In this chapter, you will learn : Approach to tackle Complex Arrangements question

Chapter 9

Complex Arrangement
We have already learnt about linear arrangement chapter which involve fixing only one attribute to the objects given whereas the questions in complex arrangements involve fixing of 2 or more attributes to any object, e.g., five restaurants in Mumbai run by five married couples (names of husbands being given). Here, we may have to assign to the husbands name of their wives, their surnames, names of the restaurants etc. All these questions can be solved if the given information is analysed and put in a matrix form, so as to be clearly understandable. This is important because of the fact that questions will mostly be inclined towards indirect information. This chapter introduces you to a variety of problems on complex arrangement and shows how to tabulate and draw inferences from the given data.

It is not so important to know everything as to know the exact value of everything to appreciate what we learn and to arrange what we know Hannah Moore

APPROACH TO TACKLE COMPLEX ARRANGEMENT QUESTIONS

The most important point of concern in complex arrangements is to understand the problem and draw a matrix illustrating all the given points of the basic structure of the argument: Here, we will discuss the various methods to draw a matrix. For reference, we will use the following example. There are 6 male players who play 6 different sports - Cricket, Football, }ocke Tennis, Badminton and Athletics. They are married to 2 Engineers, Doctor, CA, Professor and Housewife in not necessarily the same order. The couples stay in 6 different cities - Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Kolkata, Delhi, Ernakulam and Indore. Following information is given:

1. The Foot player is married to an Engineer, but does not belong to either Kolkata or Delhi. 2. The Doctor and Athlete dont stay in indore and Ernakulam respectively. 3. The Hockey player is not married to either Doctor or CA, but his wife is not a housewife either. 4. One of the Engineer stays in Delhi. . 5. The Hockey player, the Tennis player and the Cricketer stay in Kolkata, lndore and, Bangalore respectively 6. The lady who stays in Ernakulam is Housewife.

(I) Who is married to the Hockey player? (ii) In which. city does the Doctor stay? (iii) Who is married to the Athlete? (iv) ln which city does the Badminton player stay? (v) In which city does the Football player stay?

The given, problem can be classified as a three parameter problem in which 2 attributes are assigned to a given parameter: Here we are required to match correctly the male players with the female professionals living in different cities. Our objective should be very clear. For e.g., here, our objective can be represented as, Male player Profession of wife City

Method II This technique is more compact than the previous one and takes less working space. It is advisable to the students to adapt themselves with this method. Here we draw a matrix as shown below, Male players Profession of Wife Cities

Unlike the previous method, the blocks in the matrix are filled with the respective parameters following the given conditions. Here also we fix a parameter taking it as a reference. Using conditions (1), (2), (3) and (5) we get Male Football Cricket Hockey Tennis Bad. Athlete Profession of Wife Eng. Cities ~Kolkata, ~Delhi Bang. Kolkata Ind. ~Doc, ~CA, ~HW ~Doc ~Ern

On the right hand side of the matrix, the negation symbol means that the particular object cannot be associated with the reference parameter. Using condition (4) and (6), only possibility for placing Housewife + Ernakulam and Engineer + Delhi is with the Badminton player or the Athlete. But the Athlete does not live in Ernakulam, thus it should be associated with the Engineer who lives in Delhi and the Badminton player with Housewife. Hence we get, Male Football Cricket Hockey Tennis Bad. Athlete Profession of Wife Eng. Cities ~Kolkata, ~Delhi Bang. Kolkata Ind. Ern. Delhi ~Doc, ~CA, ~HW ~Doc ~Ern

HW Eng.

Now, the Hockey and Tennis players cannot be married to the Doctor. Thus the only option left with Doctor is the Cricketer. Also the Hockey player cannot be married to the CA. Hence the Tennis player will be married to the CA and a Hockey player with the Professor. Hence we get the final matrix as, Male Football Cricket Hockey Tennis Bad. Athlete Profession of Wife Eng. Doctor Professor CA HW Eng. Cities Ahm. Bang. Kolkata Ind. Ern. Delhi ~Kolkata, ~Delhi ~Doc, ~CA, ~HW ~Doc ~Ern

Method III Another way in which the matrix can be made is described as follows: For the question given, we take the 6 male players as the fixed parameter, in 6 columns. Then we put remaining parameters in two rows. The rows are further divided into two rows. We put a cross and tick in both the splitted rows (as shown). Footballer Wives Cities x x Tennis Badminton Athlete Hockey Cricketer

