Week 1

Wednesday, November 09, 2011 11:27 AM

Week 1

Audio recording started: 11:48 AM Wednesday, November 09, 2011

Kidron Valley Siwan Pool 1. "Jerusalem" in; E.Stern (Ed.); The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations of the Holy Land 1990, Vol. 2, pp. 598-702 E13(03) A957

2.
Historical Atlas of Je... 3. Canaanite Jerusalem (chapter 2) pp.28-42 in: Ben-Dov, M. Historical, Atlas of Jerusalem

4.
EAE entry Jerusalem ...

The Archaeology of Jerusalem in Biblical Times

Canaanite Jerusalem - Understanding the term "The City of David" - Course ends in 586 (the end of the 1st temple period)

north

What are biblical times? - Refer to the times of the early Israelites on through to the Monarchy - Between the end of the 13th century BCE until the first Monarch (Saul) around the end of the 11th Century BCE - The Time of the United Monarchy 10 Century BCE - Divided Monarchy 9 - 6 Century BCE - Canaanite Period corresponds to the Bronze Age. (The main raw material used to this time was bronze) - Later comes the Iron age, which corresponds to the Iron Age. Bronze Age 3500 - 1200 BCE Iron Age Canaanite Period

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1200/1150 - 586 BCE Kingdom of Israel

5000-4500 - 3500 BC 3500-2350 BC 2350-2000 BC 2000-1550 BC First Cities in Canaan Deserted Cities People are Nomadic Cities Repopulated

Calcolithic Period Early Bronze I-III Early Bronze IV Middle Bronze

Late Bronze Iron Age I Iron Age II

1550 - 1150 BC Joshua-Judges 1150-950 BC Samuel-Kings 950-586 BC

Israelites Appear Settlement Period Monarchy Period

The New Wall was built in the Ottoman Empire in the 16th Century CE The Modern Temple Mount - 6th Century CE sits on the Ruins of the 2nd temple built by Herod in the 1 Century CE Temple Mount Occupies the Northern part of the City, above the southbound city of David.
Kidron Valley - the Eastern boundry of Jerusalem. Originally 50 Meters deeper (trash dumping). The City is stacked up like a cake. The Geographic Setting of Israel - Ancient Israel has nothing to do with Modern Boundaries Bronze Age Canaan - Never only one King - There were many kingdoms ruled by different Kings - These small kingdoms were know as City-states. - In the Middle of the bronze age, Egypt ruled over Canaan, Jerusalem was a city-state with a King over it. - Jerusalem is restricted to the city of David

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WHAT THE HECK IS A TEL? - The remains of a city. Pictures: of Meddigo, Hatzor, BeitShawn

Meggido

Hazor

What is an Archaeological Site? - A cite where people have lived and changed the land and can be researched. - The Remains that they left behind are know as: Material Culture - Main remains (Buildings, the Wall) and Small remains (pots, etc.) - Graves can tell us a lot about the religion of the People (How the body is placed, etc.) - A tel is a multi-period cite that becomes this layered hill. - A single period cite can become a tel (A period can be 1000 or more years long). - A one layer tel (one stratum) is where people lived once and left.

- JERUSALEM
Is a multi-layer tel of 22 layers (Strata - Stratum) Started in the Early Bronze Age Started by the Canaanites The FORMATION OF A TEL: - The remains of an abandoned/destroyed site are covered with time by sand carried away by the wind. Together with the collapse of its walls, the remains of the early settlement are hardly visible. - The new settlers didnt remove the debris of the former settlement; instead they leveled these debris and built their new houses over the ruins.

We do not excavate a whole strata, just an "area"

Sir FLINDERS PETRI 1890

- Grandfather of Modern Arch. - Designed Modern Dig system. What were the prerequisites of an ancient Tel settlement? - Sufficient Land - Water (Jerusalem has the Gihon Spring which flows in the Kidron Valley) - Communication, routes - Defendable position (most Canaanite City state were founded on valleys were good land was available and did not have a good defendable position. They built walls to defend themselves, also ramparts.) In the Late Bronze Age had almost no Canaanite city-states in the East (Hilly) Only Shechem, Jerusalem, Hebron

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Week 2
Wednesday, November 16, 2011 11:29 AM

Field Trip 9am-12 Dec. 2 - City of David Dec. 9 - Jewish Quarter Dec. 16 - City of David Dec. 30 Excavation - January 10th 7-2pm

CANAANITE JERUSALEM (the Bronze Age)

