Chapter 9: Manufacture Substances in Industry

Name: Alexander Ng Class: 5S5

INTRODUCTION All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to human kind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves Sulphuric acid (H4SO4) USES OF SULPHURIC ACID 1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertilizer such as ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate, which are highly soluble in water and can be easily obsorbed by plant. 2. Car batteries contain sulphuric acid which is used as the electrolyte. 3. Sulphuric acid also used in the making of artificial silk-like fibres and rayon. 4. Chemical like paints, dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of their component materials. MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID 1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process 2. This process contain three stage STAGE1: Formation of sulphur dioxide a) Sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide. S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) y H= -297 kJ mol-1 b) Sulphur dioxide is also produced by roasting sulphide ores (such as lead(II) sulphide) in air. 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) 2PbO(s) +2SO2(g) c) Sulphur dioxide is then mixed with excess air. d) The mixture is purified and dried. e) Dust and impurities such as arsenic compounds are removed to prevent poisoning of the catalyst.

STAGE II: formation of sulphur trioxide. a) Sulphur dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide via a reversible and exothermic reaction. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) H= -197 kJ mol-1 b) Optimum condition used are as follows: y Temperature : 450oC y Pressure : 1 atmosphere y Catalyst: vanadium (V) oxide c) About 97% conversion occurs under these conditions. STAGE III: Formation of sulphuric acid a) Sulphur dioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum. SO3(g) + H2SO4(aq) H2S2O7(I) b) Sulphur trioxide is not dissolved in water as the heat evolved vapourises the sulphuric acid. The vapour condenses to form a mist of sulphuric acid which is hard to collect. c) The oleum is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid.

Uses of sulphuric acid y y y y y y y Remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating Manufacture pesticides As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulator Manufacture paint pigment Manufacture synthetic fibres Manufacture detergents Manufacture fertilizers

Ammonia and its salts

Uses of Ammonia
y y y y y y y y y

Most of the ammonia used in the world is used in fertilizer either in salt or liquid form. Almost all synthetically derived nitrogen is made from ammonia. Nitric acid is used in fertilizers and explosives. Household ammonia is used as a surface cleaner in a diluted form. It most commonly used to clean glass, porcelain and stainless steel as it leaves no streaks. Ammonia is the main ingredient in most oven cleaners. Ammonia is used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks as it has favorable vaporization properties. It is used in geothermal power plants in an ammonia-water mixture that is boiled. Ammonia is used to scrub Sulfur dioxide from the burning fossil fuels used in power plants. It is also used to neutralize the nitrogen oxide produced by diesel engines. It is used in animal feed as an antimicrobial. It is also used to disinfect beef products before sale. Liquid ammonia is used in textiles to treat cotton materials and in the pre-washing of wool.

Properties of Ammonia y y y y y y Is alkaline Is colourless Has pungent smell Less dense than air Burn is oxygen but not in air Soluble in water

Making of Ammonia Ammonia is manufactured by combining nitrogen and hydrogen in an important industrial process called the Haber process. The reaction is reversible and the production of ammonia is exothermic.

y y y

Nitrogen gas is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air. Hydrogen gas is obtained through the reaction between natural gas and steam. Nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed in the ratio of 1 : 3

Alloys
Composition, properties and uses of alloys. Bronze: Composition Properties Copper 90% High strength Tin 10% Resistance to corrosion Steel: Composition Iron 99% Carbon 1%

Uses Medals, statues, monuments

Properties Hard strength

Uses Car bodies, bridges, ships