Physics 212

Lecture 29
Course Review
The Topics For Today
Electric Fields/Gauss Law/Potential Faradays Law RC/RL Circuits AC Circuits

Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Ray Charles Solomon Burke Henry Butler Johnny Adams Otis Redding
Rediscovered Soul singer from 60s Absolutely Beautiful Voice

Why? Highly Recommended DVD: One Night History of the Blues Great singer to end the course

Physics 212 Lecture 29

Electric Field
Two curved rods each have charge +Q uniformly distributed over their length Which statement best describes the electric field due to these two rods at the midpoint between the two rods (marked by an X) 48% A. E points up B. E points down C. E = 0

Horizontal components cancel

E from top arc points down E from bottom arc points up Etotal points down

Top arc produces smaller horizontal components Calculation:

Etop =
Q 2rtop
Etop =

dq 40 r
2

cos
1
2

sin
Q
top

Etop =

40 r 2rtop

2 rd cos
0

Q 40 r
2

sin top

top

Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 3

Conductors, Potential Energy

A thin non-conducting spherical shell carries a positive charge Q spread uniformly over the surface of the shell. A positive test charge q is located inside the shell.

Compare UA, the potential energy of the test charge in position A (near the shell) with UB, the potential energy of the test charge in position B (center of the shell) A. UA > UB B. UA = UB C. UA < UB 53%

Potential Energy is a measure of work done by E field Spherical symmetry & Gauss law E = 0 inside shell E = 0 inside shell No work done to move q

No change in potential energy !

Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 4

Electric Potential, Gauss Law

A thin non-conducting spherical shell of radius a carries a uniformly distributed net surface charge 2Q. A second thin nonconducting shell of radius b carries a uniformly distributed net surface charge 3Q. The two shells are concentric. Calculate the potential difference V = V(a) V(b) between the inner and outer shells. 37%

(A) (B)

1 2Q 3Q 4 0 a b
1 3Q 2Q 4 0 b a

(C)

(D) (E)

1 2Q 2Q 4 0 a b 1 2Q 2Q 4 0 b a

ALWAYS START FROM DEFINITION OF POTENTIAL

a

V = E dr
b

Spherical symmetry & Gauss law determines E 1 2Q a < r < b: E = 40 r 2

2Q V = 40

2 br

a dr

2Q 1 1 V = 40 a b
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 5

A thin non-conducting spherical shell of radius a carries a uniformly distributed net surface charge 2Q. A second thin nonconducting shell of radius b carries a uniformly distributed net surface charge 3Q. The two shells are concentric. Calculate the potential difference V = V(a) V(0) between the inner shell and the origin. 45%

(A) (B)

1 2Q 3Q 4 0 a b 1 3Q 2Q 4 0 b a

(C)

(D) (E)

1 2Q 2Q 4 0 a b 1 2Q 2Q 4 0 b a

Spherical symmetry & Gauss law determines E r < a:

V = E dr = 0

E =0

Gauss Law, Conductors

A solid conducting sphere of radius a is centered on the origin, and carries a total charge Q1. Concentric with this sphere is a conducting spherical shell of inner radius b and outer radius c, which carries a total charge Q2. What is the surface charge density, b, on the inner surface of the outer spherical shell (r = b)? 59% Q1 (D) Q1 (A) Q2 Q1 (C) 4b 2 4a 2 2 2 4 (b a ) + Q1 + Q1 (B) (E) 2 4a 4b 2

Charge must be induced to insure E = 0 within conducting shell

Spherical symmetry & Gauss law determines E

Q E dA = enclosed

E 4r 2 = 0

Qenclosed = Qa + Qb = Q1 + ( Q1 )

Q1 4b 2
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 7

Gauss Law
Q1 = - 3 C A solid conducting sphere of radius a is centered on the origin, and carries a total charge Q1. Concentric with this Q2 = 5 C sphere is a conducting spherical shell of inner radius b and outer radius c, which carries a total charge Q2. Which of the following graphs best represents the magnitude of the electric field at points along the positive x axis? 70%

a < r < b: E = kQ1/r2 r > c: E = k(Q1+Q2)/r2 Q1 = -3C Q1 + Q2 = +2C r < a: E = 0 Eliminate (a) and (c) b < r < c: E = 0 Eliminate (e) For r > c, E must be less than the continuation of E from a to b
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 8

Electric Potential
Q1 = - 3 C A solid conducting sphere of radius a is centered on the origin, and carries a total charge Q1. Concentric with this Q2 = 5 C sphere is a conducting spherical shell of inner radius b and outer radius c, which carries a total charge Q2. If the inner conducting sphere were replaced with an insulating sphere having the same charge, Q1, distributed uniformly throughout its volume, the magnitude of the potential difference |Vb V0| would 53% A. increase B. decrease C. stay the same