Jerusalem in Early Times - Mentioned in Cuneiform tablets from Late Bronze Age Gives us knowledge of early Iron age/biblical age JR - Around 1200 BC Canaan was ruled by Egyptians and left around this time after more than 400 hundred years of direct rule. - Jerusalem know finds itself clear from any outward interest and the small countries now struggle for hegemony in the land. - These early texts we taken with the Egyptians and the land was left without anyone experienced in writing texts. - From 12th century on: Mainly between 12 and 850 BCE Only the biblical narrative serves as the written source to tell us what is going on in the biblical history. When we have extra biblical texts again at the end of the 850 BCE, and we compare it to the biblical narrative, it almost fits perfectly with the biblical narrative. For example, Masha king of Moab left a tall stele detailing the king position of the king of Moab under the vasselship of King Omrey. - 12-850 BCE we are left without biblical text with only the biblical narrative as evidence for what is going on. - Why cant we take the bible as is? We need to compare all of these stories and prove them as historical. It is always chronological in its progression / almost a historiographical creation. - Where can we put our flag on this continuing story to represent the time period from which this story is historical by modern definition? - Should we dismiss everything and say we rely only on arch? - The united monarchy with Jerusalem as a center is not accepted as real history. Two schools of thought regarding early history of Israelites. King David ruled over Jerusalem, Israel, a substantial monarchy which was later divided. David ruled over a small tribe, in a small territory. We have no other evidence of a united monarchy ONLY in the BN. Many of the earlier stories, when compared to arch, are not attested by historians (e.g. The Wildness Epic)

Prof's Veiw: Jerusalem was the capital of a certain kingdom ruled by King David. It is important to have the two different understanding of the history of this land with Jerusalem being either a large central kingdom in the United Monarchy Period (Tenth Century) RULE OF Soloman - 968 TO 928 BCE (10th Century) In the book of Kings 1 and 2, it begins with Outside sources (King Hezekiah rules at the very end of the 8th century 701 BCE Senacharib destroys Judah)
Israel Judah

X 20 X 70
X 20

x x
x

X1 X etc

x X

"Divided" Kingdom View

- We should not use DIVIDED MONARCHY because there never was a single united monarchy. - Northern Kingdom Captial: Shechem (King Jerobaum the First) then Pennuel, and Hirzah. Then Omry set capitcal in Samaria. - Southern Kingdom of Judah with Jerusalem as Capital. We are looking for overlap of the kings. Every now and then they do and that gives us information. - We rely on Synchronism Ahab mentioned by name in an Assyrian Text by an important ruler, Shalmanezer the Third (853 BCE). A stele that Shal left behind mentions that this is his 22nd year that he ruled Assyria. We date this with the occurrence of astronomical events. We rely on the Egyptian and Assyrian Chronicles - We count on the biblical Narrative the number of years assigned to each one of the biblical kings as each one mentioned in the biblical narrative, we have no other texts to refute it and we see that alone. We need to look at other things. - Omry 886-874 BCE 12 Years Ahad 874 Etc. - The kings up to Jerobaum the 1st, who was the first Israelite Kings and ruled up the beginning of 10th century, we count 40 and 40 years back from there (David and Soloman 828) - In 925 BCE Shishak the Pharaoh (first one mentioned by name in the BN) 4 years after the death of Soloman, Shishak campaigned in Israel, so around 928 BCE King Solomon Dies. David 1008-968 BCE Other Kings that reigned for more than 40 years and only get a mention in the text, showing us that Solomon and David represent the glory period:

An Eponym

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 4 years after the death of Soloman, Shishak campaigned in Israel, so around 928 BCE King Solomon Dies. David 1008-968 BCE Other Kings that reigned for more than 40 years and only get a mention in the text, showing us that Solomon and David represent the glory period: - Jeroboam 2nd - The entire time period of the United Monarchy is possibly not purposed to be Historical but have another reason.
- Stories in the 9th century in the bible match up almost exactly to historical evidence. - We have no evidence of Soloman/Davidic Jerusalem (the united monarchy) - About ten of the kings are mentioned in Extra biblical texts

JERUSALEM IS THE CENTER OF THE WORLD

- Good for the world (as many empires took Jerusalem as their center) bad for Arch! - These empires left there mark burying the remains as they went. - Regarding the united Monarchy: Some scholars look at the absence of 10th century remains in Jerusalem as a direct result of the long history of building in Jerusalem. Not a full explanation.
- Beit Shawn - Tel Artificial mound of layers of different time periods of a city. Jerusalem is different than any other tel, because it is still occupied today. City of David is the earliest part of the tel. The Gihon spring was the reason in the beginning of the bronze age to settle in the city of David.

TOPOGRAPHY

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- City of David is 5 Hectors at the Most - One of the smallest settlements in the land of Israel throughout the Iron Age. - (Even smaller that Beer Sheva) Central or Cheese Makers Valley >>

Gihon Spring/Silom Pool

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Week 3
Wednesday, November 23, 2011 11:29 AM

For Next Week: Knauf, E.A. 2000 Jerusalem in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age: A proposal, Tel-Aviv 27:77-90 Steiner, M. 1994 Redating the terraces of Jerusalem 2 Weeks: Na'aman, N. 1996 The Contribution of the Aramana Letters to the Debate on Jerusalem's political position in the tenth century BCE Basor 304.17-27

