Oxford Brookes University

ASSESSED COURSEWORK

School of Technology

TO BE COMPLETED BY STUDENT(S) Department: Module No: School of Technology P00240 Module Title: Assignment Title or No: Student No(s): 09099225 Student Name(s): (Surname , first name) Bempenis, Michail Broadband Wireless Networks 5th Practical Assignment

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Statement of Compliance: We declare that the work submitted is our own and that the work we submit is fully in accordance with the University regulations regarding assessments (see overleaf). Student Signature(s): signed MB Date: 23 Apr 2010

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FORM: LT1 Assessed Coursework Coversheet

Version: September 2009

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225

Broadband Wireless Networks

Title: 5th Coursework (Experiment 3-Wireless Sensor System using Zigbee)

Student Name: Student Number: Course: Date of submission:

Bempenis Michail 09099225 MSc in Wireless Communication Systems 23 April 2010

Table of Contents
1. Measurement Equations and Results............1

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225 2. Experimental Results and Analysis........ 2 3. Calculation of Theoretical Range........... 5 4. Conclusions............... 8 References......... 9

List of Abbreviations
DSR FSPL Dynamic Source Routing

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225

1.

Measurement Equations and Results

(Equation 1), where

Thermistor B parameter equation is given by the following equation [1]:

1 1 1 RT 1 = + ln T 1 T 2 B RT 2
RT1: Thermistor resistance at temp T1 (K) RT2: Thermistor resistance at temp T2 (K) B: A constant for the Thermistor Assuming that: B=3380 T1: reference temperature=298.15K RT1: Thermistor resistance at temperature T1=10K T2: temperature to be measured (related to RT2) We re-arrange the above expression by multiplying all parts of equation 1 with T1*T2*B to get an expression for T2 in terms of T1, RT1, RT2 and B as follows:

BT 2 =BT 1 + 1T 2 ln T

RT 1 RT 2

T 2 [ B -T1 ln

RT 1 ] =BT1 RT 2
or for the above assumed values. 3380 T2= RT 1 11.33 - ln RT 2

T2=

BT 1 RT 1 B -T 1 ln RT 2

(Equation 2) Regarding that the total voltage of 10k and RT in series is +5V as illustrated in Figure1-1, we can write an expression for Vadc which is related to voltage of RT as follows: 5/Vadc=(RT+10k)/RT Vadc=5*[RT/(RT+10k)] (in volts) (Equation 3) Given that Vdigital=Vadc*1024/5V Vdigital=1024*[RT/(RT+10k)] (Equation 4)

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225

Figure 1-1: RT and 10k in series Then regarding that the above value is divided by 4 in order to be sent over the Zigbee link, we can give an expression of RT in terms of Vdigital by rearranging the equation 4 above as follows: Vdigital*RT+Vdigital*10k=256*RT Vdigital*10k=(256-Vdigital)*RT RT=(10k*Vdigital)/(256-Vdigital) RT1, B and Vdigital as follows: (Equation 5)

Now, substituting equation 5 into equation 2 we get an equation for T2 in terms of T1,

T2 =

BT 1 B - T 1 ln RT 1 RT 2

BT 1 T2= RT 1 B -T1 ln 10kVdigital 256 V digital

(Equation 6)
T2= B -T 1 ln BT 1 RT 1 256 V digital

10kVdigital

2.

Experimental Results and Analysis

Setting the co-ordinator in room R2.22 and loading the Arduiro programming environment, we tried to experimentally find the maximum range of the Zigbee link by performing a great deal of walkabout tests both at ground and 1st floor areas of School of Technology building. Additionally, one member of the group was watching the results from Arduino programming environment on the screen of the PC located in room 2.22. In Figure 2-1 below we present a typical row of data as derived from the loaded software. 1st floor At the 1st floor we followed the route: R2.12 R2.15 R2.16 R2.24 R2.27 R2.39 R2.37 R2.44, as illustrated in Figure 2-2 below. On the same time we 3

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225 were recording values of T2 for specific locations as typical ones can be shown in Table 2-1 below.

1st floor Location R2.22 R2.06 R2.16 R2.43 R2.27 R2.37 T2 23.64 22.63 21.96 22.30 22.97 22.97

Table 2-1: Recorded T2 values at specific locations on the 1st floor of the building

Figure 2-1: Typical row of data derived from programming environment

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225

Figure 2-2: First floor path and co-ordinator location At this point it has to be noted that for the whole route on the 1 st floor we were having established Zigbee link between end device and co-ordinator. On the other hand, when end device reach the stairwells towards the ground floor, the communication between end device and co-ordinator was lost (stop of row data on the Com window of software on screen of PC), and apparently we confirmed that no communication link could be achieved when the end device would be located on the ground floor without relay device in between. Consequently, we confirmed that the maximum range situation between end device and co-ordinator can be achieved on the whole of 1st floor and could be considered approximately about 40m regarding the relative dimension figures of the building. Ground floor Having found the locations (stairwells) where communication link was broken off, we then placed the relay at these locations in order to perform the second part of the experiment which referred to the maximum range from end device to relay and relay to co-ordinator respectively.

