Magnetism - Gravity Working Model

Bart Leplae 12-Sep-2010

hotmail: bartleplae

Introduction
The objective of this presentation is to share a working model that can explain the physical nature of magnetism. Based on this working model we can explain: why magnetic monopoles cannot be isolated, origin of Earth magnetic field (and reversals), Faraday rotation, London Moment A major challenge for the suggested working model is that it assumes the existence of an ether. This is why the presentation starts with an alternative interpretation of the Michelson-Morley experiment: not by questioning the measurement (the famous null result) but by using a different conceptual framework for which the null result is the expected result. This alternative interpretation of the MM experiment explains: the observed periodic variations of speed of light, stellar aberration, pioneer anomaly, framedragging / gravitomagnetism As a consequence, the curved spacetime and the nature of gravity need to obtain an alternative (more intuitive) interpretation. The working model for magnetism allows to deduct the physical nature of Electromagnetic Waves from the known mathematical representations. From the physical representation of EM waves / wave packets we can put forward a hypothesis for the particle-wave duality. This explains photoelectric effect and double slit experiment.
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MichelsonMorley experiment
A. Ether
Earth

Sun

Wikipedia: Light traveling along with the motion of the Earth would have a different speed than light traveling backward, as they would both be moving against the unmoving aether.
Even if the aether had an overall universal flow, changes in position during the day/night cycle, or over the span of seasons, should allow the drift to be detected
Through the MM experiment, the speed of light was observed to be the same from any direction.

B. No Ether
Earth

Sun

Conclusion: Ether cannot exist

MichelsonMorley experiment
Alternative explanation C: Ether rotates around the sun
Earth

Sun

If the ether rotates around the sun with the same speed as the planets, the speed of light is expected to be the same from any direction.

Through the MM experiment, the speed of light was observed to be the same from any direction.

This model is consistent with the observations of the Michelson-Morley experiment

Neither the planets drag the ether, nor does the ether drag the planets

Michelson-Gale experiment
Earth

Unlike the Michelson-Morley interferometer, this experiment did not produce null results -- a fringe shift was observed, and that fringe shift was closely related to the rotational velocity of the earth

B. No Ether
Earth

Rotational velocity reflected in fringe shift

C. Ether rotates around sun

Earth

Sun
Sun

Result can be explained: If arm lengths l1 and l2 are subject of different length contraction (Lorentz transformation)

No transformation needed to explain the result

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Ether drift
Earth

Sun

Superposed upon the rotational ether motion around the sun, the solar system is subject to an ether drift. This ether drift is reflected through changes in the measurements during the day/night cycle and over the span of seasons.

This ether drift has been measured by: -Dayton Miller: - Long term measurements with improved version of Michelson-Morley interferometer - Fringe Shift variations reflect sidereal day (relative to space) and seasonal effects -Roland DeWitte: - Phase comparison using two sets of atomic clocks connected through a 1.5km coaxial cable - Measured phase variations show periodicity corresponding to sidereal day. - GPS Satellites: >> See appendix B - GPS Satellite clock frequencies show variations with a harmonic close to orbit duration relative to space (rather than the orbit duration relative to the sun) - Annual GPS satellite variations reveal a draconitic harmonic (1 dy ~= 351.4 days) that is equal to the rotation of the GPS orbit planes relative to the Sun (and the direction direction of Ether Drift)

Stellar aberration
B. No Ether
C. Ether rotates around sun

Earth

Sun
Earth

Sun

Stellar aberration occurs when light enters the telescope

Stellar aberration occurs when light enters the solar system

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Ether drag by moving electrons

Electrons in the electric wire move upwards. Nearby the wire, ether particles are dragged in the direction of the moving electrons. Further away from the wire, the ether particles experience less drag

Electric wire

Flow electrons Ether flow in wire

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Magnetism: 2 parallel wires

Ether particles between the two wires move faster because they are dragged by the electrons of both wires. The wires are forced towards each other because of the Bernouilli effect. (analogy: lift of airplane wing)

Electric wire Ether flow

Flow electrons in wire

Resultant Magnetic Force

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Magnetic Coil

Flow of electrons in wire

Resultant Magnetic Field Ether particles rotate around the coil because of the drag caused by the moving electrons.
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Magnetic Coil

Flow of electrons in wire

Resultant Magnetic Force

Resultant Magnetic Force

Ether particles rotate around the coils because of the drag caused by the electrons. The Ether between the two coils rotates faster because it is dragged by the electrons of both wires. The coils are forced towards each other because of the Bernouilli effect. (Analogy: lift of frisbee)
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Magnetic Monopoles
Wikipedia: A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle in physics that is a magnet with only one pole (see Maxwell's equations for more on magnetic poles).[1] In more technical terms, it would have a net "magnetic charge. Monopole detection is an open problem in experimental physics. Within theoretical physics, some modern approaches assume their existence.

