91.81
N404 UC_50 93.12 N472 UC_50_CU 91.80
N405 UC_50 93.11 N483 UC_50_CU 91.81


3.1.2 Overloaded Feeders
Simulation results of the North substation in the Kabul power distribution system
with 15 kV medium voltage shows that six out 11 main feeders have overloaded
conditions. One should remember that this over load conditions happens at some parts of
the mentioned feeders. Since the feeders are composed of several pieces with different
sizes and lengths, the results are noted separately for each section of the feeders. Notice
that overload condition is a condition in which the amount of current flowing through a
conductor exceeds its capacity. For example, a conductor has 100 A capacity; when the
current flowing through this conductor exceeds 100 A, it is considered to be overloaded.
It is worth mentioning that because of higher current density in overloaded feeders
sections they are heated up and temperature of the sections go up; as a consequence of
higher temperature, the resistance of conductor in the feeders sections increases and
59

causes more voltage drop in that sections. Even high temperature can burn the insulators
of underground cables and can break overhead lines and cause outages.
Assuming a balanced load, feeder 512 carries 217.5 A current; therefore, the first
portion of this feeder (section connected to the North substation) is under normal
conditions, because this section is 185 mm
2
aluminum conductor underground cable with
270 A capacity
12
. The length of this section is 80m. Second section of the feeder 512 is
70 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines, which has 4400 m length and 162 A capacity.
This section of the feeder 512 is under overloaded conditions. Four other sections of this
feeder are also under overloaded conditions because they have the same conductor as the
second section of the feeder. The severest overloaded condition in the feeder 512 is
134.26% of the conductor capacity and it occurs at the second section of the feeder. The
least overloaded condition is 119% of the conductor capacity and it occurs at the fifth
section of the feeder 512.
Magnitude of current flowing through feeder 516 is 341.4 A at the beginning end
of it. While the first section of this feeder is 185 mm2 aluminum conductor underground
cable, which has 80m length and 270 A capacity. Second section of the feeder 516 is 150
mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines, which has 950 m length and 255 A capacity. Third
section of this feeder is 120 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines and it has 4700 m
length and 219 A capacity. Fourth section of the feeder 516 has the same characteristics
as the third section, but it has 1000 m length. Magnitude of current flowing through this
section is 275.6 A. The last overloaded section in this feeder is 120 mm
2
ACSR
conductor. It has 2050 m length and 219 A capacity. The current flowing through this
section has 240 A magnitude.
Considering the flowing currents through different parts of the feeder 516, the
highest abnormality, from overload perspective, is 148.5% of the conductor capacity and
it occurs at the second section of the feeder. The lowest abnormality is 109.59% of the
conductor capacity and it occurs at the fifth section of the feeder 516.

12
Capacity of the conductors has been calculated by CYMDIST, which is 60% of the capacity noted in
earlier sections for conductors.
60

Feeder 517, connecting the North substation to the junction station 12, has four
sections, which have over load conditions. The first section of this feeder is 185mm
2

aluminum conductor underground cable. It has 100m length and 270 A capacity. Second
section of the feeder 517 is 120 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines. It has 5650 m
length and 219 A capacity. Third section of this feeder is 150 mm
2
ACSR conductor
overhead lines, which has 1800m length and 255A capacity. Magnitude of current
flowing from first and second section of the feeder 517 is 259.3 A.
Considering the description of this feeder, only the second section of it is under
overload conditions. The level of the abnormality in the feeder 517 is 118.4% of the
conductor capacity.
One of the two feeders connecting the North substation to the junction station two
is feeder 515. This feeder is composed of three sections from which the first and second
sections have overload conditions. The first section (connected to the North substation) is
aluminum conductor 185 mm
2
underground cable. This cable has 150 m length and 270
A capacity. Second section of the feeder 515 is 70 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines,
which has 2700 m length and 162 A capacity. The last section of this feeder is 150 mm
2

copper conductor underground cable. This section of the feeder 515 has 2630m length
and 360 A capacity. Magnitude of current passing through this feeder is 353.4 A.
Based upon the description above, the first section of the feeder 515 is under
overload conditions with a level of 130.85% of the conductor capacity. Likewise, the
second section of the feeder is under overload conditions with the level of 218.15% of the
conductor capacity. It is worth mentioning that 218.15% overload is the highest overload
level in the North substation in case of 15 kV MV.
Second feeder connecting the North substation to the junction station two is
feeder 518. This feeder is composed of three sections that have overload conditions.
Besides, one sub-feeder associated with this feeder is under overload conditions. Similar
to the feeder 515, the first section of the feeder 518 is 185mm
2
aluminum conductor
underground cable, which has 150m length and 270 A capacity. Second section of this
feeder is 150 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines, which has 2700 m length and 255 A
capacity. Third section of the feeder 518 is 150mm
2
copper conductor underground cable.
61

This cable has 2630 m length and 368 A capacity. The overloaded sub-feeder is 50mm
2

copper conductor underground cable, which has 2500 m length and 199.8 A capacity.
Magnitude of current in the first and second section of the feeder 518 is 448.5 A and
magnitude of current in the overloaded sub-feeder is 215.4 A.
Based upon the feeder 518 and its load description, the highest level of overload
condition is 179.3% of the conductor capacity. This abnormality occurs at the second
section of the feeder. The lowest level of the overload condition is 110.0% of the
conductor capacity and it occurs at the sub-feeder associated with the feeder 518.
Finally, feeder 529 that connects the North substation to the junction station five
is also under overload conditions. This feeder is composed of four different sections. The
first section of the feeder 529 is 185 mm
2
aluminum underground cable, which has 80 m
length and 270 A capacity. Second section of this feeder is 150 mm
2
ACSR conductor
overhead lines, which has 2450 m length and 255 A capacity. Third section of the feeder
529 is 95 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead lines. This section has 350 m length and 198 A
capacity. The last section of the feeder 529 is 95 mm
2
copper conductor underground
cable, which has 50 m length and 290.7 A capacity. Magnitude of current passing
through this feeder is 337.9 A in the first and second sections. Magnitude of current in the
third section and fourth section are 321.4 A and 318 A respectively.
Considering the description of the feeder 529, the highest overload level is
162.32% of the conductor capacity, which occurs at the third section of the feeder. The
lowest level of the overload is 109.39% of the conductor capacity, which occurs at the
last overloaded section of the feeder 529.
Detailed information about overloaded feeders, in the North substation, is
illustrated in Table 3-4. This table does not show the feeder sections that have normal
conditions, from overload conditions perspective. One should note that, 29990 m
13
of
feeders is overloaded in 15 kV MV scenario. The highest value of the overload is
218.15% of the conductors capacity.


13
This length is just to compare with the length of the overloaded feeders in 20 kV scenario. The total
length of the feeders in the North substation has not been calculated.
62



Table 3-4 Overloaded Feeder Sections in the North Substation
Feeder Section
Number
Conductor
Type
Line
Type
Length
(m)
Size
(mm
2
)
Capacity
(Amp)

Current
(Amp)
Over
Load
(%)
512 2
nd

3
rd

4
th

5
th

ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
OH
OH
OH
OH
1100
2300
400
700
70
70
70
70
162
162
162
162
217.5
209.4
201.1
192.8
134.26
129.26
118.99
114.10
516 1
st

2
nd

3
rd

4
th

5
th

6
th

Al
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
ACSR
UG
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
80
950
4700
1000
800
1300
185
150
120
120
120
120
270
255
219
219
219
219
341.4
341.5
325.2
275.6
240.0
240.0
126.44
133.88
148.49
125.86
109.59
109.59
517 2
nd
ACSR OH 5650 120 219 259.3 118.40
515 1
st

2
nd

Al
ACSR
UG
OH
100
2700
185
70
270
162
353.3
353.3
130.85
218.15
518 1
st

2
nd

3
rd

4
th

Al
ACSR
Cu
Cu
UG
OH
UG
UG
100
2700
2630
2500
185
150
150
50
270
255
368
199.8
448.5
448.5
445.2
215.5
166.11
175.88
120.98
107.86
529 1
st

2
nd

3
rd

4
th

Al
ACSR
ACSR
Cu
UG
OH
OH
UG
100
2500
350
30
185
150
95
95
270
255
198
290.7
337.9
337.9
321.4
318.0
125.15
132.51
162.32
109.39


3.1.3 Losses, Under-voltage, and Overload Summary
Considering 15 kV MV, the North substation in the Kabul power distribution
system can supply 74550.70 kVA with 89.41% PF. Therefore, real power and reactive
power are 66656.81 kW and 33386.76 kVA respectively. On the other hand, capacitance
of the conductors is 2029.10 kVAR. Used load in the North substation, according to the
CYMDIST simulation is 70773.50 kVA with 89.48 PF, which results 63329.05 kW real
power and 31596.20 kVAR reactive power in the network. Taking capacitance of the
conductors into account, the total loss of the network is 5065.89 kVA with 65.69% PF,
which results 3327.71 kW real power loss and 3819.63 kVAR reactive power loss. Figure
3-1 shows a map of the North substation with the results of the system simulation in case
of 15 kV MV. Notice that in color print, the dark green lines (in black and white print
63

dark thick lines) show overloaded feeders sections, orange lines (in black and white print
light thick lines) show sections having under-voltage conditions, and light green lines (in
black and white print light thin lines) show sections having normal conditions. Table 3-5
shows a brief description of the network power loss.
For cost calculation of the distribution system power loss, exact energy
consumption for a period of time is needed. Therefore, because there is not such a data
available (see section 5.2 for details), cost of power loss has been calculated based on the
possible maximum annual energy consumption in the North substation by the software.
Cost of the loss based upon an average of $0.12/kWh cost for electricity, for the North
substation with 15 kV MV is $3,497,150/year
14
. Although this is not actual value of
the loss and its cost this cost can be an indicator for comparison of the loss in 15 kV and
20 kV MVs scenarios.


