EXERCISE A Find three journals in your specialization. See the instructions for the authors and: 1.

Write the name of the journals. 2. Write the web site of the journals. 3. List the similarities and differences of the instructions in the two journals.

EXERCISE B Identify one journal in your research are and answer the following questions: Does the journal include more than one category of research article? If so, in what category would yours fit? What is maximum length of articles? What is the maximum length of Abstracts? Does the journal have a template for articles? If so, how can it be accessed? What section should be the article include? What guidelines should be followed for each? What guidelines should be followed regarding writing style? How many figures and tables are allowed? What requirements does the journal have for figures and tables? In what format should references appear? Are there a maximum number of references? If so, what is it? In what electronic format should the paper be prepared? Should figures and tables be inserted within the text, or should they appear at the end or be submitted as separate files? Is there an online submission system to use?

__________________________________________________________________ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A number of Exercises, how to write an introduction, are given below. The presented text in each of these Exercises is from totally different fields of research, and the content in each text is for most readers unfamiliar, and therefore difficult to read. However, choosing different texts with different content has a specific purpose. You will experience as a reader that you, with a little training, are able to understand if the text lacks the fundamental parts that constitute a good introduction in a research article or an application. You will experience the same problems that most reviewers face when they read an application that is not in their special field of research. The application is usually evaluated by experts, but mostly they have no competence within the narrow discipline discussed in the application. This is the general rule. It is therefore important that the text is clearly written with a minimum of within discipline jargon. Exercise 1 Have the authors included all the above information in the introduction below? Answer the questions below. Aquatic hyphomycetes in freshwater habitats can be distinguished into the Ingoldian and the aeroquatic groups ( Webster and Descals, 1980). The Ingoldian hyphomycetes are known to grow profusely on well-decayed leaves and twigs in running streams and lakes. Their spores were first observed on stream surface scum by Ingold (1942). Since then, over 150 species have been described but mostly from temperate countries. Few such fungi have been reported from the tropics. This paper presents some observations made on a survey for Ingoldian hyphomycetes in the local freshwaters. a) What is the subject of the paper ? b) What is the area of interest and what have other researchers found? c) How does the current research relate to previous research? d) What are the research objectives and what hypothesis is being tested?

Exercise 2 Look at the examples below which have been taken from the introductions of scientific journal articles. At the end of each example, write down which move you think it is. a. A number of studies have noted that the expected decreases in vehicle occupant injuries and fatalities resulting from mandatory use laws have not been realised

(Robertson, 1978; Jonah and Lawson, 1984; Campbell et al., 1987). The authors of these studies have speculated that the impact of seat belt use laws fell short of expectations because it was mainly the safe drivers who buckled up in responseto the laws. Indeed, there is now a grooving body of evidence to support this suggestion. b. In 1988 the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee (AVCC) n dthe Australian Committee of Directors and Principles in Advanced Education limited (ACDP) issued a preliminary report (AVCC and ACDP, 1988) which suggested that the number of formative evaluations of teaching and curriculum obtained from students be used as an indicator of commitment to teaching in evaluating university departments. c. In Singapore, except for 2 brief reports (Jones, 1968; Banisihan, 1973), the occurrence and distribution of fungi in the marine environment are little known. d. This paper reports the determination of molybdenum in alloy steels by direct atomic-absorption spectroscopy at 3132A in a flame of this type. e. Not only has the teaching of interpersonal skills been generally ignored in veterinary education, but scant information has been available in the literature on the attitudes to these skills on the part of veterinary students and graduates. This is despite widespread concern amongst veterinarians about a number of related factors, including; conditions of work especially for recent graduates; a rapid migration of young veterinarians out of private practice and in many cases out of veterinary work altogether; and the knowledge that dissatisfaction and frustration associated with veterinary work commonly result from problems in dealing with people. These are mainly clients, who may be seen as demanding, inconsiderate, unappreciative, unthinking and/or know-alls; or superiors, who may give too little supervision, or understanding, or backup, or reward (Heath, Western and Chaloupka, 1988). Exercise 3 Now read the following Introduction. Decide where the different moves begin and end. Underline those words that you think indicate a change of move.