THE EARLY CANAANITE PERIOD JERUSALEM

The Geographical Setting See week 2 Chart

New kingdom est. by David Solomon enlarges the city by adding temple mount. United/10th century monarchy is this Jerusalem The kidron valley is fifteen meters higher than its original depth today. On the other side we have the central valley or the cheesemakers valley (named by joe) Greek name: Tyropeon Valley which is now no longer visible. You see where it was by looking at the modern road that looks through. THE MODERN ROAD is not a good indicator of the western boundry, because there are more remains right outside this boundry (where we will be digging) We dont really know how much further to the west that we can take this boundry, but it must not have been so much further because the central valley begins. SHOWING THE CITY OF DAVID DIG: Remains go down very deep (Goes down through more than 10 meters ancient "fill" More than 40 different exhibitions have dug in City of David, making it the most dug cite in all of Israel. Atlas from 1990 - Dan Bahat 1990 - a time when Jerusalem opened a new wave of large scale excavations that changed our understanding of many of the different periods represent at the cite. It is important to know that the city of David is the most excavated and excavated by more than 40 different to note that some of the more shocking conclusions are supported by more than just one Arch. EXCAVATORS OF THE CITY OF DAVID: 1. Sir Charles Warren - 1886 i. Jerusalem is ruled by the Ottomans

ii. In those days they dug deep shafts into the ground (spoiling remains) and then cut horizontal tunnels in which they could get as close as possible to the temple mount. Because the Turkish would not let him get close to the walls of the temple mount, so he did it this way. We might get to see these tunnels. iii. Many people at this time where coming to Jerusalem to find the treasure of the temple. iv. He found Warren's Shaft (Hez Tunnel) - started at the kidron spring in a wide tunnel known by the Turkish (they cut out a message left there by the ancients) and by doing this he uncovered another tunnel, which meets a large shaft and meets another tunnel and also meets another tunnel entrance. (Tunnel was a water system from Middle Bronze Age ) 2. Montague Parker 1901 i. Swedish? ii. Dug near hez tunnel/ early canaanite cave iii. Lui Vinson went with him and documented everything and published in 1902 iv. Parker thought he knew were the treasure was from the Temple from a "Bible Code" 3. R. A. Stewart Macalister 1902-1909

Hatzor, Megiddo, and Gezer Was Irish Kings 15:16 - King Solomon constructed these three cities, he excavated Gezer and Jerusalem. The methods that he used was not good. He opened a deep trench, exavated the whole thing, and then opened another one, and filled the other with dirt from the new one. He did this in both Jerusalem and Gezer. 4. Kathleen Kenyon i. The mother of modern Arch in this land.

i. ii. iii. iv.

ii.

iii. Excavated in Jerusalem and in also Samaria, and in Jericho (came out with the conclusion that Jericho was never inhabited by a large city)

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never inhabited by a large city) iv. Worked in Jerusalem mainly in the 50's and early 60's. v. One of the most important areas she excavated was from upper part of the city of David down to the Kidron valley. She did this in order to find the city walls of city. i. Two walls: 1) Middle Bronze Age wall 2) Israelite City wall
EARLY BRONZE AGE FINDINGS - Gihon Spring brings Canaanite settlers to the city of David at the beginning of the 4 century BCE (E. Bronze). - Agricultural Evidence. - Changes taking place in the East (Akkad and Babylonia) start to effect the West (Canaan modern Lebanon) - This is called the Urban revolution, the first time ever cities were constructed in the area of Canaan. - Cities, settlements with walls that were well planned out. - We do not know the original EBA settlement boundries of Jerusalem, but we do know what this is the first time people lived there. - Vinson (Parker) shows caves where early canaanite settlers lived (drew their pottery) - Excavations of Shiloh in the 70 and early 80s ex many areas of the eastern city of David. He excavated buildings there that showed that these were EBA remains. These buildings were typical of the age with a rectangular room with a support pillar and benches around (broad house) . - Tel Arad best example of EBA settlement.

The stones are the foundation. Rock in the Middle is to support the Wooden pillar. The rest of the house was made of mud brick. The door is in a broad side (its a broad house). Note the benches and also the base For the pillar that supported the wooden roof. The benches are shelves To place pottery on.

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Week 4
Wednesday, November 30, 2011 11:30 AM

Canaanite Jerusalem Cont.'

Iron Age II 1000BCE - 586BCE Canaanite/Bronze AGE

THE ARRADIAN HOUSE - THREE ROOM HOUSE - These rooms had no windows. - This was the first settlement in Jerusalem.
Middle bronze age - First half of the second millennium - Egypt starts to play a major role in Canaan - Most probably rules Canaan but leaves some autonomy - Were seeking cedar wood - There is never a time when one ruler is ruling over canaan, seems to be a vassal situation with regional kings over cities (city-states). The execration texts (ca.1900-1800 bce) Short inscriptions of figurines which include curses against people and places considered hostile to Egypt. There are three groups of these: bowls, dolls (the earliest known list of cities and regions in Palestine). Written in hieratic hieroglyphs. They were intentionally broken and put together in the ground. Scholars think they served in certain Egyptian ceremonies where we believe priests thought if they broke these figures they would conquer the cities listed on the dolls before they went to battle. - These give us an idea of which cities existed during the middle bronze age without excavation. - Jerusalem is mentioned on this doll as (Reshalim)

First fortified wall in Jerusalem in MBA - It is sealed by another city wall that is used as the iron age wall as a foundation - Fortied by massive city wall which was exposed by G.SHILOH - MBA is characterized by these huge building projects (at shechem and jerusalem). Walls are huge with large boulders. - This wall was uncovered only by the gihon spring. Past there they have found no remains of the city, it was probably a small southern fortress and encircled the southern end of the hill Warrens shaft system: - Entered from the gihon spring, the hez. Tunnel entrance.