Magnetic North and South poles are no real physical properties but reflect the direction of the resultant magnetic force caused by the Bernouilli effect. This is the reason why magnetic monopoles cannot be isolated.

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London Moment
Wikipedia: The 'London moment' is a quantum-mechanical phenomenon whereby a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field whose axis lines up exactly with the spin axis. The term may also refer to the magnetic moment of any rotation of a ny superconductor, caused by the electrons lagging behind the rotation of the object.

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London Moment
Electrons in the superconductor keep their position relative to the static ether surrounding the superconductor. The electrons lag behind the rotation of the object and thereby induce an electric current in the superconductor.

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Earth Magnetic Field

N

+
Permanent magnetism

S Magnetism induced by the Earth rotating in ether

The Earth magnetism is induced by the Earth rotating in a static ether. This builds the permanent Earth magnetism

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Magnetic Field Reversals

Induces N
N

+
Induces S
N S

Earth magnetic field caused by Earth rotation is reversing permanent magnetism from N on geographic south pole to N on geographic north pole

Induces N

+
S

Induces S

When both permanent magnetism and ether induced magnetism have their N and S poles pointing in the same direction, the situation becomes unstable and will ultimately result in permanent magnetic N and S poles to flip by movements of the liquid core (at moments of strong magnetic fields).

Remark: The magnetic reversals on the sun are happening during solar maximum and are characterised by highly twisted and contorded magnetic lines. This is likely caused by the same effect as illustrated above.

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Faraday Rotation
Wikipedia: the Faraday effect or Faraday rotation is a magneto-optical phenomenon, or an interaction between light and magnetic field in a medium. The rotation of the plane of polarization is proportional to the intensity of the component of the applied magnetic field in the direction of the beam of light. The Faraday effect is a result of ferromagnetic resonance when the permittivity of a material is represented by a tensor. This resonance causes waves to be decomposed into two circularly polarized rays which propagate at different speeds, a property known as circular birefringence. In the interstellar medium. the effect is caused by free electrons

Alternative explanation: The Faraday rotation is caused the ether that rotates within a magnetic field
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Gravity

Hypothesis: When an ether particle hits a mass, it will transfer its impulse to the mass. Subsequently the mass will transfer the impulse to multiple ether particles, thereby distributing the original impulse across multiple ether particles

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Gravity

Hypothesis: The ether particles between the two masses are slower than outside the two masses. Both masses are pushed to each other because of the stronger impluses coming from the opposite directions.

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Gravity
Historic models (Le Sage) that explained gravity based on an ether where rejected because of Abberation:
Earth

Sun

Wikipedia:

As shown by Laplace, a possible Le Sage effect is orbital aberration due to finite speed of gravity. Unless the Le Sage particles are moving at speeds much greater than the speed of light, as Le Sage and Kelvin supposed, there is a time delay in the interactions between bodies (the transit time). In the case of orbital motion this results in each body reacting to a retarded position of the other, which creates a leading force component. Contrary to the drag effect, this component will act to accelerate both objects away from each other. In order to maintain stable orbits, the effect of gravity must either propagate much faster than the speed of light or must not be a purely central force.

Not applicable when ether impulses hit the Earth perpendicular due to rotating ether.

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Gravity
Historic models that explained gravity based on an ether where rejected because of Drag:
Earth

Sun

Wikipedia:
According to Le Sage's theory, an isolated body is subjected to drag if it is in motion relative to the unique isotropic frame of the ultramundane flux (i.e., the frame in which the speed of the ultramundane corpuscles is the same in all directions). This is due to the fact that, if a body is in motion, the particles striking the body from the front have a higher speed (relative to the body) than those striking the body from behind this effect will act to decrease the distance between the sun and the earth.

