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DISTINGUISHING FACT FROM OPINION

Anything you read combines statements of opinion with statements of fact. This can arouse problems because if you are not alert, you might not aware that a writer gives you his or her particular take or bias (a particular opinion, or slant, or a judgment on the part of the writer based upon his or her own personal viewpoint) upon events. He or she might be trying to persuade you by manipulating facts or events. Realizing this, one of the constant tasks you have to face in your trials to be a critical reader is to discriminate between opinion and fact. It is not always easy, because in some cases there is only a very slight difference between a fact and an opinion. A. Statement of Opinion

A statement of opinion reveals an authors personal feelings, beliefs, attitudes, or judgments on a particular subject. Connelly (1996) states that an opinion is a statement of belief or feeling which shows one's feelings about a subject.It expresses his or her individual viewpoint or perspective. It tells you not only what was seen but how it was seen as well. The followings are examples of statements of opinion:
a) Cindy Prima is the best newsreader on television. b) Birds make much better pets than cats do. c) Chairil Anwars poem Aku has inspired many heroic deeds. d) Bakmi 88 is the best restaurant in this area. e) Learning a foreign language is very easy. f) Highways would probably be more attractive without any billboards. Since such statements depend on the personal experience, history, culture, and training of the people who hold them, they cannot be judged true or false, right or wrong. That is one reason for the expression everyone has a right to his or her own opinion. Statements of opinion express a persons individual response to the surrounding world. In other words, only the person holding the opinion can affirm or deny its accuracy. Imagine, for example, that you are trying to confirm a dog lover that birds actually make better pets. You would be wasting your time and energy. B. Statement of Fact In contrast to a statement of opinion, a statement of fact describes the world without interpreting it. Connelly (1996) states that a fact is a statement of actuality or occurrence which is based on direct evidence, actual experience, or observation. Unlike statements of opinion, statements of fact can be tested for accuracy through your own personal observation or through examining historical records and scientific reports. The following are statements of fact:
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a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

It is raining outside. Microsoft Corporation released Windows XP on October 25, 2001. The water in the lake is over twenty meters deep. Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7, 1941. Moon is the only satellite of the earth. Mr. Soekarno was Indonesian first president. Lightning can cause forest fires. In each case, you can check the accuracy of these statements. For item 1 and 3, you could actually see for yourself if they were actually true, and for the other three you could check a variety of trustworthy sources, like history books, encyclopedias, and dictionaries. To make it easier to remember the distinction between statements of opinion and statements of fact, keep the following points in mind: 1. Statements of fact employ more concrete words and phrases. These refer to physical objects, events, or characteristics. Concrete words refer to things that can be seen, touched or measured. Book, cup, chair, red, ten kilograms, five meters , and ten minutes are all examples of concrete language. 2. Statements of opinion rely more on abstract words or phrases. Abstract words refer to things that cannot be seen, touched or measured. Freedom, justice, kindness, health, and happiness are examples of abstract words. Since they do not refer to any specific physical object or experience, people use them in different ways. One persons happiness, for instance, could well be another persons misery. 3. Statements of opinion frequently use words that make value judgments, like excellent, good, significant, poor, superior, or inferior. They are often signaled by phrases like I would suggest, It would seem possible, It seems, and I believe. Be alert for such phrases as you read. If you find that a writer uses words or phrases that belong to both concrete and abstract language in his or her statements, we can call them a blend of fact and opinion. To illustrate, look at the following examples: a) Being very inspiring and challenging, Pauls Education in the Global Era has been sold 10,000,000 copies in the first semester of its publication. b) An extraordinary and imaginative film, Steven Spielbergs Jurassic Park earned several million dollars in the first weekend of its American debut.

Explanation:

In the first sentence, the amount of copies sold can be easily checked. Thats a fact. However, just how inspiring and challenging the book was very personal. It is an opinion. Using the same way of analysis, the amount of money that the movie earned in the second sentence can be easily checked. Thats a fact. But just how extraordinary and imaginative the film was is a matter of personal opinion. So, both of sentence a) and b) blends fact and opinion.

