Software package for solving heat transfer problems

Ragavendiran.R1,Dhinesh.M1, Karthi Kannan1,Murali.K 2, Gobinath.R3 1-UG Student V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur, Tamilnadu. 2-Lecturer V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur, Tamilnadu. 3-Assistant Professor V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur, Tamilnadu. maero849@gmail.com

Abstract:
We know that it is very difficult to calculate heat transfer in wall due to both convection and conduction as it requires as it requires many times also we must be more precise in nature. Also we know that heat transfer analysis is an important criterion to design anything in this world. But the day to day life such a fast so that we have no enough time for calculating, so the precision of problems varies due to human errors. So an attempt to create software which can efficiently do the problems. C language since it is very easy and prescribe has some visual effects. Also it includes many features which are not likely to be there in many programming languages.
Keywords: C, Heat transfer problem, solid walls

1. Introduction

Heat transfer is the transmission of energy from one region to another region due to temperature difference. It is axiomatic in thermodynamics that when two systems are brought into contact through

some kind of wall, energy transfers such as heat and work take place between them. Work is a transfer of energy to a particle which is evidenced by changes in its position when acted upon by a force. Heat, like work, is energy in the process of being transferred. Energy is what is stored, and work and heat are two ways of transferring energy across the boundaries of the system. The amount of energy transfer as heat can be determined from energy-conversion consideration. Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium with one another if no energy transfer such as heat occurs between them in a finite period when they are connected through thermal wall. Temperature is a property of matter which two bodies in equilibrium have in common. Hot and cold are the adjectives used to describe high and low values of temperature. Energy transfer as heat will take place the assembly with the higher temperature to that with the temperature, if they two are permitted to interact through a thermal wall. The transfer and conversion of energy from one from one form to another is basic to heat transfer processes and hence they are governed by the first as well as the second law of thermodynamics. This does not and must not mean that the principles governing the heat transfer of heat can be derived from, or are mere corollaries of, the basic law of thermodynamics. The major difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer

is that the former deals with the relation between heat and other form of energy, whereas the later is concerned with the analysis of the rate of heat transfer. Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium so it cannot be expected to predict quantitatively the rate of change in a process which results from non-equilibrium states, viz., and the temperature nonequilibrium which is a must for heat transfer to takes place. Heat transfer is commonly associated with fluid dynamics and it also supplements the laws of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules to establish energy transfer rates. The knowledge of temperature distribution is essential in heat transfer studies because of the fact that the heat flow takes place only wherever there is a temperature gradient in a system. The heat flux which is defined as the amount of heat transfer per unit area per unit time can be calculated from the physical laws relating the temperature gradient and the heat flux. 1.1 Heat transfer in engineering The study of temperature distribution and heat transfer is of great importance to engineers because of its almost universal occurrence in many branches of science and engineering. The first step in the optimal design of heat exchangers such as boilers, heater, refrigerators and radiators is a detailed analysis of heat transfer. This essential to determine the feasibility and cost of the undertaking, as well as the size of equipment required to transfer a specified amount of heat in a given time. Modern electric and electronic plants require efficient dissipation of thermal losses. A thorough heat transfer analysis is most important for the proper sizing of fuel elements in the nuclear reactors cores to prevent burnout. The performance of aircraft

also depends upon the ease with which the structures and engine can be cooled. The design of chemical plants is usually accurate heat transfer is necessary and the analogous mass transfer processes. An accurate heat transfer is necessary in the refrigeration and air conditioning applications to calculate the heat load and to determine the thickness of insulation to avoid excess in heat gains or losses. The utilization of solar energy which is so abundantly available also requires a thorough knowledge of heat transfer for the proper design of the solar collectors and associated equipment. Civil Engineers must also take care of the thermal effects in buildings and other structures. These are only a few examples to indicate the important of heat transfer in engineering science. It is clear that engineers and scientists must have a thorough knowledge of the science of heat transfer to be able to quantitatively analyze problems involving transfer of heat. 2. Modes of heat transfer Conduction Convection Radiation

2.1 Conduction Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium or between different medium in direct physical contact. 2.2 Convection Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures. Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium

2.3 Radiation The heat transfer from one body to another body without any transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon. 3. Convective heat Transfer For fluid flowing at mean temperature Ta over a surface at temperature Ts, Newton the following heat convective equation: Q = h A (Ts- Ta) ----------------------- [1] Where Q, is the heat transfer at the wall. The Eq. (1) is called Newtons law of cooling. The heat transfer coefficient h has unit W/m2C or W/m2k when the heat flux q is given in the units of W/m2 and the temperature in C. The local heat flux is given by, Q=h(Ts-Ta)-------------------------------- [2] Where h is the local heat transfer coefficient The software program is developed for for solving problems related to convection in flat plate, cylinder, and sphere using Visual Basic 6. This program is user friendly. Wall temperature Temperature of atmosphere Flow velocity

Width (in case of plate) Distance ( if needed)

The program also supports solving the problems involving deduction of other values such as, Rate of heat transfer Heat transfer co-efficient Boundary layer thickness Friction factor Local shear stress Average shear stress Total drag force.etc The program thus helps in reducing the computational timing for solving problems. The error produced by this program is almost negligible when compared to the original answer. 4. Algorithm Algorithm 1: Choose the type of problem Step 1: Start program. Step 2: Choose the type of problem and click the option for that problem. Step 3: Enter OK button, then the form for the problem will show. Step 4: Stop the program. Algorithm2: Flow over a flat plate Step 1:

