Tehnologia Ancorarii FTM 2010 1

Anchor technology and design
Anchor technology and design

Anchor selector Legal environment Approvals Base Material Anchor design Design examples Corrosion Dynamic Resistance to fire
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Anchor selector
Anchor selector
Anchor type Base material Pre-stressed concrete hollow deck Approval for dynamic loads Application
Aerated concrete
Hollow brick masonry
Lightweight concrete
Uncracked concrete
Solid brick masonry
Cracked concrete
Mechanical anchor systems

Heavy duty anchors
HDA-T/ -TR/TF/-P/-PR/-PF undercut anchor Anchor fastening for high loads e.g. in steel construction and plant construction, suitable for dynamic loading Fastening heavy loads e.g. from columns, high racks, machines
HSL-3 heavy duty anchor
Approval
Medium and light duty anchors

HSC-A(R) /-I(R) safety anchor Safety relevant fastening at facades and ceilings where short embedment depth is required Fastening through in place parts e.g. angles, tracks, channels, wooden beams, etc.
HST/-R/-HCR stud anchor
HSA/-R/-F stud anchor
Fire tested Fastening through in place parts like wooden beams, metal sections, columns, brackets, etc. Fastening through in place parts Temporary fastenings in concrete (e.g. formwork), fastening in base material of low density Secure fastenings in various base materials
HSV stud anchor
HLC sleeve anchor
HAM hard sleeve anchor
= very suitable
= may be suitable per application
1) redundant fastening
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Anchor selector
Advantages
Steel, sheradised, hot dipped galv.
Stainless steel A2 (1.4303)
Drill bit diameter resp. anchor size
Specification
Setting
Page
HCR steel (1.4529)
Automatic undercutting High load capacity Approved for dynamic loads
Drill bit dia.: 20 37 mm Anchor size: M10 M20 Drill bit dia.: 12 32 mm Anchor size: M8 M24
Through-fastening
Steel, galvanised
External thread
Internal thread
Pre-setting
80
Integrated plastic section to telescope and pull down tightly The bolt can be retorqued
96
Automatic undercutting Small edge distances and spacings Small setting depth Quick and simple setting operation Setting mark Safety wedge for certain follow up expansion Two setting depths Setting mark Extremely ductile steel for high bending capacity Quick and simple setting operation
Drill bit dia.: 14 20 mm Anchor size: M6 M12 Drill bit dia.: 8 24 mm Anchor size: M8 M24
108
132
Drill bit dia.: 6 20 mm Anchor size: M8 M24 Drill bit dia.: 8 16 mm Anchor size: M8 M16 Drill bit dia.: Short setting and removing 6,5 20 mm operation Anchor size: Good loads in green concrete M5 M16 Bridging of gaps Drill bit dia.: Wings to prevent spinning in the 12 20 mm bore hole Thread: Plastic cap in cone to prevent M6 M12 dust entrance
144
156
160
166
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Anchor selector
Anchor type
Base material Pre-stressed concrete hollow deck Approval for dynamic loads
Application
Aerated concrete
Uncracked concrete
Solid brick masonry
Cracked concrete

HUS-HR screw anchor Fastening channels, brackets, racks, seating
HUS-H screw anchor
Approval
Fire tested Fastening channels, brackets, racks, seating Fastening channels, brackets, racks, seating Fastening light channels, brackets, interior panelling or cladding Fastening with threaded rods for pipe suspensions, air ducts, suspended ceilings Fastening with threaded rods for pipe suspensions, air ducts, suspended ceilings Various applications Various applications Fastenings to weak material with cavities
HUS-P 6, HUS-I 6 screw anchor
1)
HUS 6 screw anchor
1)
HKD push-in anchor
1)
HKV push-in anchor
HUD-1 universal anchor
HUD-L universal anchor
HLD light duty anchor
= very suitable
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Anchor selector
Advantages
Specification
Setting
Page
HCR steel (1.4529)
Through-fastening 168 188 202 216 222 246 250 256 260
Steel, galvanised
External thread
Internal thread
Screw driven straight into base material Forged on washer Matched system of screw anchor and screw driver Screw driven straight into base material Forged on washer Matched system of screw anchor and screw driver Screw driven straight into base material Forged on washer Matched system of screw anchor and screw driver Screw driven straight into base material Small drill bit diameter Matched system of screw anchor and screw driver Visual verification of full expansion Small setting depth Visual verification of full expansion Small setting depth Fast setting Flexibility of screw length An anchor for every base material Fast setting Flexibility of screw length An anchor for every base material Flexibility of screw length Resilient toggling action to suit every base material
Drill bit dia.: 6 14 mm
Drill bit dia.: 6 mm
Drill bit dia.: 8 25 mm Anchor size: M6 M20 Drill bit dia.: 8 25 mm Anchor size: M6 M20 Drill bit dia.: 5 14 mm
Pre-setting
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Anchor selector
Anchor type
Application
Aerated concrete
Uncracked concrete
Solid brick masonry
Cracked concrete

HRD-U/-S frame anchor Securing support frames, timber frames, fascade panels, curtain walling On most hollow and solid base material
Approval
HRD-U8 frame anchor
1)
HPS-1 impact anchor
Fire tested Fastening wood battens, components for electrical and plumbing installations Fastening battens, channels panels Fastenings in dry walls For suspended ceilings and other items from concrete ceilings Suspension from concrete ceilings e.g. using steel straps, punched band, Nonius system hanger Fastening door and window frames Fastening of suspended ceilings, cable trays, pipes Various fastenings in hollow decks
HHD cavity anchor
HSP/HFPdrywall plug
HA8 ring/ hook anchor
1)
DBZ wedge anchor
1)
HT metal frame anchor
HK ceiling anchor
1)
HPD aerated concrete anchor
= very suitable
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Anchor selector
Advantages
Specification
Setting
Page
HCR steel (1.4529)
Preassembled with screw Screw of steel 5.8 grade or stainless steel A4 (1.4401) impact and temperature resistant high quality plastic
Drill bit dia.: 10 and 14 mm
Through-fastening 264 270 282 286 288 290 294 298 302 308
Steel, galvanised
External thread
Internal thread
impact and temperature resistant high quality plastic
4 8 mm
Controlled setting Deliverable with or without prefitted screw Self-drilling tip One bit for anchor and screw Removable Quick and easy setting Automatic follow up expansion
Small drill bit diameter Quick setting by impact extension Automatic follow up expansion No risk of distortion or forces of constraint Expansion cone can not be lost Small bore hole Quick and easy setting
Drill bit dia.: 8 10 mm Drill bit dia.: 6 mm M6 Without predrilling Thread: M6 M10
Approved (DIBt) Fire resistance Immediately loadable
Pre-setting
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Anchor selector
Anchor type
Application
Aerated concrete
Uncracked concrete
Solid brick masonry
Cracked concrete

HKH hollow deck anchor Suspension from pre-stressed concrete hollow decks
HTB
Approval
Fire tested Ingenious and strong for hollow base materials Fastening of hard, self supporting insulating materials Fastening of soft and hard, self supporting insulating materials Fastening of soft and hard, self supporting insulating materials and non self supporting insulation materials
Insulation fasteners
IDP insulation fastener
IZ expandable insulation fastener
IDMS / IDMR insulation fastener
= very suitable
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Anchor selector
Advantages
Specification
Setting
Page
HCR steel (1.4529)
Approval for single point fastenings Approved for sprinkler systems Load carried by strong metal channel and screw Convincing simplicity when setting
Drill bit dia.: 10 14 mm Thread: M6 M10 Drill bit dia.: 13 14 mm
Through-fastening 314 318 322 326 330
Steel, galvanised
External thread
Internal thread
One piece element Corrosion resistant No heat bridge
Corrosion resistant No heat bridge Reliable bonding of plaster
Drill bit dia.: 8 mm insulating material thickness 10 150mm Drill bit dia.: 8 mm insulating material thickness up to 180mm
One piece element Corrosion resistant Fire resistant
Drill bit dia.: 8 mm insulating material thickness up to 150mm
Pre-setting
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Anchor selector
Anchor type
Application
Aerated concrete
Uncracked concrete
Solid brick masonry
Cracked concrete
Adhesive anchor systems

Foil capsule systems
HVZ adhesive anchor Heavy-duty fastenings with small spacing and edge distances
HVU adhesive anchor
Fire tested Heavy duty fastenings with small spacing and edge distances Adhesive anchor in cracked concrete Adhesive anchor
Injection mortar systems

HIT-RE 500SD
HIT-RE 500
= very suitable
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Approval
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Anchor selector
Advantages
Specification
Setting
Page
HCR steel (1.4529)
No expansion pressure M10 M20 Small edge distances and spacing A strong and flexible foil capsule No expansion pressure Small edge distances and spacing A strong and flexible foil capsule HAS M8 M39 HIS-M8 - M20 Rebar dia. 8 40 mm
Through-fastening 336 350 374 432
Steel, galvanised
External thread
Internal thread
Flexibility in terms of working time
HAS M8 M30 HIS-M8 - M20 Rebar dia. 8 32 mm
No expansion pressure Flexibility in terms of drill bit diameter and annular gap Flexibility in terms of working time
Pre-setting
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Anchor selector
Anchor type
Application
Aerated concrete
Uncracked concrete
Solid brick masonry
Cracked concrete
Injection mortar systems

HIT-HY 150 MAX Adhesive anchor in cracked concrete
HIT-HY 150
Approval
Fire tested Adhesive anchor Adhesive anchor for low installation temperatures Universal mortar for solid and hollow brick
HIT ICE
HIT-HY 70
= very suitable
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Anchor selector
Advantages
Specification
Setting
Page
HCR steel (1.4529)
No expansion pressure No styrene content No plasticizer content Environmental protection due to the minimized packaging
Through-fastening 488 554 602 650
Steel, galvanised
External thread
Internal thread
No expansion pressure No styrene content No plasticizer content Environmental protection due to the minimized packaging
No expansion pressure
No expansion pressure mortar filling control with HIT-SC sleeves
Drill bit dia.: 10 22 mm Thread: M6 M12
Pre-setting
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Legal environment
Legal environment
Technical data
The technical data presented in this Anchor Fastening Technology Manual are all based on numerous tests and evaluation according to the state-of-the art. Hilti anchors are tested in our test labs in Kaufering (Germany), Schaan (Principality of Liechtenstein) or Tulsa (USA) and evaluated by our experienced engineers and/or tested and evaluated by independent testing institutes in Europe and the USA. Where national or international regulations do not cover all possible types of applications, additional Hilti data help to find customised solutions. In addition to the standard tests for admissible service conditions and suitability tests, for safety relevant applications fire resistance, shock, seismic and fatigue tests are performed.
European Technical Approval Guidelines

Approval based data given in this manual are either according to European Technical Approval Guidelines (ETAG) or have been evaluated according to this guidelines and/or national regulations. The European Technical Approval Guideline ETAG 001 METAL ANCHORS FOR USE IN CONCRETE sets out the basis for assessing anchors to be used in concrete (cracked and noncracked). It consists of: Part 1 Anchors in general Part 2 Torque-controlled expansion anchors Part 3 Undercut anchors Part 4 Deformation-controlled expansion anchors Part 5 Bonded anchors Part 6 Anchors for multiple use for non-structural applications Annex A Details of test Annex B Tests for admissible service conditions detailed information Annex C Design methods for anchorages For special anchors for use in concrete, additional Technical Reports (TR) related to ETAG 001 set out additional requirements: TR 018 Assessment of torque-controlled bonded anchors TR 020 Evaluation of Anchorages in Concrete concerning Resistance to Fire TR 029 Design of Bonded Anchors The European Technical Approval Guideline ETAG 020 PLASTIC ANCHORS FOR MULTIPLE USE IN CONCRETE AND MASONRY FOR NON-STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS sets out the basis for assessing plastic anchors to be used in concrete or masonry for redundant fastenings (multiple use). It consists of: Part 1 General Part 2 Plastic anchors for use in normal weight concrete Part 3 Plastic anchors for use in solid masonry materials Part 4 Plastic anchors for use in hollow or perforated masonry Part 5 Plastic anchors for use in autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) Annex A Details of tests Annex B Recommendations for tests to be carried out on construction works Annex C Design methods for anchorages 20
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Legal environment
The European Technical Approval Guidelines including related Technical Reports set out the requirements for anchors and the acceptance criteria they shall meet. The general assessment approach adopted in the Guideline is based on combining relevant existing knowledge and experience of anchor behaviour with testing. Using this approach, testing is needed to assess the suitability of anchors. The requirements in European Technical Approval Guidelines are set out in terms of objectives and of relevant actions to be taken into account. ETAGs specify values and characteristics, the conformity with which gives the presumption that the requirements set out are satisfied, whenever the state of art permits to do so. The Guidelines may indicate alternate possibilities for the demonstration of the satisfaction of the requirements.
Post installed rebar connections

