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A N
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY:
Wherein an Attempt is made to diveft TRADITION of FABLE; and to reduce the TRUTH to its Original Purity.
In this
WORK
is
given an
HISTORY
of the
BABYLONIANS,
CHALDE.ANS, EGYPTIANS,
SCYTH7E,
CANAANITES, HELLADIANS,
INDO-SCYTH^E,
:
PHENICIANS.
The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firft Ages, from the DELUGE to the DISPERSION Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts Circumftances of great Confequence, which were fubfequent to the GENTILE HISTORY of MOSES.
:
VOL.
BY
of
I.
JACOB BRYANT,
;
late
Duke
as
Mafter
Printed
B.
for
T.
in
the
STRAND;
WHITE,
FLEET-STREET; and
J.
WALTER,
CHARING-CROSS.
M.DCC.LXXV.
L/
PREFACE.
EPICHARMUS.
ITpened
purpofe in the enfuing work to give an account of the firft ages ; and of the great events, which hapis
my
jm
In confequence of this I fhall lay before the Reader, what the Gentile writers have faid upon this fubjecl, collaterally with the accounts
given by Mofes, as long as I find him engaged in the general By thefe means I fhall be able to bring hiftory of mankind.
which the facred penman has recorded. And when his hiftory becomes more limited, and is confined to a peculiar people, and a private
furpriiing proofs of thofe great occurrences,
was fubfequent difpenfation ; I fliaii proceed to fhew, what to his account after the migration of families, and the difperfion from
When mankind
were
VOL,
I.
multiplied
vi
PREFACE.
'
multiplied upon the earth, each great family had by divine appointment a particular place of deftination, to which they
retired.
firft
But great changes were foon efand kingdoms founded. fected j and colonies went abroad without any regard to their
original place of allotment.
New
made
fl
/A
f t/vvtil*-'
g ua g es>
c
,
from whence enfued a mixture of people and lanThefe are events of the higheft confequence of
:
W</r> ai
&***
which we can
.,
receive
no
intelligence, but
been obferved by many of the learned, that fome particular family betook themfelves very early to different
It has
in all
their rites
and
religion,
They
reprefent
them
as
and with good reafon. They were the firft, who ventured upon the feas, and undertook long voyages. They mewed
their fuperiority
and addrefs
difficulties,
Many
have
thought
;
that
having a regard only to the fettleBut I mail mew ments, which they made in the weft. hereafter, that colonies of the fame people are to be found
,in
the moft extream parts of the eaft where we may obferve the fame rites and ceremonks, and the fame tradi:
tional
hiftories, as
are to be
met with
ments.
5
The
S-eiov
Kara
J^Aorcm jpw//,or.
ced
PREFACE.
ficed for the effecting all, that
is
vii
attributed to thefe mightyadventurers. It is necefTary for me to acquaint the Reader, that the wonderful people, to whom I allude, were the de- ] r ^ fcendents ofChus ; and called Cuthites, and Cufeans. They
i*?6tt^c
v/u
Mood
their
ground
but were
at laft
firft
at the general
were the
wifdom.
ful
arts
;
apoftates
They
and were looked up to, as a fuperior order of beJ> & ings: hence they were ftyled Heroes, Daemons, Heliadas, HirJtf ftcan Macarians. They were joined in their expeditions by other^
nations
;
>
efpecially
by the
collateral
mily,
the Mizraim, Caphtorim, and the fons of Canaan. Thefe were all of the line of Ham, who was held by his pofteveneration. They called him Amon : rity in the higheft
Jim OK.
in procefs of time raifed him to a divinity, they worfhiped him as the Sun-: and from this worfhip they were 7A.c This is an appellation, which will conti- J\ ftyled Amonians.
and having
and I am authonually occur in the courfe of this work rized in the ufe of it from Plutarch ; from whom we may
:
infer, that it
He
to the Egyptians, that, particularly in refpecl: when any two of that nation met, they ufed it as a term of 2 honour in their falutations, and called one another Amofpecifies
nians.
title,
by which
fhall
choofe to diftinguim the people, of whom I treat, when I for under this denomination are fpeak of them collectively
:
included
all
of this family
-arpos
AA>iAB5
ry
p'/jjwaTt
Apw %pvo$xi.
2
Ifis et Ofiris. p.
355.
or
viii
PREFACE.
carefully preferved a people, memorials of their anceftors ; and
They were
who
of thofe great events, which had preceded their difperfion. Thefe were defcribed in hieroglyphics upon pillars and obe-
and when they arrived at the knowledge of letters, the fame accounts were religioufly maintained both in their It is mentioned of facred archives, and popular records.
lifks
:
,,
Sanchoniathon, the moft ancient of Gentile writers, that he obtained all his knowledge from fome writings of the AmoO O
// was the good fortune of Sanchoniathon, fays 3 Philo Biblius, to light tipon fome ancient Amonian records, 'which had
nians. been r j preferved in the innermoft part of a temple, and known to J ,.. r TT f iIT nr -i ithis <uery jew. aijcovery be applied himjelj with great di~ Upon
.
.
<-?>/.'
J
l.
-7S
'bias
M)t Of /lu\0.^dri.a.
'
cb(mi*ttff
,
wo
make himfelf matter of the contents : and having* by J J J J the jabie and allegory, with which they were divejhng them oj obtained his purpofe, he brought the whole to a conobfcured-,
licence to
clujlon.
1
^J
mould be
gliid to give
the Reader a
ffcill
further infight
which
the fcope of
nations, as
my
am
But fuch
is
my
determi-
may
poffibly create in
defi<m O
ilep
all
which would
him fome
by ftep to the general view, and be made partially acWhat I have to quainted, according as the fcene opened.
exhibit,
is
in
great meafure
TO'.S
new
and
mail be obliged to
O
y.a.1
it aUV.ct?.U'.'
C17TQ
<X.7TOKCV(p?li
AMMOTNEHN
(
TtAc';
T(J^<; T/I
zrj'K^-jw.aTsja
V
T(.V
xar'
ac^oc.'-
IMJVGV v.on
zzrjc.Ogo-(,
p. 32.
runt
PREFACE.
run counter to
ix
received opinions, which length of time, and general affent, have in a manner rendered facred. What is truly alarming, I fhall be found to differ not only from
many
'i
fome few
hiftorians, as
is
the cafe in
:
common
controverfy
and this in refpecl to many of buc in fome degree from all the moil effential points, upon which historical precifion has
.
meaning is, that I muit fet afide many fuppofed fads, which have never been controand diipute many events, which have not only been verted
been thought to depend.
My
admitted
icras,
but have been looked up to as certain from whence other events were to be determined. All
as
true
our knowledge of Gentile hiftory mufl either come through the hands of the Grecians ; or of the Romans, who copied
from them.
ladian Greeks, as well as of the lonim, or lonians, in Alia alfo of the Dorians, Leleges, and Pelafgi. What may appear
very prefumptuous,
I (hall
deduce from
their
own
hiftories
with which they were totally unacquainted ; and give to them an original, which they certainly did not know. They have bequeathed to us noble materials, of which LOWfiaa iki it is time to make a ferious ufe. It was their misfortune not (^OUY(: (I
many
truths,
to
the value of the data, which they tranfmitted, nor the purport of their own intelligence.
It will
know
be one part of my labour to treat of the Phenicians, whofe hiftory has been much miftaken: aifo of the Scythians,
J^
tijrt.(ln.
fecret.
From
fuch an
:
will,
hope, e.afue
itfclf.
as
therefore
x
therefore be
PREFACE.
my
endeavour to fpecify and diftinguifh the various people under thefe denominations; of whom writers I fhall fay have fo generally, and indifcriminately fpoken.
a great deal about the ./Ethiopians, as their hiftory has never alfo of the Indi, and Indo-Scythse, been compleatly given
:
who feem
Jndi- J
regarded.
There
will
be an
u Jt^.
rl w ^^fio^j>
..,
account exhibited of the Cimmerian, Hyperborean, and Amazonian nations, as well as of the people of Colchis in which
:
pc/v/'crri-a/iM
t jie
re ligion,
rites,
and
original,
I know of no writer, who has written at large pointed out. Yet their hiftory is of great antiquity, of the Cyclopians. I (hall therefore and abounds with matter of confequence.
them very fully, and at the fame time of the great works which they performed and fubjoin an account of the
treat of
:
is
a clofe correfpondence
between them.
bufinefs to abridge hiftory of every thing to fet afide many fuperfluous, and foreign ; I ilia-11 be obliged ancient lawgivers, and princes, who were fuppofed to have I cannot formed republics, and to have founded kingdoms.
it
As
will be
my
fi (,l-Mi*>"->
of acquiefce in the ftale legends of Deucalion of ThefTaly, Inachus of Argos, and ^Egialeus of Sicyon : nor in the long The fuppofed line of princes, who are derived from them.
heroes of the
No
fabulous. ages in every country are equally fuch conquefts were ever atchieved, as are afcribed to
firft
Ofiris,
Dionufus, and
Sefoftris.
The
hiftories of Hercules,
I
and Perfeus,
acivrvu-3
am
hope
mail fatisfaclorily prove, that Cadmus letters to Greece and that no fuch perfon exifted as the
I
:
PREFACE.
Grecians have defcribed.
xi
Sefoftris
J
c
What
be repeated about Ninus, and Semiramis, y/WuJ two perfonages, as ideal as the former. There never were fuch expeditions undertaken, nor conquefts made, as are atnor were any fuch empires conft:tributed to thefe princes
Ofiris, will
:
and
^ Ya
" il
>
make
account of the hiftories of Saturn, Janus, Peand Zoroafter of lops, Atlas, Dardanus, Minos of Crete, r> jn. *!.' n.jia/rda-nu.S Yet iomething myftenous, and or moment, is con-t~ Bacma. v / r
as little
jr
of this
and the investigation latent truth will be the principal part of my inquiry.
:
In refpect to Greece, I can afford credence to very few events, which were antecedent to the Olympiads. I cannot give the leaft affent to the ftory of Phryxus, and the golden fleece. ^%r^xu./ $ It teems to me plain beyond doubt, that there were no foch'/kttt A and that the expedition jOAfrn perfons as the Grecian Argonauts
:
u*<L<^
OM
mall proceed to the I mail fources, from whence the Grecians drew. give an account of the Titans, and Titanic war, with the hiftory o
my
way,
the Cuthites and ancient Babylonians. This will be accompanied with the Gentile hiftory of the Deluge, the migration JHjia of mankind from Shinar, and the difperfion from Babel. The
ra.
whole
will be
r0wvuc(
wherein many circumftances of high confequence in chroIn the execution of the whole there nology will be ftated.
will be brought
"the
many
:
Mofaic account
and
will be
dence, that every thing, which the divine hiftorian has tranf-
xii
PREFACE.
is
mitted,
moft affuredly true. And though the nations, who preferred memorials of the Deluge, have not perhaps ftated accurately the time of that event ; yet it will be found the
grand epocha, to which they referred ; the higheft point, to This was efteemed the renewal rn ,i (,,, /m. /L which they could afcend. ^TOYit rU atu*jc, ot the world ; the new birth r mankind ; and the ultimate A A fa/in ,,
s*C
i
YlJ
i
Jj [fl*
'
<*^
til*
{jillLYY\ul<o
Huffrr^.
perhaps be difcernible but in their rites and myfteries of the antediluvian fyftem: thofe very few, and hardly perceptible. It has been thought,
traces
Gentile hiftory.
Some
may
and Egyptian accounts exceed not only and Seath_ times of the Deluge, but the a^ra of the world O
:
his artificial
we
people very different This will from the reprefentations, which have been given. be (hewn by a plain and precife account, exhibited by the
(hall
Egyptians themfelves
if
<
yet overlooked and contradicted by the perfons, through vvhofe hands we receive it. Something * tne &me nature will be attempted in refpecl to Beroius ;
:
y?WU(i,
/* i
L
'
as well as
f4hflil(tti&*^'*
'
^*v
'
Abydenus, P >Mii(lor, and Apollodorus, who borrov/ed from him. Their hiftories contained matter of
to
*
-*
reat
moment: and
their evidence,
find,
from
fliall
and from that which has preceded, w. that the Deluge was the grand epocha of every an-
cient
It is to be obierved, that when colonies kingdom. made any where a fettlement, they ingrafted their antecedent
hiftory
4
1
of the place.
And
as in
He
in.:kes
'..
Sec Marihatn*s
'an in.
ii
on, p.
thofe
R E F A C
E.
Xlll
thofe days they could carry up the genealogy of their princesto the very fource of all ; it will be found, under whatever,
king in every country was Noah. For as he was mentioned firft in the genealogy bZjwah fHu j(r)( run their princes, he was in aftertimes looked upon as a realmontitle
he
may come,
that the
firft
arch
traveller,
a mighty con-
earth.
This circumftance
will appear even in the annals of the Egyptians : and their chronology has been fuppofed to have reached
though
beyond
yet
it
my
fyftem
folitary extracts
but colled
all,,
upon the
fubject,
univerfal.
I mall endeavour fcope of writers. particularly to compare facred hiftory with profane, and prove the general affent ofmankind to the wonderful events recorded. My purpofe is.
not to lay fcience in ruins ; but inftead of defolating to build, to diveft mythoup, and to rectify what time has impaired logy of every foreign and unmeaning ornament ; and to dif:
native iimplicity to mew, that all the rites and myfteries of the Gentiles were only fo many memorials of their principal anceftors ; and of the great occurits
:
rences, to
witnefTes.
Among
thefe,
;
meand
mankind by
a flood
the renewal of the world in one They had fymbofamily. lical reprefentations, by which thefe. occurrences were com-
memorated
to the
in their temples
were
the
fame purpofe.
I.
They
c.
all
VOL.
.xiv
PREFACE.
firft
the
ages
and
to the
by Mofes.
Before
I
I
can arrive at
this effential
my
enquiries,
give an account of the rites and cuftoms of ancient Hellas; and of thofe people, whom I term Amonians. This
I
mud
muft do
in order to fhew,
and
their evidence
derived.
:
great deal
and
rites
temples, and Puratheia, where their worfhip was performed. The miftakes likewife of the Greeks in refpect to ancient
which they ftrangely perverted, will be exhibited in many inftances and much true hiftory will be afcertained from a detection of this peculiar mifapplication. It is a cirterms,
:
cumftance of great confequence, to which little attention has been paid. Great light however will accrue from exa-
mining
error
:
abufe, and obferving the particular mode of and the only way of obtaining an infight muft be by
this
language of the people, concerning whom we are treating. As the Amonians betook themfelves to regions widely feparated ; we fliall find in every plac'e, where they fettled, the fame worfhip and ceremonies, and the fame hiftory of
their anceftors.
There
and temples fo that we may be that the whole was the operation of one and the
cities
fame people.
The
and taking
attempted by language ; of which he fuppofed the Phenician to have been a dialect. His de9
for granted, that the people were Phenicians, he to interpret thefe names the Hebrew
PREFACE.
fign
:
xv
was certainly very ingenious ; and carried on with a He failed however and of wonderful difplay of learning.
the nature of his failure
It
I
fliall
appears to me, as far as my that moft ancient names, not only of places, but of perfons, There is likewife a great correhave a manifeft analogy. fpondence to be obferved in terms of fcience and in the
;'
titles,
rulers.
which were of old beftowed upon magiftrates and The lame obfervation may be extended even to
and minerals, as well as to animals ; efpecially to Their names thofe, which were efteemed at all facred. feem to be compofed of the fame,, or fimilar, elements ; and
plants,
bear a manifeft relation to the religion in ufe Amonians, and to the Deity, whom they adored.
among
the
Ike.
Ah\om & n.
to
A6
to be an aflemblage of titles, beftowed upon that luminary. JliUL /X Hence there will appear a manifeft correfpondence between
them-
which circumftance
is
His etymologies are deftitute of this collateral evidence : and have not the leaft analogy to fupport them. In confequence of this I have ventured to give a lift of fome Arnonian terms, which occur in the mythology of Greece ;
Bochart.
Moft ancient names feem to have been compofed out of thefe elements and into the fame principles they may be again refolved by an eafy, I and fair evolution. fubjoin to thefe a fhort interpretation : and in the
hiftories
of other nations.
and
and
of
at the
titles,
fame time produce different examples of names, which are thus compounded. From hence the
Reader
my method
c 2
of analysis
and the
bafis
my
etymological enquiries.
As
xvi
R E F A C
upon
I
E.
As my
refearches are
and the
is
hiftories, to
which
in
be obtained by deduction
have been
of the Reader.
propriety -of
afford
my appeal
and
fee that
my
my
fome matter of difcouragement, as they are printhe Greek authors. I have however in moft cipally from endeavoured to remedy this inconplaces of confequence
may
venience,
either
;
what
days
is
quoted
may
or giving a fubfequent tranflation. Better perhaps come ; when the Greek language will be
in greater repute,
and
its
beauties
more admired.
As
I
am
have
to their orthography,
dered ancient terms, as they were expreffed by them. Indeed I do not fee, why we fhould not render all names of
Grecian original, as they were exhibited by that people, inftead of taking our mode of pronunciation from the Romans. I fcarce know any thing, which hd.s been of greater detri-
ment
never exprefling foreign terms, as they were rendered by the natives. I mall be found however to have not acted up uni-
formly to
have only in fome inftances I have ventured to abide copied the Grecian orthography.
my
principles
as
merely in fome particular terms, where I judged, that For I was afraid, however etymology would be concerned.
by
it
juft this
that
it
would
My
PREFACE.