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EXERCISE 21 Read each of the following sentences carefully. Then label them F for fact, O for opinion, or B if the sentence blends both. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. The quantity and quality of love children accept is highly correlating to the economic wealth of their family: the wealthier the family, the more love children can get. ____ Human behavior is the result of a persons heredity and environment. ____ Learning by imitation is one of the most effective ways of learning because it provides a complete behavioral sequence for the learners. ____ Within ten years, computers are going to replace teachers. ____ We live in a terrible and violent world. ____ Human digestion begins when we use our teeth to cut and grind food. ____ Indonesia proclaimed its independence in August 17, 1945. ____ To be a good father is very difficult. ____ Children display an amazing ability to become fluent speakers of any language consistently spoken around them. ____ A person with good management skills will make a good president for Indonesia. ____ The Supreme Court should reintroduce prayer into school. ____ Baseball is the most popular sports in the United States. ____ In all human communication, information is transferred from one persons memory to another. ____ Like the main idea of a paragraph, an essays thesis is developed throughout the text. ____ The symptom of a serious emotional disorder named anorexia nervosa, a disease that can have terrible and even fatal consequences, usually strikes adolescent girls who have no reason to diet. ___ EXERCISE 22 Read the following paragraphs and identify each sentence in the paragraph according to whether it is fact (F), opinion (O), or a mixture of both (B). 1. [1] The story of American people is a story of immigration and diversity. [2] The U.S.
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has welcomed more immigrants than any other countrymore than 50 million in all and still admits almost 700,000 persons a year. [3] In the past American writers emphasized the idea of the melting pot, an image that suggested new comers would discard their old customs and adopt American ways. [4] Typically, for example, the children of immigrants learned English but not their parents first language. [5] Recently, however, Americans have placed greater value on diversity, ethnic groups have renewed and celebrated their heritage, and the children of immigrants often grow up being bilingual. 1. ____ 2. 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____

[1] In all communications through language people do not only use their linguistic competence but also involve their perception, idea, gesture and many other things shaped by their culture. [2] If the persons involved in the communication come from the same culture, to a certain extent, they can understand each other without any complicated obstacles. [3] However, if they are members of different cultures, although their linguistic competence in the language used is quite high, misunderstandings are likely to occur. [4] Thus, it is apparent that culture and language are two inseparable factors in human communication. 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____

3.

[1] To be successful you must be compassionate. [2] It basically involves nothing more than putting yourself in the other persons shoes and trying to feel what hes experiencing. [3] It costs nothing but is worth everything, because, to different degrees, average person lives in pain, and taking that factor into consideration before speaking or acting, you will help others gain their cooperation as well. [4] In other words, you have to meet people in the hurt. [5] It is said that in life youll reap what you sow. [6] A person who demonstrates the most compassion toward others is the person who is destined to reap the most compassion from others. [7] Thus, although you cannot force others to be compassionate to you, you can learn to be compassionate to them. [8] By being compassionate, youll gain a heightened sense of self-esteem and reap many additional rewards, both directly and indirectly, as time passes. 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____

4.

[1] Americans are a peculiar people. [2] They work like mad, then give away much of what they earn. [3] They play until they are exhausted, and call this a vacation. [4] They love to think of themselves as though-minded businessmen, yet they are pushovers for any hard-luck story. [5] They have the biggest of nearly everything including government, motorcars and debts, yet they are afraid of bigness. [6] They are always trying to chip away at big government, big business, big unions, and big influence. [7] They like to think of themselves as little people, average men, and they
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would like to cut everything down to their own size. [8] Yet they boast of their tall buildings, high mountains, long rivers, big state, the best country, the best world, and the best heaven. [9] They also have the most traffic deaths, the wastest, the most racketeering. 1. ___ 2. ___ 5. 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ___ 7. ____ 8. ____ 9. ___

