University of the Philippines Los Baos Institute of Biological Sciences

Biology 3 Laboratory Biodiversity Course Description: Systematic survey of the diversity of life with emphasis on functional organization, maintenance and integration, reproduction and development, evolution of major groups of plants, animals and microorganisms, and interrelationships of organisms with their environment. Lecture Proper: ACTIVITY 1 CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTIFICATION Systematics - Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of the organisms and of any of all relationships among them. Taxonomy - Major field of systematics which is the theory and practice of classifying organisms. ASPECTS A. Description B. Classification ordering of populations and groups of populations at all levels; Inductive Procedure. C. dentification individuals are placed into previously established classes; Deductive procedure. D. Nomenclature application of distinctive names to each of the groups recognized in the classification. Taxon concrete object or real organism at any level of hierarchic classification. Hierarchy orderly array composed of a series of inclusive levels. Category rank or level in a hierarchic classification. A. VARIATION AND CLASSIFICATION Processes of classifying organism involve: 1. Devising a scheme to aid in recognizing different kinds of organism. 2. Assigning names to these organisms. 3. Grouping them to what is essential. CAROLUS LINNAEUS (Carl von Linnae) - Swedish physician and naturalist who devised a scheme of classification. 7 basic categories Kingdom Phylum (Animal and animal-like)/ Division (Plant and Plant-like) Class Order Family Genus Specie (Specific epithet) CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT KINGDOMS

Archaea and Eubateria Cell Type Nuclear Envelope Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell Wall Mode of Nutrition Cell Number Prokaryotic Absent Absent None Non cellulose Autotrophic or heterotrophic Unicellular

Protista Eukaryotic Present Present or absent Present (some) Present (some) Photosynthetic or heterotrophic Unicellular

Fungi Eukaryotic Present Present or absent Absent

Chitin & other non cellulose polysaccharides

Plantae Eukaryotic Present Present Present

Cellulose & other polysaccharides

Animalia Eukaryotic Present present Absent Absent Digestion Multicellular

Absorption Multicellular

Autotrophic Multicellular

ACTIVITY 2 EUBACTERIA Specimen used: HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli

CYANOBACTERIA Gloeocapsa sp. Oscillatoria sp.

*Differentiate PROKARYOTIC from EUKARYOTIC. Prokaryotic no true nucleus; lack membrane-bound organelles, smaller in size. a. Eubacteria b. Archaebacteria Eukaryotic with true nucleus; with membrane- bound organelles (compartmentalization), relatively larger in size compared to prokaryotic; DNA + histones = chromosomes (genetic material) a. Protist b. Fungi c. Plantae d. Animalia *Kinds of Archaebacteria 1. Extremophiles a. Halophiles salt loving b. Thermophiles heat loving 2.Methanogens release methane *Bacteria Shapes and Groupings a. Cocci ( round or spherical shape) b. Bacillus (rod shape) c. Spirillum (helical or spiral) Other Terminologies to Remember *heterocyst site of nitrogen-fixation in Anabaena azollae * akinete - food storage *Kinds of Eubacteria 1. Bacteria 2. Cyanobacteria