My
mythology
vvhich have been tranfmitted from the earlieft times.
xvn
to give a new turn to anpurpofe has been throughout The cient hiftory; and to place it upon a furer foundation. of Greece is a vaft aiTemblage of obfcure traditions,
were defcribcd in hieroglpyhics, and have been veiled in allegory and the fame hiftory is often renewed under a different
:
great part of this intelligence fyftem, and arangement. has been derived to us from the Poets ; by which means it
has been rendered dill more extravagant, and ftrangc. find the whole, like a grotefque picture, blazoned high, and
We
and filled with groups of fantaftic imaglaring with colours, fuch as we fee upon an Indian fcreen where the eye is gery,
:
painfully
is
little
We
the allegorical reprefentations of Greece there was always a covert meaning, though it may have In fhort we muft look upon anefcaped our difcernment.
diftinclion, that in
cient
mythology
as
the
mind of man
where being yet in a chaotic ftate has been wearied with roaming- over the O
:
/
crude confiftence without ever finding out one fpot, where it could repofe in fafety. Hence has arifen the demand, 5T8 <rw,
hope, and my a place of appulfe may be found prefumption, that fuch where we may take our (land ; and from whence we may
for ages.
It
is
my
have a
alfo
full
from whence
and order, of all thofe obje&s, which by length of time, and their own remotenefs, have been rendered fo confufed and uncertain.
we may
PLATES.
xix
PLATES.
With the
Pages,
VOL. FIRST.
which they
I.
are to face.
Mount THREE
which
tain.
it
reprefentations of
Mount Argaeus^
called
:
now
by
Argaii) near
Tyana and
Caefarea Taurica
appears to have been an hollow and inflamed mounTaken from coins of Patinus, Seguinus, and others.
'Temple of
minar and the plain of the Magi, from Le Bruyn. Vol. 2d.
Plate 158.
Temples
fame
plain,
from Le Bruyn.
p. 224.
Petra Mithrae^ or 'Temple of Mithras, in the fame region : from The venot. Part 2d. c. 7. ^.232
IV.
the ftip of IJts with Egypt. Plate 42.
Tl^e
Ark and
Paterae,
from Pocock's
Ills, 6cc.
^.252
V.
Plate 158.
/>.
294,
VI.
XX
vr.
reprefentation of Tor'one , from Goltzius.
the one at
The
In Monte
410
VII.
BafiUfcus JEgyptiacus : The royal and facred Serpent of Egypt, together with a prieft worfhiping: copied from the curious fragments fent over by the Hon. Wortley Montague, and depofited in the Britim Mufeum.
Op his
Thertnuthis five
Ob
478
VIII.
Serpentine Deity of Perfia iimilar to
in Egypt, from Alfo Serpentine devices from China,
Cneph
p.
488
IX.
512
Two
Upon
the
laft
page,
RADICALS.
RADICALS.
PARMENIDES.
THE
materials, of
which
propofe to
make
ufe in the
following enquiries, are comparatively few, and will be contained within a fmall compafs. They are fuch, as are to be found in the competition of moft names, which
occur in ancient mythology ; whether they relate to Deities then reverenced ; or to the places where their worfhip was
introduced.
But they appear no where fo names of thofe places, which were fituated
Egypt.
thefe parts they were, in procefs of time, transferred to countries far remote ; beyond the Ganges eaft-
From
ward, and to the utmoft bounds of the Mediterranean weft ; wherever the fons of Ham under their various denominations
either fettled
or traded.
For
;
merce in very early times. They got footing in many parts j where they founded cities, which were famous in their day. B VOL. I. They
RADICALS.
likewife ere&ed towers and temples
:
They
direct
them
denominated from circumftances, that had fome reference to the religion, which this people profeffed ; and to the an-
whence they fprang. The Deity, which they oriwas the Sun. But they foon conferred ginally wormiped, his titles upon fome of their anceftors whence arofe a mixed
ceftors,
:
wormip. They particularly deified the great Patriarch, who was the head of their line ; and wormiped him as the fountain of light making the Sun only an emblem of his influence and power. They called him Bal, and Baal and
: :
there were others of their anceftry joined with him, whom they ftyled the Baalim. Chus was one of thefe : and this
In refpecl then to the names, which this people, in procefs of time, conferred either upon the Deities they wormiped, or upon the cities which they
idolatry began
among
his fons.
founded
we
fhall
find
them
to be generally
for a bafis,
titles,
fuch as
Chus
or elfe of the
in aftertimes honoured.
with which thofe perfonages were Thefe were Thoth, Men or Menes,
Ab, El, Aur, Ait, Ees or Im, On, Bel, Cohen, Keren, Ad, Adon, Ob, Oph, Apha, Uch, Melech, Anac, Sar, Sama, SaWe muft likewife take notice of thofe common ma'im. names, by which places are diftinguimed, fuch as Kir, Caer, Kiriath, Carta, Air, Col, Gala, Beth, Ai, Ain, Caph, and the particles Al and Pi ; Cephas. Laftly are to be inferted
which were
in ufe
among
Of thefe
terms
which
look upon as fo
many
RADICALS.
many
:
have been compounded ; and into which they may be eafily refolved and the hiftory, with which they are attended, will, at all times, plainly point out, and warrant the etymology.
HAM
or
CHAM.
is
THE
Chom,
'
firft
Ham
at dif-
ferent times,
and
Cham,
Chamus.
Many
places were
Cham
Ar,
Cham
Ham,
by the Egyptians, was compounded Am -On, Apuv and AppM. He is to be found under this name among many nations in the eaft ; which was by the Greeks expreffed Amanus, and Omanus. Ham, and Cham are words, which imply heat, and the confequences of heat and from them many words in other languages, fuch as Kay^a, Caminus,
~
Camera, were derived. Ham, as a Deity, was efleemed the * Sun and his priefts were ftiled Chamin, Chaminim, and His name is often found compounded with Chamerim.
:
other terms, as in
in this
1
Cham
El,
Cham
Ees,
Cam
Ait
and was
places.
From
Called alfo
i.
God Chumus.
Syntag.
1
p. 7.
Of Amanus,
Et Solem
and Omanus,
fee Strabo.
15. p. 1066.
He
calls the
'
Chammha
Syntag.
4
2. c. 8. p.
The Sun
in the Ferfic
language,
Hama.
i.
c. ii. p. 72.
hence
RADICALS.
of Diana
:
hence Camillus, Camilla, Camella Sacra, Comates, Cami5 fium, Camirus, Chemmis, with numberlefs other words, 6 are derived. Chamma was the title of the hereditary prieft-
and the Puratheia, where the rites of fire were carried on, were called Chamina, and Chaminim, whence came the Caminus of the Latines. They were facred hearths,
efs
on which was preferved a perpetual fire in honour of Cham, The idols of the Sun were called by the fame 7 name for it
:
Jofiah, that they brake down the altars of Baalim in his prefence ; and the Chaminim (or images of Cham) that were on high above them, he cut down. They were
is
faid of the
good king
alfo ftyled
niah.
Chamerim, as we learn from the prophet ZephaHam was efteemed the Zeus of Greece, and Jupiter of
9
Latium.
I0
AJU^,
Zsv$, Agiforshei.
7ov A/a.
the Egyptian
Camifene, Chamath, Chamane, Choma, Chom, Cuma, Cams, Camelis, CamAll thefe are cither names of places, where balidus, Comopolis, Comara, &c.
5
the
Amonians
fettled
2. p.
768.
Chron.
Vol.
c.
34. v. 4.
lpoi>
sicu^a.a'i
KCU/AW
i&goa'c(,yopeueti>.
Plutarch.
Ifis
ct
Cfiris.
8
2. p.
374.
I will
Baal frcm
this place,
with the
9 10
c. i. v. 4.
fome degree
infer,
Hefychius. Herodotus. L.
2. c.
42.
in Africa diu cultus. Bochart.
Ham
Geog. Sac. L.
i. c. i.
p. 5.
MO.VTI.
t
4. v. 28. Schol.
names,
RADICALS.
" En $e I'M opinion T8 AIO? emu TW
:
names, which feemed to have any correfpondence with the Zeus of Greece, Amoun or Ammon was the moft peculiar, and adequate. He fpeaks of many people, who were of this
^oMwf
y
nojLU^orrui
ihov
vag
Apzv o Tragayovrsg fipsi From Egypt his name and worfhip were brought
;
into Greece
indeed were the names of almoft all the Dei" rwv $s zou nau/Ty. rex, ties there worfhiped. ovvofJL&Ta Zy^ftov &suv s% Ajyy/rra shrihvQs sg Tqv 'EAAaJa. Almoft all the names
as
from Egypt.
C H U
S.
Chus was rendered by the Greeks Xy(TO, Chufus ; but more commonly X^ucro? and the places denominated from him were changed to X^yrjj, Chrufe; and to Chrufopolis. His name was often compounded I3 Chus-Or, rendered by the Greeks and Chrufaor ; which among X^y<rw^, Chrufor,
:
Ofiris. vol. 2. p. 354. Zeus was certainly, as thefe writers a title given to it will be found fay, yet originally to have belonged to his father ; for titles were not uniformly appropriated.
Plutarch.
Ifis et
Ham
2.
Herodotus. L.
fays,
c.
49.
at
Dodona,
he-
X^ora -sroAAa
ggA6oToSj eTniQwro
<Ps vz~epov
I
TWS
i
Aiywmu
a.-ra-iKofji'tx.
TO. ouvof*.cnat
'
TO,
TOtiv 3"Soav
sroAAu etruQovTo.
;
and very
with Dionufus
alfo
1
they
Z2*
1.
2. c.
59.
Sanchoniathon apud
AycSofaifAovct, vel
Gale, p. 301.
Eufebium prodit ^Egyptiorum Kvwp efle Phcenicum fecundum Mochum, Xao-w^a, See notes to lamblichus by-
the
RADICALS.
a favourite epithet, continually beftowed Hence there were temples dedicated to him,
"
upon Apollo.
-called Chrufaoria.
Chus, in the Babylonifh dialed;, feems to have been called Cuth ; and many places, where his poftewere ftiled 4 Cutha, Cuthaia, Cutaia, Ceuta, rity fettled,
IS
Cothon.
;
He
CeHus, Cafius
and was
farther diver-
ged,
l6 EthioChus was the father of all thofe nations, ftyled w ^ were more truly called Cuthites and Cufeans. orvuj P* ans They were more in number, and far more widely extended,
The hiftory of than has been imagined. the principal part of my inquiry.
this
family will be
CANAAN.
Canaan feems, by the Egyptians and Syrians, to have been which was by the Greeks rendered pronounced Cnaan Cnas, and Cna, Thus we are told by Stephanus Byzantinus,
:
Xra,
faid
arwff q
by Philo
was likewife
'*
Chus
it
by different writers. A river and region Cutha, mentioned by Jofephus, Ant. Jud. L. 9. n. 3. the fame which by others has been called Cufhan, and Chufiftan. ls The harbour at Carthage was named Cothon. Strabo. L. 17. p. 1 189. an ifland in that harbour. Diodorus Sic. .L. 3 p. 168.
itiled
*6
'
c.
14.
Alfo
>V Ifltl'y
STl
KOt.1
VUV V7TO
OCU-
-rt v.a.1
ruv
.
ev
ry Avici Tzcwruvy
XOT5AIOI
KaAsyrra*.
L.
i. c. 6.
2.
Biblius
RADICALS.
Biblius
from Sanchoniathon.
XVOL
ra TT^WTS
Ifiris,
<boiviKO$.
And
the fame
as Ofiris,
was the brother to Cna. aJsApos Xva : I<ng>< the purport of which is conformable to the account in the that the Egyptians were of a collateral line with fcriptures,
the people of Canaan ; or that the father of the the Canaanites were brothers.
Mizraim and
MIZRAIM.
This perfon is looked upon as the father of the Egyptians ; on which account one might expeci to meet with many memorials concerning him but his hiftory is fo veiled
:
no great light can be obtained. It is thought by many learned men, that the term, Mizraim, is properly a plural ; and that a people are by it figThis people were the Egypnified rather than a perfon.
under allegory and
titles,
that
is
It
certain that
Egypt
is
is is
amongft other names ftiled Mva miftake for M^tra^a, the land
I9
It
by
13
Eufeb. Pnep. Evang. L. i.e. 10. p. 39. Ibid. Sanchoniathon apud eundem.
2.
>rrai
sv
^:pctv,
p. 17.
A^UTTTJI
M?<Tf ai'<-c of
LXX.
country of Egypt Meftra.
ot
Jofephus
MetT^aiss
C. 6.
.
calls the
Tr,v
ya.o
y.cth.ufj.iv.
Ty;
AiyuTTTtff a-arafTa?,
TctuTtv oix.uvit^
Ant. Jud. L.
i.
2.
Meftraia,
8
Meftraia,
RADICALS.
by which
is
dif-
ferent rendering
with Sydic
or
Amunus,
make no doubt,
is
Amun,
Ham,
whom
the Mizraim
are fuppofed to be defcended. By Magus probably is meant Chus, the father of thofe worfhipers of fire, the Magi : the
father alfo of the genuine Scythas, who were ftiled The Canaanites likewife were his offspring : and
Magog.
among
thefe none were more diftinguiihed^ than thofe of Said, or It muft be confeffed, that the author derives the Sidon.
and to fay the truth, he has, out of ancient terms, mixed fo many feigned perfonages with
Sydic, juftice
:
name from
it is
N
It
is
M R
Nimrod :
D.
Cum.
fore
it
And Cujh
:
begat
in the earth
Lord.
tory
is
was a mighty hunter before the Lord : whereis faid) even as Nimrod, the mighty hunter before the And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel. His hifhe
Eufeb. Pnep. Evan, L. i.e. 10. p. 36. It was alfo Hierapolis of Syria was called Magog, or rather the city of Magog. called Bambyce. Ccele (Syria) habet Bambycen, quas alio nomine'Hierapolis vero Maejog. Nat. L. 5. Plin. Hid. vocatur, Syris 19. p. 266.
Apud
Genefis.
c.
10. v.
!>',
9.
Hence
called
NE&U^
RADICALS.
firft
9
the
This perfonage is reprefented by Homer as of a gigantic make ; and as being continually in purfuit of wild ^ beafts. The Cuthite Colonies, which went weilward, carried with them memorials of this their anceftor ; and
title
king of of Orion.
'
Chaldea
named many
will be found
places
from him
and
in all
fome peculiar circumftances, which will pointThe Greout the great Hunter, alluded to in their name. '* hence places cians generally ftyled him Ng^axT, Nebrod
:
called
briffa.
by
his
name
^
TO,
In Sicily was
in the plural
hunting
and
for
was a famous place for that reafon had been dedicated to Nimrod.
Ng^wJi)
It
its
The
beafts
Nebrodem
liquere
ferae.
' 7
:
And
Nebrodem da-
p. 5. ex
Ba"<Aa Ahupov ev BavAa'< XaA^a<ot'. Eufcb. Chron. Eufeb. Chron. p. 6. Apollodoro. The fame from Abydenus.
ra
VPO.VJ
Ev
TQIS a<ffo;s
jcai
JcaAaa/i'
Cigiurx,
Cedrenus.
p. 14.
JLyevvnftii
Ji xai aMos sx TUS q.v/\m TB 2^. (Xa/w.), Xous OVO/J.O.TI, o A<9;o^, oV TOV THI/ Bos^Awriav x.Tiaa.vTct, ov Xtyuau- 01 Ylioa-on NsSpaxT, r^-ai/ra, ChronifTa, KOLI yevoi*.svw zv Tot; a<j-3 T tigKVj, cii'Tircc. Kotteviv Clgiwx.
rav
v.
^ Homer. OdyfT. A.
**
*' 6
7
571.
c.
u.
VOL.
I.
mse
TO
mae
RADICALS.
et hinnuli pervagantur.
At
were the warm baths of Himera. The term Ns(j0, Nebros, which was fubftituted by the Greeks for Nimrod, fignifying a fawn, gave occafion to many alluiions about a fawn, and fawn- {kin, in the Dionufiaca, and other myfteries.
mouth of
ter
In-
asftuaria
I
oppidum
Nebriffa,
cognomine Veneria.
;
This,
mould
for there
were places of that name. Here were preferved the fame rites and memorials, as are mentioned above wherein was
;
no
alluiion to
ifland,
29
and
its
Venus, but to Nimrod and Bacchus. rites, are mentioned by Silius Italicus.
The.
Nebriila Dionufaeis confcia thyriis, Quam Satyri coluere leves, redimitaque facri
Ac
Nebride.
The
30
Priefts at
were habited in
this
manner.
latus.
them
in the
fame habit.
tergo,
Hie chelyn, hie flavam maculofo Nebrida Hie thyrfos, hie plectra ferit.
3. c.
i.
The
13 29 30
51
L.
3. v. 393.
faywTSi.
At
RADICALS.
The
hiftory of
ii
loft in
Nimrod was
in great
meafure
:
the
fuperior reverence {hewn to Chus, or Bacchus yet there is reafon to think that divine honours were of old paid to him. * The Family of the Nebridse at 3 Athens, and another of the
fame name
at Cos, were, as
we may
infer
from
their hiftory,
priefts to
Nimrod. He
feems to have been worshiped in Sicily under the names of " Belus Elorus, Pelorus, and Orion. He was likewife ftyled
:
but
as this
it
was merely a
title,
fons,
TITLES
of
the
DEITY.
fpeaks
Theuth, Thoth, Taut, Taautes, are the fame title diverfi- J cc fied ; and belong to the chief god of Egypt. Eufebius fai
of 'him
as
34
smtetrw
fi c
6 t &'n
Yo(iii.
0aw0,
From
was the moft general name of the Deity. Plato in his treatife, named Philebus, mentions him by the name of
nation,
At
<rns
'
ya.<>
vsZpif'oc.s
(psp-Mrt
l
x.rA
Plutarch.
Ifis
& Ofir.
z3-g^;>ca9z7rTocTa<
(ci
AtyiiTTTioi) KOLI
p. 36^.
Ceres fella, oras ut venit Atticas Ne1651. bridarum familiam pellicula cohoneftavit hinnulse. J1 Nimrod built Babylon ; which is faid to have been the work of Belus. EX<J5. p. 185. edit.
Aijj''
Arnobius. L.