Figure 3-1 The North Substation Map with 15 KV Simulation Results.




14
This annual loss cost is simply a multiplication of total power loss and number of hours in one year
period.
64

Table 3-5 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 15 kV MV
Type Real Power
(kW)
Reactive Power
(kVA)
Apparent Power
(kVA)
PF (%)
Power from Source 66656.81 33386.76 74550.70 89.41
Load Used 63329.05 31596.20 70773.50 89.48
Conductor Capacitance -- 2029.10 -- -90
Losses 3327.71 3819.63 5065.89 65.69


From abnormal conditions perspective, there are 721 feeder sections, spot loads,
and nodes that have under-voltage conditions, from which 194 are feeder sections
including overhead lines and underground cables. In the severest case, the level of the
voltage is 87.39% of the base voltage (230 V). Beside the under-voltage conditions, there
are 21 feeder sections that have overloaded conditions. With 15 kV MV, there is no over-
voltage case in the network. Summary of extreme abnormal conditions, assuming
balanced system, is show in Table 3-6 (for more details, see Table 3-1 and Table 3-4).

Table 3-6 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 15 kV MV
Phase Section ID
In CYMDIST
Overload
%
Section ID
In CYMDIST
Under-voltage
%
A N325 218.14 N169 87.39
B N325 218.14 N169 87.39
C N325 218.14 N169 87.39


3.1.4 Abnormal Conditions with 50 MVA
Applying 50 MVA for the North substation simulation, four feeders sections
remains overloaded with the highest amount of 144.2% of conductors capacity. While in
case of loads allocated based on the North substation nominal capacity, 21 feeders
sections are overloaded with the highest amount of 218.15% of the conductor capacity.
With 50 MVA allocated source load, 137 out of 229 loads have under-voltage conditions
with the lowest level of 91.74% of the base voltage. From feeder section perspective, 33
overhead lines sections and 117 underground cable sections have under-voltage
conditions with 50 MVA allocated loads. Yet, 62 overhead lines sections and 132
underground cables sections have under-voltage conditions with loads allocated based on
65

nominal capacity of the North substation. Power loss in the MV transmission lines is
3.3% of the supplied power by the North substation if 50 MVA is allocated for the load,
which is 64.1% of the power loss in case of loads allocated based on the substation
nominal capacity.

3.2 Simulation Results with 20 kV MV
3.2.1 Levels of Under Voltage
3.2.1.1 At Feeders
Considering 230 V base voltage line to the ground, simulation results of the North
substation in the Kabul distribution system with 20 kV MV shows that 120 loads
(transformers), out of 229, have under-voltage conditions and 141 loads, out of 229, have
normal conditions. When voltage level, at a load or a section drops below 97% of the
base voltage, it is considered under-voltage conditions.
From voltage drop perspective, only two main feeders have under-voltage
conditions in case of 20 kV MV. Beside these two feeders, some other loads attached to
the far ends of three other feeders have under-voltage conditions. One should note that
under-voltage occurs mostly at loads attached to the outgoing feeders of the junction
station two, in case of 20 kV MV.
Eight residential loads, three governmental loads, and four hospital loads,
attached to the feeder 512, have under-voltage conditions (see Figure 2-1 for feeder 512
and loads attached to it). The lowest level of the voltage occurs at the transformer of
Ministry of health, which is 95.91% of the base voltage. The highest level of the voltage,
at loads that have under-voltage conditions, is 96.7% of the base voltage (230 V). The
total connected load served in under-voltage conditions by feeder 512 is 10.76 MVA.
Among loads attached to the feeder 518, only one load, having shorter distance to
the North substation, is under normal conditions. The remaining loads attached to the
feeder 518 and its associated sub-feeders have under-voltage conditions. Feeder 518 and
its associated sub-feeders feed 17 residential loads, 39 governmental loads, and three
hospital loads in under-voltage conditions. Ministry of communication has the lowest
66

level of the voltage; level of the voltage at this load is 94.48% of the base voltage. The
highest level of the voltage at the loads attached to the feeder 518 and its associated sub-
feeders is 96.04% of the base voltage. The total connected load attached to the feeder
518, in under-voltage condition is 29.51 MVA (For load details, see Figure 2-6).
All of the loads attached to the feeder 515 have under-voltage conditions. Loads
served by this feeder are composed of three residential loads and four governmental load.
The lowest level of the voltage occurs at the governmental load (Matbah Urdu); which is
95.96% of the base voltage (230 V). While the highest level of the voltage, at loads
attached to the feeder 515 is 96.00% of the base voltage. The connected loads, having
under-voltage conditions, attached to this feeder is 3.49 MVA (For the load details, see
Figure 2-7).
Among the loads attached to the feeder 516, only one residential load, closed to
the North substation, is under normal conditions with 99.26% of the base voltage. The
rest of the loads have under-voltage conditions; from which 15 loads are residential and
nine loads are governmental. The highest level of the voltage, in under-voltage conditions
in this feeder is 95.57% of the base voltage; while the lowest level of the voltage (the
lowest level of the voltage in the North substation) occurs at a residential load (Shash
Darak) attached to a sub-feeder associated with the feeder 516. This lowest level of the
voltage is 93.48% of the base voltage (230 V). The total connected load attached to the
feeder 516 and its associated sub-feeders, with under-voltage conditions, is 15.38 MVA
(See Figure 2-9, for loads locations and details).
As in 15 kV MV, all of the loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-
feeders have under-voltage conditions; but the levels of under-voltage are different. The
feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders feed 13 residential loads and four governmental
loads. Two residential transformers (#16 1 & 2) in Macrorayon have the lowest voltage
level, which is 95.43% of the base voltage; while the highest level of the voltage at the
loads attached to the feeder 517 and its associated sub-feeders is 96.35% of the base
voltage. The total under-voltage connected load attached to the feeder 517 and its
associated sub-feeders is 10.49 MVA (for loads locations and details, see Figure 2-10).
67

Table 3-7 contains compact description of feeders having under-voltage
conditions in the North substation in case of 20 kV MV. Notice that this table does not
contain feeders 511, 513, 519, 520, 514, 526, 528, 529, and their associated sub-feeders,
because the loads attached to them have normal conditions (the levels of the voltages at
the loads attached to the mentioned feeders are over 97% of the base voltage).

Table 3-7 Feeder Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV)
Number Feeder Load
type
Number
of Loads
(out of)
Lowest
Voltage
Level (%)
Connected
Load (KVA)
(out of)
1 512 Residential
Governmental
Hospital
8 (11)
3 (5)
4(4)
--
95.91
--
10,760
(13,220)
2 518 Residential
Governmental
Hospital
17 (17)
39 (40)
2 (2)
--
94.48
--
29,510
(29,670)
3 515 Residential
Governmental
3 (3)
4 (3)
--
95.87
3,490
(3,490)
4 516 Residential
Governmental
14 (15)
9 (9)
93.48
--
14,580
(15,380)
5 517 Residential
Governmental
13 (13)
4 (4)
95.39 10,490
(10,490)
Total 5 120 68,830


3.2.1.2 At Sections
The network simulation results, considering a base voltage of 230 V line to
neutral and 20 kV medium voltage, show that 128 sections of the feeders and sub-feeders
have under-voltage conditions. From these sections, 25 sections are overhead lines and
remaining 103 sections are underground cables sections. With 20 kV MV, the level of the
voltage, in under-voltage sections, differs from 93.47% of the base voltage to 96.7% of
the base voltage. Again, the voltage level over 97% of the base voltage is considered
normal conditions. Table 3-8 and Table 3-9 show compact detail of the sections that have
under-voltage conditions.

68

Table 3-8 Overhead Lines Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
N132 OHL_120 95.62 N125 OHL_95 95.62
N129 OHL_95 95.57 N131 OHL_95 95.57
N133 OHL_95 95.59 N134 OHL_120 94.96
N135 OHL_95 94.92 N136 OHL_95 94.91
N147 OHL_120 94.51 N148 OHL_120 93.80
N165 OHL_50 93.49 N166 OHL_95 93.50
N186 OHL_120 96.37 N187 OHL_120 96.36
N188 OHL_95 96.36 N189 OHL_120 96.32
N190 OHL_120 96.30 N196 OHL_150 95.52
N277 OHL_95 96.54 N278 OHL_95 96.51
N279 OHL_50 96.50 N563 OHL_95 96.44
N564 OHL_70 96.12 N565 OHL_70 96.07
N325 OHL_70 96.96