The basis for the assessment of post installed rebar connections is set out in the Technical Report TR 023 Assessment of post-installed rebar connections The Technical Report TR 023 covers post-installed rebar connections designed in accordance with EN 1992 - 1-1: 2004 (EC2) only. ETAG 001 (Part 1 and Part 5) is the general basic of this application. The Technical Report TR 023 deals with the preconditions, assumptions and the required tests and assessments for postinstalled rebars.
System of attestation of conformity

For anchors having an approval, the conformity of the product shall be certified by an approved certification body (notified body) on the basis of tasks for the manufacturer and tasks for the approved body. Tasks for the manufacturer are: Factory production control (permanent internal control of production and documentation according to a prescribed test plan) involve a body which is approved for the tasks Tasks for the approved body are: initial type-testing of the product initial inspection of factory and of factory production control continuous surveillance, assessment and approval of factory production control
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Approvals
Approvals
International Approvals: Europe
Anchor type HDA / HDA-R Description Self-undercutting anchor made of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until: 25.03.2013) Torque controlled expansion anchor of galvanised steel (Valid until: 10.01.2013) Self-undercutting anchor made of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until: 20.09.2012) Expansion stud anchor made of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until: 19.02.2013) Expansion stud anchor made of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until: 13.03.2013) Screw anchor made of stainless steel, (Valid until: 12.12.2013) Screw anchor made of carbon steel, deltatone coated (Valid until: 12.12.2013) Screw anchor made of carbon steel, deltatone coated (Valid until: 23.04.2015) Deformation controlled expansion anchor made of galvanised or stainless steel (Vailid until: 22.04.2015) Deformation controlled expansion anchor made of galvanised or stainless steel (Vailid until: 22.04.2015) Frame anchor made of polyamide, screw made of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until: 17.09.2012) Wedge anchor made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 13.09.2011) Ceiling anchor made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 23.04.2014) Adhesive anchor, rod made of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until: 01.10.2013) Adhesive anchor, rod made out of galvanised steel (Valid until 20.01.2011) Authority / Laboratory CSTB, Paris No. / Date of issue ETA-99/0009 25.03.2008 ETA-02/0042 10.01.2008 ETA-02/0027 20.09.2007 ETA-98/0001 07.07.2009 Languages g e f
HSL-3
CSTB, Paris
HSC / HSC-R
CSTB, Paris
HST / HST-R / HST-HCR
DIBt, Berlin
HSA / HSA-R
CSTB, Paris
ETA-99/0001 13.03.2008 ETA-08/307 30.03.2009 ETA-08/307 30.03.2009 ETA-10/0005 23.04.2010 ETA-06/0047 22.04.2010
HUS-HR 6/8/10/14 HUS-H 8/10 HUS 6
DIBt, Berlin
DIBt, Berlin
DIBt, Berlin
HKD / HKD-R
DIBt, Berlin
HKD / HKD-R
DIBt, Berlin
ETA-02/0032 22.04.2010
HRD-U-8
DIBt, Berlin
ETA-07/0219 17.12.2007
DBZ
DIBt, Berlin
ETA-06/0179 13.09.2006 ETA-04/0043 05.05.2009 ETA-03/0032 29.09.2008
HK HVZ / HVZ-R / HVZ-HCR
DIBt, Berlin DIBt, Berlin
HVU with HAS / HIS-N
DIBt Berlin
ETA-05/0255 01.03.2010
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Approvals
Anchor type HVU with HAS-R / HIS-RN HVU with HAS-HCR HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V/ HIS-N/ HIT-V-R/ HISRN/ HIT-V-HCR/ rebar BSt 500S HIT-RE 500 with HIT-V/ HAS-(E)/ HIS-N/ HIT-V-R/ HAS(E)R/ HIS-RN/ HIT-V-HCR/ HAS-(E)HCR HIT-HY 150 MAX with HIT-TZ / HIT-RTZ HIT-HY 150 MAX with HIT-V/ HAS(E)/ HIS-N/ HIT-V-R/ HAS(E)R/ HIS-RN/ HIT-V-HCR/ HAS-(E)HCR HIT-HY 150 with HIT-V/ HAS-(E)/ HIS-N/ HIT-V-R/ HAS(E)R/ HIS-RN/ HIT-V-HCR/ HAS-(E)HCR
Description
Authority / Laboratory
No. / Date of issue ETA-05/0256 20.01.2006 ETA-05/0257 20.01.2006 ETA-07/0260 12.01.2009
Adhesive anchor, rod made out of DIBt Berlin stainless steel (Valid until 20.01.2011) Adhesive anchor, rod made out of DIBt Berlin highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until 20.01.2011) Injection adhesive anchor, rod made DIBt Berlin of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until 08.11.2012)
Languages g e f
Injection adhesive anchor, rod made DIBt Berlin of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until 28.05.2014)
ETA-04/0027 20.05.2009
Injection adhesive anchor, rod made DIBt Berlin of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until 23.09.2014) Injection adhesive anchor, rod made CSTB, Paris of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until 18.12.2013)
ETA-04/0084 09.12.2009 ETA-08-352 01.04.2010
Injection adhesive anchor, rod made DIBt Berlin of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until 17.03.2011)
ETA-05/0051 22.10.2008
Additional National European Approvals
France
Anchor type HPS-1 Description Impact anchor made of Polyamide, nail made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 30.09.2008) Injection adhesive, rod made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 30.06.2012) Authority / Laboratory No. / Date of issue Languages g e f
SOCOTEC, Paris CX 5217 08.2000 SOCOTEC, Paris YX 0047 06.2009
HIT-HY 70
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Approvals
Germany
Anchor type HDA Description Authority / Laboratory DIBt, Berlin No. / Date of issue Z-21.1-1696 01.09.2008 Languages g e f
Self-undercutting anchor made of galvanised steel for unusual actions (loads) for use in Nuclear power plants) (Valid until: 31.03.2011) HDA- Dynamic Self-undercutting anchor made of galvanised steel for dynamic loads (Valid until: 30.09.2011) HUS,-H/-A 6 Screw anchor made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 31.07.2012) HRD Frame anchor made of polyamide, screw made of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until: 31.10.2012) HK Ceiling anchor made of galvanised or stainless steel (Valid until: 31.01.2010) HPD Aerated concrete anchor made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 31.05.2011) HKH Hollow deck anchor made of galvanised steel (Valid until: 31.10.2011) HVZ-Dynamic Adhesive anchor, rod made of galvanised steel (Valid until:31.10.2011) HIT-RE 500 Injection adhesive for reinforcing bar connections (Valid until: 23.10.2010) HIT-HY 150 MAX Injection adhesive for reinforcing bar connections (Valid until: 30.11.2014) HIT-HY 70 Injection adhesive anchor for masonry, rod made of galvanised, stainless or highly corrosion resistant steel (Valid until: 30.11.2011)
DIBt, Berlin
Z-21.1-1693 25.05.2007 Z-21.1-1710 20.05.2009 Z-21.2-599 25.10.2007
DIBt, Berlin DIBt, Berlin
DIBt, Berlin
Z-21.1-1721 29.08.2006 Z-21.1-1729 18.04.2007 Z-21.1-1722 14.03.2007 Z-21.3-1692 18.10.2006 Z-21.8-1790 16.03.2009 Z-21.8-1882 16.12.2009 Z-21.3-1830 20.01.2009
DIBt, Berlin
DIBt, Berlin
DIBt, Berlin
DIBt, Berlin DIBt, Berlin DIBt, Berlin
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Approvals
Switzerland
Anchor type HDA / HDA-R Description Undercut anchor for shockproof fastenings in civil defence installations Heavy duty anchor for shockproof fastenings in civil defence installations Authority / Laboratory Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz, Bern Bundesamt fr Bevlkerungsschutz, Bern No. / Date of issue BZS D 04-221 02.09.2004 BZS D 08-601 30.06.2008 Languages g e f
HSL-3 HSL-3-G HSL-3-B HSL-3-SK HSL-3-SH HSC-I(R) HSC-A(R) HST / HST-R
HVZ / HVZ-R
Safety anchor for shockproof fastenings in civil defence installations Stud anchor for shockproof fastenings in civil defence installations Adhesive anchor for shockproof fastenings in civil defence installations
Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz, Bern Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz, Bern Bundesamt fr Zivilschutz, Bern
BZS D 06-601 17.07.2006 BZS D 08-602 15.12.2008 BZS D 09-602 28.10.2009
USA
Anchor type HDA, HDA-P, HDA-T HSL-3 HVA HIT RE 500-SD HIT-HY 150 Description Evaluation report of Hilti HDA Metric Undercut Anchor Evaluation report of Hilti HSL-3 Heavy Duty Anchor Evaluation report of Hilti HVA adhesive anchor system Evaluation report of Hilti HIT RE 500-SD Adhesive Anchoring System Evaluation report of Hilti HIT-HY 150 adhesive anchor for solid base material Authority / Laboratory ICC-ES ICC-ES ICC-ES ICC-ES ICC-ES No. / Date of issue 1546 01.03.2008 1545 01.08.2005 5369 01.01.2007 2322 01.04.2010 2678 01.09.2008 Languages g e f
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Base materials
Base material
General
Different anchoring conditions
The wide variety of building materials used today provide different anchoring conditions for anchors. There is hardly a base material in or to which a fastening cannot be made with a Hilti product. However, the properties of the base material play a decisive role when selecting a suitable fastener / anchor and determining the load it can hold. The main building materials suitable for anchor fastenings have been described in the following.
Concrete
A mixture of cement, aggregates and water
Concrete is synthetic stone, consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates and water, possibly also additives, which is produced when the cement paste hardens and cures. Concrete has a relatively high compressive strength, but only low tensile strength. Steel reinforcing bars are cast in concrete to take up tensile forces. It is then referred to as reinforced concrete.
Cracking from bending
Stress and strain in sections withconditions I and II
b, D b, Z fct
calculated compressive stress calculated tensile stress concrete tensile strength
If cracks in the tension zone exist, suitable anchor systems are required
If the tensile strength of concrete is exceeded, cracks form, which, as a rule, cannot be seen. Experience has shown that the crack width does not exceed the figure regarded as admissible, i.e. w 0.3mm, if the concrete is under a constant load. If it is subjected predominately to forces of constraint, individual cracks might be wider if no additional reinforcement is provided in the concrete to restrict the crack width. If a concrete component is subjected to a bending load, the cracks have a wedge shape across the component cross-section and they end close to the neutral axis. It is recommended that anchors that are suitable in cracked concrete be used in the tension zone of concrete components. Other types of anchors can be used if they are set in the compression zone. Anchors are set in both low-strength and high-strength concrete. Generally, the range of the cube compressive strength, f ck,cube , 150 , is between 25 and 60 N/mm. Expansion anchors should not be set in concrete which has not cured for more than seven days. If anchors are loaded immediately after they have been set, the loading capacity can be assumed to be only the actual strength of the concrete at that time. If an anchor is set and the load applied later, the loading capacity can be assumed to be the concrete strength determined at the time of applying the load.
Observe curing of concrete when using expansion anchors
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Base materials
Cutting through reinforcement when drilling anchor holes must be avoided. If this is not possible, the design engineer responsible must be consulted first.
Avoid cutting reinforcement
Masonry
Masonry is a heterogeneous base material. The hole being drilled for an anchor can run into mortar joints or cavities. Owing to the relatively low strength of masonry, the loads taken up locally cannot be particularly high. A tremendous variety of types and shapes of masonry bricks are on the market, e.g. clay bricks, sand-lime bricks or concrete bricks, all of different shapes and either solid or with cavities. Hilti offers a range of different fastening solutions for this variety of masonry base material, e.g. the HPS1, HRD, HUD, HIT, etc. If there are doubts when selecting a fastener / anchor, your local Hilti sales representative will be pleased to provide assistance. When making a fastening, care must be taken to ensure that a lay of insulation or plaster is not used as the base material. The specified anchorage depth (depth of embedment) must be in the actual base material.
Different types and shapes
Plaster coating is not a base material for fastenings
Other base materials