Sipvra.1
f UTTO
B))Aa.
Etymologicum Magnum.
antiquifiimus condidit Belus.
Arcem
L. 23.
(Babylonis)
Rex
Ammian.
Marcellinus.
Here was
4
i.
c.
12
35
RADICALS,
svQ.
He
as a great
benefactor,
and the
firft
He was
vention
alfo
is
letters
which
in-
Ta-
TUV ^tartav foi^sitav ygoupw. 'EKtyvss Jg 'E^smhsvav. Suidas calls him Theus ; and fays, that he was fjLqv the fame as Arez, ftyled by the Arabians Theus Arez, and fo
avros, os ivge
rw
worfhiped
at Petra.
y<raJ3, rar'
Inftead of a ftatue
,
en there was
sog Agqs,
ev
Tufas /xsAa^,
a black, fquare pillar of ftone, without any It was the fame Deity which the figure, or reprefentation. Germans and Celtae worfhiped under the name of TheutAit, or Theutates
learn
;
whofe
facrifices
as
we
from Lucan.
38
A
Ab
B.
is
It a father, fimilar to 3 of the Hebrews. fignines often found in competition, as in Ab-El, Ab-On, Ab-Or.
35
'6
Hx.ecra rcuvv
ta-epi
Nouix. parti* r
37
*'
L. i. 91. L. i. 29. Anthologia. Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. i.e. 10. p. 36. from Sanchoniathon. Lucan. L.
i.
v.
444.
AUR,
RADICALS.
AU
R,
13
OU
R,
R.
Aur, fometimes exprefTed Or, Ur, and Our, fignifies both Hence came the Orus of the Egyptians, a fire. light and
title
39
Quod folem
vertimus, id in Hebraso
eft "NK>
It
is
quod lucem, et ignem, etiam ct Solem denotat. often compounded with the term above, and rendered
;
Ur
Abor, Aborus, Aborras: and it is othervvife diverfified. This title was often given to Chus by his defcendants ; whom
an element, came Uro, Ardeo ; as a Deity, oro, hora, w^a, 'iggw, 'legeve. Zeus was ftiled Cham-Ur, rendered Kupvgos by the Greeks ; and
they ftiled Chuforus.
as
under
called
this
title
was worfhiped
4
at Halicarnafius.
He
is
fo
KOLTtuQw $y<r$Aa Kupvgu ASM. by Lycophron. H|</,o Upon which the Scholiaft obferves ; (KwvQg) o Z,sv$ sv
E
El, Al,
L.
HA, fometimes
name of the
:
true
God;
whence the Greeks borrowed their 'HA<0, and HsA/0. and Elion, were titles, by which the people of Canaan
" Selden de Diis
Lycophron.
It
is
El,
dif-
Syris
Prolegomena,
c. 3.
v.
459.
Scholia ibidem.
as in
alfo
Orchamus,
ifque
common
Babylonifh ap-
pellation.
Septimus
a prifci
numeratur origine
Beli,
Ovid, Metamorph. L.
4. v.
212.
tinguifhed
14
RADICALS.
41
This they fometimes ftill farther compounded, and made Abelion hence infcriptions are to be found 42 DEO
:
ABELLIONI.
to Cronus.
43
title
given
HA,
ncni
B^A,
mi
The Phenicians and Syrians name Cronus The Canaanitifh term Elion is lj and Beel^ and Eolathes. hence the a compound of Eli On, both titles of the Sun
S7rwopx.%<ri.
:
former
is
41
"
Elorus, and
It is fomeAlorus, were names both of perfons and places. times combined with Charn whence we have Camillus, and
:
Camulus under which name the Deity of the Gentile world was in many places worfhiped. Camulus and Camillus were in a manner antiquated among the Romans but their
:
We find in Gruter worfhip was kept up in other countries. an infcription 4S DEO and another, CAMULO. SANCTO. FORTISSIMO. They were both the fame
CAMULO
;
Deity, a
trurians,
41
little
diverfified
who was
as
41
4!
Syncellus. p. 18. AA&^o?, Alorus, the firft king who reigned. 'AAia, Halia, was a feftival at Rhodes in honour of the Sun, to whom that Ifland was facred. 'Po^ioi roe. 'AAia TifJLMcnr. Athenasus. L. 13. p. 561. The firft inhabitants were ftiled HeliadiE.
*4
Diodorus
Sic.
5. p.
Euftath.
came
45
after a
deluge, led
others.
46
n.
8.
him
RADICALS.
I-um appellant
15
not only the Deity, but the for the priefts minifter and attendant had the fame name
:
Mercurium.
And
whom
The name appears they ferved, or from his temple. 47 Rerum omnium facrarum to have been once very general.
adminiflri Camilli dicebantur.
fine
But Plutarch feems to conthe term to one particular office and perfon. 48 Toy vnrr TW 'legu ra A/os gju^g?^ tffouSx "hzyzvOcni KapAAov,
TOV 'E^pjy*
mi
8T&
evioi
ruv 'EAAi^wi/
fuppofes the given to Hermes on account of the fervice and duty enjoined him. But there is nothing of this nature to be inferred from
ffgowyogsvov.
He
the terms.
of Egypt had nothing fimilar to his correfpondent in Greece. Camillus was the name of the chief
The Hermes
as Elion,
;
znf^fos.
He
was fome-
but
ftill
referred
to
Hermes.
Ka<rpAAo o 'Egpw s^iv, us !?ogsi &iovv<no$(*igQg. The Deity El was particularly invoked by the eaftern nations, when
at fuch time they ufed to they made an attack in battle This Mahomet could not well cry out El-El, and Al-Al.
:
bring his profelytes to leave off: and therefore changed it to Allah ; which the Turks at this day make ufe of, when they
47
Pomponins
Lretus.
Camilla was
in like
manner attendant on
the Gods.
in
Ennius
49
mcena.
fhout
16
fliout in
RADICALS.
joining battle.
It
mon
exclamation
49
uncom-
KA:^'
AAAAA,
in
vymz.
;
Hence we have
smvixiug *]%*.
TroAsfJUtcov.
5
AAaAay^o;,
It is
STTIVMLOS vpvog.
Ehs-
Vn
in
Ifaiah,
How
ON
and
E O N.
On, Eon, or Aon, was another title of the Sun among the Amonians and fo we find it explained by Cyril upon Hoand fpeaking of the Egyptians in fea lv $s e?u> o 'HA<o?
:
the fame comment, he fays, Q,v Jg en nag' O.VTOIS o 'HTuoff. The Seventy likewife, where the word occurs in Scripture, it the Sun ; and call the city of On,
interpret
51
Heliopolis.
AvsvsQ Suyapsgai Hereby 'H?ua'leg&ug TroAsocs. Theophilus, from Manetho, fpeaks of it in the fame manner r Qv fag e?ui 'HAiOTroA/?. And the Coptic Penta-
Ka;
sJwm
"
:
OLVTW T?W
Ham, who
the city of the Sun.Hence it was worshiped as the Sun, got the name
On by
49
50
51
De Amore
Ifaiah.
Fraterno. p. 483.
C. 14. v. 12.
i. v.
1 1.
51
Thecphilus ad Autol/cum. L.
3. p.
392.
lablonfky. L.
:.
c. i. p.
138.
of
RADICALS.
of
17
and was
faid
given to the place by his Egyptian wife, the The term El was combined in the daughter of Pharaoh. O
name probably
;
and many places facred to the Sun were ftyled El-on, as well as El-our. It was fometimes rendered Eleon ; from whence came ]AJO, and Y\\IQV. The Syrians, Cretans,
feme manner
farther,
terms Ab-El-Eon, Pater Summus Sol, or Pater Deus Sol ; hence they formed Abellon, and Abelion before mentioned.
Hefychius interprets A&AfOi/, 'HAioy' A^sAfO!/, 'HAia/iW. Voflius thinks, and with good realon, that the Apollo of
Greece, and
51
"
Rome, was
ut pro ; pro Apollo dixere Apello The Sun was alfo worfhiped under the benus ; ac fimilia.
title
lift,
5!
which, as we are informed by the Evangewas the fame as Apollo ; or, as he terms him,
Abaddon
Canticles, c. 8. v.
is
Mention
It
made of
u. Amon,
Jeremiah,
c.
46. v. 25.
Nahum.
c. 3. v.
8.
titles
of
Solomon
c. 8. v. 5.
fortified
2 Chron.
As
him.
Ham
;
was
ftiled
Hamon,
Cothon
as
Chus, or Cuth, named Cuthon and which were denominated undoubtedly from places,
fo
was
his fon
At Adrumetum was
Hirtius. Afric. p. 798. Another at Carthage, probably fo or temple. 'TVoxeo'Tai fe T? aKgtTrohei 01 T A<^.gyg?, xa< o
54
KflnN.
2. c. 17. p.
391.
VOL.
i8
v
RADICALS.
ss
:
Ovopa.
MTU
'
'Etyus'i
A(?aJ<JW,
x&i
sv
TY\
A
Another
title
TV
Sun was Ait, and Aith
;
:
of
Ham
or the
term, of which
little
which belong to Deities, and men. It relates to fire, We may light, and heat ; and to the confequences of heat. in fome degree learn its various, and oppofite significations when compounded, from ancient words in the Greek language, which were derived from it. Several of thefe are enuthofe,
merated in Hefychius. AiQsiv, xcusiv. AiAidou, pshouvou. (a compound of Aith El), xsKOLVfJLSifov. Ai@ivo$, XOLTTVQS.
Aapr^oy.
AiQ'wvix.
'
(of the
On) ^sAa^u,
7rvgur\.
The Egyptians, when AiQog, mvfJLX. thing to their Deity, or made it a fym:
emanation
and
as
but what was held facred by them, and in this manner appro55
Apocalyps.
55
c. 9. v.
u.
Nonnus. L. 40; v. 371. aAAc/ inv A^rejouc. Hefy^
Sun's difk ftyled Ai8 3 ^: 'iTTTrtvuv fhixyfw cAoy TroAoi' AI0OHI AISKfli.
Ai6io7rai:fa Atoi'ua~ov.
The
Ara-xg&oV'
ira.iu.
AAo< TOV
oivor.
by Albertus. The Egyptian Theology abounded with perfonages formed from thefe ema-. See lamblinations, who according to Plellus were called Eons, Zwfs, A^wy.
chius.
Altered to
A^?ra
priated ;
RADICALS.
men
took to themfelves the facred
reptiles, together
titles
;
19
that feveral objedls had often priated; it necefiarily happened, the fame reference, and were denominated alike. For not only
fifties,
with
and
minerals, were fuppofed to be under fome particular influAnd if they ence ; and from theace received their names.
alike, they
were however made up of elements the Sun, was ftiled sS Ait ; and Egypt,
in
confequence of
:
it
the
name of
Ait,
E#A)0j}
59
(*)
AjyyzrTO^)
mi
was
Asgi/x,,
mi
IIoTapa,
mi
AtQiOTria.,
mi
AETIA. One
of the moft
It
alfo a
name given
the Sun
:
to the Eagle, as the bird particularly facred to and Homer alludes to the original meaning of the
6o
Aisrog ouduv. Among the word, when he terms the Eagle 6l heart : parts of the human body it was appropriated to the for the heart in the body may be efteemed what the Sun is
in his fyftem, the fource of heat
and
This word animating principle. was the reafon why the Egyptians made a heart over a vafe 6z of burning incenfe an emblem of their country.
Aiyvmov
58
What
it
aHuded
to,
may
Homer.
Iliad.
O.
v.
690.
-^u^m.
Hefychius.
Etymolog. Magnum ex Ori'one, in Athribis. They exprefs it after the manner of the lonians, who always deviated from the The Dorians would have called it with more original term. propriety Ath. 61 Horus Apollo. L. i. c. 22. p. 38.
H9, KagJix.
20
RADICALS.
xot.iofji.svov
wyga.q>x<ri,
KM
STTOLVU
KAP-
occurs continually in compoiition. Athyr, one of the Egyptian months, was formed of Ath-Ur. It was
one of the names of that place where the fhepherds reIt fided in Egypt ; and to which the Ifraelites fucceeded.
flood at the upper point of Delta, and was particularly facred to ilN Ur, or Orus : and thence called Athur-ai, or
At
it
KaTS(T#a v]/
<
$6
Tt\v
As Egypt was named Aith, and Ait ; fo other countries, in which colonies from thence fettled, were ftiled Ethia and Athia. The fons of Chus founded a colony in Colchis ; and we find a king of that country named Ait; or, as the Greeks
exprefled it, AWTW that characteristic.
:
alfo diftinguifhed
rs
fometimes compounded Ath-El, and Ath-Ain ; from whence the Greeks formed 6s A^Aa, and A^ya, titles, by
It is
Clemens Alexandrinus from Ptolemy Mendefius. Strom. L. i. p. 378. alfo Abur, or Abaris, as well as Athur. In after times it was reand by Herodotus it is ftiled Cercafora. By Athuria is to be underftood built
It
6i
was called
;
both the
6+
city,
and the
diftrict
Nome
of Heliopolis.
Orphic. Argonaut,
5
v.
1323.
Ibid.
which
RADICALS.
fpedt, HQeiai
6
:
21
which they diftinguifhed the Goddefs of wifdom. It was looked upon as a term of high honour, and endearment. Venus in Apollonius calls Juno, and Minerva, by way of re-
H$ia/,
%giw
re, xopi^si
6?
Menelaus
%ogv<r<Tou
;
Agamemnon,
H.Qsw #s<pa?% $svg sih^zQa.^ are the words of Achilles to the fhade of his loft Patroclus.
jiwj,
And
65
Tnrrs
denoted any
AAAa fjuv Hdeiov thing holy, good and praife-worthy. KOU vo<rq>iv SMTH., fays Eumxus of his long abfent, and
honoured mafter.
be
mtew much
will call
this
dead or
alive.
From
him good^ and noble^ whether he ancient term were derived the
qQos
I
have mentioned, that it is often found compounded, as in Athyr and that it was a name conferred on places, where
:
Some of this family came in early times to Rhodes, and Lemnos of which migrations I fhall O hereafter treat. Hence one of the mod ancient names of
the
Amonians
fettled.
'
Rhodes was Aithraia, or the Ifland of Athyr fo called from the worfhip of the Sun and Lemnos was denominated
;
:
6
7
68
3. v.
52.
69
title
of great honour.
70
Nat. Hid. L.
5.
0.31.
Aithalia,
22
RADICALS.
from Aith-El.
fire
;
It
was
parti-
God
of
and
is
Summis Vulcania
aquis.
~~
furgit
Lemnos
Ethiopia
itfelf
Aur, and Athyr and Lefbos, which had received a colony of Cuthites, was reciprocally ftyled 73 JEthiope. The people of Canaan and Syria paid a great reverence to the memory of
Ham
hence we read of many places in thofe parts named Hamath, Amathus, Amathufia. One of the fons of Canaan
:
for
it
is
faid, that
Canaan
7+
Hamathite.
;
A city
of this
name
in
mount Libanus
the Greeks exprefled A^a^, of the fame original Cyprus, by 7S as the former. We read of Eth-Baal, a king of Sidon, who 6 was the father of Jezebel ; and of Athaliah, who was her
For Ath was an oriental term, which came from Babylonia and Chaldea to Egypt ; and from thence to Syria and Canaan. Ovid, though his whole poem be a fable, yet
daughter.
copies the
71
modes of thofe
2. v. 78.
countries, of
which he
treats.
On
Valerius Flaccus. L.
71
73
chief city was Hephsftia. Univerfa vero gens (.ffithiopum) ^Etheria appellata eft. Plin. L.
Plin.
The
6. c.
30.
L.
5. c.
31.
c.
74
75
'
Genefis.
i
c. 10. v. 18.
u.
v. 2.
Kings,
c. 16. v.
31.
2 Kings,
c.
n.
v. i.
this
RADICALS.
this
23
account, fpeaking of an Ethiopian, he introduces him by the name of Eth-Amon, but foftened by him to Ethemon.
Inftabant parte finiftra Chaonius Molpeus, dextra Nabathaeus Ethemon.
Herm
made
'JZgfJLW.
A
Ad
is
I>.
which occurs very often in composition, as in Ad-Or, Ad-On ; from whence was formed Adorus, Adon, and Adonis. It is fometimes found compounded with itfelf and was thus made ufe of for a fupreme title, with
a
title
:
which both Deities and kings were honoured. We read of Hadad king of :8 Edom and there was another of the fame name at Damafcus, whofe fon and fucceflbr was ftiled 79 Ben:
hadad.
According to Nicolaus Damafcenus, the kings of nine generations had the name of Adad. There
Rehob king
of-
'
Zobah;.
77
Ovid Metamorph. L.
in Virgil.
5. v.
162.
So
Et
?s 79
i
clarus
et
c.
Or, Clarus
Kings,
Ethemon.
ii. v. 14.
L.
10. v. 126.
Adad
Edom.
Gen,
c. 36. v.
35.
81
c.
20. v.
i.
7, c. 5.
and
24
RADICALS.
z
: :
Hamath. The God and Hadoram, fon of the king of Rimmon was ftiled Adad and mention is made by the Prophet of the mourning of Adad Rimmon in the valley of 83 The feminine of it was Ada of which title Megiddo.
mention
ria.
is
made by Plutarch
title,
8s
in
{peaking of a
**
It
was a facred
their
nians
to
chief
Goddefs.
Among
all
was a peculiar title, and was originally conferred upon the Sun and if we may credit Macrobius, it fignified Deo, quem One, and was fo interpreted by the Affyrians
nations
: :
Ad
Adad nomen dederunt. Hunc ergo ut Ejus nominis interpretatio fignificat unus. Simulacrum Adad infigne cerpotiflimum adorant Deum.
venerantur,
nitur radiis inclinatis.
I
fummum maximumque
fufpedt, that
Macrobius in
his re-
has miftaken the cardinal number for the ordiprefentation nal ; and that what he renders one, mould be firft or chief.