Tunnel to the pool

New evidence found in the excavation of the warren's shaft. 1. 1. Two different phases: part of this was done in the middle bronze age. That line near the number one the old thought was that this whole thing was a water system. The water system was by warren dated to the iron age (in 1888). 100 years later Shiloh opened the entire system in 1970's and agreed that the water system should be dated to the iron age because there were no other earlier water systems them that. Early iron age because the system is primitive. And if it is early in the iron age maybe it served during the time of david in the 10th century (more complicated systems didnt show up until the 9th century). Maybe from chronicles account where david's warriors touch the (cube) 2. According to new understanding there are two other phases here, the upper one is the earlier one and the earlier one is the later one. With the first tunnel, the people where not aware of the shaft during the mba and the tunnel simply led a large pool which collected water from the gihon spring. Only the elite people had the key to get into the coridor which funneled the water. Normal people used the tunnel and the pool. 3. The gihon spring tower - in the mba this tower held the spring, this wall is still in some spots standing eight meters high. 4. In the eigth century there was another phase of cutting in which they came across the upper part of the shaft. This means shilohs theory of the shaft in davids time no longer works. 5. By the iron age, there are buildings being built within the pool. 6. The actual shaft is natural. Only the entrance is dug out

Pool

What is happening in egypt right now in the MBA?

- In the 19th century bce caravans from Canaanite, Syria, and Lebanon. 1650 bce -1550 - These Semites developed the 14,15,16th dynasties in Egypt.

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These Semites developed the 14,15,16th dynasties in Egypt. For one hundred years these Semites ruled. Showing a wall painting in a 12th dynasty tomb at beni hasan in Egypt in 1900 bce Hik-sos = foreign rulers The 17th dynasty is consisting of only local pharaohs after they kicked out the Semites; Who then found shelter in Canaan Thutmose III (1505/1480 - 1490/1425 bce) - the battle of Megiddo and the establishment of the Egyptian empire. Yahmes founds the 17th dynasty. LATE In the late bronze age all city states are lacking fortifications because egypt came and attacked Canaan. Egypt rules canaan for 400 years 1550-1150 bce.

Late bronze age? Amenhotep IV - Achenaten - Married to naphratiti - Decided to make atem the son god the major god - Founded new capital in egypt (only in his time) where we have gotten the amarna tablets. These contain many letters between egypt and canaan. - Some from the king of jerusalem; Adbi-Heba (six or seven letters)

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Week 5
Wednesday, December 07, 2011 11:26 AM

Steiner, M. 1998; David's Jerusalem: Fiction or Reality? BAR 24 (4) 25,33,65 Cahil, J. 1998. The Archaeological Evidence: Prove It BAR 1998, 24: (4) 34-41?), -we need these articles for the final. Field Trip (9am sharp at Northern Gate of Student Village - over at 12pm)

Iron Age Jerusalem I

- Canaanite Jerusalem ended in the late bronze age; a period from with there is not much arch. evidence. The land was occupied by Egypt we hardly know anything about Jerusalem in that time, but because of the Amarna letters we do have 6-7 documents that mention Jerusalem. Some of these where sent directly by the king of Jerusalem (a vassel king) Abdi-Heba. We have a small piece of Abdi-Heba tablet from his achieve in Jerusalem (Horawitz). - The story of Jerusalem in the Iron age: LBA ended sometime in the 12th BCE. The entire political order which existed more than 400 years throughout the late bronze age. This political system starts to change dramatically at the end of the 13th century with a large group of people which came from the west (Aegeans (modern Greece)/sea people) unto to coast of Canaan. They came as warriors and also as part of a forced migration. In the beginning of the 12th Century they destroyed the people of the North, the Hittite empire 1180. In 1175 these people fought Egypt; Ramses III (1182-1151) and the Egyptians won the battle (but lost the war because the refugees caused the Egyptians to move out of Canaan - Ramses his son writes about this in Papyrus one - his father moved the sea people to the cities. Mostly came by sea. 1150 - END of the LBA (the Egyptians leave Canaan, and for the first time in more than 1000's years Canaan is not under the scope of any big empire, and small powers are allowed to take over.) - These people are: The Sea People (on the shore Canaan) Canaanites (very weak, many of their city-states where destroyed Israelites! These groups are fighting each other, and in the north there is no substantial power because the Hittites The first time arch mentions the Israelites is on a stele from Egypt in the tomb of the son of Rames II (1278-1213) 66 year rule! <his name of Marneptah (1212-1202) In his 5th year he had a campaign against the Lybia? (1207) At the end of this stele we see that he entered Canaan: - Ashkolan - Gezer - Ye-noam Also had business with "Israel" - The first time we see the name Israel in Extra Biblical Text IA1- 12th and 11th centuries - The settlement period = books Joshua and Judges, before Kings The bible only knows about the Philistines, which means that the other sea people (there were other peoples) were forgotten because they kept their culture and identity throughout the IA, not so for the other Sea People groups who adopted most the Canaanite culture. The Philistines survived as one entity until 7 century BC and then are destroyed by the Assyrians.