Table 3-9 Underground Cable Sections Having Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV MV)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
N130 UC_120_CU 95.57 N137 UC_95 94.92
N150 UC_185_AL 93.79 N257 UC_95_CU 96.12
N153 UC_185 93.73 N154 UC_185 93.67
N155 UC_185 93.61 N156 UC_185 93.60
N158 UC_185 93.60 N197 UC_185_AL 95.48
N157 UC_185 93.57 N198 UC_185_AL 95.47
N159 UC_185 93.53 N199 UC_185 95.47
N160 UC_185 93.53 N200 UC_185 95.46
N161 UC_185 93.51 N201 UC_95 95.44
N162 UC_185 93.50 N202 UC_185 95.44
N163 UC_185 93.50 N210 UC_185 95.45
N164 UC_185 93.50 N211 UC_185 95.43
N167 UC_185_AL 93.49 N212 UC_185 95.41
N168 UC_185_AL 93.49 N213 UC_185 95.39
N169 UC_185_AL 93.48 N214 UC_185 95.38
N191 UC_95 96.32 N273 UC_185_AL 96.70
N275 UC_95_CU 96.69 N281 UC_95_CU 96.43
N276 UC_35_AL 96.60 N282 UC_35_CU 96.43
N323 UC_150_CU 96.07 N406 UC_50 94.52
N326 UC_150_CU 96.07 N407 UC_50 94.52
N295 UC_50_CU 96.00 N408 UC_50 94.48
N294 UC_50_CU 95.97 N409 UC_50 94.48
N293 UC_50_CU 95.98 N410 UC_50 94.46
N292 UC_50_CU 96.07 N432 UC_35 95.64
(Continued)
69

Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
Section
Number
Conductor
Size and ID
Voltage
(%)
N300 UC_50_CU 95.94 N433 UC_35 95.64
N301 UC_50_CU 95.90 N434 UC_35_CU 95.53
N297 UC_50 95.92 N435 UC_50_CU 95.50
N298 UC_50 95.90 N436 UC_50_CU 95.49
N291 UC_50 95.90 N437 UC_50_CU 95.49
N566 UC_50_CU 95.90 N438 UC_35_CU 95.46
N367 UC_50 95.86 N446 UC_35_CU 95.50
N368 UC_35 95.85 N447 UC_35_CU 95.50
N369 UC_50 95.86 N448 UC_35_CU 95.49
N370 UC_50 95.76 N452 UC_50_AL 96.06
N371 UC_35 95.76 N453 UC_50_CU 95.78
N372 UC_35_CU 95.75 N454 UC_35_CU 95.78
N373 UC_50_CU 95.70 N455 UC_35_CU 95.78
N374 UC_50_CU 95.68 N456 UC_50_CU 95.59
N375 UC_50_CU 95.68 N457 UC_50_CU 95.55
N387 UC_50 95.88 N458 UC_50_CU 95.52
N388 UC_35 95.78 N459 UC_95_CU 95.51
N392 UC_50 96.00 N474 UC_35_CU 95.55
N393 UC_50 95.99 N475 UC_35_CU 95.53
N394 UC_50 95.95 N476 UC_35_CU 95.52
N395 UC_50 95.95 N469 UC_50_CU 96.02
N401 UC_50 94.70 N470 UC_50_CU 95.83
N402 UC_50 94.69 N471 UC_50_CU 95.76
N403 UC_50 94.58 N472 UC_50_CU 95.75
N404 UC_50 94.53 N483 UC_50_CU 95.76
N405 UC_50 94.50 N425 UC_50 94.41
N411 UC_50 94.49 N426 UC_50 94.40
N424 UC_50 94.43 N427 UC_50 94.35


3.2.2 Overloaded Feeders
In case of applying 20 kV MV, results of simulation of the North substation in the
Kabul power distribution system show that five sections of main feeders, 516, 515, 518,
and 529 have overloaded conditions. These overload conditions occur only at one section
of the feeders 515, 516, and 529. In addition, two sections of the feeder 518 have
overload conditions. The rest of the feeder sections in the network have normal
conditions. Remember that, when the amount of current flowing through a conductor
exceeds its capacity, the conductor is considered overloaded.
At the beginning end of the feeder 516, magnitude of current flowing through it is
240A. Considering the characteristics of the feeder 516 in section 4.1.2, and the flowing
70

currents through different parts of it, from overload perspective, only the third section of
this feeder is overloaded. Magnitude of current at the first and second sections is 240 A
and it is 227.9 A in third section. Since third section of the feeder 516 is 120 mm
2
ACSR
conductor, which has 4700 m length and 219 A capacity, it is overloaded. The level of
this overload conditions is 104.41% of the rated capacity of conductor. The remaining
parts of the feeder 516 have normal conditions.
Considering characteristics of the feeder 515 (see section 4.1.2 for details), only
second section of this feeder is under overloaded conditions. Magnitude of current
passing through first three sections of this feeder is 248.9 A. While the second section of
the feeder is 70 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead line, which has 162 A capacity and 2700
m length. Therefore, the second section of the feeder 515 is overloaded with a level of
153.62% of the conductor capacity. The rest of the feeder sections have normal
conditions.
The first two sections of the feeder 518 are also overloaded. Magnitude of current
flowing through first and second sections of the feeder 518 is 315.9 A. While capacity of
the first and second sections conductors are 270 A and 255 A respectively (for more
details, see section 4.1.2). Thus, based upon the feeder 518 and its load descriptions, the
level of overload condition is 117.00% and 124% of the conductor capacity. Remaining
sections of this feeder and its associated sub-feeders have normal conditions.
Ultimately, third section of the feeder 529 has also overload conditions. This
section is 95 mm
2
ACSR conductor overhead line, which has 350m length and 198 A
capacity (see section 4.1.2, for details of the feeder 529). Magnitude of current passing
through the overloaded section is 230.9 A; therefore, the level of overload is 116.62% of
the conductor capacity. Remaining sections of the feeder 529 and its associated sub-
feeders have normal conditions.
Table 3-10 shows overloaded feeder sections in the North substation. The feeder
sections that have normal conditions are not included in this table. In 20 kV MV scenario,
10600 m feeders are in overloaded conditions; but the highest overload value is 153.62%
of the conductors capacity that is 70% of highest overload value in 15 kV scenario.

71


Table 3-10 Overloaded Feeder Sections in the North Substation
Feeder Section
Number
Conductor
Type
Line
Type
Length
(m)
Size
(mm
2
)
Capacity
(Amp)

Current
(Amp)
Over
Load
(%)
516 3
rd
ACSR OH 4700 120 219 227.9 104.07
515 2
nd
ACSR OH 2700 70 162 248.9 153.62
518 1
st

2
nd

AL
ACSR
UC
OH
150
2700
185
150
270
255
315.8
315.8
116.96
123.86
529 3
rd
ACSR OH 350 95 198 230.9 116.62


3.2.3 Losses, Under-voltage, and Overload Summary
If 20 kV is applied as MV in the North substation, the source supplies 71451.80
kVA with 90.98% power factor. Of course this apparent power and power factor results
65008.62 kW real power and 29651.97 kVAR reactive power. CYMDIST simulation
results show 70773.60 kVA apparent power with 89.48% PF used power, which results
633329.18 kW real power and 31596.16 kVAR reactive power. Considering 3869.98
kVA conductors capacitance, the total loss of the network is 1679.44 kW. Power factor
of the loss is 65.73%, which results 1925.77 kVAR reactive power loss and 2555.21 kVA
apparent power loss. Figure 3-2 illustrates abnormal conditions and the area where
abnormal conditions happen in the North substation in 20 kV scenario; again, in color
print, the dark green lines (in black and white print dark thick lines) show overloaded
feeders sections, orange lines (in black and white print light thick lines) show sections
having under-voltage conditions, and light green lines (in black and white print light thin
lines) show sections having normal conditions. Also one can see the description of
supplied power from the source and losses of the network in Table 3-11. Cost of the loss
considering an average of $0.12/kWh, is $1,765,120/year for the North substation of
the Kabul power distribution system. As mentioned in section 3.1.3, it is not actual value
of the cost of the annual loss of the North substation. It is the maximum possible value of
the loss in 20 kV MV case calculated by the software. CYMDIST assumes that the
system is operated at its maximum capacity during the year. One should remember that
the cost is obtained only in order to compare the loss in 15 kV and 20 kV MVs scenarios.
72




Figure 3-2 The North Substation Map with 20 kV Simulation Results.

Table 3-11 Load and Losses Summary of the North Substation with 20 kV MV
Type Real Power
(kW)
Reactive Power
(kVA)
Apparent Power
(kVA)
PF
(%)
Power from Source 65008.62 29651.97 71451.80 90.98
Load Used 63329.18 31596.16 70773.60 89.48
Conductor Capacitance -- 3878.88 -- -90
Losses 1679.44 1925.77 2555.21 65.73


CYMDIST table for abnormal conditions shows that there are a total number of
five feeders sections that have overload conditions. Meanwhile, the table shows that 491
spot loads, and feeder sections have under-voltage conditions, from which 128 are feeder
and sub-feeders sections (for more details, see section 4.2.1.2). Similar to 15 kV MV,
there are no over-voltages in the network with 20 kV MV. Table 3-12 illustrates a
summary of extreme overload and under-voltage conditions, while the network has been
simulated with 20 kV MV considering balanced system.

73


Table 3-12 Summary of Extreme Abnormal Condition in the North Substation with 20 kV MV
Phase Section ID
In CYMDIST
Overload
%
Section ID
In CYMDIST
Under-voltage
%
A N325 153.62 N169 93.48
B N325 153.62 N169 93.48
C N325 153.62 N169 93.48


3.2.4 Abnormal Conditions with 50 MVA
Allocating 50 MVA for loads in the North substation, only one feeders section
remains overloaded with 106.1% of conductors capacity. While in case of loads
allocated based on the North substation nominal capacity, 7 feeders sections are
overloaded. In case of 50 MVA allocated load, 45 loads have under-voltage conditions.
Considering feeders sections, 13 overhead lines sections and 62 underground cable
sections have under-voltage conditions with allocating 50 MVA for loads. Yet, 27
overhead lines sections and 107 underground cables sections have under-voltage
conditions with loads allocated based on nominal capacity of the North substation. Power
loss in the MV transmission lines is 1.8% of the supplied power by the North substation
if 50 MVA is allocated for the loads; the loss is 2.8% of the supplied load in case of loads
allocated based on the substation nominal capacity. Comparing the results of 15 kV and
20 kV MVs levels, we can see that the power loss, in 20 kV scenario, is less than 55% of
the power loss in 15 kV scenario.

