LEARNING AREA

SOCIAL SCIENCES
FOCUS
GEOGRAPHY GRADE

MAP WORK

MODULE FRAMEWORK
LEARNING OUTCOMES
(LOS)
LO 1

GEOGRAPHICAL ENQUIRY
The learner will be able to
use enquiry skills to
investigate geographical and
environmental concepts and
processes.

GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE AND

UNDERSTANDING
The learner will be able to
demonstrate geographical
and environmental
knowledge and
understanding.

ASSESSMENT SHEET

ASSESSMENT STANDARDS
(ASS)
We know this when the learner:

1.2
1.3

1.4
1.7

LO 2

AND

asks questions that are relevant for

identifying sources;
draws conclusions and makes
analyses to obtain information from
sources such as photographs, maps,
atlases, graphs and statistics;
correlates information from different
sources;
reports on knowledge that they have
obtained through research, making
use of different sources of
information.

We know this when the learner:

2.2

identifies ways in which Science and

Technology have contributed a
positively and negatively influence to
development (people and resources.)

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
ASe
Pages and (mark out of 7)

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

LOs

Tasks or tests

Ave for LO

(ave out
of 7)

(%)

(% and mark
out of 7)

MAP WORK
.1

Photographs?

1.1 Why do geographers make use of photographs?

It is quite difficult for someone who has never visited a particular place to form an
idea of what such a place might be like. A map is a wonderful aid, but one
should keep in mind that maps record different phenomena by means of mapping
symbols. This is why photographs can provide a much better image of particular
phenomena in places that are far away. The viewer is able to SEE the landscape
and the different phenomena that occur in it.
1.2 So what is a photograph?
It is a manageable, understandable and realistic miniature image of phenomena that is
captured by means of a camera.

2. Different kinds of photographs.

Photographs are classified according to their colour and the angle from which they are
taken. Black-and-white photographs are generally used in Geography and the viewer
has to rely on his or her experience to know that plants, for instance, are green. Colour
photographs are much more true to life, but are expensive.
Different types of photographs are differentiated according to the angle from which they
are taken. You got to know some of them in Grade 7.
2.1 Horizontal photographs:

Objects in the foreground of the photograph seem bigger because they are closer to the
camera lens. The same kind of object, e.g. a two-storey building, would seem much
smaller if it were further from the lens. Behind the closer objects there will be areas that
are not visible at all. These areas are known as the HIDDEN GROUND. (Think of a
class photo, for instance: if you stand right behind another learner, you will not be
visible in the photograph; you will be part of the hidden ground.)
2.2 Oblique aerial photographs:
These photographs are taken from high mountains, buildings or aeroplanes with a
camera that is held at an angle to photograph something below. This kind of
photograph shows features of the landscape from a reasonably familiar angle and will
have much less hidden ground than a horizontal photograph.
2.2.1

High-angled oblique aerial photographs:

If the cameras axis is tilted away from the vertical axis at a wide angle (60+),
we obtain a high-angled oblique aerial photograph. The horizon will still be
visible on the photograph, and there will be almost as much hidden ground as in
a horizontal photograph.

2.2.2

Low-angled oblique aerial photographs:

If the cameras axis is tilted away from the vertical axis at a smaller angle (30),
we obtain a low-angled oblique aerial photograph. The horizon will not be
visible on the photograph at all and the amount of hidden ground will be much
less.

2.3 Vertical aerial photographs:

Vertical aerial photographs are used for drawing maps because the image that they
provide is the same as that of a map. They are taken perpendicularly from above with a
camera that is mounted on the undercarriage of an aeroplane. The optical axis of the
camera therefore forms a 90 angle with the surface of the earth.

