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Lecture 21
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Earth, Wind & Fire War Tower of Power Average White Band Chicago
Why? Topic for today = Power Why not Tower of Power ??? Memories from Bay Area
Your Comments
There was an overwhelming amount of formulas for the average power in RLC circuits. Well do our best to restate the Big Ideas and give examples It would be nice if you gave us some methods to remember all of them. quality factor, what is the motivation behind it to study?and please checkpoints, as i m confused I learned in differential equations that if there is resonance is a system, the system is then destroyed, such as bridges and buildings. Does the same things happen in circuits? Wow this is still really hard - can you go over in great detail how to describe and work with rlc ckts using phasors and phase vectors? the transformers were a tad bit confusing
05
But of course!
Imax XC
max
Imax XL
R
Imax R
max = Imax Z
Imax(XL-XC) Imax R
Imax XL
XL = L XC = 1/C
Imax R
Imax XC
XL-XC
Peak AC Problems
Ohms Law for each element
NOTE: Good for PEAK values only)
07
C
2
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )
L R
Typical Problem
XL = L 1 XC = C
A generator with peak voltage 15 volts and angular frequency 25 rad/sec is connected in series with an 8 Henry inductor, a 0.4 mF capacitor and a 50 ohm resistor. What is the peak current through the circuit?
XL
X L = L = 200
1 XC = = 100 C
Z = R2 + ( X L X C ) = 112
I max = Vgen Z
R
= 0.13 A
XC
Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 5
Peak AC Problems
Ohms Law for each element 2 Z = R2 + ( X L X C ) Vgen = IZ VResistor = I R Vinductor = I XL X L = L VCapacitor = I XC X C = 1 C C L R
12
Typical Problem
A generator with peak voltage 15 volts and angular frequency 25 rad/sec is connected in series with an 8 Henry inductor, a 0.004 Farad capacitor and a 50 ohm resistor. What is the peak current through the circuit? Which element has the largest peak voltage across XL it? A) Generator B) Inductor C) Resistor D) Capacitor E) All the same.
X L = L = 200
XC = 1 = 100 C
2
Z = R2 + ( X L X C ) = 112
Vmax = I max X
XC
I max =
Vgen Z
= 0.13 A
Peak AC Problems
Ohms Law for each element 2 Z = R2 + ( X L X C ) Vgen = IZ VResistor = I R Vinductor = I XL X L = L VCapacitor = I XC X C = 1 C C L R
12
Typical Problem
A generator with peak voltage 15 volts and angular frequency 25 rad/sec is connected in series with an 8 Henry inductor, a 0.004 Farad capacitor and a 50 ohm resistor. What is the peak current through the circuit? Which element has the largest peak voltage across XL it? A) Generator B) Inductor C) Resistor D) Capacitor E) All the same.
X L = L = 200
XC = 1 = 100 C
2
Z = R2 + ( X L X C ) = 112
Vmax = I max X
XC
I max =
Vgen Z
= 0.13 A
Peak AC Problems
Ohms Law for each element 2 Z = R2 + ( X L X C ) Vgen = IZ VResistor = I R Vinductor = I XL X L = L VCapacitor = I XC X C = 1 C C L R
14
Typical Problem
A generator with peak voltage 15 volts and angular frequency 25 rad/sec is connected in series with an 8 Henry inductor, a 0.4 mF capacitor and a 50 ohm resistor. What is the peak current through the circuit?
XL
What happens to the impedance if we decrease the angular frequency to 20 rad/sec? A) Z increases B) Z remains the same C) Z decreases (XL-XC): (200-100) (160-125)
XL
Z25
Z20
R XC
R XC
Resonance
Resonance
Frequency at which voltage across inductor and capacitor cancel R is independent of XL increases with X L = L XC increases with 1/ 1 XC = C
Resonance in AC Circuits
Impedance
Z = R at resonance
Z R XL 0 XC
Z = R + (X L XC )
is minimum at resonance
frequency
Resonance: XL = XC
1 0 = LC
Off Resonance
In general
Q 2 U max U
Off Resonance
Checkpoint 1a
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the resistor in the two circuits A. VI > VII B. VI = VII C. VI < VII
Z will end up being smaller in circuit 2 and which will cause circuit two to have a smaller max current, which will mean V1>V2. at resonance Xl=Xc since the resistance is the same in both of them, the peak voltage is the same Since the voltage across L increases by a factor of 2 and the voltage across c increases by a factor of two, the peak should be higher as well.
Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 13
Checkpoint 1a
Imax XL
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the resistor in the two circuits A. VI > VII B. VI = VII C. VI < VII
Imax XL Imax R
Case 2 Imax XC
Checkpoint 1b
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the inductor in the two circuits A. VI > VII B. VI = VII C. VI < VII
The first one has less inductance so less resistance. The peak voltage in the inductor is just the XsubL*Imax. Since XsubL is half as big in case 1, but Imax is bigger in case 2, they cancel out.... I think... Circuit 2 has a Q that is twice as large as that of circuit 1. This increases the maximum voltage across the inductor by 2.
Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 15
Checkpoint 1b
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the inductor in the two circuits A. VI > VII B. VI = VII C. VI < VII
Imax XL
Imax XL Imax R
Imax R Imax XC Case 1 Voltage in second circuit will be twice that of the first because of the 2L compared to L
Case 2 Imax XC
Checkpoint 1c
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the capacitor in the two circuits A. VI > VII B. VI = VII C. VI < VII
Case 1 has a larger capacitance, and a larger peak voltage since the two circuits have identical generators and resistances, the peak voltage is the same Since circuit two has half the capacitance, then its voltage is higher: V(capacitance) = I(max)*(1/(w*C))
Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 17
Checkpoint 1c
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. Compare the peak voltage across the capacitor in the two circuits A. VI > VII B. VI = VII C. VI < VII
Imax XL
Imax XL Imax R
Imax R Imax XC Case 1 The peak voltage will be greater in circuit 2 because the value of XC doubles.
Case 2 Imax XC
Checkpoint 1d
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. At the resonant frequency, which of the following is true? A. Current leads voltage across the generator B. Current lags voltage across the generator C. Current is in phase with voltage across the generator
This is because the this will be a positive phase angle which means that it will lead the voltage across the generator. At resonant frequency, the current should lag the voltage of the generator by 90 degrees, so that it obtains a maximum value when the voltage of the generator is zero. At resonance, the circuit acts as if it only has a resistor.
Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 19
Checkpoint 1d
Consider two RLC circuits with identical generators and resistors. Both circuits are driven at the resonant frequency. Circuit II has twice the inductance and 1/2 the capacitance of circuit I as shown above. At the resonant frequency, which of the following is true? A. Current leads voltage across the generator Imax XL B. Current lags voltage across the generator C. Current is in phase with voltage across the generator
Imax XL
Imax R Imax XC The voltage across the inductor and the capacitor are equal when at resonant frequency, so there is no lag or lead. Case 1
Imax R
Case 2 Imax XC
Power
P = IV instantaneous always true
Difficult for Generator, Inductor and Capacitor because of phase Resistor I,V are ALWAYS in phase! P = IV = I2 R
C R
Average Power
Inductor and Capacitor = 0 ( < sintcost > = 0 ) Resistor <I2R> = <I2 > R = I2peak R
If you deliver 1500 Watts at 10,000 Volts over the same transmission lines. How much power is lost?
Current Delivered: I = P/V = .15 Amps Loss = IV (on line) = I2R = 0.125 Watts
DEMO
Physics 212 Lecture 21, Slide 22
Transformers
(Robots in Disguise, as many of you said) Application of Faradays Law
Changing EMF in Primary creates changing flux Changing flux, creates EMF in secondary
V p Vs = N p Ns
L R
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
V = VL + VC + VR
L R
(A) decrease
Original
(B) increase
At resonance (0)
At resonance XL = XC
XL increases XC decreases
increases
More Follow Up
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown. Vmax = 100 V V ~ Imax = 2 mA X C = 40 2 k VCmax = 113 V (= 80 sqrt(2)) The current leads generator voltage by 45o (cos=sin=1/sqrt(2)) L and R are unknown. By what factor should we increase to bring circuit to resonance? i.e. if 0 = f, what is f?
L R
R= 25 2 k
X L = 15 2 k
(A)
f = 2
(B) f = 2 2
(C)
8 f = 3
(D) f =
8 5
X L f 15 2 X C (1/ f ) 40 2
f = 8 3
15 f =
40 f
40 f = 15
2
Current Follow Up
Consider the harmonically driven series LCR circuit shown. Vmax = 100 V V ~ Imax = 2 mA X C = 40 2 k VCmax = 113 V (= 80 sqrt(2)) The current leads generator voltage by 45o (cos=sin=1/sqrt(2)) L and R are unknown. What is the maximum current at resonance ( Imax(0) )
L R
R= 25 2 k
X L = 15 2 k
8 3
0 =
(A) I max (0 ) = 2 mA
At resonance XL = XC
(B) I max (0 ) = 2 2 mA
(C) I max (0 ) = 8/ 3 mA
Z=R
I max (0 ) =
Vmax 100 = = 2 2 mA R 25 2