[1] Though a subject of intense speculation, empirical studies on homosexuality and its relationship to creativity have been few and far between. [2] Also the methodology of some of these has been questionable since it hasnt always been easy to get a large enough sample size. [3] One of the earliest studies (Ellis 1959) comparing a group of homosexual patients in psychotherapy with a set of heterosexual patients, proved heterosexuals to be more creative that the homosexual patients. [4] Also greater the degree of emotional disturbance of the homosexual patients the less creative they proved to be. [5] The main critique of the study here throughout the literature has been use of psychotherapy patients as sample and the results therefore cannot be generalized, also creativity was judged based on a dictionary definition rather than performance or test data. [6] A later study by George Domino (1977) included four groups of homosexuals (activists, social homosexuals, clients of a college counseling center, and artistic homosexuals) and four groups of control heterosexuals. [7] The subjects were administered a battery of tests that included nine measures of aspects of creativity. [8] In all cases where significant mean differences were obtained, homosexuals scored lower and there was no support for the contention that homosexuals are more creative. 1. ____ 2. ____ 3. ____ 4. ____ 5. ____ 6. ____ 7. ____ 8. ____

EXERCISE 23 Read the following advertisement, and then answer the questions that follow.

WOMEN TODAY WANT A LOT FROM A MAN

Can you give it to them? Yes, you can! Now, that best-selling book that tells you all you need to know about what women wantDEVELOPING SEXUAL VERSALITY. Yours for only $5.95 (plus postage and handling) Filled with action photos that show you how to make any girl you want your pleasure slave. DEVELOPING SEXUAL VERSALITY contains:

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guaranteed results within one week after reading our book fool-proof pick-up methods that will work on any woman. clear, luscious how to pictures to teach you our method for conquest. researched-based methods from interviews with thirty gorgeous women who told us what they expect from a real man.
ALL THE ANSWERS, Co. P.O. Box 1000, N.Y. Ive enclosed $ 5.95 plus $2.00 for postage and handling. Rush my copy of DEVELOPING SEXUAL VERSALITY! Bill me COD for my copy of DEVELOPING SEXUAL VERSALITY Name ________________________________ Street ________________________________ City ____________ State _________________ Zip ___________

step-by-step techniques that no woman will be able to resist: how to look her in the eyes and tell her what you want how to touch and stimulate her desire for you how to remove her clothes how to develop sexual control many others Dozens of proven methods that we guarantee will change your sex life
QUESTIONS
1. 2. 3.

Book sent in plain brown wrapper

[T/F] The advertisement is primarily filled with facts. [T/F] According to the ad, Developing Sexual Versatility is based on research obtained from thirty gorgeous women. Circle the letter of each statement you consider to be fact: a.women today want a lot from man. b. guaranteed results within one week after reading our book. c. Developing Sexual Versatility tells you all you need to know about what women want. d. step-by-step techniques that no woman will be able to resist.

4. Circle the letter of each statement you consider to be opinion: a.Now, it is the best-selling book that tells you all you need to know about what women want. b. Your for only $5.95 c. fool-proof pick-up methods that will work on any woman. d. dozens of proven methods that we guarantee will change your sex life. 5. To whom (what audiences) do you think this ad is directed? 6. Would you buy the book advertisedor its counterpart written for female audience? Why or why not?
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EXERCISE 24 Determine whether each of the following quotations is F (fact), O (opinion), or B (blend of both).

1.

From the Congressional Record: It is tragic that in a society grown great through freedom we now endeavor to stay great by enforced taxation, Federal programs and the substitution of Federal Government schemes for private initiative. ____ From the an Associated Press release: Many people want better, more reliable information about the products and services they buy, according to one manufacturer. A nationwide survey, conducted for general electric, found that 71 percent felt that information about products was confusing. Sixty percent added that information supplied by manufacturers was useless. ____ From the Time magazine, June 21, 1971: Adolf Hitlers mistress, Eva Braun, was a pudgy, middle-class blonde who gloomed more than she glittered. Yet, her name will go down in history alongside such famous and glamorous kept women as Lola Montez, Madame de Pompadour, Nell Gwyn, and Du Barry. ____ From the Essentials of American Democracy: A black can expect to live, on the average, seven years less than a white person of the same sex, to enjoy a little more than half the incomeeven if he has more education than his white brothersand to suffer about twice the unemployment rate. ____ From the National Geographic News Service: The latest WHO (Word Health Organization) figures report that over 150 million new cases of malaria were reported in 1981, with an estimated 215 million people chronically afflicted with the disease. Despite decades of struggling against it, malaria is once again on the rise around the world. ____

2.