ALWAYS START FROM DEFINITION OF POTENTIAL

b

Break integral into two pieces

a 0
conductor: = 0 insulator: 0

b a
same for conductor & insulator

V = E dr E dr

V = E dr
0

Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 9

In the circuit below, V = 6 Volts, R = 10 Ohms, L = 100 mH. The switch has been open for a long time. Then, at t = 0, the switch is closed. What is the time constant for the current through the inductor? 30% A. R/L B. R/2L C. L/R D. 2L/R E. L/2R I I1 I I1

1 2 1

dI1 + IR V = 0 dt

dI1 ( I I1 ) R = 0 dt

IR = V L

dI1 dt

dI1 dI V + L 1 + I1R = 0 dt dt dI1 + I1R = V dt

2L

Strategy: Back to First Principles

The time constant is determined from a differential equation for the current through the inductor. Equation for current through inductor obtained from Kirchhoffs Rules

" L" 2 L = " R" R

Faradays Law

A rectangular wire loop travels to the right with constant velocity, starting in a region of no magnetic field, moving into a region with a constant field pointing into the page (shaded rectangle below), and continuing into a region of no magnetic field. Which plot below best represents the induced current in the loop (Iloop) as it travels from the left through these three regions? Note: a positive Iloop corresponds to a counter-clockwise current.

Current induced only when flux is changing. Flux is changing because loop is moving. As loop enters field, current will be induced to reduce the increase in flux (Lenz law): counterclockwise current generates B field pointing out of the page. When loop is completely inside field, flux is constant, therefore, current is zero As loop leaves field current will be induced to produce B field pointing into the page.
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 11

Faradays Law
Two fixed conductors are connected by a resistor R = 20 Ohms. The two fixed conductors are separated by L = 2.5 m and lie horizontally. A moving conductor of mass m slides on them at a constant speed, v, producing a current of 3.75 A. A magnetic field with magnitude 5 T points out of the page. In which direction does the current flow through the moving conductor when the bar is sliding in the direction shown? A. to the right B. to the left

R = 20 Ohms

v = 6 m/s

Flux is changing because area of the loop is changing. As the moving conductor slides downward the area and therefore the flux increases. Therefore a current must flow in the clockwise direction to generate a magnetic field pointing into the page

L
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 12

Faradays Law
Two fixed conductors are connected by a resistor R = 20 Ohms. The two fixed conductors are separated by L = 2.5 m and lie horizontally. A moving conductor of mass m slides on them at a constant speed, v, producing a current of 3.75 A. A magnetic field with magnitude 5 T points out of the page. At what speed is the conductor moving? A. 1 m/s B. 3 m/s C. 5 m/s D. 6 m/s E. 9 m/s

R = 20 Ohms

Faradays Law:

E d =

d d = IR = dt dt

As the moving conductor slides downward the area of the loop, and therefore the flux, increases.
v = 6 m/s

IR =

d dA dH =B = BL = BLv dt dt dt
IR 3.75 A 20 = = 6 m/s BL 5T 2.5 m
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 13

v=

Phasor diagram at t = 0

What is VC at t = /(2)
(A)
+ VC max sin VC max sin

(C) (D)

+ VC max cos VC max cos

(B)

Phasor diagram at t = /(2)

VR VC

VL

Voltage is equal to projection of phasor along vertical axis

Amperes Law Integrals

Two infinitely long wires carrying current run into the page as indicated. Consider a closed triangular path that runs from point 1 to point 2 to point 3 and back to point 1 as shown. Which of the following plots best shows Bdl as a function of position along the closed path?

The magnetic field points in the azimuthal direction and is oriented clockwise. No current is contained within the loop 1-2-3-1, therefore NOT (A) The magnetic field falls off like 1/r (r is the distance from the wire). From 3 to 1, Bdl is < 0, largest magnitude near wires. From 1 to 2, Bdl is > 0
Physics 212 Lecture 29, Slide 15

62%

Flux definition: = B dA = BA = Bwh Faradays law: =

dB = 2T / s dt
d dB = wh dt dt

I=

9/5 = .012 A 150

65%

Current is determined by time rate of change of the flux d/dt is determined by dB/dt dB/dt (6s) = dB/dt (5 s) = -2 T/s The induced currents at t = 5s and t = 6s are equal

76%

Current induced because flux is changing Flux is changing beause B is changing At t = 5 seconds, B is positive, but decreasing Lenz law: emf induced to oppose change that brought it into being Induced current must produce positive B field Positive B field produced by counterclockwise current