Not applicable when ether rotates around the Sun with same speed as planets.

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Pioneer Anomaly
Wikipedia: The Pioneer anomaly or Pioneer effect is the observed deviation from predicted trajectories and velocities of various unmanned spacecraft visiting the outer solar system, most notably Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11. Both Pioneer spacecraft are escaping from the solar system, and are slowing down under the influence of the Sun's gravity. Upon very close examination, however, they are slowing down slightly more than expected. The effect can be modeled as a slight additional acceleration towards the Sun. The anomaly has no universally accepted explanation. The explanation may be mundane, such as measurement error, thrust from gas leakage or uneven radiation of heat. However, it is also possible that current physical theory does not correctly explain the behaviour of the craft relative to the sun.
Earth

Sun

Outside the perimeter of Solar system, the ether is no longer rotating around the sun
Drag: The particles striking the satellite from the front have a higher speed (relative to the satellite) than those striking the satellite from behind this effect will act to decrease the distance between the sun and the satellite in motion.
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Frame-dragging
Wikipedia: The theory of general relativity predicts that rotating bodies drag spacetime around themselves in a phenomenon referred to as frame-dragging. More generally, the subject of field effects caused by moving matter is known as gravitomagnetism. Rotational frame-dragging (the Lense-Thirring effect) appears in the general principle of relativity and similar theories in the vicinity of rotating massive objects. Under the Lense-Thirring effect, the frame of reference in which a clock ticks the fastest is one which is rotating around the object as viewed by a distant observer. This also means that light traveling in the direction of rotation of the object will move around the object faster than light moving against the rotation as seen by a distant observer. The rotating Earth induces a small drag In the surrounding ether

Earth

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Gravitomagnetism

Rotating bodies drag the surrounding ether Rotating bodies that rotate in the same direction: Ether particles between the bodies rotate at a speed that is more close to the speed of the bodies. The ether particles at the oppositie ends rotate faster relative to the speed of the bodies.

The bodies are pushed away from each other because of the Bernouilli effect

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Gravitomagnetism

Rotating bodies that rotate in different direction: Ether particles between the bodies rotate at a speed that is relatively faster than the speed of the bodies. The ether particles at the oppositie ends rotate more similar relative to the speed of the bodies.

The bodies are pulled towards each other because of the Bernouilli effect

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Gravity Impact on Atomic Clocks

Earth

Sun

Ether particles nearby a mass are slower This causes a reduced speed of light.
This slows down the frequency of atomic clocks nearby the mass because the frequency of atomic clocks depends on the speed of light.

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Speed Impact on Atomic Clocks

Earth

Sun

Ether particles nearby a body moving through the ether are slower because of the front wave created in front of the moving body: This slows down the frequency of atomic clocks nearby the moving mass

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Curved Spacetime
Height represents the speed of light The speed of light is determined by the average speed of the ether particles

Speed of light determines the atomic clock frequency

Gravitational force is the result of the difference in average speed of ether particles at both sides of a body

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Gravity Bending of Light

Earth

Sun

Ether particles nearby a mass are slower This slows down the propagation of light nearby the mass. This is what makes the light to bend towards a mass

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Dark Matter / Energy

Wikipedia: Dark matter is matter that is inferred to exist from gravitational effects on visible matter and background radiation, but is undetectable by emitted or scattered electromagnetic radiation.[

B. No Ether
Earth

C. Ether rotates around sun

Earth

Sun Sun

Determining the nature of this missing mass is one of the most important problems in modern cosmology and particle physics.

Ether is part of what constitutes Dark matter / Energy

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Propagation of light/gravity
Ether particles move randomly through space Light is a series impulses (increased energy) carried by ether particles Gravity is a series of missing impulses (decreased energy) carried by ether particles Ether particles collide elasticly with each other and thereby transfer the original impulse, thereby preserving the momentum and direction of the original impulse
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Induction of electromagnetic waves

1. Electrons in the antenna move upwards. Nearby the antenna, ether particles are dragged in the direction of the moving electrons. Further away from the antenna, ether particles flow back in opposite direction. The circular ether flow creates a magnetic force

--++ + +

2. Antenna is charged negatively at the top because of the increased density of electrons 3. Electrons in the antenna move downwards. Nearby the antenna, ether particles are dragged in the direction of the moving electrons. Further away from the antenna, ether particles flow back in opposite direction. The circular ether flow creates a magnetic force