Length (in case of flat plate & cylinder) Diameter ( in case of cylinder & sphere)

Enter the values for following, Plate surface temperature Fluid temperature Kinematic viscosity Velocity Length Step 2: Click the button Reynolds number Step 3: If Re<5*105 then condition is Laminar flow. If Re>5*105 then condition is Turbulent flow. Step 4: For Laminar flow, enter the values of, Prandtl number Conductivity Area Step 5: Click the buttons Nusselt number Local heat transfer coefficient Average heat transfer coefficient Heat transfer Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness Thermal boundary layer thickness Local friction coefficient Average friction coefficient Step 6: For Turbulent flow, enter the values of, Prandtl no Conductivity Area Step 7: Click the buttons for, Nusselt number Local heat transfer coefficient Average heat transfer coefficient Boundary layer thickness Local skin friction coefficient. Step 8: Stop the program.

Algorithm3: Flow over a cylinder Step 1: Enter the values for following, Plate surface temperature Fluid temperature Kinematic viscosity Velocity Diameter Prandtl number C value m value Length of the cylinder Step 2: Click the buttons for, Reynolds number Film temperature Nusselt no Area Heat transfer coefficient Heat transfer Step 3: Stop the program. Algorithm4: Flow over sphere Step 1: Enter the values for following, Plate surface temperature Fluid temperature Kinematic viscosity Velocity Diameter Conductivity Radius of sphere Step 2: Click the buttons for, Film temperature Reynolds number Nusselt no Heat transfer coefficient Area Heat transfer Step 3: Stop the program

5. Theoretical calculations Problem 1 Air at 20 C, at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate is maintained at 60 C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of the plate. Assuming the length of the plate along the flow of air is 2 m. Given: Fluid temperature, Ta = 20C Pressure, P=1 bar Velocity, U=3m/s Plate surface temperature, Tw=60C Width, w=1m Length, L=2m To find: Heat transfer(Q) Solution: We know that, Film temperature, Tf =(Tw+Ta)/2 =(60+20)/2 =40C

For flat plat, laminar flow, Local Nusselt Number Nux=0.332 (Re) (Pr).333 Nux=175.27
0.5

Local Nusselt number Nux=hx*L/k hx=2.415W/m2k Average heat transfer coefficient h=2*hx h=4.83w/m2k Heat transfer Q=hA (Tw-Ta) Q=386.4 Watts Result: Heat transfer Q=386.4 Watts PROBLEM 2: Air at 15 degree C, 30 km/h flows over a cylinder of 400mm diameter and 1500mm height with surface temperature of 45 degree C. Calculating the heat loss. Given : Ta=15oC U=30km/h U=30*103/3600 =8.33m/s D=400mm=0.4m L=1500mm=1.5m Tw=450C To find: Heat loss Solution: Tf=Tw+Ta/2 Tf=300C Properties of air at 300C ?=1.135kg/m3 V=16*10-6m2/s Pr=0.701 K=0.02675W/m K We know that Re=UD/v =2.08*105 Nux=C(Re)mPr0.333 Nux=451.3 Nux=hD/K

Properties of air at 40C: Density, =1.128kg/m3 Thermalconductivity,k=0.02756*10-3 W/mK Kinematic viscosity, v=16.96*10-6 m2/s Prandtl number, Pr=0.699 We know that, Reynolds number Re=UL/v =35.377*104<5*105 Reynolds number value is less than 5*105 so, this is laminar flow

h=30.18W/m2K Q=hA(Tw-Ta) Q= h p D L(Tw-Ta) Q=1706.6W Result: Q=1706.6W PROBLEM3: Air at 300 C, 0.2m /s flows across a 120W electric bulb at 1300 C. Find heat transfer if diameter is 70mm. Given: Ta=300C U=0.2m/s Q1=120W Tw=1300C D=70mm=0.070m Solution: Tf=(Tw+Ta)/2 =80 0C Properties of air at 80 0C: ?=1kg/m3 V=21.09*10-6m2/s Pr=0.692 K=.3047W/mK Re=UD/v =663.82 Nu=.37 Re0.6 Nu=18.25 Nu=hD/k h=7.94W/m2K Q2=hA(Tw-Ta) =h4pr2(Tw-Ta) =12.22W Result: Q2=12.22W

6. Conclusion In this fast moving world it is very difficult to perform function with proper care and also manual calculation is time consuming and human errors are possible. By introducing this software into the field we can easily calculate the heat transfer analysis. With high or 100% accuracy and it will take a matter of few seconds only. Also there is no human intervention into the problem hence this software is less error prone. Like convective heat transfer problems we can develop the software for

conduction as well as radiation by using Visual Basic programming language. The important thing in the heat transfer problems of condition, convection and radiation are we have to use the Heat and Mass Data Table for solving the problems. 7. References 1. R.C.Sachdeva, Third Edition 2008 Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers. 2. S.Senthil, Heat and Mass Transfer, A R Publishers 3. Eric A Smith, Valor Whisler and Hank Masquis, Visuasl Basic 6 Programming Bible, Wiley dreamtech Publishers. 4. James W Coopes Ph D, Programmers Guide to Visual Basic, Galgotia Publishers pvt-Ltd.