74

4 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Criteria for MV Application
A voltage level, in an electric power system, is considered applicable if it satisfies
the following criteria. 1) The voltage level application must be, technologically, feasible
[4]. 2) Its application must be economically acceptable [4]. 3) From quality point of view,
the system, with that level of the voltage, must have sufficient advantages. Meaning that,
the system losses, voltage quality, and system reliability must be optimum. Based upon
the above criteria, the existing MV (15 kV) in the North substation of the Kabul power
distribution system and 20 kV are evaluated as medium voltage level for the Kabul power
distribution system, and the results are discussed and compared. The 10 kV MV is not
evaluated in this research work because only one small substation (Pul-e-charkhi) in the
Kabul power distribution system serves with this voltage level. The Pul-e-charkhi
substation has 12.6 MVA capacity and covers a small portion of the Kabul power
distribution system containing the Kabul radio station and some villages near to it.

4.1.1 Technological Feasibility
Feasibility is a fundamental criterion for every technological aspect, which
depends on development of technology related to that aspect. Applying 20 kV as medium
distribution voltage was not feasible in the past; because manufacturing of electrical
equipment was challenging and expensive. Despite 20 kV, 15 kV and 10 kV were
applicable for medium voltage; thus the two levels of MV (15 kV and 10 kV) had been
applied in the Kabul power distribution system. Now, there is sufficient electrical
equipment available in the market for 20 kV [4]. It is also worth mentioning that 20 kV
has been applied, partially, in Breshna Kot and East substations as medium voltage in the
Kabul power distribution system [2]. However, there is no manufacturer of electrical
equipment for 15 kV and 20 kV MVs in Afghanistan, but the equipment can be imported
from neighboring countries. From the operation point of view, 20 kV is not extremely
different from 15 kV. Thus, it is possible to enhance the qualification of the technicians,
by short term training classes, to handle proper operation of the system with 20 kV. This
75

is achievable because capacity building of the staff (including technical and non-
technical) is one of the priority of the Ministry of Water and Power and DABM [1].

4.1.2 Economical Justification
In [4], it has been shown that 220 kV /110 kV/10 kV system is more expensive
than 220 kV /110 kV/20 kV, in the cases of overhead lines and underground cables
15
.
This result has been achieved by analysis based on minimal cost (for more details see
[4]). Although the Kabul power distribution system is a two stage system (considering
transmission level and feeder level) and it is not completely similar to the systems
evaluated in [4] still 110 kV/20 kV is economically justifiable for the following reasons:
The cost of the equipment for 20 kV is not much different (higher) than the cost of the
equipment for 15 kV. There is no difference between skilled and ordinary labor cost for
15 kV and 20 kV
16
. Based on the rehabilitation plan of the Kabul power distribution
system [1], the North substation needs to be upgraded. Remember that the present project
is not implemented in new areas; the feeders have been installed. Only some parts of the
medium voltage transmission lines need to be replaced and/or upgraded. According to
[4], the price of 20 kV equipments is in the range of 110% - 120% of 10 kV equipments;
while the cost of annual loss of 15 kV, in the North substation, is 198.125% of 20 kV cost
regardless of the load amount and conditions. Relying on the results obtained in
literature, one can infer that there will not be much difference between 15 kV and 20 kV
setting costs.


15
The costs of transmission lines are calculated based upon a unit length [3] (for example
$20000/km). Assuming same conditions (size and length of conductors, poles, topology of the area, and so
forth), because with higher voltage level more power is transmitted, the cost of the power transmitted
decreases. Therefore, the cost of transmission line is considered justifiable. Even for different conditions,
power transmission is cheaper with higher voltage level, if the voltage is technologically applicable.
However, the cost of transmission linens per unit length increases. For example, the cost of a low cost sub-
transmission line with wooden pole and 46 kV voltage level carrying 50MVA is perhaps $30000/km; in
this case, the cost of unit power is $0.60 per kVA-km [3]. Yet, it can be a double circuit 500 kV
transmission lines carrying 2000 MVA with $600000/km cost; in this case, the cost of unit power decreases
to $0.30 per kVA-km.
16
Even though there are some differences between skilled labors cost according to the standards it is not
considered in the Kabul work market.
76


4.1.3 Technical Advantages
The advantages of 20 kV medium voltage are as the followings: 1) Voltage drop
is reduced [4], which is the biggest problem in Kabul power distribution system. The
voltage drop reduction will be 75% in the case of raising the voltage from 10 kV to 20
kV, if the load is not changed. Due to this, we can show that if the voltage is raised from
15 kV to 20 kV, voltage drop decreases by 48.3%. 2) Since, current density is inversely
proportional to voltage level, the capability of the lines for power transfer gets higher [4].
As it has been shown in sections 3.1.3 and 3.2.3, maximum overload decreases to 70.40%
in case of 20 kV MV; meaning that the power transfer capacity of the conductors
increases by 30%. 3) If the voltage is kept constant, the radius of supplied power in
medium voltage will be increased, significantly. 4) Power loss reduction is also an
obvious consequence of higher voltage [4], because power is lost based on (I
2
R); while
current (I) is inversely proportional to voltage. 5) No-load losses of transformers, also,
decrease in the case of 20 kV compared to 10 kV and 15 kV. If an equivalent circuit
model of a transformer is studied, it will be seen that for higher voltage (if power is kept
constant) excitation admittance [15] decreases, which results higher excitation
impedance and therefore, no-load current is lowered. Again, based on (I
2
R), the lower
the current is the smaller the power losses will be. To find the no-load losses of a
transformer, one can conduct an open-circuit test [15] on a transformer (for details of
open-circuit test, see [15] chapter 2).

4.2 Analysis of Voltage Drop in the North Substation
In the following sections the effects of MV level, on the North substations, is
analyzed and discussed. Although power density in the North substation is not constant, it
may not exceed from 10 MW/km
2
. In any case, the reliability, power quality, and voltage
level will be affected by the level of medium voltage [4]. Therefore, two MV levels, 15
kV and 20 kV, are evaluated for the North substation of the Kabul power distribution
system.

77


4.2.1 Analysis of 15 kV MV
4.2.1.1 Voltage Drop
It has been shown in section 4.1.1.2 that 131 underground cable sections and 62
overhead line sections have under-voltage conditions when 15 kV MV is applied in the
North substation of the Kabul power distribution system. These sections are parts of eight
feeders and their associated sub-feeders, which feed 171 loads in the network. As it is
seen, considering 229 loads served by the North substation, 75.66% of the loads (based
on number of loads) in the network have under-voltage conditions. Taking amount of the
total allocated loads into account, 50.2145 MVA allocated loads in the network have
under-voltage conditions, which is 67.381% of the total load supplied from the North
substation. Figure 4-1 illustrates a histogram of the level of under-voltage conditions for
overhead line sections in the North substation with 15 kV MV, and Figure 4-2 shows a
histogram of the level of under-voltage conditions for underground cable sections.


Figure 4-1 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV).
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Histogram of Under-voltage Overhead Lines' Sections (15kV)
Voltage Level (%)
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

S
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
78



Figure 4-2 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (15 kV).

4.2.1.2 Voltage Profile
In general, the voltage profile along the feeders, in case of 15 kV MV has faster
rate of decrease; therefore, along feeders more voltage drop happens depending on
feeders length, size, current passing through it, and type of conductor. Since, the voltage
profile happens in similar manner at all feeders with either level of MVs (15 kV & 20
kV) regardless of appearance of the profile, only two feeders are chosen in order to
analyze the voltage profile at them. One should remember that these voltage profiles are
not the profile for feeders branches; rather they are the profile of the voltages along a
single path starting from the North substations and ending at the far end of the feeder.

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Histogram of Under-voltage Underground Cables' Sections (15)
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

S
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
Voltage Level (%)
79


Figure 4-3 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 15 kV MV.

Along the feeder 513, the voltage profile has a voltage drop rate of 2.62 V/km for
the first 1.03 km distance. The rate of voltage drop decreases to 1.67 V/km for the next
0.4 km distance; for next 2.85 km the rate of voltage drop is, approximately 1.6 V/km; for
next 0.8 km the rate of voltage drop is 1.12 V/km; for the next 1.25 km the rate of voltage
drop is, approximately, 0.51 V/km; and for the last 2.1 km distance the rate of voltage
drop is, approximately, 0.09 V/km. Figure 4-3 illustrates the voltage drop at the feeder
513 along a single path starting from the North substation and ending at the Ministry of
Transportation.
Along the feeder 516, the voltage drop has, approximately, 3.25 V/km rate of
decrease for the first 5.7 km distance. For next 3.35 km distance, the rate of voltage drop
is 2.81 V/km for the last 2.1 km distance, the rate of voltage drop is 0.48 V/km. Figure
4-4 shows rates of the voltage drop along the feeder 516, starting from the North
substation and ending at the Shash Darak residential transformer.

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513
Distance from the Source (m)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

L
e
v
e
l

(
V
)


15 kV
80



Figure 4-4 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 15 kV MV.