We
find that
it
was
a facred title
and when
fingle, it
was
conferred upon a Babylonifh Deity : but when repeated, it muft denote greater excellence for the Amonians generally
:
formed
their fuperlative
by doubling the
pofitive
thus
Rab
was great ; Rabrab fignified very great. It is indeed plain from the account, that it muft have been a fuperlative ; for
'
Chron.
c.
Si
Zechariah.
a
c.
1.
There was
s+
town of
this
name
in Ifrael.
(lain at
Some fuppoie
Megiddo.
who was
One of the
and named Adah, the daughter of Elon the Hittite. Gen. 35 A:T, rifovn xxi UTTO BaCuAaww? 'Hpa. Hefychius. 86 Macrobii Saturnalia. L. i. c. 23.
36. v. 2.
he
RADICALS.
he fays
it
25
was defigned to reprefent what was efteemed fumrnum maximumque, the moft eminent and great. I jfhould
therefore think, that
TrgMTO?,
Adad
:
and
Trgwrsvwv
in
We may by thefe means redify a noted a chief, or prince. miftake in Philo, who makes Sanchoniathon fay, that AdoHe renders the dus of Phenicia was king of the country. name, Adodus but we know for certain that it was expref:
He Adad, or Adadus, in Edom, Syria, and Canaan. moreover makes him ficvrihevg swVj King of the Gods but and as the that the word Adad is a compound it is plain,
fed
: :
are precifely the fame, there fhould be a reciprocal refemblance in the tranflation. If be a chief, or king ; Adad fKould be fuperlatively fo,
it is
made up,
Ad
king of kings. I fhould therefore fufped, that in the original of Sanchoniathon, not jSatnAs^ 0swy, but (3aIn fhort Ad, and (T/Agy^ jScunAswy was the true reading.
fignify a
and
and in a more lax fenfe, a prince, Adad therefore, which is a reiteration of this title, or ruler means TT^urog TUV nguTM, or Trgtarevovruv ; and anfwers to the
Ada, flgnified/r/?,
:
TT^WTOS
Adam
contracted;
There were
many
17
8?
places
Adamantis
Adam was
Galilee
:
as in
Amad,
a Canaanitifh
town
in the tribe
of Afhur. Jofhua.
alfo
26.
Hamad
as well as
Hamon
in
Amida
in
Mefopotamia.
VOL.
I.
Adamana,
26
RADICALS.
;
which had no reference to the protoplaft, but were by the Amonians denominated from the head of their
Adamana
family.
E E
Ees, rendered
to light and
is
and
IS.
Hebrews, related
of the Sun.
It
As and
;
Is,
fire
titles
fometimes compounded Ad-Ees, and Ad-Is ; whence came the Hades of the Greeks, and Atis and Attis of the Afiatics ; which were names of the fame Deity, the Sun.
Many
denominated
s!
particularly a city
There was a river Polybius. 89 Adefa, which pafled by the city Choma in Afia minor. It was moreover the name of one of the chief, and moft anin Africa, mentioned
by
It cient cities in Syria, faid to have been built by Nimrod. was undoubtedly the work of fome of his brotherhood, the
fons of Chus,
who
rites
of
fire,
and the
worfhip of the Sun ; whence it was ftyled Adefa, rendered by the Greeks EdefTa. One of the names of fire, among
thofe in the Eaft,
The term
8
As^
Atefh at this day. who worfhip it, is like Adad before mentioned, is fometimes
9
L. i. p. 31. Polybius. Atis in Phrygia, and Lydia, was reprefented with a crown of rays, and a tiara fpangled with ftars, tttv xaTafpxTov TOS a<To<5 na.pa.r. Julian. Orat. 5. p. 179.
89
Podalia,
Choma,
prsefluente Adefa.
alfo
Plin.
L.
5. c. 17.
Az-On.
Hence A^wves
renders the
Diodori
He
fire
word
Attafh.
-,
among
is
the Perfians
Atelh, Hyr.
29. p. 358.
Atelh Pereft
a Prieft of
fire.
compounded
RADICALS.
compounded with
itfelf,
27
and rendered Afas, and Azaz ; by and 9I A.iog. In the verythe Greeks exprefled of above, the Deity was worfhiped under the place fpoken
Aao
Julian acquaints us in his 9* hymn to the Sun, that the people of Edeffa poffeffed a reoion, which from time immemorial had been facred to that
name of Azizus.
The Emperor
t>
luminary that there were two fubordinate Deities, mus and Azizus, who were efteemed coadjutors, and affefHe fuppofes them to have been the fors to the chief God.
:
Moni-
fame
Mars and Mercury but herein this zealous emperor failed ; and did not underftand the theology, which he was names of recommending. Monimus and Azizus were both
as
:
the fame
9J God, the Deity of Edeffa, and Syria. The former is undoubtedly a trantiation of Adad, which fignifies [Mitts, or 94 unitas though, as 1 have before fhewn, more properly
:
primus.
Azizus
compounded
Ades, or
Ad
a reduplication of a like term, being with itfelf; and was of the fame purport as It Ees, from whence the place was named.
is
was a
called
title
not
;
unknown
in Greece
for Ceres
was of old
Azazia
if
A$<na,
aa,
which fhews
;
Aziz, lightning
Orat. 4. p. 150.
rab.
91
95
any thing fuperlatively bright, analogous to Adad and RabHazazon Tamor, mentioned 2 Chron. c. 20. v. z.
are the
fifter
fame
as Afis
and
Ifis
made feminine
in
Egypt ; who
Tw
MONAAA
AToAAwm.
Plutarch.
Ifis
&
Ofiris.
P- 354-
word
28
RADICALS.
9S
word
related.
This word
9<5
is
Or
as in Aforus,
was worihiped in to have been the founder. It is often city he was fuppofed compounded with El, and II ; and many places were from
:
and Eforus, under which titles the Deity97 of the laft Syria, Sicily, and Carthage
by apocope Las, Lafa, Laefa, Lafaia ; alfo Lifla, LifSometimes we meet with thefe terms reverfed ; Liffia.
:
and
hence
we
quiry perceive fomething very peculiar in their hiftory, and fituation. They were particularly devoted to the worfhip of
the Sun
or elfe
is
and they were generally fituated near hot fprings, upon foul and fetid lakes, and pools of bitumen. It
;
alfo
;
not
uncommon
to find near
them mines of
peftilential
.
fait
and
nitre
95
exhalations.
Hence came
of the Romans.
Jezebel, whofe father was Ethbaal, king of Sidon, and whofe daughter was Athafor all the Sidonian names are comliah, feems to have been named from Aza-bel
;
this term in their compofition, are to be found alfo in CaSee Relandi Paleftina. Vol. 2. p. 597. Jofeph. Ant. L. 8. c. 2. naan, and Africa. Hazor, the chief city of Jabin, who is fliled king of Canaan, flood near Lacus Sa^
mochonites.
in Thefialy,
at the
Hazor
c.
97
is
mentioned
Edom
Hazor
and
Aa-a-wpi'.
Enna, and was by the Greeks rendered Aacrwgo;, Azor and Azur was a common name for places, where Puratheia
See Hyde. Relig. Perf.
c. 3. p.
were conftruded.
100.
The
RADICALS.
The
29
Elyfian plain near the Catacombs in Egypt flood upon the foul Charonian canal : which was fo noifome, that every Afia fetid ditch and cavern was from it called Charonian.
Proper comprehended little more than Phrygia, and a part It was of of Lydia ; and was bounded by the river Halys.
a moft inflammable
tions
fly
fiery
erup-
latter
was
by the Greeks Mmvpsvq. Hence doubtlefs the region had the name of 9 * Ana, or the land of fire. One of its moft ancient cities, and moft reverenced, was Hierapolis, famous
led
for its hot
I0
by
Here was alfo a facred cavern, ftyled Strabo Plutonium, and Charonium ; which fent up
fountains.
it
"
peftilential effluvia.
us, that
arofe.
3s
'
'
Ej/
vctov
TW
fygvyias 'Isgov
Y\V
AzroAAwj'os,
VTTO
ton
fpeaks of this Four caverns cavity as being immediately under the edifice.
He
of this
in this
Charonian, are mentioned by Strabo part of the world. Pliny fpeaking of fome Charonian
fort,
and
ftiled
country about the Cayfter was particularly named Afia. AO-IM evteinuvt Homer. Iliad. B. v. 461. Kau<r/>ia a.p.<pt pe^gce.. Of ihefe parts fee Strabo. L. 13. p. 932,
9
The
'ItpotTTGArtS'tpfJLWV utPctTcav
zzro/\.A&)i'
srAwHcra,
O.TTO Tt> Is
pee.
-sroAAa
%.&!'.
Stephanus Byzant.
OTTS TO,
Tiro.
1
SrfpfJLix.
vfa.Ta 3
x.aj
TO IlAaTwno)',
ct/j<.<pM
Ifidor. c.
24*.
Strabo. L. 12. p. 868. Hierapolis, Acharaca, Magnefia, and Myus. ev yi TO IlAaTwi'ioi/, xai aAero? sroAurgAgj, xai veuv TlAuTcavos re xcti e%tv A^a^aJta,
'.H^as,
At
Ka.no
L,
XAPHNION
Sra.vfjnx.<^ai>
ty pjesi.
Strabo.
14. p. 960.
hollows
30
RADICALS.
exhalantes.
It
hollows in Italy, fays that the exhalations were infupport3 alii Charoneas fcrobes, mortiferum able. Spiracula vocant,
appear wonderful ; but the Amonians were determined in the fituation both of their
fpiritum
cities
may
and temples by thefe ftrange phenomena. They efteemed no places fo facred, as thofe, where there were uncommon fleams, and fulphureous exhafiery eruptions,
lations.
In Armenia near
5
temple of
was a Periic
and Babylonim Deity, as well as an Armenian, which was honoured with Puratheia, where the rites of fire were parThe city itfelf was named Zela and ticularly kept up.
:
In fhort, from the was a large nitrous lake. Amonian terms, Al-As, came the Grecian aAo, aTva;, aAj ; as from the fame terms reverfed (As-El) were formed the Laclofe
behind
it
tine Sal,
Sol,
and Salum.
thefe natural or preternatural properties, they places with held them facred, and founded their temples near them.
3
Plin.
H. N. L.
:
2. c. 93.
alibi
Spiritus lethales alibi, aut fcrobibus emifli, aut ipfo volucribus tantum, ut Sorafte vicino urbi trac~bu: alibi
praster
hominem
casteris
animantibus
nonnunquam
et
homini
ut in Sinueflano
Spiracula vocant, alii Charoneas fcrobes, mortiferum fpiritum agro, et Puteolano. Strabo of the fame exhalantes. u//.<a, trap' Aopvov g<j~i a-iry'ha.iQv tepov,
:
XAPflNION
*
Agj'Ojugpoj',
f*.ev
'ATTCLVTO,
av
rex.
L. 14. p. 943. ofaQp&s s^ov aTropopa?. xai MwcToi Y.O.I Agfjuenot TeTi[*.ma.(ri' -ra Ttaf Uepa-uv liga.
Strabo.
;
VM AvctmPos
L. u. p. 805. J'fcKpfpoi'Tcos Appevioi. 5 Anait fignifies a fountain of fire under which name a female Deity was worWherever a temple is mentioned dedicated to her worfhip, there will be fhiped.
ftreams either of water or bitumen generally found fome hot trous pools. This is obfervable at Arbela. Tltpi
crciAis
g<6'
:
or
<^g
elfe fait,
KO.I
and
ni-
ApAa
L.
g<p
AyfjuiTpica
iegoy.
TB ya^6a
-wfiyn^
x.<xi
rcc -z^upa,
Y.O.I
TO
ms
Strabo.
L.
16. p. 1072.
fee Strabo.
Of Anait
L. u.
p. 779.
L.
12. p. 838.
Selenoufia
RADICALS.
6
31
upon a
fait lake,
facred to Artemis.
In Epirus was a city called Alefa, ElifTa, and Lefa : and fimilar to the Elyfian in hard by were the Alefian plains 7 Egypt in thefe was produced a great quantity of foflil fait.
: :
in Arcadia,
with a temple upon it. Here an ancient perfonage, JEputus, was faid to have been fuffocated with fait water in which
:
hiftory there is an allufion to the etymology of the name. It is true that Paufanias fuppofes it to have been called Alej/g Tf\v aAflj', ug from Rhea having wandered thither ; but it was not aAfl, but aAa, and (paw, mhovpsm TY\V 'Pexg
fia
:
oAo, fal ; and the Deity, to whom that body was facred, from whence the place was named. And this is certain from
another tradition, which there prevailed : for it is faid that in ancient times there was an eruption of fea water in the
rw'lsgy TTOO Aoyos Nor was this appellation confined to one pars?iv ctg'ftpuos. ticular fort of fountain, or water : but all waters, that had
9
temple
0aAa(rcr>]f
<jg
ai/apa/j'gc&a; xvpu, sv
any uncommon property, were in like manner facred to Elees, or Eefel. It was an ancient title of Mithras and Ofiris
in the eaft, the
6
7 8
fame
as
I0
Sol,
the Sun.
T))5
HTrftpH,
Iva.
'wnyvurat a Aa?.
Stephanos Byzantinus.
L.
8. p.
618.
Athanafius,
waters.
Tits.m<.a.a-i i
AAAo/
of Egypt, fpeaks of the veneration paid to fountains and KCU TXOLVIWV /^aA<ifa AiyuTTTioi TO vfwp ts-ooTS-aj-oTaMSS tt^yas,
v-a.i
who was
xKi Se&a.va'yoptukia-i. Oratio contra Gentes. p. 2. Edit. Commelin. was an obfolete term, but to be traced in its derivatives. From Ees-El came from El-Ees, Elis, Eliffa, Eleufis, Eleufmia Sacra, Elyfium, Ao-uAor, Afylum Elyfii campi in Egypt and elfewhere.
It
:
priefts
32
priefts
RADICALS.
of the Sun were called Soli and Solimi in Cilicia, Selli
fire.
in Epirus, Salii at Rome, all originally priefts of fuch they are defcribed by Virgil :
As
Turn
Salii
ad cantus incenfa
altaria circum.
In like manner the Silaceni of the Babylonians were worfame Deity, and given to the rites of fire, which fhipers of the
accompanied the worfhip of the Sun. The chief city of Silacena was Sile or
Sele,
which were
or city of the Sun. Wheneruptions of fire. Sele is the place ever therefore Sal, or Sel, or the fame reverfed, occur in the
" and attended with fome of the circumftances above-mentioned. Many inftances may be produced of thofe denomi" In the river Sinated from the quality of their waters. The river I3 Silarus of Italy every thing became petrified.
lias in
we may be pretty certain compofition of any place's name, that the place is remarkable either for its rites or fituation,
the
11
14
The waters of India would fuffer nothing to fwim. Salafli in the Alps were of great ufe in refining gold.
thofe places called Lafa
might be produced. The fountain There was a traat Gortyna in Crete was very facred, and called Lafa, and Lyfa. when a child was warned in its waters it was therefore changed dition, that Jupiter
Of
many
inftances
to Aovtra..
Paufanias fays, JJW -^V^POTCCTOV ix-a.gf%tTctt zzroTafcwp. L. 8. p. 658. In Judea were fome medicinal waters and warm fprings of great repute, at a place Lafa ipfa eft, quae nunc Callirrhoe dicitur, ubi aquse calidas in called of old Lafa.
Mare Mortuum defluunt. Hieron. in Ifaiam. c. 17. 19. TO<S xaTa KaAA<ppw Sepsis fKt%j>nTQ- Jofephus de B. J. L. i. c. 33. 'Hp&xTfls The fountain was of a wonderful Alefa, urbs et fons Sicilis. Solinus. c. u.
nature.
"
Strabo.
L.
5. p.
385.
" Strabo.
!*
L.
15. p. 1029.
4. p.
Strabo.
L.
314.
The
RADICALS.
JS
l6
33
The fountain at Selinus in Sicily was of a bitter faline tafte. Of the fait lake near Selinoufia in Ionia I have fpoken. The fountain Siloe at Jerufalem was in fome degree fait.
I?
Ovid mentions Sulmo, where he was born, as noted 8 cool waters for cold ftreams were equally facred
:
for
its
to the
Sun
as
thofe
waters at
which were of a contrary nature. The fine 19 Salim. jEnon, where John baptized, were called
River Ales near Colophon ran through the grove of 10 AAr^ Apollo, and was efteemed the coldeft dream in Ionia.
'srorap? -vJ/y^oTaTOS ruv sv Iwwa. In the country of the Alazonians was a bitter fountain, which ran into the " Hypanis. Thefe terms were fometimes combined with the name of
The
Ham
and expreffed Hameles, and Hamelas ; contracted to Meles and Melas. A river of this name watered the reo-ion o of Pamphylia, and was noted for a moft cold and "water. pure The Meles near Smyrna was equally admired. * Zpugvcuoig Jg
;
3 '
vfug
5
en
xofahifov,
#/
Strabo. L.
Strabo.
6.
p. 421.
L.
14. p. 951.
Here was
L.
4. p.
a cavern,
which
fent forth a
moft
pefti-
lential
vapour.
Diodorus
Sic.
278.
p. 38.
Sulmo mihi
9
patria
eft, gelidis
uberrimus undis.
Ovid. Triftia. L.
4. Eleg. 9. v. 3. H^ cTg xcti luavvn^ @afirTtav sv Kivcav efyus 2xAg;//.' fo deJohn. c. 3. v. 23. nominated by the ancient Canaanites. Paufanias. L. 7. p. 535. The city Aries in Provence was famed for medicinal waters. The true name was Ar-Ales, the city of Ales it was alfo called Ar3
:
El-Ait, or Arelate.
1
Herodotus. L.
1
4. c. 52.
Paufanias. L.
;
8.
p. 659.
Paufanias. L.
I.
7. p.