Aerated concrete: This is manufactured from fine-grained sand as the aggregate, lime and/or cement as the binding agent, water and aluminium as the gas-forming agent. The density is between 0.4 and 0.8 kg/dm and the compressive strength 2 to 6 N/mm. Hilti offers the HGN and HRD-U anchors for this base material. Lightweight concrete: This is concrete which has a low density, i.e. 1800 kg/m, and a porosity that reduces the strength of the concrete and thus the loading capacity of an anchor. Hilti offers the HRD, HUD, HGN, etc anchor systems for this base material. Drywall (plasterboard/gypsum) panels: These are mostly building components without a supporting function, such as wall and ceiling panels, to which less important, so-called secondary fastenings are made. The Hilti anchors suitable for this material are the HTB, HLD and HHD. In addition to the previously named building materials, a large variety of others, e.g. natural stone, etc, can be encountered in practice. Furthermore, special building components are also made from the previously mentioned materials which, because of manufacturing method and configuration, result in base materials with peculiarities that must be given careful attention, e.g. hollow ceiling floor components, etc. Descriptions and explanations of each of these would go beyond the bounds of this manual. Generally though, fastenings can be made to these materials. In some cases, test reports exist for these special materials. It is also recommended that the design engineer, company carrying out the work and Hilti technical staff hold a discussion in each case. In some cases, testing on the jobsite should be arranged to verify the suitability and the loading capacity of the selected anchor.
Aerated concrete
Drywall / gypsum panels
Variety of base materials
Jobsite tests
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Base materials
Why does an anchor hold in a base material?
Working principles
There are three basic working principles which make an anchor hold in a building material: Friction
The tensile load, N, is transferred to the base material by friction, R. The expansion force, Fexp, is necessary for this to take place. It is produced, for example, by driving in an expansion plug (HKD).
Keying
The tensile load, N, is in equilibrium with the supporting forces, R, acting on the base material, such as with the HDA anchor. An adhesive bond is produced between the anchor rod and the hole wall by a synthetic resin adhesive, such as with HVU with HAS anchor rods. Many anchors obtain their holding power from a combination of the above mentioned working principles. For example, an anchor exerts an expansion force against wall of its hole as a result of the displacement of a cone relative to a sleeve. This permits the longitudinal force to be transferred to the anchor by friction. At the same time, this expansion force causes permanent local deformation of the base material, above all in the case of metal anchors. A keying action results which enables the longitudinal force in the anchor to be transferred additionally to the base material
Bonding
Combination of working principles
Force-controlled and displacement-controlled expansion anchors
In the case of expansion anchors, a distinction is made between forcecontrolled and movement-controlled types. The expansion force of forcecontrolled expansion anchors is dependent on the tensile force in the anchor (HSL-3 heavy-duty anchor). This tensile force is produced, and thus controlled, when a tightening torque is applied to expand the anchor. In the case of movement-controlled types, expansion takes place over a distance that is predetermined by the geometry of the anchor in the expanded state. Thus an expansion force is produced (HKD anchor) which is governed by the modulus of elasticity of the base material.
Adhesive/resin anchor
The synthetic resin of an adhesive anchor infiltrates into the pores of the base material and, after it has hardened and cured, achieves a local keying action in addition to the bond.
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Base materials
Failure modes
Effects of static loading
The failure patterns of anchor fastenings subjected to a continually increased load can be depicted as follows:
Failure patterns
1.
2.
3.
3a.
4. The weakest point in an anchor fastening determines the cause of failure. Modes of failure, 1. break-out, 2. anchor pull-away and, 3., 3a., failure of anchor parts, occur mostly when single anchors that are a suitable distance from an edge or the next anchor, are subjected to a pure tensile load. These causes of failure govern the max. loading capacity of anchors. On the other hand, a small edge distance causes mode of failure 4. edge breaking. The ultimate loads are then smaller than those of the previously mentioned modes of failure. The tensile strength of the fastening base material is exceeded in the cases of break-out, edge breaking and splitting. Basically, the same modes of failure take place under a combined load. The mode of failure 1. break-out, becomes more seldom as the angle between the direction of the applied load and the anchor axis increases. Generally, a shear load causes a conchoidal (shell-like) area of spall on one side of the anchor hole and, subsequently, the anchor parts suffer bending tension or shear failure. If the distance from an edge is small and the shear load is towards the free edge of a building component, however, the edge breaks away.
Causes of failure
Combined load Shear load
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Base materials
Influence of cracks Very narrow cracks are not It is not possible for a reinforced concrete structure to be built which does not have cracks in it under working conditions. Provided that they do not defects in a structure
exceed a certain width, however, it is not at all necessary to regard cracks as defects in a structure. With this in mind, the designer of a structure assumes that cracks will exist in the tension zone of reinforced concrete components when carrying out the design work (condition II). Tensile forces from bending are taken up in a composite construction by suitably sized reinforcement in the form of ribbed steel bars, whereas the compressive forces from bending are taken up by the concrete (compression zone). The reinforcement is only utilised efficiently if the concrete in the tension zone is permitted to be stressed (elongated) to such an extent that it cracks under the working load. The position of the tension zone is determined by the static / design system and where the load is applied to the structure. Normally, the cracks run in one direction (line or parallel cracks). Only in rare cases, such as with reinforced concrete slabs stressed in two planes, can cracks also run in two directions. Testing and application conditions for anchors are currently being drafted internationally based on the research results of anchor manufacturers and universities. These will guarantee the functional reliability and safety of anchor fastenings made in cracked concrete.
Efficient utilisation of reinforcement
Loadbearing mechanisms
When anchor fastenings are made in non-cracked concrete, equilibrium is established by a tensile stress condition of rotational symmetry around the anchor axis. If a crack exists, the loadbearing mechanisms are seriously disrupted because virtually no annular tensile forces can be taken up beyond the edge of the crack. The disruption caused disrupted by the crack reduces the loadbearing capacity of the anchor system. Crack plane
a) Non-cracked concrete
b) Cracked concrete The width of a crack in a concrete component has a major influence on the tensile loading capacity of all fasteners, not only anchors, but also cast-in items, such as headed studs. A crack width of about 0.3mm is assumed when designing anchor fastenings. The reduction factor which can be used for the ultimate tensile loads of anchor fastenings made in cracked concrete as opposed to non-cracked concrete may be assumed to be 0.65 to 0.70 for the HSC anchor, for example. Larger reduction factors for ultimate tensile loads must be anticipated (used in calculations) in the case of all those anchors which were set in the past without any consideration of the above-mentioned influence of cracks. In this respect, the safety factor to use to allow for the failure of cracked concrete is not the same as the figure given in product information, i.e. all previous figures in the old anchor manual. This is an unacceptable situation which is being eliminated through specific testing with anchors set in cracked concrete, and adding suitable information to the product description sheets.
Reduction factor for cracked concrete
30
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Base materials
Since international testing conditions for anchors are based on the abovementioned crack widths, no theoretical relationship between ultimate tensile loads and different crack widths has been given. The statements made above apply primarily to static loading conditions. If the loading is dynamic, the clamping force and pretensioning force in an anchor bolt / rod play a major role. If a crack propagates in a reinforced concrete component after an anchor has been set, it must be assumed that the pretensioning force in the anchor will decrease and, as a result, the clamping force from the fixture (part fastened) will be reduced (lost). The properties of this fastening for dynamic loading will then have deteriorated. To ensure that an anchor fastening remains suitable for dynamic loading even after cracks appear in the concrete, the clamping force and pretensioning force in the anchor must be upheld. Suitable measures to achieve this can be sets of springs or similar devices
Pretensioning force in anchor bolts / rods
Loss of pretensioning force due to cracks
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Anchor design
Anchor design
Safety concept
Depending on the application and the anchor type one of the following two concepts can be applied:
For anchors for use in concrete having an European Technical Approval (ETA) the partial safety factor concept according to the European Technical Approval Guidelines ETAG 001 or ETAG 020 shall be applied. It has to be shown, that the value of design actions does not exceed the value of the design resistance: Sd Rd. For the characteristic resistance given in the respective ETA, reduction factors due to e.g. freeze/thaw, service temperature, durability, creep behaviour and other environmental or application conditions are already considered. According ETAG 001, Annex C, the partial safety factor is G = 1,35 for permanent actions and Q = 1,5 for variable actions. In addition to the design resistance, in this manual recommended loads are given, using an overall partial safety factor for action = 1,4.
Partial safety factor concept
mean ultimate resistance 5% fractile environmental conditions (temperature, durability) characteristic partial safety resistance (ETA) factor for material (anchor, base material) design resistance recommended load
design action characteristic value of action
Rd partial safety factors for action Sd
action
resistance
Global safety factor concept
mean ultimate resistance 5% fractile characteristic resistance (basic value)
For the global safety factor concept it has to be shown, that the characteristic value of action does not exceed the recommend load value. The characteristic resistance given in the tables is the 5% fractile value obtained from test results under standard test conditions. With a global safety factor all environmental and application conditions for action and resistance are considered, leading to a recommended load.
global safety factor
characteristic value of action
recommended load
action
resistance
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Anchor design
Design methods
Metal anchors for use in concrete according ETAG 001

The design methods for metal anchors for use in concrete are described in detail in Annex C of the European Technical Approval guideline ETAG 001 and for bonded anchors with variable embedment depth in EOTA Technical Report TR 029. Additional design rules for redundant fastenings are given in Part 6 of ETAG 001. The design method given in this Anchor Fastening Technology Manual is based on these guidelines. The calculations according to this manual are simplified and lead to conservative results, i.e. the results are on the save side. Tables with basic load values and influecing factors and the calculation method are given for each anchor in the respective section.
Anchors for use in other base materials and for special applications
If no special calculation method is given, the basic load values given in this manual are valid, as long as the application conditions (e.g. base material, geometrie, environmental conditions) are observed.
Redundant fastenings with plastic anchors

Design rules for redundant fastings with plastic anchors for use in concrete and masonry for non-structural applications are given in Annex C of ETAG 020. The additional design rules for redundant fastenings are considered in this manual.
Resistance to fire
When resistance to fire has to be considered, the load values given in the section resistance to fire should be observed. The values are valid for a single anchor.
Hilti design software PROFIS Anchor

For a more complex and accurate design according to international and national guidelines and for applications beyond the guidelines, e.g. group of anchors with more than four anchors close to the edge or more than eight anchors far away from the edge, the Hilti design software PROFIS anchor yields customised fastening solutions. The results can be different from the calculations according to this manual.
Simplified design method

Simplified version of the design method according ETAG 001, Annex C or EOTA Technical Report TR 029. Design resistance according data given in the relevant European Technical Approval (ETA) Influence of concrete strength Influence of edge distance Influence of spacing Valid for a group of two anchors. (The method may also be applied for anchor groups with more than two anchors or more than one edge. The influencing factors must then be considered for each edge distance and spacing. The calculated design loads are then on the save side: They will be lower than the exact values according ETAG 001, Annex C. To avoid this, it is recommended to use the anchor design software PROFIS anchor) The design method is based on the following simplification: No different loads are acting on individual anchors (no eccentricity) The differences to the design method given in the guideline are shown in the following.
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Anchor design
Anchors with fixed embedment depth

Design tensile resistance The design tensile resistance is the lower value of
-
Design steel resistance Design pull-out resistance Design concrete cone resistance Design splitting resistance
NRd,s NRd,p NRd,c NRd,sp
Design steel resistance NRd,s Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
NRd,s = NRk,s / Ms * * NRk,s: characteristic steel resistance partial safety factor for steel failure

** NRd,s ** Value given in the respective tables in this manual
Ms:
* Values given in the relevant ETA
Design pull-out resistance NRd,p Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
NRd,p = (NRk,p / Mp) c * * * NRk,p: characteristic pull-out resistance partial safety factor for pull-out failure influence of concrete strength

NRd,p = N **
0 Rd,p
fB Basic design pull-out resistance influence of concrete strength
0 N Rd,p:
Mp: c:
** fB:
** Values given in the respective tables in this manual
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Anchor design
Design concrete cone resistance NRd,c Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
NRd,c where = (N0Rk,c / Mc) (Ac,N / A0c,N) s,N re,N ec,N ucr,N N0Rk,c k: =k fck,cube0,5 hef
1,5

NRd,c = N **
0 Rd,c
fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N Basic design concrete cone resistance influence of concrete strength
N0Rd,c:
** fB: ** f3,N: ** fre,N:
= 7,2 (in general) variations therefrom are given in the relavant ETA partial safety factor for concrete cone failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors and by edges of the concrete member influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to edges influence of dense reinforcement influence of excentricity concrete = 1,4 for anchorages in non-cracked concrete
** f1,N, f2,N: influence of edge distance influence of anchor spacing influence of dense reinforcement
Mc:
+ A0c,N:
+ Ac,N:
+ s,N: + re,N: + ec,N:
ucr,N: = 1,0 for anchorages in cracked
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength * hef: effective anchorage depth * Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see Annex C of ETAG 001)
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Anchor design
Design concrete splitting resistance NRd,sp Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
NRd,sp where = (N0Rk,c / Mc) (Ac,N / A0c,N) s,N re,N ec,N ucr,N h,sp N0Rk,c k: =k fck,cube0,5 hef
1,5

