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Lecture 7
Today's Concept: Conductors and Capacitance
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Ricky Skaggs Bill Monroe Mark OConnor Chris Thile Mike Marshall
Why?
Final Ellnora Tribute: Mandolin virtuoso who played with Michael Daves on guitar Friday afternoon.. Great show !! My Favorite? Hard to say.. There were many, but if I had to pick one, Ill go with Richard Thompson.
Physics 212 Lecture 7
LOGISTICS
1) EXAM 1: WED Sep. 21 at 7pm Sign Up in Gradebook for Conflict Exam at 5:15pm if desired BY THURS. SEP. 15 at 10:00 p.m. MATERIAL: Lectures 1 - 8
2) EXAM 1 PREPARATION? Old exams are on-line (Practice Exams), also Worked Examples
Your Comments
I found most of this lecture to be confusing because it's something completely new. Go over it all please! I think this stuff is tough, but I can get a handle on it. A little more about the neutral plate in the middle of capacitors. Can we see some capacitor demo's? Possibly very large capacitors being discharged? It would be nice to discuss examples of capacitors other than the parallel plates in a bit more depth.
Conductors
You did well on the questions on charge distributions on conductors
The Main Points Charges free to move E = 0 in a conductor Surface = Equipotential E at surface perpendicular to surface
Checkpoint 1a
Two spherical conductors are separated by a large distance. They each carry the same positive charge Q. Conductor A has a larger radius than conductor B.
Compare the potential at the surface of conductor A with the potential at the surface of conductor B. A. VA > VB B. VA = VB C. VA < VB
The surface of conductors are equipotentials so they are equal in potential despite the increased radius. V=kQ/R! Since the Ra is greater than Rb, the Va<Vb
Checkpoint 1b
The two conductors are now connected by a wire. How do the potentials at the conductor surfaces compare now? A. VA > VB B. VA = VB C. VA < VB
Checkpoint 1c
What happens to the charge on conductor A after it is connected to conductor B by the wire? A. QA increases B. QA decreases C. QA doesnt change
Charge will always move to a place with lower potential, and the larger sphere has a lower potential than the smaller sphere. the charge would decrease in order to compensate for the lower charge on the particle B When you connect two conductors by a wire and charge moves between them as to make difference in potential of the system zero what is the charge of the wire? Or does it not matter?
8
THE CAPACITOR QUESTIONS WERE TOUGH! THE PLAN: Well work through the example in the Prelecture and then do the Checkpoint questions.
Capacitance
Capacitance is defined for any pair of spatially separated conductors
Q C V
How do we understand this definition ??? Consider two conductors, one with excess charge = +Q and the other with excess charge = -Q
+Q d -Q
These charges create an electric field in the space between them We can integrate the electric field between them to find the potential difference between the conductor This potential difference should be proportional to Q !! The ratio of Q to the potential difference is the capacitance and only depends on the geometry of the conductors
9
+Q d
x
What is ??
E
-Q
E= o
Q = A
A = area of plate
V = E dy
0
d 0
d 0
V = ( Edy) = E dy =
Q d o A
As promised, V is proportional to Q !!
12
Q Q C = V Qd / o A
C=
0 A
d
C determined by geometry !!
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 11
d -Q0 +Q1
Insert uncharged conductor Charge on capacitor now = Q1 How is Q1 related to Q0 ?? A. Q1 < Q0 B. Q1 = Q0 C. Q1 > Q0
14
d -Q1
Plates not connected to anything
Where to Start??
+Q0 d -Q0
What is the total charge induced on the bottom surface of the conductor?
A. B. C. D. E.
+Q0 -Q0 0 Positive but the magnitude unknown Negative but the magnitude unknown
17
WHY ??
+Q0 -Q0 E=0 +Q0 -Q0
WHAT DO WE KNOW ???
E must be = 0 in conductor !!
Charges inside conductor move to cancel E field from top & bottom plates
19
Calculate V
Now calculate V as a function of distance V ( y ) = E dy from the bottom conductor. 0 d +Q0 y t V -Q0 What is V = V(d)? A) V = E0d B) V = E0(d t) C) V = E0(d + t) y
The integral = area under the curve
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 15
E
-E0
t y
E=0
21
Back to Checkpoint 2a
Two parallel plates of equal area carry equal and opposite charge Q0. The potential difference between the two plates is measured to be V0. An uncharged conducting plate (the green thing in the picture below) is slipped into the space between the plates without touching either one. The charge on the plates is adjusted to a new value Q1 such that the potential difference between the plates remains the same.