4.2.1.3 Power Losses
Based upon the simulation results by CYMDIST, the North substation, as source,
supplies 74550.70 kVA with 89.41% PF. Difference between magnitude of supplied
power and used power in the network is 3750.02 kVA, which is lost in the network. On
the other hand, due to smaller line capacitance, supplied power from the source has
smaller power factor. In addition, real power losses in the network is 3327.71 kW, which
makes 5.25% and apparent power losses is 5065.89 kVA that is 7.16% of the total used
power. It is worth mentioning that these losses are not including transformers, protection
devices, and secondary feeders losses. Because sum of secondary feeders, protection
devices, and distribution transformers losses is, usually, more than MV transmission
lines losses, the network power losses will exceed 10% of the used power, in case of 15
kV MV.

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516
Distance from the Source (m)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

L
e
v
e
l

(
V
)


15 kV
81


4.2.2 Analysis of 20 kV MV
The results of CYMDIST simulation in section 4.2.1.2 shows that 25 overhead
line sections and 103 underground cable sections have under-voltage conditions if 20 kV
MV is applied in the North substation. Considering number of loads in the network, 120
loads have under-voltage conditions that make 53.10% of the total loads (229 loads).
From amount perspective, 39.43 MVA (52.95%) of the total load supplied by the North
substation has under-voltage conditions. Beside these, the range of the voltage drop is not
wide (3.52%), considering 97% of the nominal base voltage as normal conditions. Notice
that the lowest level of the voltage level, in case of 20 kV MV is 93.48% of the base
voltage. Figure 4-5 and Figure 4-6 illustrate the histograms of overhead lines and
underground cables sections having under-voltage conditions, with 20 kV MV,
respectively.


Figure 4-5 Histogram of Overhead Lines Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV).

93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96 96.5 97
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Voltage Level (%)
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

S
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
Histogram of Under-voltage Overhead Lines' Sections (20kV)
82


Figure 4-6 Histogram of Underground Cable Sections under Under-voltage Conditions (20 kV).

4.2.2.1 Voltage Profile
Although the voltage profile along the feeder, with 20 kV MV, has similar shape
to the voltage profile in case of 15 kV MV, it has slower rate of decrease in case of 20 kV
MV. Because of the slower rate of decrease of voltage profile, amount of voltage drop
along the feeders is less than the same figure obtained in 15 kV scenario. In order to
analyze voltage profile in the North substation with 20 kV MV and compare them with
the profiles analyzed in case of 15 kV MV again feeder 513 and 516 are chosen.
Along the feeder 513, the voltage profile has a voltage drop rate of 1.111 V/km
for the first 1.03 km distance. For next 0.4 km the rate of voltage drop is 0.938 V/km; for
next 2.85 km the rate of voltage drop is 0.8 V/km; for next 0.8 km the rate of voltage
drop is 0.6 V/km; for next 1.25 km the rate of voltage drop is 0.3 V/km. for the last
2.1km distance, the rate of voltage drop is 0.05 V/km. for the voltage drop rate and
voltage profile along the feeder 513, starting the North substation and ending the Ministry
of Transportation, one can see Figure 4-7.
93 93.5 94 94.5 95 95.5 96 96.5 97
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Voltage Level (%)
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

S
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
Histogram of Under-voltage Underground Cables' Sections (20kV)
83



Figure 4-7 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513 in case of 20 kV MV.

Along the feeder 516, starting from the North substations and ending the Shash
Darak residential transformer, the voltage profile has the following characteristics: For
the first 5.7 km distance, the voltage profile has a voltage drop rate of, approximately,
1.75 V/km. the rate of voltage drop for the next 3.35 km is 1.32 V/km. for the last 2.7 km
distance the rate voltage drop is, approximately, 0.25 V/km. Figure 4-8 illustrates the
voltage profile and the rate of voltage drops along the feeder 516, in case of 20 kV MV.


0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513
Distance from the Source (m)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

L
e
v
e
l

(
V
)


20 kV
84


Figure 4-8 Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516 in case of 20 kV MV.

4.2.2.2 Power Losses
Simulation results of the North substation show that the North substation supplies
71451.08 kVA with 90.98% power factor. Yet, the used apparent power has almost the
same magnitude as it had in case of 15 kV MV. The used power in the network is
70773.60 kVA with 89.48% PF. In this case, the source supplies 4.1% lighter load than in
case of 15 kV MV, if 76000.00 kVA nominal power is considered for the North
substation. The network has slightly greater PF, because, the line capacitance, in case of
20 kV MV. Medium voltage transmission lines loss is 2555.21 kVA in magnitude with
65.73% PF that is 3.61% of the used apparent power in the network. Real power loss of
the lines is 1679.44 kW that is 2.65% of the real power used in the network. If it is
assumed that the sum of transformers and secondary feeders loss is 150% of the MV
transmission lines, still the total losses will be 6.625%.


0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516
Distance from the Source (m)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

L
e
v
e
l

(
V
)


20 kV
85

4.2.3 Summary of the Discussion
Studying the results of the simulation of the system by CYMDIST, in case of 15
kV MV, not only the number of loads having under-voltage conditions is large, but also
the lowest level of the voltage is very low compared to the same figures evaluated for 20
kV MV. The lowest level of the voltage with 20 kV MV is 93.48% of the base voltage;
while it is 87.39% in 15 kV MV scenario. Also if the level of the voltage is studied at
load points, the amount of voltage drop with 20 kV MV decreases to 51.70% of the
voltage drop level with 15 kV MV.
The voltage profiles along the feeders have faster rate of decrease (slope) in case
of 15 kV compared to the voltage profile in case of 20 kV; meaning that the slope of
voltage profile along the feeders with 15 kV MV is more than 150% of the slope with 20
kV MV (depending onto amount of the current flowing through the feeder). One can see
Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-10 for graphs of the voltage profile, and Table 4-1 for the slope of
voltage profiles along the sample feeders (513 and 516).


Figure 4-9 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
Voltage Profile along the Feeder 513
Distance from the Source (m)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

L
e
v
e
l

(
V
)


15 kV
20 kV
86



Figure 4-10 Graph of the Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516.

Table 4-1 Slope of the Voltage Profiles in sample feeders (513 and 516)
Feeder 15 kV MV 20 kV MV
Section
Number
Slope
(V/km)
Section
Number
Slope
(V/km)

513 1
st

2
nd

3
rd

4
th

5
th
6
th

2.62
1.67
1.6
1.12
0.51
0.09
1
st

2
nd

3
rd

4
th

5
th
6
th

1.11
0.938
0.80
0.60
0.3
0.05
516 1
st

2
nd

3
rd

3.25
2.81
0.48
1
st

2
nd

3
rd

1.75
1.32
0.25


In addition, more feeders sections are overloaded in case of 15 kV MV compared
to 20 kV MV; meaning that conductors have higher capability of power transfer with 20
kV MV. With 15 kV MV, 24450 m overhead line feeders and 5540 m underground cable
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
Voltage Profile along the Feeder 516
Distance from the Source (m)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

L
e
v
e
l

(
V
)


15 kV
20 kV
87

feeders are overloaded; the highest overload value is 218.15% of the conductors
capacity. While, in case of 20 kV MV, 10450 m overhead line feeders and 150 m
underground cable feeders are overloaded. The highest overloaded value, in this scenario,
is 153.62% of the conductors capacity. Besides the decreasing of the overloaded feeders,
in 20 kV scenario, power loss decreases to 50.1% of the power loss in case of 15 kV MV.
Results of simulation in case of 50 MVA allocated load for the North substation
shows that, in 15 kV MV scenario four feeders sections are overloaded. The worst
overloaded condition is 144.2% of the conductors capacity. In 20 kV MV only one
feeder section remains overloaded with 106.1% of the conductors capacity. Likewise,
with 15 KV MV, 150 overhead and underground feeders sections have under-voltage
conditions. The lowest under-voltage is 91.74% of the base voltage (230 V). Whereas,
with 20 kV MV 75 overhead lines and underground cable sections have under-voltage
conditions with the lowest level of 95.65% of the base voltage. Power loss in MV
transmission lines is 3.3% of the supplied power from the source in 15 kV scenario; while
it is 1.8% of the supplied power in case of 20 kV medium voltage.
As the results of the simulation of the North substation by CYMDIST show,
compared to 20 kV medium voltage, 15 kV medium voltage has three main
disadvantages. 1) Capability of power transfer of the feeders with 15 kV MV is
significantly low. 2) Power loss (I
2
R) in the system with 15 kV MV is high. 3) Voltage
quality, the most important factor in the Kabul distribution system, is low and the voltage
drop is high; the rate of change of voltage profile with respect to distance is large.