We so firstly located the relay out of R1.129 room. We confirmed that

communication between end device-relay-co-ordinator established, and we followed the route towards RLT2 where the link interrupted. At this point it has to be noted that distance between relay and end node is roughly estimated about 25m.

Based on the same philosophy, we also located the relay outside R1.20 and

followed two different routes towards R1.117 and on the other hand towards R1.54 where in both cases the already established link was lost. It is also noted at this point

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225 that the distance between end node and relay was roughly measured to be about 20m and 25m respectively. In Figure 2-3 below path on ground floor, relay positions (R), and connection lost points (X) are clearly illustrated.

R X X

Figure 2-3: Path of ground floor, relay positions (R), and connection lost points (X) From all above mentioned we can conclude that maximum range from end device to relay is approximately 20-25m and maximum range between relay to co-ordinator is about 25-30m respectively.

3.

Calculation of Theoretical Range

To calculate the theoretical range we firstly found the receiver sensitivity of the Series 2 Xbee transceiver to be -92dBm [1] as it can be seen from Figure 3-1. Regarding that Xbee transmitter is 2.5mW or equal to 10*log2.5=3.98dBm, we can calculate the theoretical range by using the ITU indoor path loss equation (3-1) derived from [2], as follows: L=20*logf+N*logd+Pf(n)-28 (3-1), L: the total path loss in dB f: frequency of transmission in MHz N: the distance power loss coefficient n: number of floors between the transmitter and receiver Pf(n): the floor loss penetration factor 2 where

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225

Figure 3-1: Arduino Xbee Shield Wireless Module Specifications The distance power loss coefficient, N is the quantity that expresses the loss of signal power with distance. This coefficient is an empirical one and some values are provided in Table 3-1 below [2]. So regarding that the experimental device operates at 2.4GHz and in an office area environment we adopt as proper value that one of N=30 as highlighted in Table 3-1.

Frequency Band Residential Area Office Area Commercial Area 900 MHz N/A 33 20 1.2 GHz N/A 32 22 1.3 GHz N/A 32 22 1.8 GHz 28 30 22 4 GHz N/A 28 22 5.2 GHz N/A 31 N/A Table 3-1: Distance power loss coefficient (N) values

The floor penetration loss factor is an empirical constant dependent on the number of floors the waves need to penetrate. Some values are tabulated in Table 3-2 below. So regarding that the experimental device operates at 2.4GHz and in an office area environment we adopt as proper formula highlighted in Table 3-2. Regarding that coordinator was located at the first floor of the building (room 2.22), in case of 1st floor

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225 range calculation floor loss penetration factor takes the value of P f(0)=15-11=4, as n=0, and for the ground floor Pf(1)=15-0=15.

Frequency Number of Residential Office Area Commercial Area Band Floors Area 900 MHz 1 N/A 9 N/A 900 MHz 2 N/A 19 N/A 900 MHz 3 N/A 24 N/A 1.8 GHz n 4n 15+4(n-1) 6 + 3(n-1) 2.0 GHz n 4n 15+4(n-1) 6 + 3(n-1) 5.2 GHz 1 N/A 16 N/A Table 3-1: Floor penetration loss factor Having calculated all relevant inputs of equation (3-1) above, we then calculate the maximum theoretical range for both 1st floor and ground floor cases. 1st floor (n=0) Considering that maximum losses take place at the maximum range, Lmax has to meet the following equation (3-2): PR=PT-Lmax(1) (3-2) -92dBm=3.98dBm-[20*log2400+30*logdmax(1)+Pf(0)-28] -92dBm=3.98dBm-43.6-30*logdmax(1) 52.38=30logdmax(1) logdmax(1)=1.746 dmax(1)=55.71m Ground floor (n=1) Similarly for the ground floor we have: PR=PT-Lmax(0) -92dBm=3.98dBm-[20*log2400+30*logdmax(0)+Pf(1)-28] -92dBm=3.98dBm-54.6-30*logdmax(0) 41.38=30logdmax(0) 4. Conclusions logdmax(0)=1.379 dmax(0)=23.93m

Regarding the experimental and theoretical results we can make the following conclusions: The theoretical ranges derived from calculations are longer than practical ones, It was confirmed that ITU model for indoor attenuation tends to give realistic but not a great deal. results both for the same floor range calculations and different floors respective calculation. The movement between floors seems to affect dramatically the relevant range, considering that range on the same floor is more than double of that one achieved in 1

P00240 (5th coursework) 09099225 two different floors case. This observation is confirmed by both theoretical calculations (53.71/23.93=2.33) and experimental results (40/20=2)

References
1. Arduino Xbee Shield Wireless Module. Robotshop. Available at: http://www.robotshop.com/Arduino-Xbee-Shield-Wireless-Module.html (Accessed: 21 April 2010). 2. ITU Model for Indoor Attenuation.Wikipedia. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_Model_for_Indoor_Attenuation (Accessed: 21 April 2010).