2.3.1 Vertical aerial photographs have many advantages for

geographers:
The scale of the photograph is accurate all over and objects can be
drawn accurately.
It shows all features exactly as they appear from above.
There is no hidden ground.
The layout of roads and railways is clear.
High trees and buildings can be recognized by the lengthy shadows
that they cast.
Such photographs are used as the basis for assembling the 1 : 50 000
topographic maps and 1 : 10 000 orthophoto maps.
2.3.2

How vertical aerial photographs are taken:

The camera is mounted below an aeroplane that flies at a consistent height

above sea level. The aeroplane is flown from east to west or from west to east
and the photographs are taken in strips. Each subsequent photograph in the
strip overlaps the previous photograph by 60%.
As soon as the first strip of photographs has been taken, the aeroplane is
turned around and the next strip of photographs is taken from the opposite
direction. These two strips have a 30% overlap.
In South Africa, such photographs are taken between 10h00 and 13h00,
mainly during summer. Cloudy and hazy days are not suitable for this kind of
photography, because important information may be hidden.

 Do not take it for granted that the top edge of an aerial photograph shows what
is in the north. Maps usually present north at the top, but a photograph is not a
map!
Considering that the aeroplane flies from east to west at first and then from
west to east, can you explain why the printing on the photograph sometimes is
normal and sometimes upside down?
2.4 Orthophotos:
It is quite easy to take photographs from different heights. When this is done, the
scale of the photograph changes accordingly. It is also easy to enlarge or scale down
a photograph to show more or less detail.
An orthophoto combines the advantages of a vertical aerial photograph and the 1:50
000 topographic map. An orthophoto therefore is a low-level, vertical, aerial
photograph on a scale of 1:10 000 on which contour lines have been drawn in. The
contour intervals that are used measure only 5 m so that very fine detail is visible.
Features like place names, railway lines, roads, etc. are also printed on the
photograph.
The main advantages of orthophoto maps are:

The large scale of 1:10 000 and the small contour intervals of 5 metres allow
us to identify objects with ease.

They can be used for the layout of new residential areas and for the planning
of roads, irrigation schemes, etc.
Just like each sheet of a 1:50 000 topographical map, each orthophoto also has a
reference number, e.g. 2430DD. It is based on the 1:50 000 system. Each sheet of a
1:50 000 topographic map provides 25 orthophoto maps that are also numbered to
indicate their exact position on the map. An orthophoto therefore is 5 times as large as
a 1:50 000 topographic map.

EXAMPLE:
1:50 000 Topographic map designation.

The four figures indicate the geographic latitude, and the geographic longitude of the northwestern
corner of the chart. The two letters indicate the degree square.

1:10 000 Orthophoto map designation.

Twenty-five orthophoto maps cover each degree square. They are arranged in rows of five
and are numbered consecutively from 1 to 15. Each orthophoto map covers a geographic
distance of 3 min. x 3 min of geographic latitude.

The next reference for the 1:10 000 orthophoto map is 2430DD.

..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 1

Indicate the position of orthophoto map 2430DD in the above figure.

LO 1.3

Different kinds of aerial photographs

A summary:
Vertical aerial
photograph

Horizon not
visible.

Camera axis
forms a 90
angle with the
land surface.

High-angle oblique
aerial photograph

Horizon visible.

Camera axis
tilted 60 to 90
from vertical
position.

Advantages:

Scale the same

throughout.

View from
above.

Horizon not
visible.

Camera axis
tilted 0 to 30
from vertical
position.

Advantages:

Orthophotos

This is a
combination of a
vertical aerial
photo and a
1:50 000
topographic
map.

The scale is
larger than that
of the map.

Contour lines
and other details
are indicated by
means of 5 m
intervals.

Advantages:

Height of objects
can be
determined.

Inexpensive.

Height of objects
can be
determined.
Inexpensive.

Advantages:

Larger scale.

Specific details
can be seen.

Inexpensive to
use.

Stereo sets can

be used to draw
maps.

Disadvantages:

Low-angle oblique
aerial photograph

Very expensive.

Disadvantages:

Disadvantages:

Some features
are hidden by
objects in the
foreground.

Scale not true

everywhere.

Scale not true

everywhere.

Image of
landscape fades
from the
foreground to the
background.

Image of
landscape fades
from the
foreground to the
background.

Some features
are hidden by
objects in the
foreground.

Disadvantages:

Cannot be used
to draw maps.

Cannot provide
a 3-dimensional
image.