88

5 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Power loss and voltage drop are two major concerns in the Kabul power system
that have been analyzed in the North substation with 15 kV and 20 kV MV levels by
CYMDIST software. The results of the studies conducted in this research show that the
Kabul power system not only has not had sufficient improvement since 1985, it has
suffered from bad maintenance and war conditions. In the Kabul power system,
distribution part of it has been affected more seriously compared to generation and
transmission parts. In addition, the demand for electric power has a rapid increasing rate
because of significant economic and population growth in the Kabul city. Based on this
increasing rate, the demand for electric power will exceed more than 200% in 2013
according to prediction of ministry of Energy and Water [1]. Hence, due to these
constraints and limitations, the Kabul power system, especially, distribution system does
not satisfy the increasing demands for electric power.
Although poor conditions of the distribution system causes low voltage quality and
higher power loss, in the Kabul distribution system, the level of the medium voltage also
has significant effects on the voltage quality and power loss. Therefore, in the North
substation with the existing MV (15 kV) a big part of the network (67.38%) have under-
voltage conditions with the lowest level of 87.39% of the base voltage; also a large
number of feeders sections are overloaded. As an effective factor to reduce the power
loss and voltage drop in the Kabul distribution system, 20 kV has been applied in the
North substation as MV and analyzed by CYMDIST software.
From the results of the system simulation with 15 kV MV and 20 kV MV by
CYMDIST, it is concluded that in case of 20 kV MV the North substation has lower
power loss and less voltage drop. In addition, the total loss, in MV transmission lines, is
5.25% of the total used real power with 15 kV; while the power loss is 2.65% of the total
used real power in the network in 20 kV scenario. Furthermore, the source supplies
74523.7 kVA in case of 15 kV; and supplied power in case of 20 kV is 71435.68 kVA,
89

which is 3088.02 kVA lighter
17
than supplied power in case of 15 kV MV. It is worth
mentioning that in both cases, 15 kV and 20 kV, second section of the feeder 515
(overhead lines 70 mm
2
ACSR conductor) is highly overloaded; therefore, the first
priority is thought to be upgrading of this section.
Applying 20 kV as medium voltage helps to decrease the power loss and voltage
drop in the medium voltage transmission lines. Hence, in order to enhance the efficiency
of the Kabul power distribution system, 20 kV is recommended for medium voltage;
because upgrading the MV level from 15 kV to 20 kV is highly effective and applicable
to achieve the goal of optimization of the power loss and voltage drop in the MV
transmission lines of the Kabul power distribution system.
Even though the research project in hand has been completed successfully there
were numerous limitations and obstacles in regard to measurements and data collecting
procedure. Because the project is located in the Kabul city, it was not physically
accessible to measure the exact location of the transformers. Meanwhile, the data sources
were not easily accessible. Thus, to collect the required data, several institutions and
individuals were contacted by electronic messages, which were a time consuming
process. In the other side, there was not a single source having all the required data.

5.2 Future Works
Due to improvements of life style and more usage of digital electronic devices, the
demand, for high quality power, has an increasing rate in the Kabul city. Hence, not only
power loss and voltage drop at the medium voltage level have been major problems but
also harmonics, short circuits, voltage sags, and outages are other crucial concerns for the
Kabul power distributions system; because digital electronic devices need high quality
power. On the other hand, they are causing more harmonics in the network. Besides
theses disturbance factors, serious attentions must be paid to power loss and voltage drop
at low voltage (LV) level in the Kabul power distribution system. In the reason that

17
The source supplies 4.1% smaller power in case of 20 kV MV; while the used power in the network is
the same in either scenarios
90

present power distribution system has high power loss and voltage drop because of long
transmission lines at low voltage.
Taking the above considerations into account, for the future short circuits,
harmonics, voltage sags, and other disturbance factors to the power quality must be
analyzed to achieve an optimum case for the Kabul power distribution system to meet the
demand for high quality power. In order for power loss and voltage drop optimization at
low voltage level, the performance of pole mount smaller size
18
distributions transformer
system versus pad mount distribution transformer system should be studied. Besides pole
mount transformers system, placing capacitor banks in the Kabul power distribution
system should be studied for reactive power compensation. Although the analysis could
be conducted by means of different software; CYMDIST could be a better option for this
purpose because it has variety of features for the distribution system simulation.
CYMDIST has been designed for distribution systems simulation purposes.
Economic analysis of the Kabul power distribution system is another important
research project for the future work. For the present project it was not possible to conduct
economic analysis for the network because of the following obstacles and preventing
limitations: economic analysis of the network needs very specific and detailed data, such
as equipment cost, transportation cost, labor cost, operating and maintaining cost, and so
on; whereas, mentioned data are not available. In addition the network has suffered from
civil war and significant parts of the network have been affected, and some of equipments
need to be replaced; therefore, specific survey is needed. At the present time, the project
is not accessible for required survey; hopefully it will be possible in the future.
Ultimately, to satisfy the demand for high quality power, the performance of the
Kabul power distribution system must be enhanced. Yet, to achieve this goal, power
quality disturbances such as harmonics, voltage sags, and outages must be studied and
analyzed and optimum case must be acquired. Also for power loss and voltage drop
minimization, the low voltage system with small size pole-mount transformers must be
evaluated. Besides the disturbance factors optimization and power loss and voltage drop

18
Distribution transformer with 60 kVA 200 kVA
91

minimization, precise economical analyzes will be required in order to have an
advantageous power distribution system.

92


REFERENCES

[1] Mir M. Sediq and R. Naeem, Power Sector Strategy for the Afghanistan National
Development Strategy, Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan,
Tech. Rep. (Draft), April 15, 2007.
[2] Advanced Engineering Associates, Inc. Kabul city medium voltage (MV) and low
voltage (LV) distribution system assessment study, AEAI Inc., Washington, DC
20036, USA, Tech. Rep., October 2007.
[3] H. L. Willis, Power distribution system planning reference book. CRC press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742, 2004.
[4] H. Liu, S. Ge, and X. Jiang, Research on voltage level configuration in medium
voltage network of new area, IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility
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[7] L. M. Faulkenberry and W. Coffer, Electrical power distribution and
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fuzzy multi-criteria decision making algorithm, Electrical Power Systems
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[9] M. W. Siti et al., Reconfiguration and load balancing in the LV and MV
distribution networks for optimal performance, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 2534-2540, Oct. 2007.
[10] F. Bignucolo et al., Radial MV networks regulation with distribution
management system coordinated controller, Electric Power System Research, 78
(2008) pp. 634-645.
93

[11] A. Augugliaro et al., Voltage regulation and power losses minimization in
automated distribution networks by an evolutionary multiobjective approach,
IEEE Transactions on Power System, vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 1516-1527, August 2004.
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on multiway principal component analysis, Electric Power System Research, 79
(2009) pp. 144-151.
[13] J. I. Garcia-Roman et al., Method of assessment of the state of chare and voltage
level in the electric power distribution network. Implementation in the
improvement of supply quality, Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 28 (2006),
pp. 496-502.
[14] S. W. Heunis and R. Herman, A probabilistic model for residential consumer
loads, IEEE Transactions on Power System, vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 621-625, August
2002.
[15] S. J. Chapman, Transformers, in Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 4
th
Ed.
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[16] R. Arora and T. McMahon, (2001). A case study on reliability improvement of 10
worst performing feeders in Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation (NMPC)
service territory. IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution [Online]. Available:
http://www.edist.ca/2003/presentations/Tom_McMahon-extra1-IEEE.pdf
[17] J. A. Peralta et al., Unbalanced multiphase load-flow using a positive sequence
load-flow program, IEEE Transactions on Power System, vol. 23, No. 2, pp.
469-476, May 2008.

94

APPENDIX-A: ABNORMAL CONDITIONS IN 15 kV SCENARIO

Detailed information of abnormal conditions in the North substations (15 kV MV)
Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph

Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N123 UC_185 Underground Cable 126.5 2581.4 1442.2 99.94
N124 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 133.9 2579.9 1441.9 98.61
N132 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 148.5 2432.1 1340.4 91.52
N125 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 25.1 353.0 175.2 91.47
N129 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 14.0 196.7 97.3 91.44
N130 UC_120_CU Underground Cable 4.3 98.3 48.3 91.44
N131 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 7.0 98.3 49.0 91.44
N133 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 11.1 156.1 77.8 91.46
N134 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 125.9 1949.8 985.6 90.26
N135 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 18.0 249.9 124.1 90.17
N136 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 13.5 187.3 93.4 90.17
N137 UC_95 Underground Cable 4.3 62.4 30.7 90.17
N147 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 109.6 1680.1 834.1 89.38
N148 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 109.6 1668.1 817.7 88.01
N150 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 73.9 1649.3 791.9 87.99
N153 UC_185 Underground Cable 76.8 1425.9 680.9 87.86
N154 UC_185 Underground Cable 71.5 1325.5 632.0 87.76
N155 UC_185 Underground Cable 66.1 1225.7 583.2 87.65
N156 UC_185 Underground Cable 11.8 218.6 105.8 87.63
N158 UC_185 Underground Cable 3.4 62.4 29.3 87.62
N157 UC_185 Underground Cable 47.5 880.7 415.5 87.56
N159 UC_185 Underground Cable 42.2 781.4 367.4 87.49
N160 UC_185 Underground Cable 2.1 39.0 18.6 87.49
N161 UC_185 Underground Cable 33.3 617.0 287.3 87.45
N162 UC_185 Underground Cable 10.7 196.7 97.6 87.44
N163 UC_185 Underground Cable 6.8 124.9 60.6 87.43
N164 UC_185 Underground Cable 3.4 62.4 30.8 87.43
N165 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 7.7 62.4 31.0 87.42
N166 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 14.2 196.8 80.9 87.44
N167 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 8.6 196.7 81.0 87.42
N168 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 8.7 196.7 86.4 87.41
N169 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 4.3 98.4 38.1 87.39
N23 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 78.4 966.4 478.4 96.93
N24 OHL_35 Overhead Lines 13.2 98.4 48.9 96.88
N26 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 70.3 858.4 422.0 96.64
N27 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 5.1 62.4 31.0 96.62
N29 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 65.2 793.8 389.3 96.47
N30 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 25.8 312.3 155.2 96.43
N31 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 19.6 249.8 124.0 96.42
N35 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 53.3 480.3 233.2 96.10
(Continued)
95