NRd,sp = N **
0 Rd,c
fB f1,sp f2,sp f3,sp f h,sp fre,N Basic design concrete cone resistance influence of concrete strength
N0Rd,c:
** fB: ** f3,sp: ** f h,sp: ** fre,N:
= 7,2 (in general) variations therefrom are given in the relavant ETA partial safety factor for concrete cone failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors and by edges of the concrete member influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to edges influence of dense reinforcement influence of excentricity concrete = 1,4 for anchorages in non-cracked concrete
** f1,sp, f2,sp: influence of edge distance influence of anchor spacing influence of base material thickness (concrete member depth) influence of dense reinforcement
Mc:
++ A0c,N:
++ Ac,N:
+ s,N: + re,N: + ec,N:
+ h,sp: * hef:
influence of the actual member depth
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength effective anchorage depth * Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see Annex C of ETAG 001) ++ Values of A0c,N and Ac,N for splitting failure may be different from those for concrete cone failure, due to different values for the critical edge distance and critical anchor spacing
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Anchor design
Design shear resistance The design shear resistance is the lower value of
Design steel resistance Design concrete pryout resistance Design concrete edge resistance VRd,s VRd,cp VRd,c
Design steel resistance VRd,s (without lever arm) Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
VRd,s = VRk,s / Ms * * VRk,s: characteristic steel resistance partial safety factor for steel failure

** VRd,s ** Value given in the respective tables in this manual Steel failure with lever arm is not considered for the simplified design method
Ms:
* Values given in the relevant ETA For steel failure with lever arm see ETAG 001 Annex C
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Anchor design
Design concrete pryout resistance VRd,cp Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
VRd,cp NRd,c where * = (VRk,cp / Mp) = k NRd,c = (N N
0 Rk,c

VRd,p = V
0 Rd,cp
fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N Basic design concrete pryout resistance influence of concrete strength
/ Mc) (Ac,N / A
0,5
0 c,N)
s,N re,N ec,N ucr,N
**
V0Rd,cp:
0 Rk,c
= 7,2 fck,cube
hef
1,5
** fB: ** f3,N: ** fre,N:
Mc:
0 c,N:
** f1,N, f2,N: influence of edge distance influence of anchor spacing influence of dense reinforcement
partial safety factor for concrete cone failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors and by edges of the concrete member influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to edges influence of dense reinforcement influence of excentricity concrete = 1,4 for anchorages in non-cracked concrete
+ A
+ Ac,N:
+ s,N: + re,N: ++ ec,N:
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength * * hef: k: effective anchorage depth influence of embedment depth
* Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see Annex C of ETAG 001) ++ Details see Annex C of ETAG 001
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Anchor design
Design concrete edge resistance VRd,c Annex C of ETAG 001 and relevant ETA
VRd,c where * = (V0Rk,c / Mc) (Ac,V / A0c,V) s,V h,V ,V ec,V ucr,V V0Rk,c = 0,45 dnom
0,5

VRd,c = V **
0 Rd,c
fB f f h f4 Basic design concrete edge resistance influence of concrete strength Influence of angle between load applied and the direction perpendicular to the free edge Influence of base material thickness Influence of anchor spacing and edge distance
V0Rd,c:
(lf/dnom)
0,2
fck,cube0,5 1,5 c1
** fB: ** f:
Mc:
partial safety factor for concrete edge failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor at the lateral concrete surface not affected by edges (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of anchorage at the lateral concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors, by edges of the concrete member and by member thickness influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to further edges takes account of the fact that the shear resistance does not decrease proportially to the memebr thickness as assumed by the idealised ratio Ac,V / A0c,V Influence of angle between load applied and the direction perpendicular to the free edge influence of excentricity ** f h: ** f4:
+ A0c,V:
+ Ac,V:
Special case: more than 2 anchors close to an edge For a group of anchors f4 can be calculated according to the following equation, if all anchors are equally loaded. This can be achieved by filling the annular gaps with a high performance injection mortar (e.g. Hilti HIT-RE 500SD or Hilti HIT-HY 150 MAX.
+ s,V:
+ h,V:
Where s1, s2, sn-1 3 c And c2,1, c2,2 1,5 c
++ ,V:
++ ec,V:
++ ucr,V: = 1,0, 1,2 or 1,4 * * dnom: l f: nominal diameter of the anchor effective length of anchor under shear loading
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength c1: edge distance * Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see Annex C of ETAG 001) ++ Details see Annex C of ETAG 001
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Anchor design
Combined tension and shear loading The following equations must be satisfied
N 1 V 1 N + V 1,2 or N + V 1

With N = NSd / NRd and V = VSd / VRd NSd (VSd) = tension (shear) design action NRd (VRd) = tension (shear) design resistance
Annex C of ETAG 001 = =

2,0 1,5 if NRd and VRd are governed by steel failure for all other failure modes

Failure mode is not considered for the simplified method
1,5
for all failure modes (leading to conservative results = beeing on the save side)
Anchors with variable embedment depth according TR 029

Design tensile resistance The design tensile resistance is the lower value of
-
Design steel resistance Design combined pull-out and concrete cone resistance Design concrete cone resistance Design splitting resistance
NRd,s NRd,p NRd,c NRd,sp
Design steel resistance NRd,s Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
NRd,s = NRk,s / Ms * * NRk,s: characteristic steel resistance partial safety factor for steel failure

** NRd,s ** Value given in the respective tables in this manual
Ms:
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Anchor design
Design combined pull-out and concrete cone resistance NRd,p Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
NRd,p where = (N0Rk,p / Mp) (Ap,N / A0p,N) s,Np g,Np ec,Np re,Np c N0Rk,p = d hef Rk

NRd,p = N **
0 Rd,p
fB,p f1,N f2,N f3,N fh,p fre,N Basic design combined pull-out and concrete cone resistance influence of concrete strength
N0Rd,p:
g,Np = 0g,Np (s / scr,Np)0,5 (0g,Np 1) 1

0 g,Np
** fB,p: ** f3,N: ** fh,p: ** fre,N:
** f1,N, f2,N: influence of edge distance influence of anchor spacing influence of (variable) embedment depth influence of dense reinforcement
= n (n 1) 0,5 1,5 {(d Rk)/[k (hef fck,cube) ] } 1
0,5
0,5
scr,Np = 20 d (Rk,ucr / 7,5)0,5 3 hef *
Mp:
partial safety factor for combined pull-out and concrete cone failure influence area of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface (idealised) actual influence area of the anchorage at the concrete surface, limited by overlapping areas of adjoining anchors and by edges of the concrete member
** Values given in the respective tables in this manual For the simplified design method the factor g,Np (see TR 029) is assumed to be 1 and the critical anchor spacing is assumed to be scr,Np = 3 hef, both leading to conservative results = beeing on the save side.
+ A0p,N:
+ Ap,N:
+ s,Np: influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to edges + ec,Np: influence of excentricity + re,Np: influence of dense reinforcement * * * *
c:
d: hef:
influence of concrete strength anchor diameter (variable) embedment depth characteristic bond resistance anchor spacing critical anchor spacing number of anchors in a anchor group = 2,3 in cracked cocrete = 3,2 in non-cracked cocrete
Rk:
s: scr,Np: n: k:
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength *
Rk,ucr: characteristic bond resistance for

non-cracked concrete
* Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see TR 029. The basis of the calculations may depend on the critical anchor spacing).
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Anchor design
Design concrete cone resistance NRd,c Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
NRd,c where * + = (N0Rk,c / Mc) (Ac,N / A0c,N) s,N re,N ec,N N0Rk,c = k1 fck,cube0,5 hef
1,5

NRd,c = N **
0 Rd,c
fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fh,N fre,N Basic design concrete cone resistance influence of concrete strength
N0Rd,c:
** fB: ** f3,N: ** fh,N: ** fre,N:
Mc:
0 A c,N:
partial safety factor for concrete cone failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors and by edges of the concrete member influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to edges influence of dense reinforcement influence of excentricity = 7,2 for anchorages in cracked concrete = 10,1 for anchorages in non-cracked concrete
** f1,N, f2,N: influence of edge distance influence of anchor spacing influence of embedment depth influence of dense reinforcement
+ Ac,N:
+ s,N: + re,N: + ec,N: k1:
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength * hef: effective anchorage depth * Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see TR 029)
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Anchor design
Design concrete splitting resistance NRd,sp Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
NRd,sp where * ++ = (N0Rk,c / Mc) (Ac,N / A0c,N) s,N re,N ec,N h,sp N0Rk,c = k1 fck,cube0,5 hef
1,5

NRd,sp = N **
0 Rd,c
fB f1,sp f2,sp f3,sp f h,N fre,N Basic design concrete cone resistance influence of concrete strength
N0Rd,c:
** fB: ** f3,sp: ** f h,N: ** fre,N:
Mc:
0 A c,N:
partial safety factor for concrete cone failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor with large spacing and edge distance at the concrete surface (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of the anchorage at the concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors and by edges of the concrete member influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to edges influence of dense reinforcement influence of excentricity = 7,2 for anchorages in cracked concrete = 10,1 for anchorages in non-cracked concrete influence of the actual member depth
** f1,sp, f2,sp: influence of edge distance influence of anchor spacing influence of base material thickness (concrete member depth) influence of dense reinforcement
++ Ac,N:
+ s,N: + re,N: + ec,N: k1:
+ h,sp: * hef:
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength embedment depth * Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see TR 029) ++ Values of A0c,N and Ac,N for splitting failure may be different from those for concrete cone failure, due to different values for the critical edge distance and critical anchor spacing
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Anchor design
Design shear resistance The design shear resistance is the lower value of
Design steel resistance Design concrete pryout resistance Design concrete edge resistance VRd,s VRd,cp VRd,c
Design steel resistance VRd,s Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
VRd,s = VRk,s / Ms * * VRk,s: characteristic steel resistance partial safety factor for steel failure

** VRd,s ** Value given in the respective tables in this manual Steel failure with lever arm is not considered for the simplified design method
Ms:
* Values given in the relevant ETA For steel failure with lever arm see TR 029
Design concrete pryout resistance VRd,cp Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
VRd,cp = (VRk,cp / Mp/Mc) = k lower value of NRd,p and NRd,c NRd,p NRd,c NRd,p: = = NRk,p / Mp NRk,c / Mc NRk,c:

VRd,cp = k lower value of NRd,p and NRd,c NRd,p: characteristic tension resistance for combined pull-out and concrete cone failure (see design combined pull-out and concrete cone failure) characteristic tension resistance for concrete cone failure (see design concrete cone failure) influence of embedment depth
characteristic tension resistance for combined pull-out and concrete cone failure (see design combined pull-out and concrete cone failure) characteristic tension resistance for concrete cone failure (see design concrete cone failure) partial safety factor for combined pull-out and concrete cone failure (see design combined pull-out and concrete cone failure) partial safety factor for concrete cone failure (see design concrete cone failure) influence of embedment depth
** k:
NRk,c:
Mp:
Mc:
k:
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Anchor design
Design concrete edge resistance VRd,c Technical Report TR 029 and relevant ETA
VRd,c where = (V0Rk,c / Mc) (Ac,V / A0c,V) s,V h,V ,V ec,V re,V V0Rk,c = k1 d hef fck,cube0,5 c11,5


VRd,c = V **
0 Rd,c
fB f f h f4 f hef fc Basic design concrete edge resistance influence of concrete strength Influence of angle between load applied and the direction perpendicular to the free edge Influence of base material thickness Influence of anchor spacing and edge distance influence of embedment depth influence of edge distance

V0Rd,c:
** fB: ** f:
= 0,1 (hef / c1)0,5 = 0,1 (d / c1)0,2

*
Mc:
partial safety factor for concrete edge failure area of concrete cone of an individual anchor at the lateral concrete surface not affected by edges (idealised) actual area of concrete cone of anchorage at the lateral concrete surface, limited by overlapping concrete cones of adjoining anchors, by edges of the concrete member and by member thickness influence of the disturbance of the distribution of stresses due to further edges takes account of the fact that the shear resistance does not decrease proportially to the memebr thickness as assumed by the idealised ratio Ac,V / A0c,V Influence of angle between load applied and the direction perpendicular to the free edge influence of excentricity influence of reinforcement = 1,7 for anchorages in cracked concrete = 2,4 for anchorages in non-cracked concrete anchor diameter
** f h: ** f4: ** f hef: ** fc:
+ A0c,V:
+ Ac,V:
** Values given in the respective tables in this manual The factors f hef and fc replace the function d hef , leading to conservative results = beeing on the save side. Special case: more than 2 anchors close to an edge For a group of anchors f4 can be calculated according to the following equation, if all anchors are equally loaded. This can be achieved by filling the annular gaps with a high performance injection mortar (e.g. Hilti HIT-RE 500SD or Hilti HIT-HY 150 MAX.
+ s,V:
+ h,V:
++ ,V:
Where s1, s2, sn-1 3 c And c2,1, c2,2 1,5 c
++ ec,V: ++ re,V: k1:
d:
fck,cube: concrete compressive strength c1: edge distance * Values given in the relevant ETA + Values have to be calculated according data given in the relavant ETA (details of calculation see TR 029) ++ Details see TR 029
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Anchor design
Combined tension and shear loading The following equations must be satisfied
N 1 V 1 N + V 1,2 or N + V 1