A) Q1 < Qo
B) Q1 = Qo
C) Q1 > Qo
Lecture 7, Slide 16
Two parallel plates of equal area carry equal and opposite charge Q0. The potential difference between the two plates is measured to be V0. An uncharged conducting plate (the green thing in the picture below) is slipped into the space between the plates without touching either one. The charge on the plates is adjusted to a new value Q1 such that the potential difference between the plates remains the same. What happens to C1 relative to C0?
Checkpoint 2b
A) C1 > Co
B) C1 = Co
C) C1 < Co
We can determine C from either case same V (Checkpoint) same Q (Prelecture) C depends only on geometry !! Same V: V0 = E0d V0 = E1(d t) C0 = Q0/E0d C1 = Q1/(E1(d t))
E = Q/0A
C0 = 0A/d C1 = 0A/(d t)
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 17
Energy in Capacitors
BANG
31
cross-section
a4 a3 a2 a1
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai).
metal
metal
Conceptual Analysis: Q C But what is Q and what is V? They are not given?? V
Important Point: C is a property of the object!! (concentric cylinders here) Assume some Q (i.e., +Q on one conductor and Q on the other) These charges create E field in region between conductors This E field determines a potential difference V between the conductors V should be proportional to Q; the ratio Q/V is the capacitance.
33
cross-section
a4 a3 a2 a1
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai).
metal
metal
Q C V
Strategic Analysis:
Put +Q on outer shell and Q on inner shell Cylindrical symmetry: Use Gauss Law to calculate E everywhere Integrate E to get V Take ratio Q/V: should get expression only using geometric parameters (ai, L)
cross-section + + +
metal metal
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ +
+ + + +
-Q
+ + +
Where is +Q on outer conductor located? (A) at r=a4 (B) at r=a3 (C) both surfaces
Why?
Gauss law:
E dA =
+ +
a2 a1
a4 a3
+Q
Q C V
(D) throughout shell
Qenclosed
o
Qenclosed = 0
Qenclosed = 0
+Q must be on inside surface (a3), so that Qenclosed = + Q Q = 0
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 22
cross-section + + +
metal
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ + +
-Q + + + + metal + + + + +
Where is -Q on inner conductor located? (A) at r=a2 (B) at r=a1 (C) both surfaces
Why?
Gauss law:
E dA =
+ +
a2 a1
a4 a3
+Q
Q C V
(D) throughout shell
Qenclosed
o
Qenclosed = 0
Qenclosed = 0
+Q must be on outer surface (a2), so that Qenclosed = 0
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 23
cross-section + + +
metal
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ + +
-Q + + + + metal + + + + +
(B)
4o r 2
Gauss law:
E dA =
+ +
a2 a1
a4 a3
+Q
Q C V
(C)
Q 2o Lr 1
(D)
2Q 1 2Q (E) 2o Lr 4o r 2
Qenclosed
E 2rL =
E=
Q 2 Lr
0
Direction: Radially In
Physics 212 Lecture 7, Slide 24
cross-section + + +
metal
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ + +
-Q + + + + metal + + + + +
What is the sign of V = Vouter - Vinner? (A) Vouter-Vinner < 0 (B) Vouter-Vinner = 0
+ +
a2 a1
a4 a3
+Q
Q C V
Q (20a2L)
Q 2 Lr
0
cross-section + + +
metal
Calculation
A capacitor is constructed from two conducting cylindrical shells of radii a1, a2, a3, and a4 and length L (L >> ai). What is the capacitance C of this capacitor ?
+ +
-Q + + + + metal + + + + +
a ln 4 2o L a1
(A)
Q (20a2L)
(B)
a3
2
+ +
a2 a1
a4 a3
+Q
Q C V
Q
Q E= 2o rL
a ln 3 2o L a2
a ln 2 2o L a3
(C)
Q dr V = a 2o L r
(D)
dr 2o L a r 2 Q
a3
V=
V=
Q 2 L
0
ln
a a
V proportional to Q, as promised
Q 2 L = V ln(a / a )
0 3 2