535.
VOL.
YOUS .
34
yc/u$.
RADICALS.
The Melas
in
i
Cappadocia was of a contrary quality. It ran through a hot, inflammable country, and formed many ** Kai TOVTU, <T s?i T& S'AYI -srayrap^a wv^iXr 7rr<x.. fiery pools.
l
In Pontus was Amafus, mafia, Amafene, where the region * abounded with hot waters : 5 'YTrsnsirou $ Tr,s roov
rs
It
is
wonderful,
how
far the
were carried
in the firft
Scandinavians, were led by the fame principles ; and founded their temples in fituatioris of the fame nature, as thofe were,
which have been above defcribed. Above all others they chofe thofe places, where were any nitrous, or faline waters. :6 Maxime autem lucos (or lacus) fale gignendo fascundos Coelo
propinquare, precefque mortalium nufquam propius audiri firmiter erant perfuafi ; prout exemplo Hermundurorum docet teftis
2?
Tacitus.
SAN, SON, Z A
The moft common name
exprefled alfo
N,
Z A A
N.
Sun was San, and Son ; Zeus of Crete, who Zan, Zon, and Zaan.
for the
is
was fuppofed to have been buried in that Ifland, have had the following infcription on his tomb :
14
15
faid to
16
17
45. p. 57.
c.
57.
From
rived
:
fuch
0.1
many words
in the
%igxi
Hefychi*us.
RADICALS.
psycu;
xsircu Zai>, ov
35
A<a MxtopMHri.
lonians expreffed it Zjjy, and Zi^a. Hefychius tells us, It is to that the Sun was called Saw? by the Babylonians. be obferved that the Grecians in foreign words continually The true omitted the Nu final, and fubftituted a Sigma.
The
Sun was undoubtedly Sawv, oftenIt was the fame as Zauan of times expreffed Sway, Soan. the Sidonians ; under which name they worfhiped Adonis,
Babylonifh
for the
name
or the Sun.
Hefychius
fays,
Zatwa?,
$0
T<
ev
EiSfaft.
It is the Deity was, I think may be plainly feen. mentioned by the fame writer, that the Indian Hercules, by which is always meant the chief Deity, was ftyled Dorfanes :
Who
Ao<rai>j],
'E^axAift
7ra^' Iit$&$,
The name
Dorfanes
is
an
abridgment of Ador San, or Ador-Sanes, that is Ador-Sol, It was a title conferred the lord of light. upon Ham ; and alfo upon others of his family; whom I have before men-
Analotioned to have been collectively called the Baalim. gous to this they were likewife called the Zaanim, and Zaaand a temple was erecled to them by the ancient *9 Beth-Zaananim. Canaanites, which was from them named
nanim
There was
*
alfo
a place called
10.
Sanim
342.
in the
fame country,
in
Cyril,
gorae.
contra Julianum. L.
p.
And
u.
lamblich.
vita
Pytha-
Zf KcirH.
Zar,
'
j. c.
p. 53.
Za-s.
Hefychius.
c. 19. v.
Jofhua.
Solis Fons.
33.
Judges,
c. 4.
v.
c. i. v.
n.
rendered
36
rendered
r
RADICALS,
Sonam 30 2wi/a|U,, by Eufebius; which was undoubtnamed in honour of the fame perfons for their pof,
:
.
terity
looked up to them, as the Heliadas, or descendants the Sun, and denominated them from that luminary.
According to Hefychius it was a title, of old not unknown in Greece ; where princes and rulers were ftyled Zanides, Za&, 'Hys^oi^. In 3I Diodorus Siculus mention is made
of an ancient king of Armenia, called Barfanes ; which fignifies the offspring of the Sun. We find temples erected to
the Deity of the fame purport ; and ftyled in the fingular Beth-San : by which is meant the temple of the Sun. Two the one in the tribe places occur in Scripture of this name The of Manaffeh ; the other in the land of the Philiftines.
:
latter
feems to have been a city ; and alfo a temple, where the body of Saul was expofed after his defeat upon mount
Gilboa.
For
it is
32
and Jlripped
Bethfan.
off
his
armour
and
they
put
his
armour
in the
houfe of AJhtoreth)
and
for
They feem
:
they faftened his body to the wall of to have fometimes ufed this term with
a
33
reduplication
we
is
Sanfanah
by which
day.
illuftrious
Orb of
Some
mount we are
30
31
Relandi Pakeftina. V.
2. p. 2.
983.
Diodorus Siculus.
i
L.
p. 90.
31
3}
Samuel,
c.
31. v. 9, 10.
Jofhua.
c. 15. v.
31.
told
RADICALS.
told
: :
37
34 Kahowrou $s VTTO run Wfcttgiwv Zavsg. by Paufanias They were fuppofed to have been the ftatues of Zeus but Zan was more properly the Sun ; and they were the ftatues One of thefe of perfons, who were denominated from him.
and Zanim, was Chus : whofe pofteperfons, ftyled Zanes, fent out large colonies to various parts of the earth. rity Some of them fettled upon the coafl of Aufonia, called in
later times Italy
;
Italicus
fpeaking of
troops, fays,
Pars
Audtorem
gentis.
5
Mauri Jubam, He was not unknown at Rome, where they ftyled him Zeus 37 Ef Piftius, as we learn from Dionyfius of HalicarnafTus
:
this
'legw &iog
There are in 'Pupcuoi ^OLyaov #aA<n. Gruter infcriptions, wherein he has the title of Semon prefixed, and is alfo ftyled Sanclus.
IL^a,
ov
*
Paufanias. L.
5. p.
430.
all ftatues
Zara, Zsia, Ecc^a' all names of the fame purport, Zan, Zon, Zoan, Xoan.
1
Silius Italicus.
L.
8. v.
421.
i.
15
Laclantius, de F. R. L.
p. 65.
Fit facrificium,
eft.
37
quod
eft
idem deus
Feftus.
St.
Dionyfius HalicarnafT. Antiq. Rom. L. 4. p. 246. name to have been Sanftus. Sabini etiam Regem fuum
aliqui appellant,
i 8. c.
primum Sancum,
ut
Sanftum,
19.
not of
Roman
original
SANCTO.
38
RADICALS.
SANCTO. SANCO, SEMONI. DEO. FIDIO. SACRUM.
38
Semon (Sem-On) fignifies Cceleftis Sol. Some of the ancients thought that the
divine emanation
;
foul of
man was
probably
find
it
it
a portion of light from the Sun. Hence was called Zoan from that luminary ; for fo we
in Macrobius.
fuis
effe
39
named
in
crum
fines
finibus
patiebantur
:
fed
Diis debitas
asfti-
D
Another
the like
;
I,
DIG, D
I S,
DU
S.
common name
for the
The
arez,
is
and Theos of other nations. analogous to Deus, Sun was called Arez in the eaft, and compounded Dis-
and Dus-arez
which
40
fignifies
.
Deus
Sol.
The name
mentioned by Tertullian
et civitati fuus
38
Deus
i.
eft,
p. 96. n. 6.
n. 5. n. 7.
n. 8.
Zan from
*UtP, fevire.
De
Idol.
L. 1.0.22.
p. 168.
Macrohii Saturn. L.
3. c. 8. p.
282.
live
:
^wtiv
and Zw, to
and
vor>
animal
title
Tertullian. Apolog.
c.
24.
10
Hefychius
RADICALS.
:
39
Hefychius fuppofes the Deity to have been the fame as DioAiowcrov NaSarajot (#aA8<ni>), us nufus. Aatra^i/ rov LnJw^o?.
There was a high mountain or promontory in 4I Arabia, denominated from this Deity analogous to which there was 4* from Duforus, or the one in Thrace, which had its name
God
I took notice, that Hercules, or the of light, Orus. chief Deity among the Indians, was called Dorfanes he had alfo the name of Sandis, and Sandes ; which iignifies Sol
:
Deus.
xcu
43
BiiAov
AiamJa
f^v A^oJi-mi',
mi
aAAw^- aAA
sxaAai/.
Aga-
thias of the people in the eaft. Probably the Deity Bendis, whofe rites were fo celebrated in Phrygia and Thrace, was a
compound of Ben-Dis,
the offspring of God. The natives of this country reprefented Bendis as a female ; and fuppofed 44 The fame her to be the fame as Selene, or the moon.
Deity was alfo mafculine and feminine what was Dea Luna in one country, was Deus Lunus in another.
:
4S
Kvgov
'
O.TTO (lege Aao-apis) o-xoTreAos KO.I Kogutyy u4'''AoTaT>; Afa.ats' os i BTOS sra^a Apa.4' tai Aa^apco Ttf*.(ut*.ei'os. Stephanus Byz,
,
Dous,
is
Aous-Agws,
Deus
Sol.
41
41
Auaupcv xAoju'oc
Agathias. L.
2. p.
Herod. L.
5. c. 17.
62.
-fi
To
oyojwa
TtnoQpctKov
xa<
S^eoi/
fk^iS
Tg
KfO.Ta.iOt..
Ex
Proclo.
Plutarch, in Artaxerxe.
H.
Steph. p.
<ji.
4-0
RADICAL
Tlsg<rct,g
S.
TQV 'HA/oy.
The
like
is
to be
found in
Hefychius.
IIsg<rou
Ku-
gw
Asyacrj.
Many
places were
facred to
this
Deity, and
Cureftica regio.
Many
:
rivers in Perfis,
denominated
in the
fame manner.
expreffvd Corus
{hall fay
Of
this
term
more
hereafter,
COHEN
a Prieft
;
or
CAHEN.
In early times the office
Cohen, which feems among the Egyptians and other Amo~ nians to have been pronounced Cahen, and Chan, fignified
alfo a
Lord or Prince.
Sacerdos.
This continued a great while in fome parts of the 47 world ; in Afia Minor ; where even in the time of the Roefpecially
was the prince of the 48 province. The term was fometimes ufed with a greater .latitude j and deprieft
Hence we
find
it
pre-
Virgil. ./Eneis.
L.
3. v.
8cx
:
Majorum cnim hsc erat confuetudo, ut Rex efiet etiam Sacerdos, et Pontifex unde hodieque Irnperatores Pontifices dicamus. 5ervii Scholia ibidem. 47 'O( It is "l~pti$ TO -araAaioc fjt.sv Juvctc-at TW^ war. Strabo. L. 12. p. 851.
fpoken particularly of fome places
4S
in
Afia Minor.
Pythodorus, the high prieft of Zela, and He o 'isftus MIDIOS ruv Txa.v'ttov. of the country.
Comana
in
Armenia was
the king
fixed
RADICALS.
fixed to the
41
It is denominated from them. Athoth, as Canethoth ; and we meet with Can-Ofiris, CanIt was fometimes expreffed Can-ebron, and the like.
ophis,
the Athenians
;
of Apollo
was the title of the ancient whofe pofterity were ftyled Kww&B, Cun-
nidas,
ov o
KtWt&W, yevog sv A&JNjirur, s% according to Hefychius. Kywa ATroAAo^of. We find from hence, that 'hgsvg T8
y
Hence came
from the
$rpi
title
terms of adoration.
infer
MVSIV, Trgotncvveiv, 7rgo<rfcvvri<n?, well known It was alfo expreffed Con, as we may
Tov 'H^a-
Khw
Kara TW AiyvTrnuv faeifaBmto) It Asys^a;. feems alfo to have been a title of the true God, who by 50 Mofes is ftiled Konah, njp.
KONA
We
The
Chaldeans,
particularly poffeffed of the land of Ur, and were Strabo limits worihipers of fire, had the name of Urchani.
who were
one branch of the Chaldeans, who were literati, and obfervers of the heavens ; and even of thefe to one feet
this title to
only.
Ef<
5I
<fe
xou
TM
XaAJcawi/
rw
49
Etymologicum Magnum.
i&treidoai Afayricriv frip.cLTo.
Hefychius.
50
14. v. 19.
Strabo. L,. 16. p. 1074. Ptolem. Geogr. Lib. 5. cap. 19. p. 165. upon the Sinus Perficus for they extended fo
1
:
He
far.
nagciKenciL
T-/I
epypM Aca^o,
XaAJa<
^w^a.
Idem. L.
5. c. 20. p. 167.
VOL.
I.
of
42
RADICALS.
He of them more truly as a nation ; as does Pliny likewife. mentions their {topping the courfe of the Euphrates, and diS3 Euverting the ftream into the channel of the Tigris.
&c. nee nifi. Paiitigri defertur prseclufere Orcheni, There feem to have been particular colleges apin mare. to the aftronomers and priefts in Chaldea, which
phratem
propriated
as
to focieties of
we may infer from 54 Ezra. He aphis own priefts and people ; but it was
among
fire,
The
title
of Urchan
propriated
to the
God
of
the Gentile nations was apand his S5 priefts ; but was af-
fumed by other perfons. Some of the priefts, and princes among the Jews after the return from captivity took the name of Hyrcanus. Orchan, and Orchanes among the Perfic
and Tartar nations is very common at this day ; among whom the word Chan is ever current for a prince or king. Hence we read of Mangu Chan, Cublai Chan, Cingis Chan. Among fome of thefe nations it is exprefled Kon, Kong, and Monfieur de Lifle, fpeaking of the Chinefe, fays,, King. 7 ou Kong-Sfe, figniflent Coin de f Les noms de King Che,
5<i
Ezra,
c, 5. v. 6. c. 4. v.
17.
titles,
The
priefts in
changed to SCI/^HS in the fingular. chin, or prieft of the Sun. It is mentioned as a proper name by Clemens Alexandr. Strom. L. i. p. 536.. And it might be fo for priefts were denominated from the
cerdotes,
:
Deity, whom they ferved. 56 See Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 164..
57
He
3.
Prince
RADICALS.
Prince en Chine.
43
fignifie
Roi, on Empereur.
P E
Of
this
TA
H.
I
a treatife
many Egyptian
have fhewn, that it was to be found in names, fuch as Petiphra, Petiphera, PetiI
and Pe-
tefuccus builder of the Labyrinth. Petes, called Peteos in Homer, the father of Mneflheus the Athenian, is of the fame
ra fgaiTeuAll the (ravTog ei<; T^o/ay, $<M$gu><; AiyvTrjiov wrtyfawsct #iA. great officers of the Babylonians and Persians took their names from fome facred title of the Sun. Herodotus mentions 6o Peoriginal
:
59
Toy
Msv<rQsws
Magus, and Patiramphes the latter was charioteer to Xerxes in his expedition to Greece but he was denominated from another office ; for he was brother to Smerdis,
tazithes
: :
6l
and a Magus
which was
as
This term
6z
6'
is
fometimes fubjoined,
as in Atropatia, a
province in
U.TTO
Media ;
which was
fo
named,
we
learn
from Strabo,
T8 A7>o-
i.
p. 25.
61
40-
Patzecion
mentioned by Plutarch de audiendis Poetis. P. 21. Patiramphes is tor Pata-Ramphan, the prieft of the God Ramphan, changed to
is
Ramp has
2
by the Greeks.
is
Ram-Phan
Alfo
in
''
the great
Phan or Phanes,
fpeaks of
it
a Deity well
known
but
it
in
Egypt.
title
Afampatx,
office.
a nation
Plin. L. 6. c. 7.
;
L,
ii. p. 794.
He
name
was certainly a
and term of
44
Yiye{j,ovo<;.
RADICALS.
In the accounts of the
Amazons
likevvife
this
word
occurs.
They
Aor-
pata, or according to the common reading in Herodotus, Oiorthe Cimmerian pata; which writer places them
upon
Bofporus.
<Js
$s
%atXex<ri
TO.
yA&way
Oiog
yiy.o
/aA&-
av^a, TO <5s 'sraTa XTSIVSIV. This etymology is founded upon a notion that the Amazons were a community of women, who killed every man, with whom they had any comI mall heremerce, and yet fubiifted as a people for ages. after fpeak of the nations under this title ; for there were
more than one but all of one family , all colonies from Egypt. The title above was given them from their worfhip for Oiorpata, or, as fome MSS. have it, Aor-pata, is the fame as 65 Petah Or, the prieft of Orus ; or in a more lax fenfe, the
:
votaries of that
God.
They were
fea,
AvtyoxTWQf
whom
fo that the
whole Euxine
lived,
was
rendered infamous from their cruelty their name from this circumftance.
of the Egyptian Deities was named Neith, and Neit; 66 and analogous to the above her priefts were ftyled Pateneit.
One
They were
6+
6y
5
alfo
fignifies
a prieft of the
Sun
Herodotus. L.
4. c.
no.
31.
RADICAL
:
S.
45
;
Sun for Son, San, Zan, are of the fame fignification and Son-Chin is Zxvos isgsvs. Proclus fays, that it was the title of the priefts ; and particularly of him, who prefided ia the
college of Neith at Sais.
BEL
Bel, Bal, or Baal,
is
and
BAA
L.
Sun
and made
It fignihed Kvgio?, or Lord, particularly in Syria and Canaan. and is often found compounded with other terms; as in Bel-
Adon, Belorus, Bal-hamon, Belochus, Bel-on; (from which laft came Bellona of the Romans) and alfo Baal-fhamaim, This was a title given by the great Lord of the Heaven-s.
the Syrians to the Sun.
'sra^a
6?
:
gaAacni/,
o ss"i
$ww& Kvgw
Ovga.vx, Zevg fe
wag
'EAA^cn.
as
We may
:
mentioned be-
by Damafcius,
Sy^ot
TOV
who
ftyles that
Deity Bolathes
What
It
Kgovov HA, ^a< BiA, K.OLI BoAa^v he terms Bolathes is a compound of Bal-Ath, or Bal-
is
called Petacares,
priefts
remarkable that the worfliipers of Wifhnou or Viilnou in India are now and are diftinguifhed by three red lines on their foreheads. The
title,
Lucas
*7
68
10.
3. p. 57.
Belus primus
dicunt)
conftat
et
Solem
Junonemque
Athi s
46
Athls
;
RADICALS.