With N = NSd / NRd and V = VSd / VRd NSd (VSd) = tension (shear) design action NRd (VRd) = tension (shear) design resistance
Annex C of ETAG 001 = =

2,0 1,5 if NRd and VRd are governed by steel failure for all other failure modes

Failure mode is not considered for the simplified method
1,5
for all failure modes (leading to conservative results = beeing on the save side)
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Design examples
Design examples
Example 1: mechanical anchor in non-cracked concrete
Anchoring conditions
Non-cracked concrete C40/50 concrete Group of two anchors close to the edge number of anchors base material thickness h 250 mm anchor spacing s 300 mm edge distance c 120 mm shear load direction perpendicular to free edge 90 TENSION design action (fixing point) NSd 55,0 kN SHEAR design action (fixing point) TENSION design action per anchor SHEAR design action per anchor VSd
(1) NSd (1) VSd
20,0 kN 27,5 kN 10,0 kN
anchor effective anchorage depth critical spacing for splitting failure critical spacing for concrete cone failure critical edge distance for splitting failure critical edge distance for concrete cone failure minimum edge distance for minimum spacing for
hef scr,sp scr,N ccr,sp ccr,N smin c cmin s
HSL-3-G M16 100 mm 380 mm 300 mm 190 mm 150 mm 100 mm 240 mm 100 mm 240 mm
The parameters are given in the anchor-section in the tables setting details and setting parameters (for HSL-3-G M16)
General remarks According ETAG 001, Annex C, concrete cone, splitting, pryout and concrete edge design resistance must be verified for the anchor group. Steel and pull-out design resistance must be verified for the most unfavourable anchor of the anchor group. According to the simplified design method given in this Fastening Technology Manual all anchors of a group are loaded equally, the design resistance values given in the tables are valid for one anchor.
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Design examples
Tension loading
Design steel resistance
NRd,s = 83,7 kN
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3-G M16)
Design concrete pull-out resistance

basic resistance concrete N non-cracked concrete C40/50 fB NRd,p =
0 Rd,p
=-
N0Rd,p fB
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3-G M16 pull-out failure is not decisive in non-cracked concrete)
Design concrete cone resistance

basic resistance concrete c = 120 mm s = 300 mm anchor N0Rd,c non-cracked concrete C40/50 fB ccr,N = 150 mm scr,N = 300 mm c/ccr,N = 0,80 s/scr,N = 1,00 HSL-3-G M16 33,6 kN 1,41 0,94 0,90 1,00 1,00
f1,N f2,N
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3-G M16) and influencing factors (for HSL-3-G M16) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
f3,N fre,N
NRd,c = N0Rd,c fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N =
40,1 kN
Design splitting resistance

basic resistance concrete N0Rd,c non-cracked concrete C40/50 fB c/ccr,sp = 0,63 s/scr,sp = 0,79 [h/(2hef)] = 2,5 HSL-3-G M16
2/3
33,6 kN 1,41 0,89 0,82 0,89 1,16 = 1,00 35,7 kN
c = 120 mm ccr,sp = 190 mm s = 300 mm scr,sp = 380 mm hef = 100 mm NRd,sp =
f1,sp f2,sp
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3-G M16) and influencing factors (for HSL-3-G M16) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
h = 250 mm anchor
f3,sp fh,sp fre,N
0 N Rd,c fB f1,sp f2,sp f3,sp fh,sp fre,N
Tension design resistance: lowest value
NRd = 35,7 kN
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49
Design examples
Shear loading
VRd,s = 68,6 kN
See basic design shear resistance (for HSL-3-G M16)
Concrete pryout design resistance

basic resistance concrete c = 120 mm s = 300 mm anchor V0Rd,cp non-cracked concrete C40/50 fB ccr,N = 150 mm scr,N = 300 mm c/ccr,N = 0,80 s/scr,N = 1,00 HSL-3-G M16 67,2 kN 1,41 0,94 0,90 1,00 1,00 80,2 kN
f1,N f2,N
See basic design shear resistance (for HSL-3-G M16) and influencing factors (for HSL-3-G M16) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
f3,N fre,N
VRd,cp = V0Rd,cp fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N =
Concrete edge design resistance

basic resistance concrete shear load direction perpendicular to free edge h = 250 mm c = 120 mm s = 300 mm c = 120 mm hef = 100 mm hef = 100 mm V0Rd,c non-cracked concrete C40/50 fB 90 13,7 kN 1,41 2 1 1,20 46,4 kN
See basic design shear resistance (for HSL-3-G M16) and influencing factors (for HSL-3-G M16) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
h/c = 2,08 fh c/hef = 1,20 f4 s/hef = 3,00 VRd,c = V0Rd,c fB f fh f4 =
Shear design resistance: lowest value
VRd = 46,4 kN
Combined tension and shear loading

The following equation must be satisfied for combined tension and shear loads: 1,5 1,5 (Eq. 1) ( N) + ( V) 1 N (V ) ratio between design action and design resistance for tension (shear) loading According to ETAG 001, Annex C, the following simplified equation may be applied: N + V 1,2 and N 1, V 1 (Eq. 2)
1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0

V (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2)
Example (load values are valid for one anchor)

NSd
(1)
= =
27,5 kN 10,0 kN 35,7 kN 46,4 kN
N = NSd /NRd = V = VSd /VRd = N + V =

( N)
1,5
(1)
0,770 0,216 0,986

0,776
1 1 1,2
1
VSd(1) NRd = VRd =
(1)
+ ( V)
1,5
50
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
6 / 2010
Design examples
Example 2: mechanical anchor in cracked concrete with dense reinforcement
Cracked concrete C30/37 concrete Group of two anchors close to the edge number of anchors base material thickness h 150 mm anchor spacing s 70 mm edge distance c 120 mm shear load direction perpendicular to free edge 90 TENSION design action (fixing point) NSd 10,0 kN SHEAR design action (fixing point) TENSION design action per anchor SHEAR design action per anchor VSd
(1) NSd (1) VSd
10,0 kN 5,0 kN 5,0 kN
anchor effective anchorage depth critical spacing for splitting failure critical spacing for concrete cone failure critical edge distance for splitting failure critical edge distance for concrete cone failure minimum edge distance for minimum spacing for
hef
HSL-3-SK M10 70 mm 270 mm 210 mm 135 mm 105 mm 70 mm 100 mm 70 mm 160 mm
scr,sp scr,N ccr,sp ccr,N smin c cmin s
The parameters are given in the anchor-section in the tables setting details and setting parameters (for HSL-3-SK M10)
General remarks According ETAG 001, Annex C, concrete cone, splitting, pryout and concrete edge design resistance must be verified for the anchor group. Steel and pull-out design resistance must be verified for the most unfavourable anchor of the anchor group. According to the simplified design method given in this Fastening Technology Manual all anchors of a group are loaded equally, the design resistance values given in the tables are valid for one anchor.
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Design examples
Tension loading
NRd,s = 30,9 kN
See basic design tensile resistance for HSL-3- SK M10
Design concrete pull-out resistance

basic resistance concrete N Cracked concrete C30/37 fB NRd,p =
0 Rd,p
10,7 1,22 = 13,1 kN
N0Rd,p fB
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3- SK M10 pull-out failure is not decisive in non-cracked concrete)

basic resistance concrete c = 120 mm s = 70 mm anchor N0Rd,c Cracked concrete C30/37 fB ccr,N = 105 mm scr,N = 210 mm c/ccr,N = 1,14 s/scr,N = 0,33 HSL-3-SK M10 14,1 kN 1,22 1,00 1,00 0,67 0,85
f1,N f2,N
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3- SK M10) and influencing factors (for HSL-3- SK M10) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
f3,N fre,N
NRd,c = N0Rd,c fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N =
9,8 kN

basic resistance concrete N0Rd,c Cracked concrete C30/37 fB c/ccr,sp = 0,89 s/scr,sp = 0,26 [h/(2hef)] = 2,14 HSL-3-SK M10
2/3
14,1 kN 1,22 0,97 0,94 0,63 1,05 = 0,85 8,8 kN
c = 120 mm ccr,sp = 135 mm s= 70 mm scr,sp = 270 mm hef = 70 mm NRd,sp =
f1,sp f2,sp
See basic design tensile resistance (for HSL-3- SK M10) and influencing factors (for HSL-3- SK M10) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
h = 150 mm anchor
f3,sp fh,sp fre,N
0 N Rd,c fB f1,sp f2,sp f3,sp fh,sp fre,N
NRd =
8,8 kN
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6 / 2010
Design examples
Shear loading
VRd,s = 39,4 kN
See basic design shear resistance (for HSL-3- SK M10)

basic resistance concrete c = 120 mm s = 70 mm anchor V0Rd,cp Cracked concrete C30/37 fB ccr,N = 105 mm scr,N = 210 mm c/ccr,N = 1,14 s/scr,N = 0,33 HSL-3-SK M10 28,1 kN 1,22 1,00 1,00 0,67 0,85 19,5 kN
f1,N f2,N
See basic design shear resistance (for HSL-3- SK M10) and influencing factors (for HSL-3- SK M10) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
f3,N fre,N
VRd,cp = V0Rd,cp fB f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N =

basic resistance concrete shear load direction perpendicular to free edge h = 150 mm c = 120 mm s= 70 mm c = 120 mm hef = 70 mm hef = 70 mm V0Rd,c Cracked concrete C30/37 fB 90 4,6 kN 1,22 2 0,88 1,34 13,2 kN
See basic design shear resistance (for HSL-3- SK M10) and influencing factors (for HSL-3- SK M10) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
h/c = 1,25 fh c/hef = 1,71 f4 s/hef = 1,00 VRd,c = V0Rd,c fB f fh f4 =
VRd = 13,2 kN

1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0

V (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2)

NSd
(1)
= =
5,0 kN 5,0 kN 8,8 kN 13,2 kN

(1)
(1)
0,567 0,378 0,945 0,659
1 1 1,2 1
VSd(1) NRd = VRd =
( N)
1,5
+ ( V)
1,5
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
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Design examples
Example 3: adhesive anchoring system with variable embedment depth in non-cracked concrete
Non-cracked concrete C50/60 concrete service temperature temperature range II range of base material Group of two anchors close to the edge number of anchors base material thickness h 100 mm anchor spacing s 150 mm edge distance c 100 mm shear load direction perpendicular to free edge 0 NSd TENSION design action (fixing point) 15,0 kN SHEAR design action (fixing point) TENSION design action per anchor SHEAR design action per anchor effective anchorage depth
anchor external diameter typical anchorage depth minimum edge distance minimum spacing
VSd NSd VSd hef