IRON AGE I is 1150-1000 -Egyptians leave Canaan to King David (roughly) - In biblical terms - Joshua and Judges, and Israelite settlements.

So the first time we see Israel in 1207 on this stele, so it is most probable that earlier they became an organized group of people, most probably nomadic or semi-nomadic, not really a city-state. So : Israel is here at the end of the 13th century Israel is semi-nomadic They were probably there sometime before that.

Big Stops of the Israel Time Line Exodus Conquest of the Land United Monarchy Divided Monarchy Fall of United Fall of Divided Destuction of Temple 1 in 526

Middle of 9th century and on we have mostly historical texts, these usually always fit With the extra biblical texts. But this does not mean that we should adopt everything from Earlier. Why? Because the earlier stories do not fit with arch. (IE conquest story)
Any earlier than the first millennium the writer no longer knows the history.

These are the Deuteronomists who are at the end of 7th century (there is a second edition in the beginning of the 6th), know most of the event in 8 and 9th centuries are still fresh to them .

10th century - 1000 BC - King David

Teacher claims there is one hand behind these books from the exile onward.

Canaanites are in the lowlands and valleys (jazreel) and sea People stuck to the shore.

Israelite settlements in IA1 Cities 1. Shecem 2. Jerusalem 3. Hebron

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Jerusalem in the IA1

The next step after the settlement is Monarch of David - Jerusalem in the capital of an empire stretching from modern Elate and up to the Euphrates to the city of Typsach (Sp?) - So they went from the circle above to a huge empire BUT this is a biblical view, there is NO evidence to support that there was a kingdom here in the 10th century with a united monarchy. - If we were to go back and see the real empire, what would it look like? Perhaps like the small aforementioned area. - David and Solamon - 10th century - 9th century with two kingdoms is clearly historical. - The Omry period is the beginning of the biblical history. - So what to with the 10th century? Is this the non-historical narrative or push it with the Omry period. - The easiest way to find this answer is to excavate Jerusalem and see if we can date the 10th century to a united monarchy, then we can add the UM to the historical narrative of the Bible. But no such luck yet. - From 1995 on there is a branch or arch that claims that the UM is not historical narrative.

What did Jerusalem have to say?

- Area G is excavated in the City of David The step stone structure from the IAII of Jerusalem Earlier than the 8th century Tells us that there is a certain period of time where a powerful king which Built this here. What is the step stone structure? Three main periods represented: The towers from the second temple period The buildings against the steps End of 9-end of 8th BC in the IA These buildings are known as the four room house of Ahiel The steps themselves. - the steps are earlier because the buildings Are up against them. So earlier than the 9th century. - Built on the eastern side of the city of David to as a retaining Wall so that the large building that was built...could be Built. They enlarged the hill to build the building.

Some of Iron age Jerusalem is very clear: 6-7? Time of Hezekiah Unclear: 9-10 centuries We are left with almost nothing from this time.

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Monday, December 12, 2011 12:57 PM

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Week 6
Wednesday, December 21, 2011 11:26 AM

1. Mazar, A 2010. Arch and the Biblical Narrative: the case of the United Monarchy pp.29 -58 R.G Kratz and H. Spierkermann (eds) : One God - One cult - One Nation: Arch and biblical perspectives.

Week 6

Audio recording started: 11:35 AM Wednesday, December 21, 2011

Jerusalem in the Iron Age II

a. Davidic Jerusalem? - The united monarchy? - The tenth century is divided into 2 different half, the first being David's reign, the second being Solomon. b. Was the city fortified during this time period? Could we see large structure on a hill? - According to the biblical text, yes, but if the arch is different in that time, it means that these stories are not historically correct. - Most of the expeditions have found no evidence of the united monarchy in the 10th century. So if Jerusalem is not there, is David also not an historical figure? c. Tel Dan, the northern most site in the land of Israel (from Dan to BeerSheva) - Has been exacvated many time. Late 60's and continue til five years ago. The death of Prof. Abraham Biran? His most important find of him was the small piece of the stele of King Hazael (aramaic king) in the 2nd half of the 9th century: He claimed to kill David's son, of the house of David, the Davidic Dynasty 1000-960. Ahaz Jahu ruled no more than two years and ruled at the same time as Yoaram. At the time these two kingdoms where not rivals but where cooperating against a third party. The question is that Hazael mentions the Davidic Monarchy - it is the first time anyone has done so, this stele is from more than 100 years after this so: David was an important king, so other kings would know him His dynasty and name is continuing into the 2nd half of the 9th century, and the name is synomous to the kingdom of Judah. We don't doubt then Solomon because we don't doubt David. If we have David as a king here in the 10th century, does it mean that we have a united Monarchy? Yes or No and why? No, he could have just been a king ruling over a small kingdom who was the founder of a dynasty. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele History of site started in the early BA Huge city in MBA In the beginning of the Iron Age with small settlement pits. Major cities in IA2 A king stands behind this transition to centralization and urbanization. People leave small settlements and move to large cities. When did this transition take place? The beginning of the 10th century? UM! The beginning of the 9th century? Stretch IA1 into the 10th century. How can we solve this problem? What do we need to find? A stele with name of King David? Yes! But that is not enough. Jerusalem during David and Solomon was no bigger than the city of David. Such a large empire as in the BT can not be a reality. So how big could it be? Elat Mazar 2000 excavates the upper part of the SSS and this area was RExcavated this area (McAllister, Kathleen Kenyon) Focusing on the wide wall in the upper SSS. She thought it was part of a large building built that the same time as the SSS. Questions: Is there really a connection between the building and the SSS? Where they built at the same time? If it is then we can date this to the time of David. She believes that they were. She also believes the terrace walls that support the SSS were built at separate times, the terraces are Jebusite (IA1) and the SSS was built in IA2. The northern tower does not exist any more. Claimed that the pottery found on the floor of one of the rooms in the wall was dated to the time of David. Small Jug (psypophonian pottery)