++ + + ---

4. Antenna is charged negatively at the bottom because of the increased density of electrons

Ether flow Antenna

Direction Magnetic Force Flow electrons in antenna

++ + + ---

Electric Charge
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Antenna

Flow electrons in antenna

Ether flow

Direction Magnetic Force

+ + Electric + + - - Charge --

--++ + +

--++ + +

--++ + +

++ + + --++ + + --Pattern moves left with speed of light --++ + +

++ + + --++ + + ----++ + +

++ + + ---

++ + + ---

--++ + +
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Pattern moves right with speed of light

Combined wave pattern

++ + + ----++ + + --++ + + ++ + + --++ + + ----++ + +

--++ + + ++ + + ---

++ + + ----++ + +

--++ + + ++ + + ---

1 wavelength

1 wavelength

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Photons
Photon has an angular momentum
Moves with the speed of light

Photon has no mass

Direction of flow determines the polarization state of the photon

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Photons form wave packets

Moves with the speed of light

Initial Single Photon Resultant wave packet The angular momentum of the initial photon is distributed across multiple photons and thereby forms a wave packet
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Wave packet: EM wave

Photons have a different wavelength: Smaller in the center, larger at the boundary. This gives the wave packet a constrained size

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Wave packets collapse to a single photon

Initial Wave Packet Resultant single photon

If energy is taken away from a single photon within a wave packet, then (all) energy contained within the wave packet will flow to that photon and will cause the combined wave packet to collapse instantly to a single photon
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Wave Packet: gearbox analogy

Single photon transforms to wave packet of photons

Momentum distributes across all photons Wave packet collapses Momentum felt at point of collision = combined momentum

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Photoelectric Effect Wave-Particle Duality

The total momentum contained in a wave packet is larger when the wavelength decreases (assuming speed at boundary of photons = speed of light) Therefore, momentum available to impacted electron is higher when frequency increases. The impacted electron feels the impact of the total momentum of the wave packet immediately. So it does not need to 'gather up' energy over a period of time, and then be emitted.
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Double slit experiment

Wave Packet reconstructs behind the double slit with interference First photon within wave packet that hits the detection wall obtains all energy embedded in wave packet

Initial photon

Wave packet collapses to a single photon

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2 wave packets: Merge to 1 wave packet

When 2 identical wave packets overlap each other, they create an interference pattern. This causes the wave packets to twist towards each other and to form a new wave pattern with a different topology.

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2 wave packets: Merge to 1 wave packet

When two magnets are almost on top of each other, they will be forced to align with each other.

The force that causes the twist of the wave packets is the magnetic field alignment of all the photons in both wave packets.

This only works if photons in both wave packets are at the same position.
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3 slit experiment

Once 2 identical wave patterns have merged into a new wave pattern, the 3th wave pattern cannot merge with the new wave pattern because of the difference in topology.
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Double slit experiment: with photon detector

Detector takes energy and therefore causes wave packet to be collapsed to a single photon

Initial photon

Photon detector

Photon detector

Photon detector
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Wave refraction

Higher speed of light Longer wavelength

Lower speed of light Shorter wavelength

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Summary
The rejection of the ether as the consequence of the Michelson-Morley experiment does not account for the observed siderial day variations. The model whereby the ether rotates around the sun with the same velocity as the planets accounts for both the outcome of the MM experiment and the observed siderial day variations. Magnetism / Gravitomagnetism are similar in nature: both are caused by the Bernouilli effect applied to ether particles. Gravitation is caused by a difference in velocity of the ether particles at either side of a body. The speed of light is related to the velocity of the ether particles. Time measurements (e.g. through atomic clock) are dependent on the speed of light: this explains differences in measured time depending on speed relative to ether and strength of gravity field. Maxwell equations are applicable to ether model (Maxwell assumed the ether model) Formulas of Relativity are applicable to the ether model when taking into account that these include a mathematical transformation (transforming constant time/variable speed of light to constant speed of light/variable time)
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APPENDIX A ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

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Exoplanets with tilted orbits

The ether that rotates around any star acts a large gravitomagnet. Through the influence of another gravitomagnet (rotating ether of Galactic Plane / other star), the plane of the star system can be tilted. This may explain why some exoplanets have orbits that are very titled relative to the rotation of their star. http://spacefellowship.com/news/art15607/an-exoplanetwith-an-extremely-tilted-orbit.html The Earths climate may have been changed by a different tilt of the ecliptic plane: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7093/abs/n ature04668.html
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Electron spin
Electron spin makes the surrounding ether to rotate around the electron.