3. Recognizing topographic features on vertical

aerial photographs and orthophoto maps.
It requires a great deal of practice to be able to recognize features on vertical
photographs. You have had some experience of this in Grade 8. If you are unable to
recognize something at first glance, you need to ask particular questions to obtain
background information from a topographic map:
In which part of the country is the area?
What type of climate and vegetation occur in this area?
What farming activity is practiced in the area? etc.
Answers to such questions can be obtained from various sources, such as an atlas,
for instance.
The most important indicators on photographic images are the following:
3.1 Form
Geometric forms indicate objects made by people. Railway lines are shown as fine
lines with gradual curves and junctions; roads are broader and have right angle
junctions. Cultural features are even and follow a definite pattern. Natural features, like
rivers, which have meandering confluences, are irregular.
3.2 Size
Different buildings may have the same shape, but size will indicate the difference
between a hut, a house and a factory. Road widths usually are quite clearly identifiable.
3.3 Shadows
High, relatively thin features like church spires, telephone poles, lighthouses and factory
chimneys may be too small to observe from above. Their shadows will give an
indication of their location and shape.
Long shadows, however, hide certain other features. For this reason, photographs
should not be taken too early or too late in the day. The best time for taking aerial
photographs is between 10 oclock in the morning and 2 oclock in the afternoon.
Shadows also indicate direction and this helps the reader with the orientation of the
map. In the Southern Hemisphere, shadows usually lie southward.

.................................................................................ACTIVITY 2:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Vertical aerial photographs should be taken
between two hours before and two hours after 12 oclock. In which direction will the shadows
fall during this time?

In the morning: ................................................................................................................

In the afternoon:..............................................................................................................
LO 1.4

3.4 Shading
The shading of a photograph depends on the height of the sun and the amount of light
that is reflected by the photographed object. The following examples are useful
guidelines for testing information involving shading:
Dark

Lighter

Explanation

Uneven surfaces.

Smooth surfaces.

Smooth surfaces reflect light, while

uneven surfaces absorb light.

Clear water.

Murky water.

Light penetrates clear water, but is

reflected by clouded or murky
water.

Stagnant water.

Rippling waters.

Waves/ripples cause dispersed

reflection of light..

Wet soil.

Dry soil.

Wet soil absorbs more light.

Plant cover.

Bare ground.

Vegetation absorbs light (sand

appears white.)

Ploughed lands.

Fallow lands.

Ploughing breaks up the reflective

surface into smaller areas.

Established crops.

Newly-sown crops.

Larger crops absorb more light.

Rivers.

Roads.

Tarred roads seem white because

they reflect light (in spite of
seeming dark when we look at
them).

3.5 Texture
Texture indicates land use and ground cover patterns. Citrus orchards, for instance,
show a rougher texture than fields of maize. Sand looks smooth and shrubby ground
seems woolly.
Some examples of land use are:
Land use
Cultivated fields

Features
-

crops have a variegated appearance

harvested wheat fields or fields of feed

crops are light and smooth

Fields on which threshing machines

are used show clearly visible lines of
dots

ploughed fields appear striped and are

darker

Orchards and vineyards

Forests and plantations

Pasturage

EASILY

they usually have a chequered

appearance

orchards are roughly textured

vineyards show a finer texture and

sometimes appear striped

seem dotted or variegated

have a recognisable linear pattern

seems to have small spots or is dotted

animal paths appear as fine white lines

that converge at a drinking place

IDENTIFIABLE FEATURES:

Schools usually have sports fields.

A golf course has fairways and greens.
Urban settlements reveal residential differentiation:
buildings situated in close proximity indicate the city centre or low-income
housing;
buildings on large plots indicate high-income housing.
Airports have easily recognisable runways.
Mining areas are revealed by conspicuous mine dumps and excavations.
Telephone lines and power lines are recognized by the regularity of their shadows.