The whole idea is to fit the given information into this matrix, so that we can find the unknown elements in the remaining cells. Whatever combinations are not possible, we put them in the crossed rows, and whatever combinations are possible are put in ticked row. Statement 1: Footballer is married to an Engineer but does not belong to either Kolkata or Delhi. Application for matrix formation Engineer into ticked row corresponding to wives and K and D in the crossed row of cities. As soon as we know an element in any cell in ticked rows, we totally cross the corresponding crossed cell. Statement 2: Doctor does not stay in Indore, Athlete does not stay in Ernakulam Application This information cannot be put into matrix at this stage, hence we will put it separately Statement 3: Hockey player is not married to any one of Doctor, CA or Housewife. Application - We will put D CA and HW in the crossed sub row under the wives row, in Hockey players column.

Statement 4: One of the Engineer stay in Delhi Application - Again information cannot be put directly in the matrix, but we know from the matrix. that this Engineer is not married to the Footballer because Footballer cannot stay in Delhi, hence this Engineer is married to some one else . Statement 5: Hockey player, Tennis player and Cricketer stay in Kolkata, Indore and Bangalore respectively. Application We put K, I and B in the ticked sub row under the cities, row of Hockey player, Tennis player and Cricketer column respectively. Statement 6: Lady who stays in Ernakularn is a Housewife. Now as Athlete cannot stay in Ernakulam (St.2), he must stay in Delhi and thus is married to the Engineer. Badminton player must stay in the only remaining city i.e.. Ernakulam and his wife is a housewife. The Football player stays in Ahmedabad. Application - Hence we end up with the matrix, by looking at which we can easily answer all the questions.

Footballer x Wives x Cities Eng. K and D

Tennis

Badminton

Athlete

Hockey D, CA, HW

Cricke ter

H W
I

SOLVED EXAMPLES
DIRECTIONS for examples I to 5: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. There are four friends A, B, C and D. They drink two soft drinks, Coke, Pepsi with favourite heroes being Brad Pitt nd Tom Cruise. They drive a bike and a car. A drives a bike but not a car, drinks Coke and Pepsi and likes Brad Pitt. B drives both and drinks Pepsi and likes Tom Cruise. C drives car and drinks nothing but likes both Brad Pitt arid Tom Cruise D drives nothing, drinks nothing but like both. Brad Pitt and Tom Cruise. Example 1 : A and D always go together, so they watch _______movie and go by _______ 1] Brad and Car 3] Tom , Bike 2] Tom and Brad, Bike 4] Brad Bike

Example 2

If D has to watch a Tom Movie and has a bike, who does he go with? 1]C 2] A 3] B 4] (A) or (B) Which of the following is true? (I) A drinks Coke, because he likes Brad. (ii) Among the four friends, those who love Tom drink Pepsi. (iii) Among the four friends, those who drink pepsi drive a bike. 1] (i) 2] (ii) 3] (iii) 4] (i) and (ii) Which of the following is/are true? (i) The person driving a car has Pepsi. (ii) The person who likes Tom drives a bike. 1) only (i) is true 2) only (ii) is true 3} both are true 4) neither are true If C goes for Brad movie on bike,. then he goes with: 1] A 2] B 3] D 4] A & D

Example 3

Example 4

Example 5

For answers to examples I to 5: Drink C&P P x x Actor BP TC BP & TC BP & TC Vehicle B B&C C x

Solution 1

D does not drive any vehicle, but A can drive a bike and the common actor that they like is Brad Pitt. Hence [4]. The Only person who can drive a bike and likes Tom Cruise is B. Hence, [3]. Only (iii) is true. Hence, [3] Neither of the statement is true. Hence, [4]. The only person who likes Brad and drives a bike is A. Hence, [1].

Solution 2 Solution 3 Solution 4 Solution 5

: : : :

DIRECTIONS for examples 6 to 10: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. Six students; fo boys and two girls study in I, II, III and IV standard. They like 6 different eatables; Maggie, Popcorn, Biscuit, Cornflakes, Bread and Chocolate. They like 6 different colours Blue, Orange,Green, Yellow, Brown and Red, not necessarily in the same order. Following things are known about their choices: 1. Students in I standard like Maggie and Chocolate and they are the only students in standard I. 2. Students who, like Green and Brown colours do not like Bread and Maggie respectively. 3. Two boys, who are the only students in their respective standards, like Orange and Green. 4. Students of II and IV standard like Biscuits and Bread respectively. 5. None of the boys like Popcorn or Chocolate.. 6. Girls are in the I and III standard.