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph

Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N36 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 11.0 98.4 48.7 96.04
N38 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 42.3 380.2 183.8 96.06
N39 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 7.2 156.1 74.9 96.05
N41 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 24.9 224.0 108.9 95.81
N42 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 18.0 160.9 78.8 95.77
N43 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 11.0 98.3 49.0 95.76
N44 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 7.0 62.5 29.8 95.67
N45 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 5.2 62.5 30.7 95.63
N48 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 7.0 62.5 30.4 95.76
N49 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 7.0 62.5 30.8 95.73
N186 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 118.4 1970.6 1075.1 93.17
N187 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 17.3 274.9 135.8 93.16
N188 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 1.1 15.6 7.5 93.15
N189 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 10.2 160.9 79.2 93.08
N190 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 6.2 98.4 48.7 93.04
N191 UC_95 Underground Cable 4.2 62.4 30.9 93.08
N196 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 86.9 1596.8 803.5 91.58
N197 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 68.2 1578.5 772.8 91.50
N198 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 8.5 196.7 94.7 91.49
N199 UC_185 Underground Cable 5.1 98.3 48.0 91.49
N200 UC_185 Underground Cable 23.5 451.3 221.9 91.46
N201 UC_95 Underground Cable 13.4 196.7 96.2 91.44
N202 UC_185 Underground Cable 5.1 98.3 48.2 91.43
N210 UC_185 Underground Cable 43.3 830.9 409.9 91.44
N211 UC_185 Underground Cable 38.2 732.1 361.6 91.40
N212 UC_185 Underground Cable 31.7 606.9 300.0 91.37
N213 UC_185 Underground Cable 26.6 508.3 251.7 91.34
N214 UC_185 Underground Cable 21.4 409.8 203.4 91.31
N229 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 32.3 394.0 195.8 96.89
N230 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 21.8 197.0 97.5 96.76
N231 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 10.9 98.4 48.7 96.69
N232 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 35.7 322.7 160.1 96.75
N233 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 24.8 223.6 111.0 96.58
N234 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 10.9 98.3 49.0 96.56
N235 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 13.9 124.9 62.2 96.56
N254 UC_185 Underground Cable 125.1 2647.6 1245.8 99.94
N255 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 132.5 2646.2 1245.5 96.71
N256 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 162.3 2463.4 1084.4 96.15
N257 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 109.4 2427.1 1059.4 96.12
N490 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 5.8 98.3 46.8 96.12
N492 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 51.1 883.5 379.2 96.08
N493 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 47.5 820.6 349.4 95.88
N494 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 2.2 39.0 13.5 95.87
(Continued)
96

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph

Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N495 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 45.4 779.9 341.9 95.75
N496 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 38.1 653.9 283.9 95.61
N497 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 36.5 554.7 240.4 95.33
N498 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 1.9 25.0 9.2 95.32
N499 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 14.6 218.8 99.0 95.23
N500 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 4.2 62.5 29.3 95.23
N501 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 7.0 62.5 30.2 95.20
N502 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 5.0 62.4 30.5 95.19
N506 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 15.0 254.6 113.9 95.27
N507 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 11.4 192.0 88.9 95.26
N508 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 7.7 129.6 59.9 95.25
N509 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 1.8 31.2 12.8 95.24
N519 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 13.1 196.8 93.3 96.07
N522 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 21.2 322.2 144.0 96.00
N523 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 14.8 223.4 102.3 95.90
N524 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 8.4 124.9 61.6 95.89
N528 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 41.6 925.7 396.1 96.04
N529 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 47.5 925.0 399.6 95.20
N530 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 41.9 722.8 293.2 94.78
N531 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 27.2 469.9 183.4 94.49
N532 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 3.7 62.4 26.1 94.48
N533 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 9.1 156.2 60.6 94.39
N537 UC_70_CU Underground Cable 6.8 124.9 50.5 94.44
N258 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 2.8 25.0 11.9 96.13
N259 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 10.3 124.9 62.1 96.67
N263 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 134.3 1762.9 661.7 98.57
N265 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 129.3 1679.5 612.6 95.72
N266 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 7.0 62.4 31.1 95.70
N269 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 124.2 1575.4 545.6 95.23
N270 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 5.2 62.4 30.9 95.21
N271 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 119.0 1506.2 508.8 94.42
N272 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 90.7 1396.9 450.4 94.37
N273 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 55.2 1396.2 449.7 93.63
N275 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 59.2 1323.9 444.2 93.60
N276 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 76.3 1323.7 444.7 93.43
N277 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 80.3 1222.9 398.2 93.32
N278 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 10.5 149.9 74.2 93.27
N279 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 2.9 25.0 12.2 93.25
N563 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 70.0 1071.8 322.7 93.12
N281 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 4.6 98.3 45.7 93.12
N282 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 8.0 98.3 48.5 93.11
N564 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 77.3 971.7 275.1 92.50
N565 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 77.3 966.1 270.5 92.40
(Continued)
97

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph

Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N321 UC_185 Underground Cable 166.1 3268.7 2097.5 99.86
N322 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 175.9 3263.9 2095.8 94.74
N323 UC_150_CU Underground Cable 121.0 3126.5 1889.6 92.39
N295 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 28.0 308.6 324.0 92.26
N294 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 18.4 151.9 251.5 92.22
N293 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 21.6 343.7 12.8 92.24
N292 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 56.0 865.4 223.6 92.40
N300 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 25.0 365.6 159.6 92.17
N301 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 18.2 267.0 113.8 92.08
N297 UC_50 Underground Cable 23.6 339.3 164.1 92.13
N298 UC_50 Underground Cable 12.8 182.9 90.6 92.10
N291 UC_50 Underground Cable 2.6 39.0 12.8 92.08
N566 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 3.5 45.5 32.1 92.08
N367 UC_50 Underground Cable 67.2 971.9 456.5 92.00
N368 UC_35 Underground Cable 3.1 39.0 16.4 91.99
N369 UC_50 Underground Cable 2.1 31.2 13.9 92.00
N370 UC_50 Underground Cable 55.6 799.1 382.2 91.81
N371 UC_35 Underground Cable 5.1 62.4 30.1 91.81
N372 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 5.0 62.4 27.4 91.79
N373 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 25.2 361.1 172.5 91.69
N374 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 22.6 321.6 158.2 91.67
N375 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 11.3 160.8 79.1 91.66
N387 UC_50 Underground Cable 20.1 296.2 126.3 92.03
N388 UC_35 Underground Cable 8.1 98.3 47.8 92.02
N392 UC_50 Underground Cable 17.0 250.2 105.2 92.25
N393 UC_50 Underground Cable 17.2 249.9 114.0 92.24
N394 UC_50 Underground Cable 8.5 125.0 52.8 92.18
N395 UC_50 Underground Cable 4.3 62.4 30.0 92.17
N401 UC_50 Underground Cable 107.9 1569.8 713.1 89.79
N402 UC_50 Underground Cable 7.0 98.4 45.9 89.77
N403 UC_50 Underground Cable 97.1 1363.5 646.2 89.56
N404 UC_50 Underground Cable 94.9 1328.6 631.9 89.47
N405 UC_50 Underground Cable 40.4 567.9 261.7 89.41
N411 UC_50 Underground Cable 4.4 62.4 28.0 89.40
N424 UC_50 Underground Cable 27.0 380.2 172.8 89.28
N425 UC_50 Underground Cable 22.6 317.2 146.7 89.24
N426 UC_50 Underground Cable 18.2 254.6 117.6 89.22
N427 UC_50 Underground Cable 11.1 156.2 69.6 89.14
N406 UC_50 Underground Cable 9.2 129.6 61.0 89.45
N407 UC_50 Underground Cable 2.2 31.2 14.0 89.45
N408 UC_50 Underground Cable 38.2 531.4 260.7 89.38
N409 UC_50 Underground Cable 11.3 156.1 77.8 89.38
N410 UC_50 Underground Cable 22.5 312.3 154.2 89.35
(Continued)
98

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph

Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N432 UC_35 Underground Cable 49.5 620.4 262.4 91.59
N433 UC_35 Underground Cable 5.1 62.4 30.1 91.58
N434 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 34.5 427.5 183.4 91.37
N435 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 13.4 195.3 80.7 91.32
N436 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 9.1 132.7 53.9 91.29
N437 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 2.2 31.2 13.9 91.29
N438 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 5.0 62.5 23.2 91.25
N446 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 10.8 132.8 59.4 91.31
N447 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 2.6 31.2 14.4 91.31
N448 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 5.1 62.4 30.0 91.31
N452 UC_50_AL Underground Cable 3.4 39.0 17.0 92.38
N453 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 78.9 1141.7 537.6 91.86
N454 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 3.2 39.0 17.5 91.85
N455 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 8.1 98.3 48.5 91.85
N456 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 62.7 899.2 427.8 91.50
N457 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 38.8 551.8 269.1 91.42
N458 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 31.9 453.0 222.1 91.36
N459 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 18.9 390.3 193.0 91.34
N474 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 23.1 281.3 132.8 91.42
N475 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 12.8 156.2 73.4 91.38
N476 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 10.3 124.9 60.8 91.36
N469 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 37.7 549.1 249.1 92.30
N470 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 30.9 450.3 202.7 91.94
N471 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 22.6 325.1 153.9 91.81
N472 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 11.0 156.1 76.8 91.80
N483 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 2.7 39.0 18.9 91.81
N327 OHL_150 Conductor 1.3 25.0 12.4 94.74
N324 UC_185 Underground Cable 130.9 2876.0 1045.3 99.89
N325 OHL_70 Conductor 218.1 2873.0 1044.5 94.12
N326 UC_150_CU Underground Cable 96.0 2730.8 918.5 92.39