:
the fame as Atis, and Atifh of Lydia, Perils, and other countries. Philo Biblius interprets it Zeus Damafcius
fuppofed
69
it
to
mean Cronus
as did likewife
Theophilus
Ei/fof
pBv
ffsSovrou TOV
of
Kgovov, x&i
ret
TZTW
OLVTOV
ovopoifyn B/^A,
mi
BaA, ^.aAfra
OMUVTSS
:
veriity
amounts
to little
the Grecian names of Deities, however appropriated, were originally titles of one GOJ, and related to the Sun.
KEREN.
Keren
iignifies
in
its
Hence
7Z
it
is
common
is hornfoall be exalted 'with 73 cut off : and the Evangelift fpeaks of Chrift: as a horn offalThe Greeks often changed the nu final vation to the world,
his
hence from keren they formed KB^OL and from thence they deduced the words %ga.Tog,
into iigma
:
alfo
xof^aj/o;,
Kgswv,
and
KOL^VQV
all
relating to ftrength
and
Gerenius, Tsgwios, applied to Neftor, is an Amonian term, and fignifies a princely and venerable perfon.
eminence.
69
Theoph. ad Antolycum. L.
TIS tcfiv o
3. p.
399.
Mw
ytmffxovTest
Kpwo;y
BAo;.
Idem.
7*
48. v. 25.
69.
73
Luke.
c. i. v.
The
RADICALS.
The Egyptian Crane
for
its
47
in high
great fervices
was held
honour, being facred to the God of light, Abis ( a) or, as the Greeks exprefTed it, Ibis ; from whence the name was
given.
Tsgavos,
It
was
alfo called
was a
neiis,
title
and
the fupreme Deity, the Lord of light : and his feftival ftyled Carnea, Ka^<a, was an abbreviation of Ksgema,, Cerenea. Tlic prieft of Cybele in Phrygia was ftyled Carnas ; which
was a
title
of the Deity,
whom
he ferved
O P
Oph
fignifies a ferpent,
H,
1
and was pronounced at times and 7S Oupis, Opis, Ops ; and by Cicero expreiTed, Ope, Upis. It was an emblem of the Sun ; and alfo of time and eterIt was worfliiped as a Deity, and efteemed the fame nity.
7<i
as Ofiris
tiis
as
Vulcan.
77
Opas
eodem Cicerone
alfo in the
Aub
though
7*
Paufanias. L.
239.
Callimachus.
Hymn
to Apollo.
V. 71.
He mentions
Minerva
Koa.va.ia,,
Cransa*
L.
10. p. 886.
Among
fcence in
7$
the
Romans
Gruter Infcriptions, P. 37. n. 10, n, 12. APOLLLNI The Dorians exprefled it QUTTIS. Palzephatus. p. 78.
Cicero de Nat. Deor. L.
3,
GRANNO.
76
77
23.
48
it
RADICALS.
We
ferpent
78
:
a variation of the term above. poflibly be only are told by Orus Apollo, that the bafHifk or royal
may
Oy&ao?, o ?iv 'ETtWjPjgfl Batrtf^o^of. fhould have been rendered OyW, Oubus ; for Ov&cdog is a
The Deity
his
fo
denomi-
to as oracular. in the
This idolatry
name of God
demons,
thofe
Ob and
Ideone
which
fhevvs that
it
was of
The fymbolical worfliip of the ferpent was great antiquity. in the firft ages very extenlive ; and was introduced into all the myfteries, wherever celebrated : KOLVTI TM
liciga,
vo[juO.VCL-
TTOL^ VfJUV
SUV
O$IS
(TVfJlJeOhQV {J.SyOL
JCCU
(JLV^lOV
remarkable, that wherever the Amonians founded any places of worfhip, and introduced their rites, There was a there was generally fome ftory of a ferpent.
It
is
at Colchis, at Thebes, and at Dellegend about a ferpent The Greeks called Apollo likewife in other places. phi
:
is
Oub.
Orus Apollo,
Leviticus,
c.
c. i. p. 2.
Some have by
79
toOvgaiov.
Deuteronomy,
c. 18. v. 1 1.
Tune
magni
ex
eis
augures, et
Ob
et Ideoni, et requirentes
mortuos.
Selden depils Syris. Synt. i. c. 2. p. 48. from M. Maimonides in moreNebuchim. 3 Juftin Martyr's fecond Apology, p. 6. Of ferpent worfhip fee Eufebius. P. E. L. i. c. 10. p. 40, 41. And dementis
5.
ylian. L. 10.
c.
10
The
RADICALS;
The woman
Sl
49
is
at
Endor,
who had
it
is
a familiar fpirit,
called
The interpreted PythoniiTa. fhe reiided, feems to have been named from the place, where worfhip there inftituted : for Endor is compounded of En31K,
Oub,
or
Ob
and
Fons Pythonis, the fountain of light, the This oracle was probably founded oracle of the God Ador.
Ador, and
figniries
by the Canaanites
totally fupprerTed.
In ancient times they had no images in their temples, but in lieu of them ufed conical {tones or pillars, called BarryAia ;
under which reprefentation this Deity was often worfhiped. Sl His pillar was alfo called Abaddir, which fhould be expreffed Abadir, being a compound of Ab, UIK, and Adir ; and
means the ferpent Deity, Addir, the fame as Adorus. It was alfo compounded with On, a title of the fame Deity :
and Kircher
fays
that
Obion
is
frill
among
the people of
Egypt the name of a ferpent. aitf, Ob Mofi, Python, vox ab JEgyptiis fumpta ; quibus Obion hodieque ferpentem fo83 Kircher. The fame alfo occurs in the Coptic Ita nat.
lexicon.
The worfhip
;
the Greeks
8+
and
is
of the ferpent was very ancient among faid to have been introduced by Cefta-
crops.
Sf
i
'
Samuel,
c.
28. v. 7.
and Ab.iddir by Prifcian. He fuppofes the ft one Abuddir to liave been that which Saturn fwallowed inftead of his Ton by Rhea. Abdir, et Abadir Ea<TivV,s 1. i. and in another part, Abadir D^us eft. Dicitur et
It is
hoc nomine
-o'.-
lapis
ille,
vocant. L
2.
1.
Si
Bochart. Hierozoicon.
p. 22.
84
Macrobius. Saturnalia.
I.
1.
10. p. 162.
VOL.
tuifle
50
tuifle
RADICALS.
aram Cecropem
as
Opis
rather as
But though fome reprefent * others introduce the term a diftincl: Deity ; yet a title, and refer it to more Deities than one Caldicit.
5
:
limachus,
who
it
confers
it
upon Diana,
It
pus, wife
compounded with Chan ; and exprefled Canoit is alfo otherCanophis, Canuphis, Cnuphis, Cneph combined; as in Ophon, Ophion, Oropus, Orobus, Inois
:
From Capus, Afopus, Elopus, Ophitis, Onuphis, Ophel. neph the Grecians formed Cyniphius, which they ufed for an
epithet to
87
Ammon
Non
Ammon
On
wormip
I fhall
fpeak more at
The father
of one of the goddcfles, called Diana, had the name of Upis. Cicero,
1.
de Natura Deorum.
It
3. 23.
was conferred upon Diana herfelf, alfo upon Cybek, Rhea, Vefta r Terra, Juno: Vulcan was called Opas. Cicero deNat. Deor. 1. 3.
alfo the
Sruowv.
Deity of
fire
TUV
Helychius.
Ay-7/.)
i6
*7
Pal^phatus.
c.
32. p. 78.
to Diana, v. 204..
9. v.
Cailimachus.
Hymn
190^
N.
RADICALS.
A
Ain, An, En, for
fountain
;
51
N.
at times
fo
it
is
exprcfTed, fignifies a
and was prefixed to the names of many places, which were fituated near fountains, and were denominated
In Canaan near the fords of Jordan were fome celebrated waters ; which from their name appear to have
from them.
The name
Sun
;
:
ynon,
the fame, to
which
not from an opipeople reforted to be baptized by John nion, that there was any fanctity in the waters ; for that notion
had been
John baptized i?i ^Eno?i near to Salim^ becaufe there was much water there : and they came, and were baptized. Many places were ftyled An-ait, An-abor, by the Canaanite
Anabouria, Anathon, Anopus, Anorus.
fo called
but
*9
Some of
thefe
were
there
from
their fituation
wormip
The Egyptians had many fubordinate Deities, which they efteemed fo many emanations, aTroppOioa, from their chief God ; as we learn from lamblichus, Pfellus, and
eftablifhed.
Porphyry.
18
fountains,
and
Aivxv
tfyu;
On, fons
89
folis.
ra 2aAf(/x. Eulebius de locorum nominibus in facra Script. Ain Salem is not from Salem, peace, but from Sal, the Sun, the Sol
Salim, Aquas
folis
;
of the Lacines.
St.
allb
Aquas
falfe.
John.
c. 3. v.
^^ >
by Tir^a.-x.'ruv ^a.ya.v a?n ay <f vvftos. See Stanley of Pythagoras tlie Chaldaic Synt. i. c. i. p. 135. Philoibphy, and Selden de Diis Syris. Koci Taiayn -STH^WI', KOU i&vycav Oracle concerning the Deity, aVacrcoc. Tzre^as
ufed to fvvear
r
quoted
in notes to
lamblichus. p.
2. 9.
fuppofed
52
RADICAL
Thefe were two
titles
S.
fuppofed them to be derived from the Sun ; whom they looked upon as the fource of all things. Hence they formed 9I Atli-El, and Ath-Aain, the Athela, and Athena of the
Greeks.
appropriated to the fame
perfonage, Divine Wifdom ; from the head of her father.
who was
fuppofed to fpring
reli-
gion was propagated, names of this fort will occur ; being 9Z originally given from the mode of worfhip eftablimed
.
Hence
fo
many
friemefh,
and the
a fountain,
Ain-On,
in
Anthemus, AinThe nymph OEnone was in reality Phrygia ; and facred to the fame
is
Deity
and agreeably
9*
to this fhe
93
faid to
Cebrenus.
The
ifland JEgina
was
named OEnone, and OEnopia, probably from its worfhip. As Divine Wifdom was fometimes exprefTed Aith-Ain, or
A&jyas
fo at other
Temples to this Goddefs Deity conftituted called An-Ait. alfo in Mefopotamia, Perfis, occur at Ecbatana in Media
:
Armenia, and Cappadocia ; where the rites of fire were parShe was not unknown among the anticularly obferved.
cient Canaanites
91
for a
is
men-
Athenagor. Legatio.
p. 293.
:
that is in the adoration of dealt largely in fountain worfliip fubordinate daemons, which they fuppofed to be emanations and derivatives from
their chief Deity.
91
The Amonians
them Zones, Intelligences, Fountains, &c. Chaldaic Philofophy. p. 17. c. 3. Pfellus and Stanley upon the See Proclus on the Theology of Plato. L. 5. c. 34. p. 315. 9i Ovid. Epift. 5. v. 10. Edita de magno fiumine Nympha fui.
They
called
See
Some make
9*
Plin.
N.
10
tioned
RADICALS.
tioned in the book of
95
53
Of thefe temples, and the Jofhua. Puratheia there eftablifhed, accounts may be feen in many
I
parts of Strabo.
have mentioned, that all fprings and baths were facred to the Sun on which account they were called Bal-ain ; the fountains of the great Lord of Heaven ; from whence the
:
The
fouthern feas abounded formerly with large whales and it is well known that they have apertures near their noftrils, through which they fpout water in a large dream, and to
a great height. Ain, or Balrenae.
uncommon was by
all
the
Amonians confecrated
his
titles.
This
very
apparent in
Egypt.
The term
of the Sun
;
Ovgctvos,
but was in aftertimes made to comprehend the It is whole expanfe of the heavens. compounded of Ourain, the fountain of
its
by were named Ees-ain, the reMany places etymology. verfe of Ain-ees, or Hanes and others farther compounded
;
Orus
it
alludes,
Am-ees-ain, and Cam-ees-ain, rendered Amifene, and Camifene the natural hiftories of which places will generally
:
The Amonians
fettled
upon
:
named
55
96
Camefe
c.
town Janiculum was originally and the region about it Camefene un-
Jofluia.
*6
19. v. 38.
Sat.
1.
Macrobius.
i. c. 7. p.
doubtedly
54
RADICALS.
:
doubtedly from the fountain Camefene, called afterward Anna Pererma, whole waters ran into the iacred pool " Numicius and whofe priefts were the Camcens.
I
am
in
feniible, that
have exhibited
Ath-ain, Bal-ain, Our-ain, Cam-ain, and in other and it is efteemed a deviation from the common examples
:
them
ulage in the
as
it is
Hebrew language
Ot this there are many termed, always comes firfr.. inftances ; fuch as Ain-Shemefh, Ain-Gaddi, Ain-Mifhpat, Ain-Rogel, &c. alfo Beth-El, Beth-Dagon, Beth-Aven,
But, with fubmiiiion, this does not affect the etymologies, which I have laid before the Reader : for I do not deduce them from the Hebrew. And though there may
Beth-Oron.
have been of old a great fimilitude between that language, and thofe of Egypt, Cutha, and Canaan yet they were all
:
different tongues.
*->
lanor ua o-e O -O
amonoO
the difperfion of mankind, this was branched out into dialecls ; and thofe again were fiib-
the fons of
men
Upon
divided
all
not only in
refpecl: to
one another
itfelf
more
and more continually. It is therefore impoflible to reduce the whole of thefe to the mode, and ftandard of any one.
97
Virg. JEn.
1.
7.
150.
Egeria
^^^fta^a^^y^
Dea
-93 It
is
my
;
grata Camcenis. Ovid. See Plutarch Numa. two events recorded by Mofes, Gen. c. 10.
throughout
to
and Gen.
c.
1 1.
v. 8. 9.
One was
:
a regular migration of
mankind
in
them
I
fome
particulars.
Of this
hereafter
mall treat
large.
Beiides,
RADICALS.
Betides, the terms, of
55
fuppofe thefe names to be formed, are not properly in regimine ; but are ufed adjecWe meet in tively, as is common almoft in every language.
which
fgoLTov,
'EAAaJ
<rz<rsv
'EAAaJa
$mv\v.
TlsgFW fgarov, VOLVTW fyofJLov, %%v$w oipov. Why may we not fuppofe, that the fame ufage prevailed in Cutha, and in Egypt ? And this practice was not entirely foreign to the
ZQV,
Hebrews.
but
we
read indeed of Beer-fheba, Beer-lahoiroi, &c. I0 alfo read of Baalath-Beer, exactly iimilar to the
We
have produced. We meet in the facred but we fome times writings with Beth-El, and Beth-Dagon
inftances,
which
find the governing word poftponed, as in Elizabeth, or temple It was a Canaanitidi of Eliza. name, the fame as Elifa,
'
It
was a comI
related to the
God
of light, as
have
Nao-ov 2c?Aai'.
*
v.
124.
Homer.
II.
H.
v. 58.
StuQw
es oip.oi'y
^Eichyl. Pronicth. v. 2.
To
1
be needlefs.
Jofhna.
c. 19. v. 8.
The Jews
c.
inftances in Onias,
North
but
to
Ab
Elifia Tyria,
Velleius Paterculus.
L.
i.
invicla fuit, pro Dea culta eft. Juftin. L. 18. c. 6. of Elifa was carried to Carthage from Canaan and Syria in thefe worfhip fhe was firfl worfhiped ; and her temple rrom that parts worfhip was called
Elifa,
quamdiu Carthago
The
Eliza-Beth.
before
56
before {hewn.
RADICALS.
It
in aftertimes
women
and Phe-
by thofe of Carthage. Hence Dido has this as a fecondary appellation j and mention is made by the Poet of Dii morientis Elizas, though it was properly the name of a Deity. It may be faid, that thefe names are fo'
reign to the Hebrews, though fometimes adopted by them : and I readily grant it ; for it is the whole, that I contend
for.
All, that
want
to have allowed,
is,
had
different
modes of
colloca-
tion and expreffion : becaufe I think it as unreafonable to determine the ufage of the Egyptians and ancient Chaldeans by the method of the Hebrews, as it would be to re-
What
in Jofhua, c. 19. v. 8. is Baaleth, is, i Kings, c. 16. v. 31. fo that even in the facred writings we find terms Eth-baal But in refped: to foreign names, of this fort tranfpofed. of places, there are numberlefs inftances fimilar to efpecially thofe, which I have produced. They occur in all hiftories
:
We
read of Phar3
of Themiikir, and
Tigranocerta.,
Sarbeth or Sarabeth
cixos
jcugxa,
is
or xoo.axw; as
of the fame analogy, being put for Beth-Sar or Sara, a feminine, anfwering to the houfe of our Lady. ATO
vitis
op=s
S>aa(3a.
Epiphanius de
Prophetar. p. 248.
p. 984.
Damafcus is called by the natives Damafec, and Damakir. The latter fignifies the town of Dama or Adama: by which is not meant Adam, the father of mankind
;
but
Ad Ham,
the
Lord Ham,
Damalcus, Damakir. p. 15. Sec or Shec is a prince. Damafec fignifies principis Ad-A.mas (Civitas). From a notion however of Adama fignifying Adam, a ftory
prevailed,
RADICALS.
nocerta,
57
which
fignifies
Armenia.
Among
Tigranes' city, in Cappadocia, and the eaftern nations at this day the names
of the principal places are of this manner of construction ; fuch as Pharfabad, Jehenabad, Amenabad fuch alfo IndoHence I ftan, Pharfiftan, Moguliftan, with many others.
:
hope,
nia,
I
if I
city, called
Hanes, or Ura-
may
however the terms may be difpofed. And I may proceed farther to fuppofe that it was denominated the fountain of
light
;
as I
am
able to fupport
of the place.
Or
if I
my
Azania,
tain
may
in like
manner derive
;
facred to the
Sun
named.
cred to
fuppofe this fountain to have been falight on account of fome real, or im:
efpecially if I have
any hiftory
fo far ufeful, as
to fliew that
L.
in
6. p.