Example 6

The student in II standard likes: 1] Brown 2] Red The girl in Ill standard likes: 1] Yellow 2] Red

3] Green

4] Orange

Example 7

3] Green

4] Data Insufficient

Example 8

One of the III standard students prefers: 1] Chocolate 2] Cornflakes 3] Maggie The student who likes orange is in standard: 1] IV 2] III 3] I If the boy likes brown, then one of the girls must like 1] Blue 2] Red 3] Yellow

4] Bread

Example 9

4] II 4] Any of (1),(2)or (3)

Example 10 :

For answers to examples 6 to 10: According to condition (5), no boy Iike Popcorn or Chocolate. Thus from condition (1), one of the students who like Chocolate must be a girl. According to condition(6), one girl is in standard Ill and there are only two girls, so rest are boys. Due to the condition (5), no boy likes Popcorn or Chocolate hence. the girl must like Popcorn and Chocolate. But one of the girls in standard I likes Chocolate therefore the girl in standard III must like Popcorn. According to statement (3). the two boys who like Orange and Green, are the only students in their standard. Hence, they cannot be in standard I and Ill. Student in standard IV loves bread so he cannot like Green colour (condition (2)) thus student in standard Il likes Green colour. Also the fourth boy must be in standard III as he cannot be II and IV (condition (3), (6) and (1)).

B Standard x 1 Eatables x

Cornflakes Colours x Brown Blue Y, R G Blue, Y, R, Br Green O Blue, Y, R, Br

Popcorn

Blue, Y, R, Br

Method II
Sex M F M F M F Solution 6 : Solution 7 : Solution 8 : Solution 9 : Solution 10 : Standard I I II III IV III Eatables Maggie Chocolate Biscuit Popcorn Bread Cornflakes Colours Blue/Yellow/Red Blue/Yellow/ Red/Brown Green Blue/Yellow/ Red/Brown Orange Blue/Yellow/ Red/Brown ~Popcorn ~Chocolate ~Popcorn ~Chocolate ~Popcorn ~Chocolate ~ Green ~Popcorn ~Chocolate ~Brown

The student in the II standard likes Green colour. Hence [3] The data is insufficient to answer the question. Hence, [4] One of the III standard students prefers Cornflakes. Hence, [2] The student who likes Orange is in standard IV. Hence, [1] The females can choose any of the colours out of Blue, Yellow and Red. Hence, [4]

END OF CHAPTER - 9

In this chapter, you will learn : Types of conditional statements Notations Grouping using conditional statements

Chapter 10

Conditionalities & Grouping

In the formation of groups or for an event to occur or for a particular arrangement, certain conditions are imposed. These conditions have to be taken into account during the formation of the groups or for the particular event to occur. Translated into Mathematics, we need to understand the conditional statements in Logic. In conditionality, on the basis of the occurrence of an event, the occurrence of another event depends. For example, if A is at position 1 then B must be at position 2. Thus the occurrence of B is affected by the occurrence of A. But the converse is not true, i.e., if B is at position 2 it is not necessary that A should be at position 1. If the converse is also true then the statement is called biconditional. For example, if A is at position 1 then B must be at position 2 and if B is at position 2 then A must be at position 1. This chapter introduces you to such logical conditional statements and shows how they are applied to segregate objects into groups.

All things appear and disappear because of the concurrence of causes and conditions. Nothing ever exists entirely alone everything is in relation to everything else Buddha

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Conditional statements can be classified into four groups: a) If A occurs then B will also occur. AB The reverse implication of this statement is, that, if B has not occurred A will also not occur. The not statement we denote by the symbol ~ i.e., not B will denoted as ~B ~B~A It is not necessary that B A. If A occurs then B will not occur. A~B The reverse implication is B ~ A. It is not necessary that ~ B A. If A has not occurred then B will occur. ~AB The reverse implication is ~B A. It is not necessary that B ~ A If A has not occurred then B will also not occur. ~A~B The reverse implication is B A. It is not necessary that ~B ~ A

b)

c)

d)

Few more examples of conditional statements are as given below: a] Symptoms of disease A are fever and headache but not rash or sore throat. b] E occurs only if C occurs. A causes B or C, but not both. c] There are 3 strains of bacteria which can be positive or negative. Antibiotic G is the only drug that kills bacteria of class negative, but it does not kill bacteria of class positive.