d. The capitals found in the kingdom of David by Kenyon and are dated to the 9th century, therefore they cannot be in the palace of David.

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in the palace of David. e. ??? Some say the building was built sometime within the 2 period with the mikvah inside of it. f. HIS opinion: a. The sss could not stand without the support underneath it. If that means that the sss must have been built in the IR1, then why

Fornications in the IA2

- Was Jerusalem fortified earlier than Hezekiah's (expanded wall) time? During the reign of David? The picture is vague . The expansion of the city happened with the assyrian campaign. Assyrian threat during IA2 - 9th century, the east had become the most relevant influence with the expansion of the Assyrians westward. - At the end of the 10th century the Ass have been settled in the east and begin to move west, Assyria becomes real empire under Ashurnasipal (883-859) During his rule the ass army becomes a war machine. It threatened the entirety of Assyria and went all the way down to Tyre. Almost getting to Israel. Shalmanezer the III had four campaigns against Qarqar in 853, 849, 848, 845. He failed each time. He met the 12 kings, one of them being King Ahab, the king of Israel. In 841 the ass succeeds to go beyond Qarqar and israel begins to pay tribue to Ass

Elat Mazar integrates the SSS into her understanding

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Week 7
Wednesday, December 28, 2011 11:27 AM

Broshi. M. 1974 The Expansive of Jerusalem in the Reign of Hezekiah and the Manasseh, Israel Exploration Journal 24:21-26

Week 7

Audio recording started: 11:40 AM Wednesday, December 28, 2011

Jerusalem has two parts during the Iron age. - According to some we should explain the absence of evidence of Jerusalem of the united Monarchy We do not throw out the Jerusalem just because there is no evidence. - What can we say about this?: Scholars came out with the idea was that because that because Jerusalem was respectively settled, maybe some of these bigger buildings are to blame, or expect that buildings were destroyed to build other buildings, but the question is where are the pot sherds? Unlike other cities, Jerusalem only suffered destruction once d uring the last part of the <Iron Age> This is the only city we know of that the Ass laid siege on but did not come away triumphant.

The History of Early Jerusalem in its later days

Jerusalem - the expansion of the town in the 8th century BCE - Jerusalem grows four times larger than the early city. NO question regarding its size. - All the small things we have from early Jerusalem comes from this time period. - Hezekiah 727 was witness to the final destruction of Jeru, and 5 years later Samaria was destroyed. - In 701 Sinnacarab arrives to Judah and destroys the whole kingdom but Jerusalem.

The Assyrian empire and the West

- Assyria became an empire. Throughout the second millennium they were engaged in battles with the Babylonians. But once the Assyrians overcome these difficulties they begin to look westward. (Syria, Lebanon, Israel) - Ashurnasirpal II (883-859) - ruled in the first half of the ninth century. He was different because he brought Assyrian army into the status as a war machine. He took all the resources of his kingdom and gave it to the army. The cruelty and the propaganda which was assigned to the whole world became widely known. - The earlier empires were smaller and more local, the Assyrians are the first real world empire. - The Assyrians presented a new type of battering ram. - Throughout the eighth and first half of ninth century the Assyrians could not get out of the habit of returning home each year after they reached the last boundaries of their hegemony. - Ashurnasirpal II (conquered up to Tyre) In Israel - The reality in Israel at this time is a split Israel. - Omry founded the capital of Samaria. During this time Israel ruled over certain parts east of the Jordan river (N parts of Moab) in the 1st half of 9th century. According to the mesha stele and the biblical narrative. - Shalmaneser III - (859-824) His empire including Syria, Lebanon, and north Israel. In 853 SIII launches campaign to the west like his father and meets 12 kings led by King of Aram/Damascus and the King of Hamma (Irhulani) Ahab king of Israel was among them. This year was recorded on obelisk left in Ass by SIII describing the campaign. Kurkh -- Israel's king is listed 3rd in importance. This is important because we have no extra biblical texts from the period before this, and we get here the information that the Omry's were a strong dynasty and throughout there time the kingdom of Israel was a strong political entity with a strong army. Ahab contributed 2000 chariots to the coalition (no one believes that this is really true) but it shows us that he is a strong force. Only a large coalition could meet the ass in open combat.

- Why is Megiddo relevant here?