3.

4.

5.

C. Justified and Unjustified Opinions The ability to distinguish between statements of fact and statements of opinion is an important skill to develop because it can help you decide whether or not an authors opinions are justified. When we say that an opinion is justified we mean that the author has provided a number of convincing facts to support his or her personal belief. Justified opinions are worthy of your serious consideration. You may even want to make them your own. Beware, however, of statements of opinion that lack all factual support. We call these unjustified opinions, and they should be treated with skepticism. You certainly dont want to take them seriously without doing further reading on the subject. To help you see the difference between justified and unjustified opinions, look at the following pair of paragraphs. The first one expresses a justified opinion while the second one does not.
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The national Bureau of standards investigated the Hyatt regency accident in Kansas City, where many people died when a skywalk collapsed. Through that investigation, it was discovered that the original design of the skywalks had been changed during the construction of the building. As a result, the loads those structures could carry were greatly reduced. In addition, a second study by the International Conference of Building Officials concluded that the building inspection procedures at the time of construction were not adequate. Given the results of these two studies, I would make the following suggestion: the design of buildings, especially if they incorporate novel features and are used by large crowds, should be carefully examined and evaluated at all stages of construction. The last sentence of this paragraph is a topic sentence expressing an opinion: from now on, buildings, with new features that are to be used by large crowds should be carefully examined and evaluated at all stages of construction. But the author knows that his readers may not share that opinion. From their point of view, the existing system of inspection may be just fine. In order to convince them, he offers some specific facts about the construction of the Hyatt regency. This is his way of showing you that his opinion is justified and therefore worth sharing. Now read the second paragraph. We Americans like to brag about progress, but, in fact, life was better in the nineteenth century than it is in the twentieth. People were happier and more at peace with themselves. There just wasnt the same kind of anxiety and tension that there is today. If we had a chance, we would probably all get into a time machine and go backward in time, rather than forward. All of our highly touted technological progress has not brought us contentment. The author of this paragraph clearly believes that life was much better one hundred years ago than it is today. However, he does not offer one specific fact in support of that belief. He might have said to support his opinion, that the divorce rate was lower and that it is one reason why he believes people were happier. Or he might have pointed out that larger families were more common and parents could live with their children. Thus, old age did not mean entry into a nursing home and isolation. But he doesnt say anything like this. Instead, he simply presents his opinion and expects us to accept it. In response to this paragraph, the readers would say that the opinion is unjustified. They would even wonder if people actually did feel that much better a century ago. My be they did, but to find out, the reader would have to do more reading. Above all, the readers have to see the specific facts on which the opinion is based. Otherwise, there is no reason to believe that the authors opinion has any basis in reality, past or present, and the readers have to reserve judgment until they know more.
EXERCISE 25: Underline the topic sentence of each paragraph below. Then on the blank provided, put a J for justified, if you think the author provides relevant facts; put U for unjustified, if you think the author has not provided any facts or has provided only irrelevant ones. The first item is done for you as an example.

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1.