NOTATIONS
The various notations used in conditionalities and group formations are:

1. A belongs to B 2. A does not belong to B 3. If A belongs to Group I then B belongs to Group II 4. A and B do not belong to the same group.
5. A and B belong to the same group.

A 2 B or A j B 6 6 A 2 B or A j B [ B 2 II A 2 I ABX or AB AB

GROUPING USING CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

2 collectors, Ajay and Puneet, are each selecting a group of three wildlife prints from a group of 7 prints T, U, V, W, X, V and Z. No print can be in both groups. The selections made by Ajay and Puneet are subject to the following restrictions. 1. 2. 3 4. If U is in Ajays group. W must be in Puneets group. If X is in Ajays group, Z must he in Puneets group. T and Z cannot not be in the same group. W and Y cannot be in the same group. : i. If X is in Ajays group, any one of the following could be in Puneets group except: 1]T 2]U 3]V 4]W ii. Which of the following pairs of groups selected by Ajay and Puneet confirm to the restriction? AJAY PUNEET 1] T, U, V W, X, Y 2] T, U, Z V, W, X 3] U, X, Z T, W, Y 4] V, W, X U, Y, Z iii. If U is in Ajays group, which of the following is true ? 1] T must be in Ajays group. 2] Y must be in Ajays group. 3] V must be in Puneets group 4] V cannot be Puneet group iv. If U and X are in Ajays group, Puneets group must consist of: 1] T,W and Y 2] T,Yand Z 3) V,WandZ 4] V,YandZ v. If T is in Puneets group, which of the following is true ? 1] U cannot be in Ajays group. 2] X cannot be in Ajays group. 3] Y cannot be in Punee.t group. 4] Z must be in Puneets group. Step I Identify the elements. Seven prints - T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z. Step2 Identify the groups. Ajay (A) and Puneet (P). Conditions: 1 If U is in Ajays group, W must be in Punets group. i.e., U j A W j P. 2.If X is in Ajays group Z must be in Puneets group. i.e., X j A Z j P. 3 T and Z cannot be in the same group i.e., TZX 4 W and Y cannot be in the same group i.e., WYX

Examples

Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3 Solution 4

: . : : :

From condition (2) X j A Z j B must be in Puneets group Since TZX from (3), T cannot be in Puneets group Hence,[1]. Choices [1] and [3] are ruled out since condition (4) is violated Choice [2] is ruled out since condition (3) is violated. Hence,[4] Since U j A W j P and since WYX. Y is not in Puneets group. but at the same time it is not necessary that Y Should be in Ajays group. Hence, [4]. 6 U j A W j P and Y j P j A Z j P and T j P 6 X Choice [3] satisfy these two conditions. Hence[3] If T is in Puneets group, the Z cannot be in Puneets group TZ X. This means that X cannot be in Ajays group br X j A Z j P. Hence,[2]

Solution 5

SOLVED EXAMPLES
DIRECTIONS for example 1 to 5 : Refer to the data below and answer the question that follow. From a group of six boys A, B, C, D, E and F and fiye girls L, M, N, 0 and P a volleyball team of six members is chosen under the following conditions: i. 0 and P have to be together ii. C cannot go with 0. iii. A and D have to be together. iv. D cannot go with L. v. C and M have to be together. vi. B and N have to be together. vii. B and E cannot be teamed toqether. Example 1 Example 2 : : If the team consists of four girls the members of the team are: 1] BELNOP 2] EFLNOP 3] BFLNOP 4] BCLNOP If the team consists of five boys and there is only one girl, then the girl would be: 1] L 2] M 3] N 4] 0 If the team consists of four boys including E, then the other members of the team are : 1] ADFOV 2] ABDOP 3] ACDLM 4] ABDNM If the team consist of three girls including L, then the other members of the team are: 1] ABDNO 2] BCFNO 3] ADEOP 4] BCFMN If the team including C consists of four boys, then the other members of the team are: 1] ADEOP 2] ABDMN 3] ABDLM 4] ABDLN