There are iron age remains there with stables. These long structures were later dated to the 9th century. This is one of the cities that housed part of this chariot forces in the 9th century. At megiddo we have two iron age cities On top the stable cities (9th century) - scholars think this is Omry city Underneath an unfortified structure termed as "palaces" early iron age 2 (earliest 10th century) This central authority points to a king.

According to the BN

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On top the stable cities (9th century) - scholars think this is Omry city Underneath an unfortified structure termed as "palaces" early iron age 2 (earliest 10th century) This central authority points to a king.
According to the BN - Three times Ass attacks around Damascus/Samaria 857 856 (around Affec) 853 (Ahab dies - around BethGilad) - These dates are based on 853 - Shamanezer Omride Kings: (12 years) 853 (22 years) (2 years) (12 years/9 years) - -------------------------------mentioned in text left by SIII in 841 when Jaho surrenders

These years we should add up to 855, but what we need to remember is that when the bible talks about a year they dont always mean a full year. Could it mean that ahad could die in Damascus and also join the coalition. The biblical account is incorrect. Most scholars agree that these campaigns are anachronistic. Most think that these events really happened in the time of Yaho. Around 840 Hazael attacks the northern kingdom of Israel. The Mesha Stele 840 - mentions:
The inscription was set up about 840 BC as a memorial of Mesha's victories over "Omri king of Israel" and his son, who had been oppressing Moab. It is the most extensive inscription ever recovered that refers to ancient Israel (the "House of Omri"). It bears what is generally thought to be the earliest extrabiblical Semitic reference to the name Yahweh (YHWH), whose temple goods were plundered by Mesha and brought before his own god Kemosh. French scholar Andr Lemaire has reconstructed a portion of line 31 of the stele as mentioning the "House of David".[1] The year of the war of SIII is the same year that Ahab was supposed to have died.

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Week 9
Wednesday, January 11, 2012 11:32 AM

The Assyrian Empire and the West

9th Century as a Starting point for the Assyians advancing Westward.

Ashurnasipal II (883-859)

- Cruelty becomes part of his technique to bring others under his power. - Assyrian Cruelty = Propaganda. - Balawat Gate shows what happens to those who do not bow to Assyrians.

- 4th Mill Egyptian Battering Ram - earliest

- Assyrian Battering Ram

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Assyrian Battering Ram

Shalmaneser III (859-824)

- During this time in Israel Capital is Samaria Omerites are ruling Kingdom of Israel is ruling over northern Moab Around 853 the first battle of Qarqar SIII confronts 12 kings and loses (though he claims he wins on his Stela) See the notes on his structures at Megiddo (chariot stables) Tel Jezreal City - led by Hoshiky - another site where scholars think that horses were kept. http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/projects/proj_past_jezreel.html

CONCLUSION: because of the stables at Megiddo scholars date that strata of Megiddo as during the time of Ahab, so the" palace s" underneath would be 10th century, which points to large cities and a centralized king.

<TEL LEVELS

IVA ------------------- Stables 9th Century VA/IVB-----------------------"Palaces" 10 Century (King Soloman) These are the only two Iron Age Israelite Cities - LOW chronology - There is nothing behind these stories and all political entites in Israel should be date no earlier then the Omries. So the stables would be 2nd half of the ninth. And the palaces city would be in the first half of the ninth. (ISRAEL FINKLESTEIN) There is no 10th century reality here at Meggido. Lower level is Ahab/

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level is Ahab/ - HIGH chronology - there is some history behind the united monarchy stories (BEN AMI)

Israel in the (9th Century)

Need to consider: Assyrians, Israelites, Aram, Moab - Omry then Jaho - Dan Stele - King of Damascus

(See Week 7) -Mesha Stele (Week 8)

Mesha in the biblical account is after the Death of Ahab Mesha claims that Ahab is still alive. - The black Obelisk It describes Jaho as son of Omry which is incorrect. This one is dated to 841 - we have a new dynasty in the land of Israel. Describes SIII campaign in 841 Jaho is paying taxes and the Assyrians and Israel is no longer in a coalition.

Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727) (Pul)

- First King Mentioned by name in Biblical Account - If we had only the bible we would know nothing about the Assyrians in Israel until the 8th. - 2 Kings 15: 29 In the time of Pekah king of Israel, Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria came and took Ijon, Abel Beth Maakah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria. All of these cities present a clear destruction layer at the end of the Iron Age. These must be dated to 732 because later on there is no Israelite material culture. The other time we have absolute chronology is in the 12th century (Rames 6th in 1136) 1150 beginning of IA1 Ram. III 1182-1150

In 733-732 - biblical account. Judah and Aram gang up against Israel Assyrians begin new front. After 7-- Aram Damascus is destroyed by TIG TIG almost destroy entirety of Kingdom Israel but save Samaria because Samaria agree to replace the king (saved for 10 more years) Judah is outside the scope of this campaign. After the destruction in 732, the entire land is now under Assyria and Israel is separated into Provinces, ruled by Officials. The citizens are moved out, the Assyrians are moved in. - Samaria is destroyed by Sargon the II in 722 2 Kings Shalmenser V laid seige over Samaria 722

Sennacherib 704-681
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Sennacherib 704-681
- First few years he was dealing with Babylon - In 701 he reached the border of Judah. - First king who dared to destroy the city of Babylon.