Electron

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Superconductivity
Electr on

Flow of electrons

Electrons are interconnected through their magnetic dipole moment

Electr on

Ether keeps rotating between two moving electrons (by keeping a rotational momentum)

Electr on

Ether rotation forms a pipe though which the electrons flow.

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Superconductivity
Electr on

Flow of electrons

Distance determined by opposite force of electron charges

Electr on

Electr on

Number of free electrons must exactly match the space available on the electron train.
Electr on

Electr on

Electr on

Too few electrons > no ether pipe / electron train can be formed. Excess electrons > will cause resistance / normal currents

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Superconductivity
Electr on

Flow of electrons

Electrons do not have the required energy level to escape from the ether pipe on their own. An electron that tries to escape will be immediately pulled back into the ether pipe as result of magnetic forces.

Electr on

Electr on

External causes that break down the ether pipe: - Heat - Strong magnetic fields

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Superconductivity
Ether pipe forms a closed loop from which the electrons cannot escape

Ether pipe protects electrons from hitting any object

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Superconductivity
When all free electrons are locked into the ether pipe, there are no more electrons that can react to an external magnetic field.

The superconductor becomes perfectly diamagnetic: all magnetism inside the conductor is cancelled.

Meissner effect
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APPENDIX B GPS ANOMALIES

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GPS Satellite Deviations

Satellite orbit planes rotate once per draconical year (1 dy ~= 351.4 days) relative to space: Correlates with yearly harmonic

Earth rotates once per day relative to orbit planes

This GPS orbit is perpendicular to ether drift and subject to a continuous force caused by the ether drift
Satellites in this orbit fly against ether drift once per rotatation around the orbit (relative to space): 11.9672 h this closely correlates with sub-daily harmonic in GPS Clock Frequency (11.982-h)
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Characterization of periodic variations in the GPS satellite clocks

Kenneth L. Senior Jim R. Ray Ronald L. Beard:
All the peaks can be understood as harmonics of a fundamental 11.982-h signal. While this frequency is close to the average orbital period of the GPS satellites (namely, 11.9659 0.0007 h according to Agnew and Larson 2007), the two differ in period by 0.016 0.006 h or 58 22 s (for comparison, a halfsidereal day is 11.9672 h, which is about 9.7 s longer than the mean orbital periods; see Agnew and Larson 2007). Since the most natural explanation for the twice-daily clock variations is insolation, thermal, or other environmental changes driven by the orbital motion, a close correspondence in the periods is expected.

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Variations in the GPS satellite clocks

Satellites in Block IIA, Cs Clock Correlation between GPS orbit and variation

Least impact

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Anomalous harmonics in the spectra of GPS position estimates

http://www.springerlink.com/content/8w20lp2741x66pj3/

Peaks are evident at harmonics of about 1 cycle per year (cpy) up to at least 6 cpy, but the peaks are not all at strictly 1.0 cpy intervals. Based on the 6th harmonic of the N spectrum, which is among the sharpest and largest, and assuming a linear overtone model, then a common fundamental of 1.040 0.008 cpy can explain all peaks well, together with the expected annual and semiannual signals. A flicker noise power-law continuum describes the background spectrum down to periods of a few months, after which the residuals become whiter. Similar sub-seasonal tones are not apparent in the residuals of available satellite laser ranging (SLR) and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) sites, which are both an order of magnitude less numerous and dominated by white noise. There is weak evidence for a few isolated peaks near 1 cpy harmonics in the spectra of geophysical loadings, but these are much noisier than for GPS positions. Alternative explanations related to the GPS technique are suggested by the close coincidence of the period of the 1.040 cpy frequency, about 351.2 days, to the GPS year; i.e., the interval required for the constellation to repeat its inertial orientation with respect to the sun. This could indicate that the harmonics are a type of systematic error related to the satellite orbits. Mechanisms could involve orbit modeling defects or aliasing of site-dependent positioning biases modulated by the varying satellite geometry.
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