Example 3

Example 4

Example 5

For answers to examples 1 to 5: Solution 1 : 0 and P have to be together. Therefore, C wont be there, according to (ii) and hence M wont be there according to (v). So the four girls would be L, N, U and P. Hence D and A wont be there according to (iv) and (iii). Hence one of either B and E will be there according to (vii). Since B and N have to be together, the members of the team would be BFLNOP. Hence. [3] The only team of 5 boys possible is ACDEF. The only girl would be M according to (v). Note that ABCDF is not possible as two girls M and N will have to be selected. Hence, [2]. The team cannot include B according to (vii). The girls in the team can only be O and P. Hence C wont be there according lo (ii). Hence the boys in the team will be ADEF. Hence the team other than E is ADFOP. Hence, [1] The team will not include A and D according to (iii) and (iv). The only boys in the team would he BCF and the girls would be M and N. Hence, [4] The only team possible including C, other than C is ABDMN. Hence, [2]

Solution 2 :

Solution 3 :

Solution 4 : Solution 5 :

DIRECTIONS for example 6 to 9: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. In a five-member team to go to a science fair, three scientists and two students are to be selected. A, B, C, D and E are scientist and P, Q, R an S are students. i. A will not go if C goes. ii. P will go only if Q goes iii Q will not go if R goes. iv. B will go only if E goes v D will not go if S goes. vi. E will not go with vii B will not go with Example 6 Example 7 : : What is the largest number of students and scientists combination possible? 1] 1 2] 2 3] 3 4] 4 If B is selected which other scientists may be selected ? i A, E ii D,E iii. C,E 1] (i) only 2] (i) and (iii) 3] (i) or (ii) 4] (ii) only If Q is selected which other students may be selected? 1] P 2] R 3] S 4] R or S Which of the following are not necessarily selected ? 1] Q 2] A 3] E 4) S

Example 8 Example 9

: :

For answers to examples 6 to 9: The given conditions may be written as follows: I. If C ~ A [ A ~C ii. P will go if Q goes [ ~Q ~P jii. If R ~Q [ Q ~R iv. B will go if E goes [ ~E ~B v. If S ~D [ D ~S vi. EPX vii. BRX Combination of scientists possible using the given condition are: ABE, ADE, BEC, BED and CDE - 5 ways in which the scientists can be selected. This is keeping in. mind that A and C do not come together and E would follow if B is one of the members. Combination of students possible using conditions (ii) and (iii) are PQ, RS and QS. Using conditions (v), (vi) and (vii) the possible combinations are ABEQS and BECQS. Solution 6 Solution 7 Solution 8 Solution 9 : : : : The largest number of students and scientists combination possible is 2. Hence, [2] Referring to the above combination ABEQS and BECQS from the given options, AE and CE are the other scientists that could be. chosen. Hence, [2] If Q is selected, the only other student that could be selected is S [ ABEQS and BECQS]. Hence, [3] Q, E and S are selected in both the combinations.. The combinations do not necessarily contain A. Hence,[2].

DIRECTIONS for examples 10 to 14: Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow. There are five events A, B, C, D and E that can happen. The occurrence of every event is governed by few rules, which are: ~ If A occurs then either of B or C or both must occur. ~ If B occurs then D cannot occur. ~ If C occurs then E must occur. ~ If D occurs then C must occur. ~ If E occurs then A must occur and B cannot occur. ~ If D has not occurred then A will also not occur.

Example 10 : Example 11 :

If C has occured, then which event definitely occurs? 1] A 2]B 3] D 4] A and D If E has not occured, then which of the statements must be true? I C has not occured. II. B has occured. III D has not occured. IV. A has not occured. 1] I and II 2] IIIand IV 3] I, III and IV 4] I and IV If B has occured, then which statement will be definitely false? 1] D has not occurd. 2] C has not occured 3] E has not occured 4] A must occur. If A has occurred, then which event(s) will definitely occur? 1] B 2] C and D 3] B and E 4] C, D and E If D occurs, then any of the events can occur except: 1] A 2] B 3] A and E 4] Cannot say

Example 12 :

Example 13 : Example 14 :

For answers to examples 10 to 14: Let us symbolise the given conditions and interpret their reverse implications. ~A B or C or both . If both B and C have not occured then A will not occur but this is not true for the case that any of B or C has not occured. ~B~D[ D~B ~ C E [ ~E ~ C ~ D C [ ~C ~ D ~ E A [ ~A ~ E ~E~B[ B~E ~D~A[ AD