332.
There was
Ghavrabad.
No-Amon
Guebr-abad.
Hyde.
p.
363.
p. 364.
Atefh-chana, domus
Canaan was
Beth-Anath, is ; came Athana, and A0wra of the Greeks. Anath fignified the fountain of light, and was abbreviated Nath and Neith by the Egyptians. They worfhiped under this title a divine emanation, iuppofed to be the Goddeis of Wifdom. The Atheftyled
ignis, p. 359. An-Ath, whole temple in found often reverled, and ftiled Ath-An whence
nians,
Egypt, were denominated from this Deity, whom Ts -zc-oAgws (SaJTwy) they exprefied Ath-An, or A0W, after the Ionian manner. T sre/xa Ni'8j EAArj-< fe, ws o exetrwv Ao^o;, Qfos agwyix <T"S AtyvirTt^-i ju
Sais in
A0ca.
VOL.
Azania
58
RADICALS.
in Arcadia, the reader
Azania
tion
by
may judge
of
my
rs
vfiarog
TTOISI
pjJg
my
ocrp^ 78 oim
Hanes
Egypt was the reverfe of Azan ; formed however of the fame terms, and of the fame purport precifely.
in
it
may
fuppofe, we cred text, inftead of OJH, exprefTed If this were true, py. we muft be obliged to fuppofe, whenever the facred writers
what
found a foreign name, compofed of terms not unlike fome in their own language, that they formed them according to
of expreffion, and reduced them to the Hebrew orthography. In fliort, if the etymology of an Egyptheir
own mode
tian or Syriac name could be poflibly obtained in their own language, that they had always an eye to fuch etymology ; and rendered the word precifely according to the Hebrew
this
cannot be
al-
cannot fuppofe the facred writers to have been As far as I can judge, they apfo unnecefTarily fcrupulous.
We
They
rule,
been attended with great utility, had it been univerfally followed this was, of exhibiting every name, as it was expref:
whom
*
5
wrote, and by the people, to If this people through they addreffed themfelves.
when they
Stephanus Byzantinus.
Ifaiah.
c.
I
30. v. 4.
fhall hereafter treat
Of Hanes
more
fully.
length
RADICALS.
men
to maintain
:
59
length of time did not keep up to the original etymology in their pronunciation, it was unncceflary for the facred Penit
in their writings.
derftood
no longer exifted. they had called things by names, which If length of time had introduced any variations, thofe
changes were attended to ' fes, is termed <%# or
:
what was
yp
called
*
Shechem by Mo-
by the
Apoftle.
God
and Ptha.
He
is
by Suidas
Genefis.
2>/> by Syncellus. p. 100. not always uniformly exprefled even by the facred writers. vary at different times both in refpeft to names of places and of men.
c.
34. v. 4.
is
John.
c. 4. v. 5.
It is called
What
is
:
in
Numbers,
is
c.
13. 8. JHSMfl,
hofhua
and
in
Joihua.
c. i. v.
i.
yin
Je-
Num-
bers, c. 22. v. 5.
called the
fonof Bofor,
is
2 Peter, c. 2. v. 15.
Thus Quirinus
put for Eleafar,
v.
or Quirinius
ftyled Curenius,
Luke.
v. 2.
c. 2. v. 2.
and Lazarus
Luke.
c. 16. v. 20.
and John.
c.
u.
12. v. 24.
So Bethbara
in
Judges,
c. 7.
Almug,
2.
Kings,
c. 10. v.
c.
1.
is
ftyled
Algum
in
Chron.
The
city
10. v. 12.
is is
Calne of
Ifaiah.
Is
Jerubbaal of Judges
2. v. 10. is
Jerubbefeth, 2.
c. i. v. 3.
Samuel,
u.
v.
21.
Ram,
c.
Aram
Sam.
in
Matth.
Ruth.
c. 4. v.
Percuflit
Percuffit
19. Hefron begat Ram. Dominus Philiftim a Gebah ad Gazar. Deus Philiftim a Gibeon ad Gazarah.
2
i
c. 5.
v. 25.
Chron.
c.
14. v. 16.
60
RADICALS.
Mefjupircus.
And
9
Secundus, (Vulcanus) Nilo natus, Phas, ut jEgyptii appellant, quern cuftodem efle The author of the Clementines defcribes JEgypti volunt.
him much
Trvg
11
I0
KiyvKTiu
o
Jg
oftoiag
TO
j^o,
(JjaXstfTw
egjjwvsverou
'Hpa^o?.
name
fcribife
exprefled : Vulcano Pthas, et Apthas nomen fuifle Suidas. Narrat Eufebius Ptha j^Egyptiorum eundem
:
Vulcanum Graecorum Patrem illi fuifle Cnef, rerum However the Greeks and Romans may have apopificem.
efle
ac
was properly a title of " Amon and lamblichus acknowledges as much in a chapter, wherein he particularly treats of him. But at the fame time it repropriated the term,
it
:
' 3
'
'EAAc?s JV
tis
H<pa/<roi'
^gTaAa/^avw;
rov $6<x.
S. c. 3. p.
159.
3. c.
22.
"
Horn. 9. p. 687. Cotelerii. Demonftratio Evan. p. 88. Huetii It is fometimes compounded, and rendered Am-Apha
Auftor Clementine-rum.
-,
manner
cxprefied
H//?a by lamblichus
,
H/AW^
Kar' aAAfly
de
TO^IV
Seft. 8. c. 3. p. 158.
Hemeph was
It
was
alfo
properly Ham-Apha, the God of fire. rendered Camephis, Ka/Afl^s and Ka^ixpw, from
Cam-Apha.
Stobaeua
from Hermes.
By Afclepiades, Ka/ojpj?, or K/nytpt?. Kafs.yqtv iov fifaov nvm q,wiv aurov TOV Jjjwa 7ov vav TOV vomsv. Apud Damafcium in vita Ifidori. Photius.
>J
lamblichus. SeJt.
8. c. 3. p.
159.
a fiery eruption.
Hence
A<p6,
Oocj
TTTW, incendo:
alfo
Aptha, an inflammation,
Hefychius.
tiftf JtA.
tv FO/J.CC.TI lAxwo-'s.
Af>T<
f^xv^oneav
Etymolog. Mag.
lated
RADICALS.
lated to fire
:
61
name
its
it is
worfhip.
There was a place called Aphytis in Thrace, where the Amonians fettled very early ; and where was an oracular
temple of
Amon.
OLTTO
x*
Aptmj,
TWOS
ij
A.<pvrig,
wohig
@O),
T8
A<puo
gy%w/s.
E<7%g
is
Jg
A|U,|U,6MO.
Aphyte^ or Aphytis^
city
hard by Pal-
lene in Thrace^
"This city
had
once
the very country called Phlegra, where the There was a worfhip of fire once particularly prevailed. in Mount Libanus, city Aphace ; alfo a temple of that name
It ftood in
facred to
fire.
Here
for
be oracular.
It is
moft temples of old were fuppofed to defcribed by Zofimus, who fays, 1J that
near the temple was a large lake made by art, in fhape like a ftar. About the building, and in the neighbouring ground,
there at times appeared a fire of a globular figure, which It generally {hewed itfelf at times, burned like a lamp. when a celebrity was held and he adds, that even in his
:
time
it
was frequently
titles
feen.
a7ro(r7rao"|U.aTa,
or derivatives
them betray
'*
15
this in their
See Etymolog.
Magnum, Apha,
not
62
RADICALS.
l5
: xl
Aphaea
ftyled
not only of Vulcan, but of Diana being called Apha, and and in Crete Didtynna had the fame name ; Hefychius obferves, Apafa,
Autrvvva.
l8
Aphaeus was worshiped in 9 Arcadia. Ap]T : but it was Apollo was likewife called of worfhip ; though Hefychius otherwife properly the place
A<pgT]f<H
:
'
"
and Mars
Aphetor was what the ancient Dorians exprefexplains it. fire tower or Prutaneum ; the fame, fed Apha-Tor, a
'
which the Latines called of old Pur-tor, of the like fignifiThis in aftertimes was rendered Prastorium cation. and
:
the chief perfons, who officiated, Praetores. They were originally priefls of fire ; and for that reafon were called
and every Praetor had a brazier of ried before him, as a badge of his office.
Aphetae
:
11
AST, A
element.
Vefta.
A,
T A, H E
and
it
A.
fire,
alfo the
Deity of that
The Greeks
"
17
8
Paufanias. L. 2. p. 180. Paufanias. L. 3. p. 242. -fuppofed to be named from races. Paufanias. L- 8. p. 692. or A<pveios, as fome read it.
xa Ap9a<a, 'ExaT.
Stephanus Byzantinus.
it>
Cselius Rhodig.
L.
8. c. 16.
A<PTW,
rots
AA<po
5-eos.
Audor
Anti-
quus apud Lilium Gyraldum. Syntag. 7. Thefe towers were oracular temples ; and Hefychius exprefly fays, A<p>iT3p/a, ju.avTa. A?)Topo?, T&gotp-iiTeuoiiTQS. Hefychius. A<fTo^o A^oAAwroj. Iliad. L.
I.
v. 404.
.*'
fJioi.i'Tiuofjt.eyii,
Schol. ibid.
being
RADICALS.
hearth.
63
being difcovered by the prieftefles of this Deity, calls them " the virgins of Heftia. Efta and Afta fignified alfo a facred
In early times every diftridt was divided according to the number of the facred hearths ; each of which conftituted a community, or parifti. They were in different parts and Pretoria alfo ftyled Puratheia Empureia, Prutaneia,
:
judicature,
and Apaturia but the mod common name was Thefe were all places of general rendezvous for Afta. people of the fame community. Here were kept up perpetual fires and places of this fort were made ufe of for courts of where the laws of the country, SsfJUfou, were
53
Phratriai,
Hence Homer fpeaking of a perfon explained, and inforced. not worthy of the rights of fociety, calls him **
The names
the
rites
them from
The there pradlifed ; all which related to fire. term Afta was in aftertimes by the Greeks expreffed, Afy, The name of Athens Aftu ; and appropriated to a city.
was
at firft
25
Aftu
for Athenae
is
and then Athene, of the fame purport a compound of Ath-En, Ignis fons ; in which
;
:
"
Plutarch.
Numa.
-Vol.
i.
p. 68.
'T$up
legov enro^n^xi
retis'Efiinid-i
Nee
3
tu aliud Veftam,
quam vivam
intellige
flammam.
Ovid.
Fafti.
L.
6. v.
291.
QpoiTopas, TUS
T?
Hefychius.
ATraTa^a,
fire-tower.
Apaturia is compounded of soprn A6w>i<r;i'. Hefychius. Phrator is a metathefis for Phar-Tor, from Phur, ignis.
Apatour, a So Prztor
for all of
and Prastorium are from Pur-tor of the fame purport. them was Purgoi, ftill with a reference to fire.
14
*5
The
general
name
Iliad.
A.
v. 63.
i.
Diodorus Siculus. L.
p. 24.
name
64
RADICALS.
there
;
name
the city
a reference both to the guardian Goddefs of and alfo to the perpetual fire preferved within its
is
precinfts.
compound
Hephaeftus.
The God
of
fire,
The
i6
Camoenas of Latium,
who were
it
fuppofed to have
to the Veftals,
bufinefs
For Cam-Ain
of the Sun
The Hymns in the temples of hence the Camcense this God were fung by thefe women were made prefidents of mufic.
tendance upon that Deity.
:
Many
be
phaeftia
regions, where the rites of fire were kept up, found to have been named Afta, Heftia, Heftiasa,
;
will
Heas
*7
called.
from the
*6 *7
Plutarch.
Numa.
p. 62.
:
In Syria was Aftacus, or the city of Chus and Aftacur, the city of the Sun. In other parts were Aflacures, and Aftaceni, nations Aftacenus Sinus-, Aftaboras-,
:
Aftabeni
in
Ethiopia
Aftea
in
Gedrofia
Afta
in Spain,
yf Upurarsia. AeAo^a?,
'E^-tx.
Pindar.
Nem. Ode n.
v. i.
SHEM,
RADICALS.
SHEM, SHAME
N,
65
SHEMESH.
Shem, and Shamefh, are terms, which relate to the heavens, and to the Sun, fimilar to caw, D'Sty, 0atp, of the Hebrews.
Many
Samothrace, Samorna, were denominated from it. Philo Biblius informs us, that the Syrians, and Canaanites,
mos,
up their hands to Baal-Samen, the Lord of Heaven ; under which title they honoured the Sun Ta ogelifted
"8
:
%<#
ysiv sis
'HAwr
TZTOV ya.^
pj]<n,
Ssov svo[uov
pom,
fus
Ephe-
was a place of great fan&ity and its original name was 9 Samorna ; which feems to be a compound of Sam-Oran, Coeleftis Sol, fons Lucis. We read of Samicon in Elis, and of a town called xjugiov Zapixov, with a facred cavern
:
The word Espvos was a conSamia, which lay above it. traction of Semanos, from Sema-on ; and properly fignified
divine and cdemal.
cient Syria
Hence
rsfjuxiu
&sou,
<rz^vt\ xogct..
An-
was particularly devoted to the worfhip of the Sun, and of the Heavens ; and it was by the natives called Shems and Shams which undoubtedly means the land of Shemefli, from the worfhip there followed. It retains the
:
Philo apud Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. i. c. 10. Arabibus Sol Talos, TaAo;, ec Samafa. Lilius GyralcL Syntag. 9 Stephanus Byzant.
10
1
7. p. 2 g o .
VOL. L
name
66
RADICALS.
at this
3*
name
day.
What fome
expreffed
:
Shem and
Sham, the Lubim feem to have pronounced Zam hence the capital of Numidia was named Zama, and Zamana, from
Shamen,
Cceleftis.
in " Reineccius.
JULIO.
P
P R
B.
OCUL
O.
R 'jE
^
F.
UR
PATRONO.
REG
eaft,
I
A N
IE.
JE.
Ham
Sun
:
and vas
was wormiped as the called Sham and Shem. This has been
perplexity,
the caufe of
much
and miftake
for
by thefe
means many of his pofterity have been referred to a wrong line, and reputed the fons of Shem ; the title of one brother
not being diftinguimed from the real
31
name of
the other.
p. 5. Syria
Scham
appellata.
Dividitur Syria
in
quin5jyn>,
que
commune
datur.
quarum unicuique nomine proprio nomen, Al Scham, Excerptum ex Ibn Ol Wardi. p. 176.
fell.
Abulfeda fuppofes, that Syria is called Scham, quail finiftra. It was called Sham fame as 5e<ows. for the fame reafon that it was called Syria. Supcc ya.^ o AJO, the
Perfe Sow;
Deum
vocant.
is
Dea
pios
35
Cceleftis.
Syria
Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. i. p. 5. 2w^a S-ga, Souris from Sehor, Sol, called at this day Souriftan.
i.
e.
~5,ti-
of Greece.
Reineccii Syntagma.
Clafs. 6. cxxii. p. 458.
,
El-Samen was probably the name of the chief temple at Zama and comEl Samen fignifies prifed the titles of the Deity, whom the Numidians worfhiped.
'*
Deus
lia
Cceleftis,
or Ccelorum
to.
Zamana.
Hence
RADICALS.
:
67
Hence the Chaldeans have by fome been adjudged to the line of 35 Shem and Amalek, together with the people of
that name, have been placed to the fame account.
.
His ge-
He accordingly reprefented by Ebn Patric. makes him the fon of Aad, and great grandfon of Shem. 6 The Fuitque Aad films Arami, films Shemi, films Nose.
nealogy
is
author of the Chronicon Pafchale fpeaks of 37 Chus, as of the line of Shem and Theophilus in his treatife to Auto:
3 Others go farther, and Mizraim. lycus does the fame by add Canaan to the 39 number. Now thefe are confefTedly
Ham
fo that
we may
understand,
who was
name of Shem.
M A
This was a facred
title
R.
Gods
Deity
}S
given by the Amonians to their which often occurs in the Orphic hymns, when any
invoked.
01
is
'Lpfoc J"e
x.a.'ra.'yovva.t,
KO.I o
A^aa/x.
Syncelli
Chronograph,
36
7
p. 98.
Eutychii five
Ex.
Ebn
i.
p. 60.
im
<pyA
j8
'Ersgos Je
vies
TB 2/x. T
Xow oi'OfjictTiy
o A'6io4-.
2^
;
ovo/Ji.ix.TiMe^pcieifjL.
Theophilus ad Autolyc. L.
i. p. 7.
z.
P- 3?o.
39
Alii
Relandi Palasftina. V.
40
The
is
Ham
Genefis.
c.
10. v. 6.
Ham
v. 18, 22.
j
Samabethi,
68
41
RADICALS.
K'Aui, Ma,zag
Ilcaa!/,
TITVOKTOVS,
S'fcOOV
42
KA^<,
MoifCOt.^
7T&V$Sg%S
OUWIOV
people afTumed to themfelves this title ; and were and various colonies were or Macarians ftyled fuppofed to have been led by an imaginary perfonage Maear,
Many
43
Ma#a,
In confequence of this we find, that the moft ancient name of many cities and iflands was Macra,
or
44
Macareus.
4S
Macris, and
Macaria.
The
Macar
to
fignify
:
original purport preted svftoufAWSS It is certain of the word, may be difficult to determine.
was
inter-
that
41
it
Orphic.
41
Orphic. to Dionufus.
43
Hymn. 33. Hymn. 7, So EAQa Maxap, to Hercules, and Allb Maxa> Nw^eus. KAu6i, Maxa^, (pcarw,
oTrAoTgpwK Mx.xa.f.eov yerecriv Tg, x^ia-tv
to Pan.
to
Me^.7rov
T.
Orphic. Argonaut, v. 42.
44
Diodorus Siculus. L.
5. p.
327, 328.