It is just not fair for smokers to be allowed to smoke when non-smokers are present; there should be more regulations forbidding people to indulge in smoking if nonsmokers are present. In a recent study, the American Cancer Association has reaffirmed and strengthened its original position on smoking cigarettes. There is a clear-cut link between smoking cigarettes and the incidence of lung cancer. In addition, smokers are three times more likely to get heart disease and emphysema. _ U__ The animals used in laboratory research are treated in scandalously abusive fashion. In their pursuit of cures for human diseases, scientists do not seem to care how they treat their animal subjects. Considered inferior beings, animals can be tortured, starved, even killed, and no one cares. After all, the mistreatment is done in the name of medical progress for human beings. Because animals have no language to voice their pain, we ignore it and let their suffering continue. ____ People in Southeast Asia are living in both traditional and modern culture. In this region, cities of more than one million peoplesuch as Bangkok, manila, Singapore, and Jakarta with Western-style high rise buildings and automobile-clogged streets spread into rise-growing countryside where peasants still plow with water buffaloes and live in little wooden house on stilts. Jet airliners take off from big municipal airports and in a few minutes are flying over mountains inhabited by tribesmen who wear almost no clothes and still hunt with poisoned darts. The king of Laos lives in a French-style palace with western dcor, but for official ceremonies he dons the baggy panung, the pantaloons worn by his ancestors for a thousand years. On the Indonesian island of Bali, barefoot men and girls perform elegant traditional dances in dusty village squares and then go see an American movie at the local theater. ____ All over the U.S.A., union membership is down, and the percentage of successful strike has diminished. Unions now win fewer battles with management each year than they did twenty years ago. In recent article in the New York Times, union organizers said that they were having trouble recruiting new members. During interviews with prospective members, they all reported hearing the same comment: people no longer believe that unions can deliver on their promise to protect worker interests. The signs are clear: now, American unions are undergoing a serious crisis. ____ A recent study by the Rand Corporation estimates that American teen-agers watch at least five hours of television per day. Teenagers should not be allowed to watch this much television; its not good for them. Accustomed to the bright images of television, teen-agers will lose interest in books and reading. They wont want to do any homework because compared to television, homework will be too boring. It is not accompanied by enough pictures, and there isnt any music. If this trend toward more and more television viewing continues, the future generation will not be able to read, write, or think. ____ Confucius was a great Chinese teacher. Unlike the Buddha, Confucius did not seek to escape from the world. He wanted instead to find a way for man to be happy on earth. He thought that human nature was good, not bad. To be more specific, if man would think and act properly, he believed, most evils would disappear. His teachings held that men should develop the virtues of kindliness, tolerance, and respect for older people and ancestors. In government he believed the ruler was like the father in a family: he directed the government, but was responsible for the welfare of his people. Certainly,
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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Confucius ranks as one of the great teachers of all time. ____ 7. One of the most tragic facts, if not the most tragic of human existence is that while physical maturity for normal people develops naturally and automatically with the passage of time and normal consumption of food, mental maturity does not come so easily. A large number of people who have the physique and age of adults and are thus in possession of adult status and privileges, are not mentally mature. This is rather unfortunate for as Harry A. Overstreet in The Mature Mind observes, The most dangerous members of our society are those grownups whose powers of influence are adult but whose motives and responses are infantile. Adults who are incapable of carrying out their duties and obligations with a proper sense of responsibility can not only give themselves unnecessary trouble, but also cause much harm to those over whom they have influence. ____ There is no doubt that a persons mental growth depends to some extent on the way his parents guided him when he was a child and on the environmental conditions he grew up in. However, mental development, unlike physical growth, need not stop at the end of puberty. A man is what he makes himself. Just as he can, after completing his basic education, choose between writing in a mundane manner, using clichs and wornout phrases, and emulating the fresh and apt expressiveness of a Shakespeare or a D.H. Lawrence, he can, at any stage of his life, always further develop himself if he consciously makes the effort to do so. As Gautama Buddha puts it, The mind is everything; what you think, you become. ____

8.

9. A high level of agreement on what constitutes beauty may exist in every culture, but specific ideals of the beautiful woman or man undoubtedly vary over time and from culture to culture. In the 1880s, after surveying numerous tribes and cultures, Charles Darwin concluded, It is certainly not true that there is in the mind of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human body. While the standards may have varied, the emphasis placed on physical attractiveness through the ages has not. Adornment was common as far back as Neanderthal times. The pigment 1 ochre2, used to color the body, has been found in burial sites from the mid-Paleolithic era. Since that time, an enormous variety of beautification techniques have developed throughout the world. ____ 10. Chinese philosophers have given many men advice on how to be happy. If you dont want your house to be disturbed by robbers, do not fill it with gold and jade, said LaoTzu. Avoid wealth, rank, and arrogance; for as surely as two and two make four, they add up to ruin. Reduce your desires, urge the Buddhists. Be modest in all the seven passions, demand the Confucians. Seek no things nor position, for they bring misery, declare the Taoists. If you are a king, others will convert or desire your throne and assassinate you. If you are a beautiful concubine, the jealous will kill you. If you are rich, you will be robbed or kidnapped. ____