(1) (1)
15,0 kN 7,5 kN 7,5 kN 70 mm
Hilti HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12 d 12 mm hef,typ 110 mm smin cmin 60 mm 60 mm
The parameters are given in the anchor-section in the tables setting details and setting parameters (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12)
Critical spacings and edge distances critical spacing for concrete cone failure scr,N and critical spacing for combined pull-out and concrete cone failure scr,Np hef = 70 mm scr,N = scr,Np = 3 hef = 210 mm
critical edge distance for concrete cone failure ccr,N and critical edge distance for combined pull-out and concrete cone failure ccr,Np hef = 70 mm ccr,N = ccr,Np = 1,5 hef = 105 mm
critical edge distance for splitting failure for h 1,3 hef for 1,3 hef < h < 2 hef for h 2 hef h = 100 mm hef = 70 mm h/hef = 1,43
ccr,sp = 2,26 hef ccr,sp = 4,6 hef - 1,8 h ccr,sp = 1,0 hef
ccr,sp =
142 mm
critical spacing for splitting failure ccr,sp = 142 mm
scr,sp = 2 ccr,sp =
284 mm
General remarks According EOTA Technical Report TR 029, concrete cone, combined concrete cone and pullout, splitting, pryout and concrete edge design resistance must be verified for the anchor group. Steel design resistance must be verified for the most unfavourable anchor of the anchor group. According to the simplified design method given in this Fastening Technology Manual all anchors of a group are loaded equally, the design resistance values given in the tables are valid for one anchor. 6 / 2010 54
Design examples
Tension loading
NRd,s = 28,0 kN
See basic design tensile resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12)
Design combined pull-out and concrete cone resistance

basic resistance concrete hef = 70 mm hef,typ = c = 100 mm s = 150 mm hef = 70 mm N0Rd,p Non-cracked concrete C50/60 fB,p fh,p = hef/hef,typ = 110 mm c/ccr,N = 0,95 s/scr,N = 0,71
0
29,9 kN 1,09 0,64 0,99 0,97 0,86 1,00 17,1 kN
See basic design tensile resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12)
ccr,N = 105 mm scr,N = 210 mm NRd,p = N
f1,N f2,N f3,N
fre,N
=
Rd,p fB,p f1,N f2,N f3,N fh,p fre,N

basic resistance concrete hef = 70 mm c = 100 mm s = 150 mm hef = 70 mm N0Rd,c Non-cracked concrete C50/60 fB hef,typ = 110 mm ccr,N = 105 mm scr,N = 210 mm NRd,c = N
0
32,4 kN 1,55 = 0,51 0,99 0,97 0,86 = 1,00 21,1 kN
fh,N = (hef/hef,typ) c/ccr,N = 0,95 s/scr,N = 0,71
1,5
f1,N f2,N
See basic design tensile resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) and influencing factors (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
f3,N fre,N
Rd,c fB fh,N f1,N f2,N f3,N fre,N

basic resistance concrete hef = 70 mm c = 100 mm s = 150 mm hef = 70 mm N0Rd,c Non-cracked concrete C50/60 fB hef,typ = 110 mm ccr,sp = 142 mm scr,sp = 284 mm NRd,sp = fh,N = (hef/hef,typ) c/ccr,sp = 0,70 s/scr,sp = 0,53
1,5
32,4 kN 1,55 = 0,51 0,91 0,85 0,76 = 1,00 15,0 kN
f1,sp f2,sp
See basic design tensile resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) and influencing factors (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
f3,sp fre,N
0 N Rd,c fB fh,N f1,sp f2,sp f3,sp fre,N
NRd =
15,0 kN
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Design examples
Shear loading
VRd,s = 16,8 kN
See basic design shear resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12)

lower value of NRd,p and NRd,c hef = 70 mm V = k VRd,cp = k V0 =
0
17,1 kN 2 34,3 kN
See basic design shear resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) and influencing factors (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12)

basic resistance concrete shear load direction perpendicular to free edge h = 100 mm c = 100 mm s = 150 mm hef = 70 mm c= 100 mm c = 100 mm hef = 70 mm hef = 70 mm d= d= 12 mm 12 mm V0Rd,c Non-cracked concrete C50/60 fB 0 11,6 kN 1,55 1,00 0,82 1,28 0,97 0,67 12,3 kN
h/c = 1,00 fh c/hef = 1,43 f4 s/hef = 2,14 hef/d = 5,83
See basic design shear resistance (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) and influencing factors (for HIT-RE 500-SD with HIT-V 5.8, size M12) Influencing factors may be interpolated.
fhef
c/d = 8,33 fc VRd,c = V0Rd,c fB f fh f4 fhef fc =
VRd =
12,3 kN

1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0

V (Eq. 1) (Eq. 2)

NSd
(1)
= =
7,5 kN 7,5 kN 15,0 kN 12,3 kN

(1)
(1)
0,500 0,612 1,112 0,832
1 1 1,2 1
VSd(1) NRd = VRd =
( N)
1,5
+ ( V)
1,5
56
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2
6 / 2010
Design examples
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57
Corrosion
Corrosion
Material recommendations to counteract corrosion
Application
Initial/carcass construction Temporary fastening: Forming, site fixtures, scaffolding Structural fastening: Brackets, columns, beams Outside and inside applications Galvanised or coated
General conditions
Recommendations
Dry inside rooms, no condensation Damp inside rooms with occasional condensation due to high humidity and temperature fluctuations Frequent and long-lasting condensation (greenhouses), open inside rooms or open halls / sheds
Galvanised 5-10 microns Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns A4 (316) steels, possibly hot-dipped galvanised Galvanised 5-10 microns
Composite construction Interior finishing Drywalls, suspended ceilings, windows, doors, railings / fences, elevators, fire escapes Facades / roofing Profiled metal sheets, curtain wall cladding, insulation fastenings, facade support framing
Protection due to alkalinity of concrete
Dry inside rooms, no condensation
Galvanised 5-10 microns
Rural atmosphere (without emissions)
Inside application Outside application Insulating materials
Galvanised 5-10 microns Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns Dacromet / plastic, A4 (316) steels Galvanised 5-10 microns Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns, Hilti-HCR if chlorides exist A4 (316) steels
Town / city atmosphere: High SO2 and Nox contents, chlorides from road salt can accumulate/ concentration on parts not weathered directly Industrial atmosphere: High SO2 content and other corrosive substances (without halides) Coastal atmosphere: High content of chlorides, combined with industrial atmosphere
Inside application Outside application Insulating materials Inside application Outside application Insulating materials Inside application Outside application Insulating materials
Galvanised 5-10 microns A4 (316) steels A4 (316) steels Galvanised 5-10 microns Hilti-HCR Hilti-HCR
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Corrosion
Application
Installations Conduit installation, cable runs, air ducts Electrical systems: Runs, lighting, aerials Industrial equipment: Crane rails, barriers, conveyors, machine fastening
General conditions
Recommendations
Dry inside rooms, no condensation Damp inside rooms, poorly ventilated rooms, cellar / basement shafts, occasional condensation due to high humidity and temperature fluctuations Frequent and long-lasting condensation (greenhouses), nonenclosed inside rooms or open sheds / buildings
Galvanised 5-10 microns Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns
A4 (316) steels, possibly hot-dipped galvanised
Road and bridge construction Conduit installation, cable runs, traffic signs, noise-insulating walls, crash barriers / guard rails, connecting structures Directly weathered (chlorides are regularly washed off) Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns, A4 (316) steels, Duplex steel or austenitic steel with approx. 4-5% Mo Hilti HCR
Frequently heavy exposure to road salt, highly relevant to safety Tunnel construction Tunnel foils / sheeting, reinforcing mesh, traffic signs, lighting, tunnel wall cladding / lining, air ducts, ceiling suspensions, etc. Dock/harbour/port facilities / off-shore rigs Fastenings to quaysides, dock / harbour Secondary relevance for safety, temporary fastenings High humidity, chlorides, often a superimposed "industrial atmosphere" or changes of oil / sea water On the platform / rig Industry / chemical industry Conduit installation, cable runs, connecting structures, lighting Dry inside rooms Corrosive inside rooms, e.g. fastenings in laboratories, galvanising / plating plants etc., very corrosive vapours Outside applications, very heavy exposure to SO2 and additional corrosive substances (only acidic surroundings) Power plants Fastenings relevant to safety Dry inside rooms Outside applications, very heavy exposure to SO2
6 / 2010
Secondary relevance for safety Highly relevant to safety
Duplex steel, poss. A4 (316) steels Hilti-HCR
Hot-dipped galvanised Hilti-HCR
A4 (316) steels
Galvanised 5-10 microns A4 (316) steels, Hilti-HCR
A4 (316) steels
Galvanised 5-10 microns A4 (316) steels
59
Corrosion
Application
Smokestacks of waste incineration plants Fastening of, for example, service ladders, lightening conductors
General conditions
Recommendations
In lower section of stack In top section of stack, condensation of acids and often high chloride and other halide concentrations
Hot-dipped galvanised/sherardized min. 45 microns A4 (316) steels Hilti-HCR
Sewage / waste water treatment Conduit installation, cable runs, connecting structures etc In the atmosphere, high humidity, sewage / digester gases etc. Underwater applications, municipal sewage / waste water, industrial waste water Multi-storey car parks Fastening of, for example, guard rails, handrails, balustrades Indoor swimming pools Fastening of, for example, service ladders, handrails, suspended ceilings Sports grounds / facilities / stadiums Fastening of, for example, seats, handrails, fences In rural atmosphere In town / city atmosphere Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns Hot-dipped galvanised / sherardized min. 45 microns A4 (316) steels A4 (316) steels Fastenings relevant to safety Hilti-HCR Large amounts of chlorides (road salt) carried in by vehicles, many wet and dry cycles Hilti-HCR Hot-dipped galvanised/sherardized min. 45 microns A4 (316) steels Hilti-HCR
Inaccessible fastenings
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Corrosion
The following table shows the suitability of the respective metal couple. It also shows which two metals in contact are permissible in field practice and which should rather be avoided. Metal couples
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61
Dynamic
Dynamic
Dynamic design for anchors
Detailed informations are available from your local Hilti partner or in the brochure: Dynamic Design for Anchors, Hilti AG, 2001 W 2611 0601 20-e Actions
Common engineering design usually focuses around static loads. This chapter is intended to point out those cases, where static simplification may cause severe misjudgement and usually under-design of important structures. Static loads can be segregated as follows: Own (dead) weight Permanent actions Loads of non-loadbearing components, e.g. floor covering, screed, or from constraint (due to temperature change or sinking of supports / columns) Changing actions working loads (fitting / furnishing , machines, normal wear) Snow, Wind, Temperature The main difference between static and dynamic loads is the effectiveness of inertia and damping forces. These forces result from induced acceleration and must be taken into account when determining section forces and anchoring forces. Dynamic actions can generally be classified into 3 different groups: Fatigue loads Seismic loads Shock loads Two main groups of fatigue type loading can be identified: Vibration type loading of fasteners with very high recurrence and usually low amplitude (e.g. ventilators, production machinery, etc.). Repeated loading and unloading of structures with high loads and frequent recurrence (cranes, elevators, robots, etc.).
Static loads
Dynamic actions
Typical Dynamic Actions
Examples for Fatigue Loads
Actions relevant to fatigue
Actions causing fatigue have a large number of load cycles which produce changes in stress in the affected fastening. These stresses result in a decrease in strength, which is all the greater the larger the change in stress and the larger the number of load cycles are (fatigue). When evaluating actions causing fatigue, not only the type of action, but also the planned or anticipated fastening life expectancy is of major importance. Generally, all fastenings in structures situated in seismically active areas can be subject to seismic loading. However, due to cost considerations, usually only critical fastenings whose failure would result in loss of human life or significant weakening of the overall structure are designed for seismic loads. Ground movement during an earthquake / seismic tremors leads to relative displacement of a building foundation. Owing to the inertia of its mass, the building cannot or is unable to follow this movement without deformation. Due to the stiffness of the structure, restoring forces are set up and vibration is induced. This results in stress and strain for the structure, the parts fastened and the installations. Earthquake frequencies often lead to resonance phenomena which cause larger vibration amplitudes on the upper floors.
Examples for Seismic Loads
Earthquakes / seismic actions
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Dynamic
In view of the low ductility of anchors / fasteners, seismic loads generally have to be taken up by a high loading capacity and very little deformation. A fastening should be able to withstand design basis earthquakes without damage. Determining the forces acting on a fastening is difficult and specialists thus provide them Shock loads are mostly unusual loading situations, even though sometimes they are the only loading case a structure is designed for (e.g. crash barriers, protection nets, ship or aeroplane impacts and falling rocks, avalanches and explosions, etc.). Shock-like phenomena have generally a very short duration and tremendously high forces which, however, generally only occur as individual peaks. As the probability of such a phenomenon to occur during the life expectancy of the building components concerned is comparably small, plastic deformations of fasteners and structural members are usually permitted.
Examples of Shock Loading
Shock
Material behaviour
The behaviour is described essentially by the strength (tensile and compressive) and the elastic-plastic behaviour of the material. These properties are generally determined by carrying out simple tests with specimens. If a material is subjected to a sustained load that changes with respect to time, it can fail after a certain number of load cycles even though the upper limit of the load withstood up to this time is clearly lower than the ultimate tensile strength under static loading. This loss of strength is referred to as material fatigue. The grade and quality of steel has a considerable influence on the alternating strength. In the case of structural and heat-treatable steels, the final strength (i.e. after 2 million load cycles or more) is approx. 25-35% of the static strength. In the non-loaded state, concrete already has micro-cracks in the zone of contact of the aggregates and the cement paste, which are attributable to the aggregates hindering shrinkage of the cement paste. The fatigue strength of concrete is directly dependent on the grade of concrete. Concrete strength is reduced to about 55 65% of the initial strength after 2'000'000 load cycles. The material strength is not as much influenced as under fatigue impact. Other factors, as inertia, cracks, etc. influence the behaviour much more.
Material behaviour under static loading Material behaviour under fatigue impact
Material behaviour under seismic or shock impact
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Dynamic
Anchor behaviour Fatigue