The perceptual and conceptual abilities of very young children between 1 and 3 years of age, have received little attention in comparison to the abilities of pre-schoolers and, more recently, newborns and infants under a year of age (c.f. Siegel, 1967). Among the deterrents to research on learning with 2-year-olds is a general suspicion that such children are highly distractable and will display a variety of error factors (e.g. Harlow, 1950. 1959) or task-irrelevant behaviours. Successful discrimination learning in children under 2 years of age has been relatively difficult to demonstrate (e.g. Hill, 1965; Weisber and Simmons, 1966; Welch, 1939), and many investigators report children over 3 display various responses and stimulus biases (e.g. Berman, Rane and Bahow, 1970; Greene 1964; Levinson and Reese, 1967). But research on a limited number of 2-year-olds suggests that under appropriate conditions,

discrimination learning may proceed with very few errors, particularly after the initial discrimination has been acquired (cf. Gellerman, 1933; Hayes, Thompson and Hayes, 1953; Welch, 1939). Stimulus and response biases have been reported for this group as well as older children (e.g. Gellerman, 1933; Graham, Erhart, Craft and Berman, 1964), but it remains unclear whether these biases dominate and generally interfere with cue-guided behaviour or whether they are simply initiated because of inadequate understanding of instructions or other aspects of the learning task. Thus, one purpose of the present study was to determine how rapidly two-choice discrimination learning tasks can be solved by 2-year-olds and how pervasive stimulus and response biases are in performances on such problems. Exercise 4 Now there is a problem for you to solve. Your friend has just written the following Introduction and has asked you to read it. What would you tell your friend is wrong with the staging of this Introduction? The problem of an ageing population is currently causing much concern in many countries. Shanghai is the first Chinese city to experience this problem. We conducted an investigation during June and July, 1986, for the purpose of probing into the effect of Tai Chi and diet nutrition on health and senility. The results of that investigation are reported here.

Exercise 5
This exercise will give you practice in reconstructing an introduction. The following introduction has had one move omitted. Read through the text to discover what move is missing. Injury is the leading cause of death and disability in persons in the first five decades of life and motor vehicle crash (MVC) is by far the leading mechanism of injury involved (National Safety Council, 1985). There has been considerable research on injury control which has resulted in a reduction of injury severity and deaths due to MVCs . This has been primarily through improving the crash-worthiness of vehicles and through design changes of the roadside environment. Personal and behavioural risk factors for MVCs have been identified including alcohol use, sea belt use, driving speed and miles driven per year (Breslow et al., 1985).

(PART OF TEXT OMMITTED HERE)

The distracting effects of smoking while driving as well as behavioural differences between smokers and non-smokers prompted the question of whether cigarette smoking may be a risk factor for MVCs. Here is some additional information to help you reconstruct the text. Write just one or two sentences and make sure that they will fit into the space coherently with the parts around 1. The three leading causes of death are cancer, stroke and heart disease. 2. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for the three leading causes of death. 3. There has been a great deal of research into the relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer, stroke, and heart disease. 4. The fourth leading cause of death is injuries. 5. There has been little research into the relationship between cigarette smoking and injuries.

Exercise 6 Can you identify which parts in the following abstract that could be classified as: Introduction, Material &methods, Results & Discussion, Conclusions Estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) over large areas are an important input to distributed snow hydrological models used for predicting snowmelt runoffs. SWE can be estimated from the

travel time and propagation velocity of ground penetrating radar waves traveling through a snow pack, and when the radar is operating from, e.g., a snowmobile, large areas can be covered in a relatively short time. However, such methods typically suffer from low accuracy in wet snow packs due to a built-in assumption of dry snow. To remedy the problem, two methods for determination of liquid water content from frequency- and path-dependent attenuation, respectively, have been suggested. In this paper, results of a field evaluation of these methods are presented, and both methods are shown to improve the accuracy of SWE estimation. In the field tests, the mean relative error in SWE obtained with these methods was 15%, which can be compared to the mean relative error of 35% if liquid water content was ignored.