Relief from SENN palace in Nineveh. Found in the Lachish Room, which is covered with the relief of the Campaign against Lachi sh. - At the beginning of the 8th century Judah is the only independent Kingdom Left. - NOTE: Hezekiah's 8th century expansion of the City to prepare for the coming Assyrians.

- Keyon and Shiloh exposed parts of the 8th century city wall. - Siloam Inscriptions:

- 2 Kings 20:20 As for the other events of Hezekiahs reign, all his achievements and how he made the pool and the tunnel by which he brought water into the city, are they not written in the book of the annals of the kings of Judah? - Only Reich believes that this tunnel may not be from Hezekiah. - Hezekiah is getting ready for a long seige Royal Judean Storage Jars (end of 8th century) Had two, 3, 4 handles, sometimes all stamped Handles are stamped with typical Stamps with words "to the king" and one of four cities: (don't trust the spelling) Habron Soho Zeef Mamshit - unknown location We dont know what these sites meant: Maybe taxes? Years that these were made were the years leading up to the Assyrian arrival (in 701)

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Years that these were made were the years leading up to the Assyrian arrival (in 701)

Royal Seals with Scarab.

- Campaign

- The City of Lachish

- Thought to be the most important of all cities. Well planned and well fortified. (Jerusalem is not fortified until Hez in 8t h)

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- Thought to be the most important of all cities. Well planned and well fortified. (Jerusalem is not fortified until Hez in 8t h) - The city is HUGE in the early 9th century, with two huge walls and a huge "palace" - The weakest part of the city is the side without a deep valley. At this point they Assyrians built their siege ramp. - IN 701 the Assyrians come to Lachish. - The king decides not to open the city Gate.

Six room city gate.

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Week 9
Wednesday, January 18, 2012 11:34 AM

The Reign of Hezekiah

The kingdom of Judah is now ready for the Assyrians, Hezekiah is now ready for the siege. - Isaiah thinks that Hezekiah was not helped by the Egyptians. ? - The Assyrians took the sea route, stopped at Jaffa, and moved to Elkakh (sp?) and then to Ekron and Timnah and then camped at Lachish. - We have two stories: God saves Jerusalem when Assyria up and leaves the city. Hezekiah pays the taxes for the city and the Assyrians leave. - The only example of a city that was not destroyed. However, if Hezekiah paid so much, why was not all of the cities spared? - We know that Hez captured the king of Ekron, so he is a strong king, - THEREFORE, we know that we cannot take the biblical account at completely accurate. All we can know is that Jerusalem for some reason was not destroyed.

Sennacharib at Lachish
- Why camp out at Lachish and NOT Jerusalem? - Lachish was heavily fortified during the early part of the 9th century. According to most scholars Lachish is the most important city at this time. Only after the destruction of the northern kingdom did Jerusalem become so important. People are seeking shelter in the southern expansion of the city in the shadow of the temple. - There was only one weak point at Lachish, and this is where the Assyrians decided to camp. - Starki, the head of the expedition conducted 3-4 seasons of excavations, after he was invited to come to the opening of the Rockefella museum. He was killed on the way to that party. His assistant, Olga Tuffner (sp?) published the results of the excavations. Barcay dug with the Tel Aviv expedition. The city gate: - Six chamber gate. (1 king 9 - soloman) Meggido Hazor Gezer Lachish (9th century) Ashdod (Philistine City) - The camp at the week point. - The Siege Rampart - only Assyrian rampart in the Lavant. - The Sennacherib Prism

Translation: http://www.kchanson.com/ancdocs/meso/sennprism1.html - He seems to have gone home because he failed to conquer Jerusalem.

The Ramp

- Igal --- recognized this as a ramp during a visit to the site, and Oshiskin (sp?) (correct) corrected his views. - Wood planks were layed on the ramp and the battering ram was rolled up. - During the excavations of the ramp they found a projecting tower (Oshiskin) - they found a picture of this tower in the senn palace on a relief. - They also know that the israelites built a contra-ramp in order to keep the Assyrians out longer.

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- Igal --- recognized this as a ramp during a visit to the site, and Oshiskin (sp?) (correct) corrected his views. - Wood planks were layed on the ramp and the battering ram was rolled up. - During the excavations of the ramp they found a projecting tower (Oshiskin) - they found a picture of this tower in the senn palace on a relief. - They also know that the israelites built a contra-ramp in order to keep the Assyrians out longer. - In the end Lachish was taken by the Assyrians. No one was spared, they were put on spears. - Assyrian arrowheads, hundreds are found.

http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/en/resrep00_01/Jahresbericht_2_2_section.html

- 701 = Stratum 3 at Lachish

Iron Age - st. 5 (10th century) unfortified city. St. 4 - fortifications built, and then suffered some destruction (maybe the earthquake described in earthquake in 760) 9th century St. 3 is the city destroyed in 701 St. 2 is the city destroyed in 586. - This is important to correlate findings of St. 3 with St. of other cities (eg. Beer Sheba) - Sir Layard who excavated Ninevah in 1850? And drew and excavated the entire palace of Sennacherib. The main room (heart of the palace) of this palace is dedicated to Lachish.

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