99


APPENDIX-B: ABNORMAL CONDITIONS IN 20 kV SCENARIO

Detailed information of abnormal conditions in the North substations (20 kV MV)
Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph
Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N132 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 104.1 2336.4 1170.1 95.62
N125 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 18.0 352.9 174.1 95.59
N129 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 10.0 196.7 96.4 95.57
N131 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 5.0 98.3 49.0 95.57
N133 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 8.0 156.1 77.8 95.59
N134 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 87.9 1919.9 912.1 94.96
N135 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 12.8 249.8 123.3 94.92
N136 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 9.6 187.3 93.4 94.91
N147 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 76.3 1660.4 776.3 94.51
N148 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 76.3 1654.6 769.1 93.80
N165 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 5.4 196.7 30.9 93.49
N166 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 9.7 62.4 63.1 93.50
N186 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 84.8 1912.0 970.9 96.37
N187 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 12.6 274.8 134.4 96.36
N188 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 0.8 15.6 7.2 96.36
N189 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 7.3 98.3 78.1 96.32
N190 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 4.5 160.8 48.3 96.30
N256 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 62.2 1586.5 772.0 95.52
N196 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 116.6 2448.8 933.9 98.00
N277 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 56.6 1200.4 346.0 96.54
N278 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 7.6 149.9 73.6 96.51
N279 OHL_50 Overhead Lines 2.1 25.0 11.9 96.50
N563 OHL_95 Overhead Lines 49.1 1049.9 271.9 96.44
N564 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 54.2 950.7 228.5 96.12
N565 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 54.2 947.9 227.0 96.07
N322 OHL_150 Overhead Lines 123.9 3176.0 1787.5 97.30
N325 OHL_70 Overhead Lines 153.6 2751.7 822.6 95.62
N132 OHL_120 Overhead Lines 104.1 2336.4 1170.1 96.97
N130 UC_120_CU Underground Cable 3.1 98.3 47.6 95.57
N137 UC_95 Underground Cable 3.1 62.4 30.4 94.92
N150 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 51.5 1645.5 757.7 93.79
N153 UC_185 Underground Cable 53.4 1422.2 647.2 93.73
N154 UC_185 Underground Cable 49.7 1322.9 600.2 93.67
N155 UC_185 Underground Cable 46.0 1223.8 552.8 93.61
N156 UC_185 Underground Cable 8.3 218.5 102.5 93.60
N158 UC_185 Underground Cable 2.3 62.4 27.4 93.60
N157 UC_185 Underground Cable 33.0 879.7 390.2 93.57
N159 UC_185 Underground Cable 29.2 780.9 343.9 93.53
N160 UC_185 Underground Cable 1.5 39.0 17.8 93.53
N161 UC_185 Underground Cable 23.0 616.7 266.0 93.51
(Continued)
100

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph
Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N162 UC_185 Underground Cable 7.5 196.7 97.1 93.50
N163 UC_185 Underground Cable 4.7 124.9 58.7 93.50
N164 UC_185 Underground Cable 2.4 62.4 30.5 93.50
N167 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 5.9 196.7 63.1 93.49
N168 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 6.0 196.7 74.3 93.49
N169 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 2.9 98.3 26.8 93.48
N191 UC_95 Underground Cable 3.0 62.4 30.7 96.32
N197 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 48.8 1577.1 758.0 95.48
N198 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 6.1 196.7 91.5 95.47
N199 UC_185 Underground Cable 3.7 98.3 47.0 95.47
N200 UC_185 Underground Cable 9.6 196.7 94.5 95.46
N201 UC_95 Underground Cable 16.8 451.2 218.8 95.44
N202 UC_185 Underground Cable 3.7 98.3 47.3 95.44
N210 UC_185 Underground Cable 31.0 830.2 405.2 95.45
N211 UC_185 Underground Cable 27.4 731.7 358.0 95.43
N212 UC_185 Underground Cable 22.7 606.6 297.2 95.41
N213 UC_185 Underground Cable 15.4 409.8 202.4 95.39
N214 UC_185 Underground Cable 19.0 508.2 249.9 95.38
N273 UC_185_AL Underground Cable 38.8 1367.4 360.7 96.70
N275 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 41.8 1300.0 387.6 96.69
N276 UC_95_AL Underground Cable 53.8 1299.9 388.9 96.60
N281 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 3.3 98.3 42.7 96.43
N282 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 5.8 98.3 48.1 96.43
N321 UC_185 Underground Cable 117.0 3178.4 1787.4 99.93
N323 UC_150_CU Underground Cable 85.2 3095.3 1681.6 96.07
N295 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 20.8 324.7 328.2 96.00
N294 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 14.0 168.3 261.0 95.97
N293 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 14.9 327.8 37.8 95.98
N292 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 39.2 848.4 183.9 96.07
N300 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 17.7 364.5 146.0 95.94
N301 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 12.9 266.0 103.4 95.90
N297 UC_50 Underground Cable 16.8 339.9 151.7 95.92
N298 UC_50 Underground Cable 9.1 183.7 82.3 95.90
N291 UC_50 Underground Cable 1.8 39.0 6.6 95.90
N566 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 2.6 46.3 33.1 95.90
N367 UC_50 Underground Cable 47.8 968.7 429.5 95.86
N368 UC_35 Underground Cable 2.2 39.0 13.6 95.85
N369 UC_50 Underground Cable 1.5 31.2 12.4 95.86
N370 UC_50 Underground Cable 39.7 798.0 366.6 95.76
N371 UC_35 Underground Cable 3.7 62.4 29.2 95.76
N372 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 3.6 62.4 24.0 95.75
N373 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 18.0 360.8 165.2 95.70
N374 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 16.2 321.6 156.2 95.68
N375 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 8.1 160.8 78.1 95.68
(Continued)
101

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph
Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N387 UC_50 Underground Cable 14.2 295.6 106.4 95.88
N388 UC_35 Underground Cable 5.8 98.3 46.7 95.87
N392 UC_50 Underground Cable 11.9 250.0 87.1 96.00
N393 UC_50 Underground Cable 12.2 249.8 104.2 95.99
N394 UC_50 Underground Cable 6.0 124.9 44.0 95.95
N395 UC_50 Underground Cable 3.1 62.4 29.0 95.95
N401 UC_50 Underground Cable 75.4 1543.0 641.5 94.70
N402 UC_50 Underground Cable 4.9 98.3 42.8 94.69
N403 UC_50 Underground Cable 68.3 1359.8 612.2 94.58
N404 UC_50 Underground Cable 66.8 1326.8 601.2 94.53
N405 UC_50 Underground Cable 28.2 567.2 240.3 94.50
N411 UC_50 Underground Cable 3.1 62.4 24.9 94.49
N424 UC_50 Underground Cable 18.8 379.7 156.1 94.43
N425 UC_50 Underground Cable 15.8 317.0 135.3 94.41
N426 UC_50 Underground Cable 12.7 254.5 108.3 94.40
N427 UC_50 Underground Cable 7.7 156.2 61.3 94.35
N406 UC_50 Underground Cable 6.5 129.6 57.3 94.52
N407 UC_50 Underground Cable 1.5 31.2 12.4 94.52
N408 UC_50 Underground Cable 27.0 531.0 256.3 94.48
N409 UC_50 Underground Cable 8.0 156.1 77.7 94.48
N410 UC_50 Underground Cable 15.9 312.2 152.6 94.46
N432 UC_35 Underground Cable 34.7 616.9 218.4 95.64
N433 UC_35 Underground Cable 3.7 62.4 29.2 95.64
N434 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 24.2 426.8 155.3 95.53
N435 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 9.3 195.2 64.9 95.50
N436 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 6.3 132.7 42.2 95.49
N437 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 1.5 31.2 12.4 95.49
N438 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 3.4 62.4 15.7 95.46
N446 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 7.6 132.7 52.9 95.50
N447 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 1.8 31.2 13.3 95.50
N448 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 3.7 62.4 28.8 95.49
N452 UC_50_AL Underground Cable 2.4 39.0 14.7 96.06
N453 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 56.1 1135.9 506.8 95.78
N454 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 2.2 39.0 15.6 95.78
N455 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 5.8 98.3 47.9 95.78
N456 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 44.6 896.8 408.0 95.59
N457 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 27.7 551.4 263.2 95.55
N458 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 22.8 452.8 218.3 95.52
N459 UC_95_CU Underground Cable 13.6 390.2 191.4 95.51
N474 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 16.4 281.1 125.7 95.55
N475 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 9.1 156.1 69.2 95.53
N476 UC_35_CU Underground Cable 7.4 124.9 59.4 95.52
N469 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 26.7 547.7 225.9 96.02
N470 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 21.9 449.1 182.1 95.83
(Continued)
102

Section
Number
Conductor
ID
Line
Type
Loading
(%)
Thru
Real
Power/ph
Thru
Reactive
Power/ph
Voltage
(%)
N471 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 16.1 324.9 146.0 95.76
N472 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 7.9 156.1 75.7 95.75
N483 UC_50_CU Underground Cable 2.0 39.0 18.4 95.76
N326 UC_150_CU Underground Cable 67.6 2681.2 762.5 96.07

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