4. Map skills
You became acquainted with basic map skills in Grade 8 and did exercises that
involved the 1:50 000 topographic map of Alice. In doing that, you learned to:
determine location
gauge accurately and determine direction
calculate distance by making use of a scale
explain the naming of a map
recognise conventional map symbols
recognise representation of height on maps
identify contour patterns
This knowledge, together with what you will still be acquiring in using
the 1:50 000 topographic map of Bloemfontein and a 1:10 000
orthophoto map of a portion of this will see you through this years
work.
Before commencing the practical exercises, you have to learn a number of additional map
skills.

4.1 Calculating distance on an orthophoto map.

Orthophoto maps are always drawn to the scale of 1:10 000. Follow the steps to
determine distance:
Accurately measure the distance between two points in centimetres, using a
ruler (or using a string if the line to be measured curves);
Convert this distance to kilometres or metres, depending on what is required.

EXAMPLE
Scale 1 1:10 000
What is the true distance in km?

What is the true distance in m?

10 cm x 10 000

10 cm x 10 000

100 000 cm 100 000

100 000 100

1 km

1000 m

Why do we divide by 100 000 and 100?

The metrical units of measurement can be represented as follows:

Km

Hm

Dm

dm

cm

mm

We therefore have 100 000 cm in 1 km

and
100 cm in 1 meter
You may therefore follow the shorter method if you can remember that the scale of
1 : 10 000 is the same as::

1 cm = 10 000 cm
1 cm = 100 m ( 100)
1 cm = 0,1 km ( 100 000)
..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 3

1. Calculate the true distance in metres if the distance on a 1:10 000 orthophoto map
is as follows;
a. 5,8 cm.
b. 10,1 cm.

2. Calculate the true distance in kilometres if the distance on a 1:10 000 orthophoto
map is as follows;
a. 92,2 cm.
b. 15,6 cm.
LO 1.3

4.2 Magnetic North and Magnetic Declination

You have learnt how to gauge accurately in Grade 8. Remember the steps
that have to be followed:
4.2.1

Connect the two points by means of a pencilled line.

4.2.2 Draw a line to show True North through the point FROM which you have
measure.

to

4.2.1

Position the protractor by placing 0 against the line indicating north and the
centre at the point from which the measurement is to be taken.

4.2.4

Measure the angle clockwise from the line for north to the connecting line
(pencilled line of Step 1.)

EXAMPLE:

Answer: .........................

On a map, North therefore indicates the North Pole, which we refer to as

TRUE NORTH (geographic north.)
The earth also has a magnetic field that extends from north to south, for which
we use a compass. The earths magnetic field does not correspond exactly with
the true North and South Poles. North as indicated by the compass will always lie
WEST of TRUE NORTH (TN) and is known as MAGNETIC NORTH (MN).
The difference between true north and magnetic north is known as the
MAGNETIC DECLINATION (MD). The Magnetic Declination differs from place to
place and continuously increases and decreases at any place, because magnetic
north is not a fixed point.
To make it possible to determine the Magnetic Declination of any place, the
following information is given in the margin of a 1:50 000 topographic map:

EXAMPLE:

CALCULATE

MAGNETIC DECLINATION AS AT PRESENT:

Step 1:
Calculate the difference in years = 2003 2000
= 3 years
Step 2:
Multiply the years by the annual difference in minutes = 3 years x 4'
= 12'
Step 3:
Determine whether the angle increases (eastwards) or decreases (westwards).
Eastwards (smaller) -

Westwards (bigger) +

Step 4:
Add the minutes (westwards) or subtract them (eastwards).
In this instance it is eastwards, therefore:
2130' - 12'
= 2118' West of True North
REMEMBER that there are 60' in 1.
If you should have to subtract and find that the degrees to be subtracted are
too many, you borrow 1 and convert it to minutes.

EXAMPLE:
2130' 34'
2090' - 34'
= 2056' West of True North.

 If you should have to add minutes and get an answer that is more than 60,
you have to convert it 1.