1 2

pigment: color ochre: yellow-brown

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11. Television is one of the most booming products of technologies in the world. Its broadcasting began in the United States and Great Britain in the 1930s, but its development was halted by World War II. Soon when the war ended, television became a worldwide medium of entertainment and information. The number of sets in the United States rose from 1 million in 1949 to 10 million in 1951. By the end of the 1960s, most countries had some kind of television broadcasting. By 1980, there were over 400 million sets in the world. ____ 12. People make inferences about who you are, at least in part, from the way you dress. Whether these inferences are accurate or not, they will influence what people think of you and how they react to you. Molloys three researches conducted in three different eras (1979, 1984, and 1990) indicated that ones socioeconomic class, seriousness, attitudes (for example, whether youre conservative or liberal), concern for convention, sense of style, and perhaps even his creativity will all be judged in part by the way you dress. The same results were also found in researches conducted by Burgoon, Buller, & Woodall (1996) and Knapp and Hall (1997). Similarly, college students will perceive an instructor dressed informally as friendly, fair, enthusiastic, and flexible; they will see the same instructor dressed formally as prepared, knowledgeable, and organized (Malandro, Barker, & Barker, 1989). ____ 13. English is undoubtedly the most widely spoken language in the history human being. It is used in some way by at least one out of every seven human beings around the globe. Half of the world's books are written in English, and the majority of international telephone calls are made in English. English is the language of over sixty percent of the world's radio programs. More than seventy percent of international mail is written and addressed in English, and eighty percent of all computer text is stored in English. English has acquired the largest vocabulary of all the world's languages, perhaps as many as two million words, and has generated one of the noblest bodies of literature in the annals of the human race.____ 14. Despite its status as the most widely spoken language in the world, English is incontrovertibly a crazy languagethe most lunatic and loopy and wifty and wiggy of all languages. In the crazy English language, the blackbird hen is brown, blackboards can be green or blue, and blackberries are green and then red before they are ripe. Even if blackberries were really black and blueberries really blue, what are strawberries, cranberries, elderberries, huckleberries, raspberries, and gooseberries supposed to look like? To add to this insanity there is no butter in buttermilk, no egg in eggplant, no grape in grapefruit, no bread in shortbread, neither worms nor wood in wormwood, neither mush nor room in mushroom, neither pine nor apple in pineapple, neither peas nor nuts in peanuts, and no ham in a hamburger. (In fact, if somebody invented a sandwich consisting of a ham patty in a bun, we would have a hard time finding a name for it.) To make matters worse, English muffins weren't invented in England, French fries in France, or Danish pastries in Denmark. And we discover even more culinary madness in the revelations that sweetmeat is made from fruit, while sweetbread, which isn't sweet, is made from meat. In addition, in this unreliable English tongue, greyhounds aren't always grey (or gray); panda bears and koala bears aren't bears (they're marsupials); a woodchuck is a groundhog, which is not a hog; a
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horned toad is a lizard; glowworms are fireflies, but fireflies are not flies (they're beetles); ladybugs and lightning bugs are also beetles (and to propagate, a significant proportion of ladybugs must be male); a guinea pig is neither a pig nor from Guinea (it's a South American rodent); and a titmouse is neither mammal nor mammaried. (from Lederers English is a Crazy Language) ____ 15. Motivation is undoubtedly crucial for successful learning, and there are two different types of motivation that can help you achieve your goals. The first is called intrinsic motivation. This is self-motivation, meaning you have reasons why you want to do something. Your interests, goals, and values are all intrinsic motivators. For example, you may want to learn the tango to perform at your wedding, or you may want to study world issues so you can apply to join a peace group. The second form of motivation is called extrinsic motivation. This is motivation that does not come from you, but rather comes from sources outside yourself. Learning something because someone else, whether it is your mother, your boss, your teacher, or your spouse, wants you to is extrinsic motivation. Examples include studying for an exam so you do not get in trouble with a parent, or learning a computer program to get a raise. Extrinsic motivators are not as effective as intrinsic ones, so being self-motivated gives you a better chance at succeeding. ____

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