Physics 212

Forces and Torques on Currents

Lecture 13

Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Professor Longhair Henry Butler David Egan Dr. John Allen Toussaint

classics

WHY? Thinking about New Orleans

A great piano CD

Physics 212 Lecture 3

Your Comments
Oh my goodness now things are spinning Can you seperate all of the right hand rules? potential energy stuff is the most confusing otu fo the material The idea of the direction of the torque. Things are getting so hard... Can we have more office hours than just on Sundays and Mondays? So that we can get a chance to ask about the prelectures and lectures.... Why is it called a dipole? Where's the dipole? What are we torque-ing about? Why did the current cross the magnetic field??? To get to the other side!
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Three so far: All cross products B field of wire Magnetic moment of current loop

Most comments were about torque and associated potential energy/work. We will PRACTICE!

Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 3

Key Concepts:
Forces & Torques on loops of current due to a magnetic field. The magnetic dipole moment.

Todays Plan:
Review of cross product Forces & Torques Magnetic dipole moment Example problem

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 4

Last Time: force on charge

F = qv B

This Time: force on wire

F = q vi B
i

B I
x

F = IL B
F = qNvavg B
N = nAL I = qnAvavg
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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 5

ACT
A square loop of wire is carrying current in the counterclockwise direction. There is a horizontal uniform magnetic field pointing to the right.

F = IL B

What is the force on section a-b of the loop? A. Zero B. Out of the page C. Into the page

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 6

ACT
A square loop of wire is carrying current in the counterclockwise direction. There is a horizontal uniform magnetic field pointing to the right.

F = IL B

What is the force on section b-c of the loop? A. Zero B. Out of the page C. Into the page

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 7

ACT
A square loop of wire is carrying current in the counterclockwise direction. There is a horizontal uniform magnetic field pointing to the right.

F = IL B

What is the force on section d-a of the loop? A. Zero B. Out of the page C. Into the page

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 8

Checkpoint 1a
A square loop of wire is carrying current in the counterclockwise direction. There is a horizontal uniform magnetic field pointing to the right.

fingers point in the direction of the field and you wrap in the direction of the force so you rthumb points outward. Righthand rule, torque is r cross f The net force is zero because the forces cancel out in all directions.

What is the direction on the net force on the loop? A. Out of the page B. Into of the page C. The net force on the loop is zero

The net force on any closed loop is zero. Check simulations if in doubt.
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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 9

Checkpoint 1b
A square loop of wire is carrying current in the counterclockwise direction. There is a horizontal uniform magnetic field pointing to the right.
It moves around in the y-z plane, so it rotates around the x-axis. Since the force is in the X direction, the loop will rorate around the y axis. Forces acting in the y and x directions. there are only forces on the right and left segments of wire

In which direction will the loop rotate (assume the z axis is out of the page)? A. Around the x axis C. Around the z axis B. Around the y axis D. It will not rotate

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 10

Checkpoint 1c
A square loop of wire is carrying current in the counterclockwise direction. There is a horizontal uniform magnetic field pointing to the right.
The force is perp to up Torque acts in direction of magnetic field. Since it would rotate around the x-axis it needs to be in or out of the screen and since the current is going counterclockwise it should be out of the screen. Same direction as the force due to the field. torque is r cross F. f is 0. therefore net torque is zero.

= RF

What is the direction of the net torque on the loop? A. Up B. Down C. Out of the page D. Into the page E. The net torque is zero

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 11

Magnetic Dipole Moment

Area vector Magnitude = Area Direction uses R.H.R.

Magnetic Dipole moment

NIA
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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 12

 Makes Torque Easy!

= B
z

The torque always wants to line up with B !

= B

x y

turns toward B
z

B
y

B
x

= B

turns toward B

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 13

Practice with and

= B

In this case is out of the page (using right hand rule)

= B

x
22

is up (turns toward B) y

B
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 14

Checkpoint 2a
Three different orientations of a magnetic dipole moment in a constant magnetic field are shown below. Which orientation results in the largest magnetic torque on the dipole?

= B
Biggest when
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B
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 15

Magnetic Field can do Work on Current

From Physics 211:

W = d

From Physics 212:

= B = B sin( )

W = B sin( )d = B cos( ) = B
1.5 1

U = W
Define U = 0 at position of maximum torque

0.5 0 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 30 60 90 120 150 180

U B
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B
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 16

Checkpoint 2b
Three different orientations of a magnetic dipole moment in a constant magnetic field are shown below. Which orientation has the most potential energy?
B is 0 because it is perpendicular. A and C have equal magnitude, but since A is negative, it cancels with the negative in the equation and is the biggest. b should have the most PE because it has the greatest magnetic torque, a and b would have the same PE potential is u dot B. this is max when vectors are parallel