When a large number of load cycles is involved, i.e. n>10'000, it is usually the anchor in single fastenings that is critical (due to steel failure). The concrete can only fail when an anchor is at a reduced anchorage depth and subjected to tensile loading or an anchor is at a reduced distance from an edge and exposed to shear loading. Individual anchors in a multiple-anchor fastening can have a different elastic stiffness and a displacement (slip) behaviour that differs from one anchor to another, e.g. if an anchor is set in a crack. This leads to a redistribution of the forces in the anchors during the appearance of the load cycles. Stiffer anchors are subjected to higher loads, whereas the loads in the weaker anchors are reduced. Allowance is made for these two effects by using a reduction factor for multiple-anchor fastenings.
Earthquakes
Anchors (fasteners) subjected to seismic loading can, under circumstances, be stressed far beyond their static loading capacity. In view of this, the respective suitability tests are carried out using a level of action (loading) that is considerably higher than the working load level. The behaviour of anchors under seismic action depends on the magnitude of loading, the direction of loading, the base material and the type of anchor. After an earthquake, the loading capacity (ultimate state) of an anchor is considerably reduced (to 30 80% of the original resistance.) With any earthquake design of fasteners, concrete cracks resulting from seismic activity should be taken into consideration. When designing anchor fastenings, it is important to remember that they cannot be regarded as something isolated to take up seismic forces, but that they must be incorporated in the overall context of a design.
Shock
Load increase times in the range of milliseconds can be simulated during tests on servo-hydraulic testing equipment. The following main effects can then be observed: Deformation is greater when the breaking load is reached The energy absorbed by an anchor is also much higher Breaking loads are of roughly the same magnitude during static loading and shock-loading tests
In this respect, more recent investigations show that the base material (cracked or non-cracked concrete), has no direct effect on the load-bearing behaviour.
Suitability under fatigue loading Suitability under seismic loading Suitability under shock loading
Both mechanical and chemical anchors are basically suitable for fastenings subjected to fatigue loading. Hilti manufactures the HDA and HVZ anchors of special grades of steel resistant to fatigue and has also subjected them to suitable tests. Where fastenings subjected to seismic loading are concerned, chemical anchors take preference. There are, however, accompanying requirements to be met, such as behaviour in a fire. These restrictions can make mechanical systems preferable. To date, mechanical anchor systems have been used primarily for applications in civil defence installations. More recently, adhesive systems suitable for use in cracked concrete have been developed, e.g. the HVZ anchor.
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Dynamic
Dynamic set for shear resistance upgrade

If a multiple-anchor fastening is loaded towards the edge of a concrete member (shear load), the gap between anchor shaft and clearance hole has an important role. An uneven shear load distribution within the anchors in the fastening is the result as the clearance hole is always larger than the anchor diameter to ensure an easy installation. Design methods take this fact into account by assuming that only the row of anchors nearest to the concrete edge takes up all shear load. row of load-bearing anchors edge of concrete member
Uneven shear load distribution
V
row of non load-bearing anchors Concrete failure surface The second row of anchors can be activated only after a considerable slip of the anchoring plate. This slip normally takes place after the edge failure of the outside row. The effect of the clearance hole gap on the internal load distribution increases if the shear load direction changes during the service life. To make anchors suitable for alternating shear loads, Hilti developed the so called Dynamic Set. This consists of a special washer, which permits HIT injection adhesive to be dispensed into the clearance hole, a spherical washer, a nut and a lock nut.
Activating the second row of anchors
Dynamic Set
perspective Injection washer
plan view spherical washer nut lock nut
Injection washer:
Fills clearance hole and thus guarantees that the load is uniformly distributed among all anchors.
Improvements with Dynamic Set
Spherical washer: Reduces bending moment acting on anchor shaft not set at right angles and thus increases the tensile loading capacity. Lock nut: Prevents loosening of the nut and thus lifting of the anchoring plate away from the concrete in case of cyclic loading.
Delivery programme Dynamic Set: M10, M12, M16, M20
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65
Dynamic
Shear resistance improvement By using the dynamic set for static fastenings, the shear resistance is improved significantly. The unfavourable situation that only one row of with Dynamic Set
anchors takes up all loads no longer exists and the load is distributed uniformly among all anchors. A series of experiments has verified this assumption. An example from this test programme, double fastenings with HVZ M10 anchors with and without the Dynamic Set are shown to compare resulting shear resistance and stiffness.
Standard clearence hole
Slotted hole
not injected
injected
Member edge
With Dynamic Set (extended Hilti method)
Without Dynamic Set (ETAG)
The test results show clearly that according to the current practice the second row of anchors takes up the load only after significant deformation of the plate, when the concrete edge has already failed. The injection and the Dynamic Set resulted in a continuous load increase until the whole multiple fastening fails. When carrying out a simple fastening design, it may be assumed if the Dynamic Set is used the overall load bearing capacity of the multiple fastening is equal to the resistance of the first row of anchors multiplied by the number of rows in the fastening. In addition to that it must be checked whether the concrete edge resistance of the farest row is smaller than the above metioned resistance. If injection with the Dynamic Set is used, the ETAG restrictions on more than 6 anchor fastenings can be overcome.
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Dynamic
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Resistance to fire
Resistance to fire
Tested fasteners for passive structural fire prevention
Tested according to the international standard temperature curve Tested according to the international standard temperature curve (ISO 834, DIN 4102 T.2) and/or to EOTA Technical Report TR 020 (Evaluation of Anchorages in Concrete concerning Resistance to Fire)
MFPA Leipzig GmbH
Tested when set in cracked concrete and exposed to flames without insulating or protective measures.
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 2,2 3,5 7,0 9,0 2,2 3,5 7,0 9,0 12,0 15,0 1,1 2,0 3,5 6,6 10,3 14,8 F90 1,3 1,8 4,0 7,0 1,3 1,8 4,0 4,0 5,0 7,5 0,6 1,3 2,0 3,5 5,4 7,9 F120 1,0 1,2 3,0 5,0 1,0 1,2 3,0 2,0 3,0 6,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 2,2 3,5 5,0 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3041/1663-CM Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3039/8151 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3039/8151 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3039/8151
HDA
M10 M12 M16 M20 M10 M12 M16
4,5 10,0 15,0 25,0 4,5 10,0 15,0 20,0 30,0 50,0 3,0 7,0 10,0 19,4 30,0 43,0
Fire resistance data for F 180 please refer to the test reports HDA-F
HDA-R
M10 M12 M16
HSL-3
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
68
6 / 2010
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 1,1 2,0 3,5 6,6 10,3 14,8 3,5 6,6 10,3 14,8 1,1 2,0 3,5 1,1 2,0 3,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 3,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 3,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 3,5 0,7 1,5 3,5 6,0 10,0 15,0 F90 0,6 1,3 2,0 3,5 5,4 7,9 2,0 3,5 5,4 7,9 0,6 1,3 2,0 0,6 1,3 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 2,0 1,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 3,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 3,5 0,6 1,0 2,0 3,5 6,0 8,0 F120 0,4 0,8 1,2 2,2 3,5 5,0 1,2 2,2 3,5 5,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 0,4 0,8 1,2 3,0 3,0 0,5 0,7 1,0 2,0 3,5 5,0 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3177/1722-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3177/1722-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3177/1722-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3177/1722-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 DIBt Berlin ETA-98/0001 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig report No. 3041/1663-CM IBMB Braunschweig report No. 3041/1663-CM Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig report No. 3041/1663-CM Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig report No, 3041/1663-CM
HSL-3-G
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
3,0 7,0 10,0 19,4 30,0 43,0 10,0 19,4 30,0 43,0 1,9 4,5 8,5 3,0 7,0 10,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 3,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,5 1,5 3,5 1,5 2,5 2,5 3,5 0,9 2,5 5,0 9,0 15,0 20,0
HSL-3-B
M12 M16 M20 M24
HSL-3-SH
M8 M10 M12
HSL-3-SK
M8 M10 M12
HSC-A
M8x40 M8x50 M10x40 M12x60 M8x40 M10x50 M10x60 M12x60 M8x40 M8x50 M10x40 M12x60 M8x40 M10x50 M10x60 M12x60 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
HSC-I
HSC-AR
HSC-IR
HST
6 / 2010
69
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 3,6 8,4 12,2 22,8 35,5 51,2 3,6 8,4 12,2 22,8 0,5 0,8 2,2 3,5 7,0 9,0 1,3 3,0 4,7 7,0 13,0 0,29 0,5 0,99 1,5 2,2 3,7 0,5 0,99 1,5 2,2 F90 2,4 5,0 7,3 13,5 21,1 30,4 2,4 5,0 7,3 13,5 0,3 0,5 1,3 1,8 4,0 7,0 0,8 1,8 3,0 4,0 7,5 0,2 0,37 0,6 1,0 1,5 2,7 0,37 0,6 1,0 1,5 F120 1,7 3,3 4,8 8,9 13,9 20,0 1,7 3,3 4,8 8,9 0,25 0,4 1,0 1,2 3,0 5,0 0,6 1,2 2,5 3,0 6,0 0,17 0,3 0,5 0,8 1,1 2,2 0,3 0,5 0,8 DIBt Berlin ETA-98/0001 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
HST-R
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M8 M10 M12 M16
4,9 11,8 17,2 32,0 49,9 71,9 4,9 11,8 17,2 32,0 0,9 1,5 4,5 10,0 15,0 25,0 2,6 6,0 9,5 14,0 26,0 0,5 0,9 1,9 3,0 4,0 4,0 0,9 1,9 3,0 4,0
HST-HCR
DIBt Berlin ETA-98/0001 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3049/8151 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3049/8151 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig PB 3093/517/07CM Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
HSA
HSA-R
HLC-Standard
HLC-H
M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 6,5 (M5) 8 (M6) 10 (M8) 12(M10) 16(M12) 20(M16) 8 (M6) 10 (M8 ) 12(M10) 16(M12)
IBMB Braunschweig PB 3093/517/07-CM
Warringtonfire 1,18 WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig PB 3093/517/07-CM
HLC-L 10 (M8) 1,9 0,99 0,67 0,5
Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 HLC-EC 8 (M6) 10 (M8) 16(M12) 0,9 1,9 3,0 0,5 0,99 1,5 0,37 0,67 1,0 0,3 0,5 IBMB Braunschweig PB 3093/517/07-CM
Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & 0,79 WF Report No 172920
70
6 / 2010
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 F90 F120 DIBt Berlin ETA-08/0307
HUS -HR
Reduced anchorage depth 8 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,2 10 2,3 2,3 2,3 1,8 14 3,0 3,0 3,0 2,4 Standard anchorage depth 6 1,3 1,3 1,3 0,4 8 3,0 3,0 3,0 1,7 10 4,0 4,0 4,0 2,4 14 6,3 6,3 6,3 5,0 10,5 12,5 16,5 7,0 9,0 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 2,6 3,3 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,5 1,8 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,0 1,2 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,4 0,4
HUS-H/HUS-HF
IBMB Braunschweig UB 3574/5146 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 DIBt Berlin Z-21.1-1710
HUS
6 -H 6 -A 6
HUS
-P 6 -I 6
DIBt Berlin ETA-10/0005 acc. Part 6
HUS (gas concrete, plates and bricks, strength catgegory > 6 ) HKD
7,5 -H 7,5 -A 7,5 M6x25 M8x25 M8x30 M8x40 M10x25 M10x30 M10x40 M12x25 M12x50 M16x65 M6x30 M8x30 M10x40 M12x50 load angle 10 70 90 1,0 0,5 0,6 0,9 1,3 0,6 0,9 1,8 0,6 2,3 4,0 0,5 0,9 1,8 2,3 1,6 1,6 1,6 0,6 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,5 0,7 0,7 0,5 0,7 1,5 0,5 1,8 3,2 0,3 0,7 1,5 1,8 0,8 0,8
HKD-SR
HKD-ER
HRD-U10
0,4 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 1,3 1,3 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 1,8 1,8 0,6 0,6 2,3 2,3 4,0 4,0 0,5 0,4 0,9 0,9 1,8 1,8 2,3 2,3 Max. load 1,6 0,8 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,6
IBMB Braunschweig UB 3574/5146 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 DIBt Berlin ETA-06/0047 acc. Part 6
DIBt Berlin ETA-06/0047 acc. Part 6 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3613/3891-1 -Nau-
6 / 2010
71
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 F90 F120 0,7 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3613/3891-2 -Nau-
HRD-S10
load angle 10 70 90
1,2 1,2 1,2
Max. load 0,8 1,4 0,8 1,6 0,8 1,4 1,0
HRD-U8x80/30 HA 8 R1
only shear 1,9 loads
MFPA Leipzig PB III/B-07-306
8 DBZ
0,35
0,20
0,10
IBMB Braunschweig UB 3245/1817-5 0,05 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 DIBt Berlin; ETA-06/0179 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
6/4,5 0,6 6/35 0,5 0,3 0,2
HT
HT 8 L HT 10 L HT 10 S
0,85 0,74 0,3 0,6 1,2 0,85 1,4 2,2 2,2 1,2
0,44 0,41 0,3 0,5 1,0 0,5 0,7 1,3 1,3 0,65
0,27 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,35 0,45 0,95 0,95 0,45
HK
HPD
HKH/HKH-L
HK6 HK6L HK8 M6 M8 M10 M12 M6 M8 M10 M6 M8 M10
0,19 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3016/1114-CM 0,24 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 0,2 DIBt Berlin 0,2 ETA-04/0043 0,4 0,3 0,35 0,75 0,75 0,35 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3077/3602 -NauWarringtonfire WF Report No 166402
IDMS/IDMR
IBMB Braunschweig 1,8 0,95 0,65 0,5 UB 3606 / 8892 Warringtonfire 3,0 1,55 1,05 0,85 WF Report No 166402 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,35 DIBt Zulassung 0,65 0,65 0,65 0,5 Z-21.1-1722 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 IBMB Braunschweig Tested withTektalan-slabs PB 3136/2315 classification according to DIN EN 13 502-2:2003 for REI 90 and RE 90 recommended 2,2 3,5 7,0 9,0 4,5 7,5 11,5 18,0 1,3 1,8 4,0 7,0 2,7 4,0 7,5 11,5 1,0 1,2 3,0 5,0 1,7 3,0 6,0 9,0 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3357/0550-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
HVZ + HAS-TZ
HVZ + HAS-R/HAS-HCR-TZ
M10 M12 M16 M20 M10 M12 M16 M20
4,5 10,0 15,0 25,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 35,0
72
6 / 2010
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 0,8 2,2 3,5 5,0 9,0 12,0 13,5 17,0 20,0 24,0 29,0 0,8 3,5 6,0 13,5 25,5 38,0 44,0 58,0 68,0 82,0 96,0 0,8 2,2 3,5 5,0 9,0 5,0 9,0 12,0 15,0 35,0 1,08 1,9 2,76 5,4 8,46
12,19
F90 0,5 1,3 1,8 4,0 7,0 9,5 11,0 14,0 16,5 19,5 23,5 0,5 1,5 3,0 7,5 15,0 24,0 27,0 36,0 42,0 51,0 60,0 0,5 1,3 1,8 4,0 7,0 1,8 4,0 5,0 7,5 15,0 0,5 0,96 1,59 3,1 4,5 7,0 9,1 11,1
F120 0,4 0,9 1,0 3,0 5,0 8,0 9,0 11,0 13,5 16,0 19,5 0,4 1,0 2,5 6,0 10,0 16,0 18,0 24,0 28,0 34,0 40,0 0,4 0,9 1,0 3,0 5,0 1,0 2,0 3,0 6,0 10,0 0,28 0,59 1,0 1,97 2,79 4,4 5,7 7,0 IBMB Braunschweig UB- 3333/0891-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
HVU + HAS
HVU + HAS-R/HAS-E-R + HVU + HAS-HCR/HAS-E-HCR
HVU + HIS-N
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30
1,5 4,5 10,0 15,0 25,0 35,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 85,0 2,0 6,0 10,0 20,0 36,0 56,0 65,0 85,0
100,0 120,0 140,0
IBMB Braunschweig UB- 3333/0891-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
1,5 4,5 10,0 15,0 25,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 50,0 65,0 2,3 3,7 5,3 10,0 15,6 22,5 29,2 35,7
IBMB Braunschweig UB- 3333/0891-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB- 3333/0891-1 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 MFPA Leipzig GS-lll/B-07-070 Warringtonfire WF Report No 172920 Loads for standard embedment depth, for variable embedment depth see test report.
HVU + HIS-RN
HIT-RE 500-SD + HIT-V
15,8 19,3
6 / 2010
73
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 1,08 1,9 4,2 8,6 15,9 23,0 29,9 36,5 1,26 2,0 2,9 5,4 8,4 1,88 2,98 5,5 10,2 15,9 1,26 2,0 2,9 5,4 8,4 12,1 15,8 19,3 23,9 31,6 33,6 1,88 2,98 5,5 10,2 15,9 23,0 29,9 36,5 45,2 59,7 63,6 F90 0,5 0,96 2,3 4,8 12,2 18,8 24,4 29,9 0,73 1,15 1,68 3,1 4,87 1,3 2,1 4,5 8,3 13,0 0,73 1,15 1,68 3,1 4,8 7,0 9,1 11,1 13,8 18,2 19,4 1,34 2,1 4,5 8,3 13,0 18,8 24,4 29,9 37,0 48,9 52,0 F120 0,28 0,59 1,5 3,2 10,5 16,7 21,7 26,5 MFPA Leipzig GS-lll/B-07-070 Warringtonfire WF Report No 172920 Loads for standard embedment depth, for variable embedment depth see test report.
HIT-RE 500-SD + HIT-VR/HIT-V-HCR
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
2,42 3,8 6,5 12,1 18,8 27,2 35,3 43,2 2,3 3,7 5,3 10,0 15,6 2,4 3,8 6,5 12,1 18,8 2,3 3,7 5,3 10,0 15,6 22,5 29,2 35,7 44,2 58,5 62,2 2,4 3,8 6,5 12,1 18,8 27,2 35,3 43,2 53,4 70,6 75,2
HIT-RE 500-SD + HIS-N
0,46 MFPA Leipzig GS-lll/B-07-070 0,73 1,06 Warringtonfire WF Report No 172920 1,97 3,08 1,07 MFPA Leipzig GS-lll/B-07-070 1,69 4,0 7,4 11,6 0,46 0,73 1,06 1,97 3,08 4,4 5,7 7,0 8,7 11,5 12,2 1,07 1,69 4,0 7,4 11,6 16,7 21,7 26,5 32,8 43,4 46,2 IBMB Braunschweig PB 3588/4825-CM, & supplement letter 412/2008 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & WF Report No 172920 Warringtonfire WF Report No 172920
HIT-RE 500-SD + HIS-RN
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
HIT-RE 500 + HAS/HAS-E/HIT-V
HIT-RE 500 + HAS-R/HAS-ER/ HAS-HCR/HIT-V-R/HIT-V-HCR
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 M33 M36 M39
IBMB Braunschweig Test Report 3565 / 4595, & supplement letter 414/2008 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & WF Report No 172920
74
6 / 2010
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 1,2 2,0 2,9 5,4 8,4 1,2 2,98 5,5 10,2 15,9 1,1 1,9 3,5 5,0 10,0 12,5 24,0 29,3 1,3 1,9 4,6 5,0 10,0 12,5 24,0 29,3 F90 0,7 1,1 1,68 3,1 4,87 0,7 2,1 4,5 8,3 13,0 0,5 1,0 2,0 3,2 7,0 10,0 14,8 18,1 0,5 1,0 2,3 3,2 8,0 10,0 14,8 18,1 F120 0,4 0,7 IBMB Braunschweig PB 3588/4825-CM Brunswick
HIT-RE 500 +HIS-N
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
2,3 3,7 5,3 10,0 15,6 2,3 3,8 6,5 12,1 18,9 2,7 3,6 6,0 7,0 12,5 16,0 28,5 34,5 2,7 3,6 6,0 7,0 12,5 16,0 29,9 36,5
1,06 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & 1,97 WF Report No 172920 3,08 0,4 1,69 4,0 7,4 11,6 0,4 0,6 1,2 2,0 5,0 8,0 10,2 12,5 0,4 0,6 1,6 2,0 6,5 8,5 10,2 12,5 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3027/0274-6 & supplement letters Br. 080/Nau & 416/2008 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & WF Report No 172920 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3027/0274-6 & supplement letters Br. 080/Nau & 416/2008 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & WF Report No 172920 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402 & WF Report No 172920 IBMB Braunschweig PB 3588/4825-CM Brunswick
HIT-RE 500 +HIS-RN
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
HIT-HY 150 + HAS/HAS-E/HIT-V
HIT-HY 150 + HAS-R/ HAS-ER/ HAS-HCR/HAS-E-HCR/HIT-V-R/ HIT-V-HCR
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30
6 / 2010
75
Resistance to fire
Anchor / fastener
Size
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire resistance time (fire resistance time Authority / No. in minutes) F30 F60 F90 F120 MFPA Leipzig PB III/B-07-157 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
HIT-HY 70 hef = 80 mm (HLz, MVz, KSL, KSV)
M8
2,0
0,4
0,2
M10
2,0
0,4
0,2
M12 HIT-HY 70 hef = 130 mm (HLz, MVz, KSL, KSV) HIT-HY 70 hef = 80 mm (Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units) HIT-HY 70 hef = 130 mm (Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry units) HIT-HY 70 hef = 80 and 130mm (Brick ceiling) M8 M10 M12 M8 M10 M12 M8 M10 M12 M6
2,0 2,0 3,6 5,9 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 2,0 0,7
0,4 1,2 1,9 3,0 0,4 0,4 0,4 0,8 1,0 1,2 0,4
0,2 0,7 1,1 1,5 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,6 0,8 1,0 0,2
MFPA Leipzig PB III/B-07-157 Warringtonfire WF Report No 166402
76
6 / 2010
Resistance to fire
Tested fasteners for passive structural fire prevention