EXAMPLE:
2130' + 34'
2164'
= 2204' West of True North.
Step 5:
Remember to write West of True North alongside the new declination, because Magnetic
North ALWAYS lies WEST of True NORTH.
4.3 Magnetic North
To gauge Magnetic North between two points, the degrees of TRUE NORTH must be
added (+) to the Magnetic Declination and the answer must be written in degrees:

EXAMPLE:
TN + MD = MN
50 + 2118' = 7118'

..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 4

1. Calculate Magnetic North FROM A to B.

In 1990, the Magnetic Declination was 1818 west of True North. The annual variation is
2 to the West.

TRUE NORTH:
Present Magnetic Declination:

Magnetic Declination:

2.

TRUE

Calculate the Magnetic North from D to C In 1993, the Magnetic Declination was
2015 west of True North. The annual variation is 3 to the East.

DECLINATION:

Present Magnetic Declination:

Magnetic North:

LO 1.4
4.4 Calculating area on a map.

EXAMPLE

Formula : L (to scale) x W (to scale)

Calculate the area in m

Calculate the area in km

L (to scale) x W (to scale)

L (to scale) x W (to scale)

= (4,4 x 500) x (3,6 x 500)

= (4,4 x ,5) x (3,6 x ,5)

= 2200 x 1800

= 2,2 x 1,8

= 396 0000 m

= 3,96 km

Steps:
1. Measure length in cm and convert to m / km.
2. Measure width in cm and convert to m / km.
3. Apply formula L x W.
4. Write the answer in km / m.
Always take note of the unit in which the answer must be given this will usually
be m or km.

..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 5

1. The length of a rectangular object is 5,6 cm and the width is 3,4 cm on a 1 : 50 000
topographic map. Calculate the area of the object in km.
2. The length of a building is 1,1 cm and the width is 0,6 cm on a 1 : 50 000 topographic
map. Calculate the area of the building in m.
LO 1.3

4.5 Calculating time between 2 points.

Remember the following:
Time =

Distance
Speed

or

Speed =

Distance
Time

or

Distance =

THEREFORE

Speed x time

The distance completed will have to be calculated from the

map and be given in real km. Speed or time will always be
provided.

EXAMPLE:

How long will it take to travel by car at 60 km/h from point A to point B?

Steps:
1.

1. Convert the distance in cm to real distance in km.

17 cm x ,5 = 8,5 km

2. Apply the formula: Time

3.

Convert to minutes:

Distance
Speed

8,5 km
60 km/h

0,142 of an
hour

= 0, 142 x 60
= 8,52 minutes

..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 6

At what time will a person arrive at a destination if he or she leaves the house at 7:00
and travels a distance shown as 8 cm on a 1 : 50 000 map?
LO 1.3

5. Reading and analysing maps

Topographic maps are among the most useful and precise maps that are available
because of the amount of detail that they contain and the precision with which the
minutest details are indicated.
Topographic maps and orthophoto maps provide the geographers tools (SOURCE)
and the reader needs to understand the language of the map. This makes it possible to
give scientific explanations of features.
The activities that follow will help the learner to master map-reading techniques and
skills and to extend his or her knowledge of Bloemfontein.

..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 7

Consult your atlas to answer the following questions:

1. Find out where Bloemfontein is situated by using the index at the back of the atlas.
2. In which province of South Africa is Bloemfontein?
3. Indicate the direction to Durban from Bloemfontein.
4. Measure the distance between Edenburg (south of Bloemfontein) and Bloemfontein in
km, using the linear scale given for the map in your atlas.

5. At what time will a bus arrive in Bloemfontein if it leaves Edenburg at 10:00 and
travels at an average speed of 120 km/h, without stopping along the way?

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
6. Read the accompanying text and answer the questions dealing with Bloemfonteins
past.
Provide reasons for the citys:
a.

origin;

b.

development as a city.

THE

DEVELOPMENT OF

BLOEMFONTEIN

More that a hundred years ago, trekkers from the Cape settled
in the environment of Bloemfontein, which quickly developed
into a centre for trading. In 1846, the location of the present
city was selected by Major Warden as the most convenient
site for building a fort and a residential area. From this
beginning, and in spite of setbacks resulting from unrest and
wars, which inhibited its development, the small town
developed into an attractive city.
Bloemfontein forms the geographical hub of South Africas
railway, road and airline services. The development of the
Free State gold mines, less than 160 km from the city, has
brought additional prosperity to the city, which is fast
becoming an important industrial centre.
The city is situated in a picturesque environment in the heart
of the Free State plateau, surrounded by hillocks and hills
rising high above the plains. To the north is Naval Hill, from
where there is a particularly beautiful view of the city.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................
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LO 1.7

..................................................................................