U = +Bcos

U = 0

U = -Bcos

U = B

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 17

ACT
Three different orientations of a magnetic dipole moment in a constant magnetic field are shown below. We want to rotate the dipole in the CCW direction.

a a
c

B
First, consider rotating to position c. What are the signs of the work done by you and the work done by the field? A) B) C) D)
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Wyou Wyou Wyou Wyou

> > < <

0, 0, 0, 0,

Wfield Wfield Wfield Wfield

> < > <

0 0 0 0

W field = U
U > 0, so Wfield < 0. Wyou must be opposite Wfield Also, torque and displacement in opposite directions Wfield < 0 Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 18

ACT
Three different orientations of a magnetic dipole moment in a constant magnetic field are shown below. Consider rotating the dipole to each of the three final orientations shown.

a a
c

B
Do the signs depend on which position (a, b, or c) the dipole is rotated to? A) Yes B) No

U = B
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 19

The lowest potential energy state is with dipole parallel to B. The potential energy will be higher at any of a, b, or c.
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Checkpoint 2c
Three different orientations of a magnetic dipole moment in a constant magnetic field are shown below. In order to rotate a horizontal magnetic dipole to the three positions shown, which one requires the most work done by the magnetic field?
have to rotate it the furthest against the magnetic field. C requires less than B and A seems like it would require more but results in negative work in the region past B. the work by the field would be negative so the more towards a the more negative the work done by the field is.

a a
c

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 20

Checkpoint 2c
Three different orientations of a magnetic dipole moment in a constant magnetic field are shown below. In order to rotate a horizontal magnetic dipole to the three positions shown, which one requires the most work done by the magnetic field?
largest angle of rotation and the bigger the angle the bigger the path the bigger the fall the work to go from b to a is the same as to go from c to b, but their signs are opposite. Work is equal to negative potential energy. Potential at b is zero and potential at a is positive which make the work negative. Therefore the biggest work done is on c.

a a
c

Wby _ field = U = U i U f
(c): (b): (a):
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U = B Wby _ field = B ( B cos c ) = B(1 cos c ) Wby _ field = B 0 = B Wby _ field = B ( B cos a ) = B(1 + cosa )
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 21

Calculation
A square loop of side a lies in the x-z plane with current I as shown. The loop can rotate about x axis without friction. A uniform field B points along the +z axis. Assume a, I, and B are known.
a
z

z 30

How much does the potential energy of the system change as the coil moves from its initial position to its final position.

I
x

initial

final

Conceptual Analysis
A current loop may experience a torque in a constant magnetic field =XB We can associate a potential energy with the orientation of loop

U=-B

Strategic Analysis Find

32

Calculate the change in potential energy from initial to final

Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 22

Calculation
A square loop of side a lies in the x-z plane with current I as shown. The loop can rotate about x axis without friction. A uniform field B points along the +z axis. Assume a, I, and B are known.
a I
x z

z 30

initial

final

What is the direction of the magnetic moment of this current loop in its initial position? (A) +x
z

(B) -x

(C) +y

(D) -y

.
x y

= IA
X

Right Hand Rule

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 23

Calculation
A square loop of side a lies in the x-z plane with current I as shown. The loop can rotate about x axis without friction. A uniform field B points along the +z axis. Assume a, I, and B are known.
a I
x z

z 30

initial

final

What is the direction of the torque on this current loop in the initial position? (A) +x (B) -x
z

(C) +y
B

(D) -y

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 24

Calculation
A square loop of side a lies in the x-z plane with current I as shown. The loop can rotate about x axis without friction. A uniform field B points along the +z axis. Assume a, I, and B are known.
z

z 30

U = B
(A) Uinitial < 0
z B

a I
x

initial

final

What is the potential energy of the initial state? (B) Uinitial = 0 (C) Uinitial > 0

= 900

B =0

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Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 25

Calculation
A square loop of side a lies in the x-z plane with current I as shown. The loop can rotate about x axis without friction. A uniform field B points along the +z axis. Assume a, I, and B are known.
a
z

z 30

U = B
(A) Ufinal < 0
z z

I
x

initial

final

What is the sign of the potential energy in the final state? (B) Ufinal = 0 (C) Ufinal > 0
Check: moves away from B

initial
B B

final = 90 + 30
y y

= 1200

Energy must increase !

= 90

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B<0

U = B > 0
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 26

Calculation
A square loop of side a lies in the x-z plane with current I as shown. The loop can rotate about x axis without friction. A uniform field B points along the +z axis. Assume a, I, and B are known.
a I
z

z 30

U = B

initial

final

What is the potential energy of the final state? (A) U = Ia 2 B

z B

(B) U =

3 2 Ia B 2

(C) U =

1 2 Ia B 2
o

1 cos(120o ) = 2
=

1 U = B = B cos(120 ) = B 2

120
y

= Ia 2
1 2 U = Ia B 2
Physics 212 Lecture 13, Slide 27

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