Tested according to the german tunnel temperature curve
MFPA Leipzig GmbH
Tested according to the german tunnel temperature curve (ZTV-ING, part 5).
Tested when set in cracked concrete and exposed to flames without insulating or protective measures.
Anchor / fastener HST-HCR
Size M10 M12 M16 M20
Max. loading (kN) for specified fire rating/integrity
Authority/No. IBMB Braunschweig UB 3332/0881-2-CM & supplement letter 13184/2006 Warringtonfire WF-Report No 166402 MFPA Leipzig PB III/08-354
1,0 1,5 2,5 6,0 0,20 a) 0,30 a) 0,50 a) 1,10 a) 0,5 0,8 2,5 5,0 6,0 1,5 2,5 6,0 8,0 0,5 1,5 1,5 5,0
HUS-HR
6 8 10 14
HKD-SR
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
IBMB Braunschweig UB 3027/0274-4 & supplement letter 133/00-NauWarringtonfire WF-Report No 166402 IBMB Braunschweig UB 3357/0550-2 Warringtonfire WF-Report No 166402
HVU-TZ + HAS-HCR
M10 M12 M16 M20
HVU + HAS-HCR
M8 M10 M12 M16
IBMB Braunschweig UB 3333/0891-2 Warringtonfire WF-Report No 166402
a)
6 / 2010
Tested according tunnel temperature curve EBA
77

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HSL-3 heavy duty anchor

Medium and light duty anchors

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HSA/-R/-F stud anchor

HSV stud anchor

HLC sleeve anchor

HAM hard sleeve anchor

= may be suitable per application

Steel, sheradised, hot dipped galv.

Stainless steel A2 (1.4303)

Stainless steel A4 (1.4401)

Drill bit diameter resp. anchor size

HCR steel (1.4529)

Automatic undercutting High load capacity Approved for dynamic loads

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HUD-1 universal anchor

HUD-L universal anchor

HLD light duty anchor

= may be suitable per application

Steel, sheradised, hot dipped galv.

Stainless steel A2 (1.4303)

Stainless steel A4 (1.4401)

Drill bit diameter resp. anchor size

HCR steel (1.4529)

Drill bit dia.: 6 14 mm

Drill bit dia.: 8 14 mm

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Drill bit dia.: 6 mm

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Drill bit dia.: 10 mm

Hollow brick masonry

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HRD-U8 frame anchor

HPS-1 impact anchor

HHD cavity anchor

HA8 ring/ hook anchor

DBZ wedge anchor

HT metal frame anchor

HPD aerated concrete anchor

= may be suitable per application

Steel, sheradised, hot dipped galv.

Stainless steel A4 (1.4401)

Stainless steel A2 (1.4303)

Drill bit diameter resp. anchor size

HCR steel (1.4529)

Drill bit dia.: 10 and 14 mm

Drill bit dia.: 8 mm

impact and temperature resistant high quality plastic

Drill bit dia.: 8 12 mm