ACTIVITY 8

Study the accompanying extract from the 1 : 50 000 topographic map of South Africa, sheet
2926 AA Bloemfontein, and orthophoto 2926 AA 9 Spitskop and answer the following
questions:
1.

2.

Identify the features of the landscape that occur at the following coordinates:
a)

2905'40" S, 2609'20" E.

b)

2906' S, 2610'35" E.

Indicate the position of the 2926 AA Bloemfontein map sheet by means of a simple
sketch:

3.

Indicate which map sheet lies directly to the:

a)

North .................................................................

b)

West ..................................................................

c)

South ................................................................. of 2926 AA.

4.

Indicate the position of the 2926 AA 9 Spitskop orthophoto by means of a simple

sketch:

5 (a) How does the scale of a topographic map and of an orthophoto differ?

................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(b)

Which scale is larger?

.........................................................................................................................................
.6

What can you identify with regard to recreation facilities available to the inhabitants of
Bloemfontein by careful investigation of the topographic map and the orthophoto?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.7

Why do we observe a considerable number of wind pumps in the environment?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.8

Rainfall
in mm

Study the precipitation figures for Bloemfontein that are provided below:
J

91,4

78,7

76,2

55,9

25,4

7,6

10,2

11,2

15,5

50,8

66

62,3

Draw a column graph to represent the rainfall data. Use a vertical scale of 1 cm to 10 mm.

(b)

Which season has the highest rainfall?

.............................................................................................................................

(c)

Which month receives the highest rainfall?

.............................................................................................................................
LO 1.3

..................................................................................
1.

ACTIVITY 9

A cellular telephone service provider wants to erect a communications tower for the
cellular phone service. It has to be situated on the highest point in the area. Provide the
height in metres of the highest point indicated on the map. Also provide the coordinates
for the specific point.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2.

Provide a reason why the observatory (Observatory Theatre) was built on Naval Hill
(290545 S, 261420 E) and not in a more central part of the city.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

3.

Calculate magnetic north from trigonometry beacon 50 (290345 S, 261050 E).

Show all calculations.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

4.

How long will it take a traveller to go from the one N1 intersection (290745 S, 2610 E)
to the other N1 intersection (290530 S, 261020 E) if an average speed of 120 km/h is
maintained?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................

5.

Calculate the area of the terminal building of the railway line (square black building) at
290650 S, 261450 E. Show all calculations.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
6.

What is true north from 174 (290525 S, 261130 E) to the peak of Spitskop
(290540 S, 26920 E.)
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
LO 1.4

................................................................................

ACTIVITY 10

Use the orthophoto only and answer the following questions:

1.

Is this orthophoto a vertical or an oblique aerial photograph?

.........................................................................................................................................

2.

Which part of Bloemfontein is shown on the orthophoto? Indicate the exact position
with faint pencil lines on the 1 : 50 000 or topograpic map sheet.

3.

What is the real distance in km from the N1 road junction near Tempe (at Dam van
Trane) to the road junction near Rayton in the northeast?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

4.

In which direction do you travel from the Tempe road junction to the road junction near
Rayton?
...........................................................................................................................................

5.

Which kind of activity will take place at Tempe? Look at the long buildings arranged in
rows that are there, in particular.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

6(a) What is the direction in which the shadows of these buildings fall?
.........................................................................................................................................
(b)

At what time of day, therefore, was the photograph taken?

.........................................................................................................................................
LO 1.2

................................................................................ACTIVITY 11
Make a poster about Bloemfontein. It must be eye-catching to attract visitors
and tourists.
Your poster should present the following information:
(a)

Tourist attractions.

(b)

The recreational facilities of the city.

(c)

Extra-mural activities offered by the city.

LO 2.2