Sea.
Plin.
We
4!
Red
L.
6. c.
29.
ToTvgKctiov
3. p. 173. Maxa^ta. ogos, was called Maxafia, with a town of the fame name. Ptolem. Cyprus Lefbos Macaria. Clariffima Lefbos-, appellata Lana, Pelafgia, Aigeira, ^Ethiope,
Diodorus
Sic,
L.
Macaria, a Macareo Jovis nepote. Plin. L. 5. c. 31. and Mela. L. 2. c. 7. p. 209. Homer. Iliad. H. v. 544. 'Or<70!' AtaSos y.vM Metx.ct.poS e a; ei'Tos ftgyet.
Rhodes
called 'Macaria.
in Attica
Plin. L,. 5.
c.
31.
A fountain
A
city in
Paufanias. L.
i. v.
i.
p. 79.
Apollonius Rhod. L.
1115.
Arcadia, Maxapiai. Steph. Byzant. Clement. Cohort, p. 27. a king of Lefbos. Maxap, An ifland of Lycia, Macara. Steph. Byzant.
iflands.
Diodorus
Sic.
L.
5. p.
347.
were
RADICALS.
were denominated from
it.
46
69
was by fome
Macar,
as a perfon,
:
him
as
by others the fon of him 48 Macareus, and the fon of Jupiter. This term is often
:
found compounded, Macar-On from whence people were denominated Mojea^wfgff, and 49 MaKgwyse ; and places were called Ma^a'V. This probably was the original of the name
given to Iflands, which were ftyled M&zctgM vrfioi. They were to be found in the Pontus Euxinus, as well as in the Atlantic. The Acropolis of Thebes in Boeotia was in like
was certainly an AmoThe inland city Oafis ftood in an Egypnian facred term. tian province, which had the 5I fame name ib that the
manner
called
Mcwzguv
i^<ro.
It
for in Greece.
fometimes expreffed as a feminine, Macris, and Macra and by the Grecians was interpreted longa ; as if it related to ex46
Paufanias. L.
p. So.
8. p.
602.
He
L.
i.
47 43
Diodorus.
L.
5.
p.
347.
Maxao
Kfntxxa. Schol.
iii
Homer.
Iliad,
fi.
v-
544O/ 2i'i'o<,
'
y?
Strabo. L. 12.
Macaroncs.
iw'S.a.vroi.
50
Stephanus Byzant.
as the
&.'5
The fame
Cadmeum.
o
Maxa^wr
Suidas.
f/;cro?,
ax^TrsAfS
T&-f
tv
Erwna
15-
fw* TO TzraAaiOf,
na^asn^w;.
5. p.
Diodorus Siculus. L.
lia in
347.
Ma-jcapjc
vvcroi
Scho-
Lycophron.
6itrtv
v.
1200.
i<r?
TOV a_i~ov
Of
51
the
in
Lycophron.
v.
1194,
Herodotus. L.
tent,
70
tent.
It
RADICALS.
:
was certainly an ancient word, and related to their but was grown fo obfolete, that the original purtheology
I think we may be affured port could not be retrieved. that it had no relation to length. Euboea was of old called
and may be looked upon as comparatively long but Icarus, Rhodes, and Chios, were likewife called fo ; and they did not project in length more than the iflands in their
Macris
;
:
5*
neighbourhood.
They were
There was
from
their figure.
n^otrSoppw
ctvTgov,
manifeftly, that
itfelf
it
was
ftyled
for
All thefe places were for a religious reafon fo denominated from Macar, a title of the Deity.
M
Melech,
or, as it is
H.
fometimes exprefTed, Malech, and MoIt was a loch, betokens a king ; as does Malecha a queen.
51
Macra,
a river in Italy.
in lone. v.
Plin.
L.
3. c. 5.
-ro-foa-f oppes -zzrgr^as
"
Euripides
937.
Et9<x
Ma.xpa.s JtaAB<7
ym
a.va.x.Ttt
ArG/^c?.
Ibid.
Paufanias informs us that the children of Niobe were fuppofed to have been here
(lain in this cavern.
5
Euripides ibid.
os
5
Alfo
in
AvTgcij
KM Max^a5 6
title
RADICALS.
title
71
;
of old given to
many
and
Deities in Greece
:
but in after
changed to
fjisiXi^og,
|U.<At^<o^,
S5
gentle, fweet, and benign Deity. Jupiter was ftyled MsiA^O, both
Paufanias
in
us,
5<5
that
Attica, and at
this
Ar-
and in another part of his work he fpeaks of under the fame title, in company with Artemis
gos
57
:
Deity
at Sicyon.
E?i
$s
Zsy; MsiA^io?,
K.OU
Agrees
ovQpt,ato[&sJii
HaT^wo.
mentions, that they were both of great antiquity, placed for the one in the temple before the introduction of images was reprefented by a pyramid, and the other by a bare pil:
He
lar
ifugapLiSt
$e
M<?up/0,
:
r^s xiovi
?iv
etmtrfjLsvri.
He
alfo
fpeaks of fome
unknown Gods
and of an
altar
at
Myonia
in Locris,
called
&oi M&Xiyroi
with an infcription of
the fame purport, 58 jSwp^ 0swi> MsiT^i^iuv. Rivers often had the name of Melech. There was one in
Babylonia, generally exprefTed Nahar Malcha, or the royal ftream thefe too were often by the Grecians to
:
changed
S9
Meihi'^oi.
The
I
river
of Achaia.
royal city.
Malaga
Spain was properly Malacha, the take the name of Amalek to have been Ham
:
Melech abbreviated
<7j
from
cTg
TO?
Kjip.-0-o-oc
Paufanias.
L.
i.
56 57
8
p. 9.
Paulanias. L.
2. p.
154.
132.
Paufanias. L.
2. p.
59
Paufanias. L.
The
4. v. 40.
is
Ham.
Chronicles, c.
the
72
RADICALS.
6l
MaiIn like manner I imagine the head of their family. chom, the God of the Sidonians, to have been a contraction
of Malech-Chom, fiaviXsv/; 'HAiO? : a title given to the Sun 6z but conferred alfo upon the chief of the Amonian family.
;
ANAC.
of high antiquity, and feems to have been originally appropriated to perfons of great ftrength, and ftature. Such people in the plural were flyled Anaa
title
Anac was
and one family of them were to be found at 63 Kirjath-Arba. Some of them were likewife among the Caphto-
kim
rim,
who
fettled in Paleftina.
is
whofe tomb
AVOLXTOS* AVCMTOL
<J
F^
TTQLltioL
Ewou
TO
$s
Afsgiov
TTSglS-
OfO.
StpOLVY}
O^jUa
an
yovra. s$ TTWV,
61
us s&v a,vvp&7T&
v. 33.
STTSI
ha,
{JLsysQoi;
s?iv
Kings,
c.
1 1.
61
this place,
merims with the priefts and them that wormip the hoft of heaven upon the houie and that fwear by the Lord, and that fwear by Maltops, and them that wormip,
cham.
65
Zephaniah.
Judges,
v. 22.
c. i. v. 4.
c. i. v.
10.
Jofhua.
c. 15. v. 13.
Deuteronomy,
c. 2. v.
21.
Jofnua.
c.
1.
and
at
c.
13. v. 12.
The
64
priefts
Clement.
Alex. Cohort,
p. 16.
i.
Paufanias. L.
p.
87.
It
was
in the ifland
Lade
before Miletus.
A8gy
The
au-
thor adds,
when
AUTIKO. 3s Xoyos
KO.I
&
T&S -zzr^AAa,
ra X^uaaopss
stxA
TS %et/j.xppov
sj-oToip.ov Qx.ey.vov
3.
of Anaces, AvctKre;.
AVOCX.O.S 01
Plutarch.
Numa.
av
RADICALS.
wi s$o%v.
73
We may
among
the Grecians.
Michael Pfellus fpeaking of hewere fo debafed, as to relies, mentions, that fome people 65 AVTOV $ pwav STTiyeiov SXTQLVCUCI ev<ySgviworfhip Satanaki Satanaki feems to be Satan Anac, JWoAo ftouritevg. IQVTQLI.
and
their temples
ctvoiKTOgioi.
Necho, Nacho, Necus, Negus, which in the Egyptian and Ethiopic languages fignified a king, probably was an It was fometimes exabbreviation of Anaco, and Anachus.
preffed Nachi, and Nacchi. the Perfepolis are faid to be
The
buildings reprefented at
j
which
prince Ruftan.
Z A
Sar
is
R,
and
to
R.
promontory. As temples were particularly ereded upon fuch places, thefe eminences were often denominated Sar-On, from the Deity,
a rock,
fignify a
the temples were facred. The term Sar was oftentimes ufed as a mark of high honour. The Pfalmift repeatt6 the Rock of his edly addrefTes God as his Rock, refuge ; the Rock of his falvation. It is alfo ufed without a metato
whom
phor, for a
title
of refpect
but
it
differently exprefTed.
The
facred
that lordly
Sarim.
The
v. 35.
Michael Pfellus.
p. 10.
c.
Pfalm 28.
v. i.
-Deuteron.
32. v. 15.
Ffalm 78.
It is
67
VOL.
I.
name
74
RADICALS.
to the wife of
<s
Abraham by way of
It
is
and
iignifies a
lady, or princefs.
conti-
nually to be found in the competition of names, which relate to places, or perfons, efteemed facred by the Amonians. read of Serapis, Serapion, Serapammon : alfo of Sarchon, and
We
Sardon
which
is
is
a contraction
for
;
Sar-Adon.
the fame
In Tobit
as
mention
made
of
69
Sarchedonus
name
:
the
former, but with the eaftern afpirate. are taken notice of as perfons of high
The Sarim
7*
in Efthcr
honour
the fame
dignity feems to have been known among the Philiftim, by whom it was rendered 7I Sarna, or Sarana hence came the
:
""
Tyrian word Sarranus for any thing noble and fplendid. In the prophet Jeremiah are enumerated the titles of the
attended Nebuchadnezzar in his expedi73 tion againft Judea. Among others he mentions the SarThis is a plural, compounded of Sar, and Sech, fechim.
chief princes,
who
Sar-Sechim fignirendered alfo Shec, a prince or governor. Rabfhekah is nearly fies the chief of the princes and rulers.
of the fame purport: it ngnines the great prince; as by Rabn Eunuch fares is meant the chief ; by Rabrnag, the chief of the Magi. Many places in Syria and Canaan have the term
Sar in compofition
;
Genefis.
c. 17. v. 15.
69 70
71
1
Tobit.
Efther.
c. i. v. c. i.
22.
v. 16.
joiliua. c. 13. v. 3.
J1D.
Judges,
c. 16. v. 5.
Samuel,
c.
29. v.
7-.
Oftrum Sarranum.
Jeremiah,
c.
7!
39. v. 3.
74
liaiah. c. 37. v. 4.
Jeremiah,
c.
39. v.
3.
Sardis,
RADICALS.
Sardis, the
75
capital of Crcefus,
was the
Deity of the country. 7S High groves, or rather hills with woods of ancient oaks, were named Saron ; becaufe they were facred to the Deity fo
fame
as Atis, the
near Corinth, Pliny takes notice of the Saronian bay Portus Coenitis, Sinus and of the oaks which grew near it.
called.
7<5
Saronicus olim querno nemore redimitus; unde nomen. Both the oaks and the place were denominated from the Deity
Sar-On, and Chan-Ait, by the Greeks rendered Da^wy, and KoimriSj which are titles of nearly the fame purport. Saron
77 Lilius Gyralwas undoubtedly an ancient God in Greece. but he was properly the Sun. dus ftyles him Deus Marinus
:
Diana, the
fifter
of Apollo,
is
named
7S
Saronia
79
and there
;
were Saronia
facra, together
with a
feftival at
Trcezen
!o
in
which place Orus was fuppofed to have been born. Qpov Orus was the fame as Sar-On, ysvevQcu <r$iviv sv yy urguTov. 8l Rocks were called Saronides, from havthe Lord of light.
75
It
is
Eft
et rcgio
p. i33.
Anyplace
facred
in
was
liable to
have
this
name
'O
^apw
ctiro
'" 77
Plin. L. 4. c. 8.
in
The-
miftoclem.
78
2f'/Ti
79
A^TgyM-is*
oi
n^c-oci.
2. p.
Ibidem.
Paufanias. L.
189.
80
81
fov.
Paufanias. L. 2. p. 181. Callimachus calls the iQand Aflerie XCC.KSV aapor. A<fe^n, WOJ/TOIO KU.XW trxThis by theScholiaft is interpreted jcaAncr pov' but it certainly means a Rock.
in
Hymn,
Delon.
v. 225.
ing
76
RADICALS.
8a
facred to this Deity: juft as groves of ing temples and towers This interpreoaks were, of which I took notice above.
given by
vy^g
Ictuv
tisigsv.
As oaks were
Hence DioDruids, by whom the oak was held fo facred. dorus Siculus f peaking of the priefts of Gaul, ftyles them
'*
urs^wftais TifJuafJLsm, aj
2APONIAA2
one proof out of many how far the Amonian religion was extended and how little we know of Drui-
This
is
its
eflence or
its
origin.
U C
H.
Uch, T#, exprefled alfo Ach, Och, Op^a, was a term of honour among the Babylonians, and the reft of the progeny of Chus ; and occurs continually in the names of men and
places,
their hiftory.
have
fhewn
in
former
8s
treatife
Egypt were of that race ; Eufebius informs us, that their national lonia, and Chaldea. 86 title was YKOVVOS ; or, as it was undoubtedly exprefTed by
81
that the fhepherds who ruled and that they came from Baby-
^atfeovtfes -sifTpxi,
8i
>;
oil tfict.
t^aAaioT^Ta
xe^yfjicti Jpui-;.
Hefych.
Callimachus.
Hymn,
to Zeus. v. 22.
84
*5 6
Diodorus Siculus. L.
p. 196.
c. 13. p.
500.
the
RADICALS.
8
77
/
the people themfelves, TMOUOX, Uc-Cufus. It is a term taken notice of by Apion, and Manethon ; and they fpcak of it as a word in the facred language of the country, which
fignified a
I
king;
this
it is
TK.
m$
isga,v
yAwtrow (3a<r;A&
VYipaivsi.
wonder that
as
notice;
been paiTed over with fo little of great antiquity; and at the fame time of
has
in refpect to
word
much importance
etymology.
:
Uc-Cufus
was a word
figniin the
Cufean
and
as
it
facred language of Egypt, we may from hence learn what that language was; and be allured that it was the primitive
language of Chus, the fame as the ancient Chaldaic. It was introduced among the Mizraim by the Aurita?, or Cuthites,
together with their rites, and religion hence it obtained the name of the facred language. Diodorus Siculus affords ^evidence to the fame purpofe: and it is farther proved by Helio:
dorus
facred characters of Egypt, and 8? fame. This term thofe of the Cuthites in Ethiopia were the
;
who
among
;
the
titles,
names
the
are
compofed
it
is
Among
be found in Acherez, and AchenEgyptians cherez ; which are the names of two very ancient princes.
to
compound of Ach-Ares, Magnus Sol equivalent to Achorus, another name of the fame Deity, afiumed in like manner by their kings. The latter was fometimes exprefled
Acherez
is
50
which
are all
the
445-
?9 90
Achor,
fame
78
RADICALS.
diverfified in different ages,
fame name
ers.
As priefts took the titles Lucan has very properly introduced the name of Achoreus
:
Egypt under
91
According to Hellanicus, if a perfon had in Egypt made enquiry about the term Ofiris, he would not have been underftood for the true name was r Ufiris. Philo
'
:
Tgiwv y^oL^xTm Xi/a T3 3>oivixo$. I take Ifiris, and Ufiris, as evgSTW, a.$sh<po$ well as Ofiris, to be all Uc-Sehoris foftened, and accommo-
93 the fame Ihris ; Deity and adds, that he was the brother of Cna, or Canaan ; and the inventor of three letters. Ir^, rwv
Biblius
from Sanchoniathon
calls
ftyled
;
as
Avxwgsvg
this
and
Avxouav.
As
perfonage
was
Lucan. L. Ka/
8. v.
475.
ctKWKoei>ce.i ctTri Tiav
91
fjitvov.
91
TGV Oaigiv EAAavixos Ta-iptv eipmev yx.p Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. Vol. i. p. 364.
i. c.
legtwv
fayc-
10. p. 39.
Grsecorum
Ai/JtaCai'T
i. c. 17. p.
AT-
Macrob. Saturn. L.
Lycaon was the fame as Apollo; and worfhiped in Lycia his pricfls were he was fuppofed to have been turned into a wolf. Ovid Metam. ftyled Lycaones
L.
i.
v. 232.
e<5
ATW
Apollo's mother Latona was alfo changed to the fame animal. AwAov wA0g jj.STaSa.'foua-ix. tis Au/coc. Scholia in Dionyf. v. 525.
'H
People
RADICALS.
was the fame
as
79
El-Uc, AVKOS
it
was turned
arofe
into a wolf.
:
The
every facred animal in Egypt was diftinBut the Greeks never guifhed by fome title of the Deity. confidered whether the term was to be taken in its primary,
from hence
or in
its
fecondary acceptation
Lucos, was, as I have fhewn, the name of the Sun : hence, wherever this term occurs in composition, there will be commonly found fome reA*J#O,
read of ference to that Deity, or to his fubfHtute Apollo. S7 96 of Avziz A7roAAw!/0 isgov Lycorus, a fuppofed fon of
:
We
Apollo
firft
of
city,
of " Lycofura, the Lycomedes, another fon which the Sun beheld. The people ol Delphi were
3
'
of old called
'
'
Lycorians
it
Lycorea.
Near
was a
People are
wo'iyaus.
have been led to Pamaffiis by the howling of wolves Paufanias. L. 10. p. 811.
faid to
Avxxs>
worlhipers of fire-, and were conducted to their fettlement in Campania by a wolf. Strabo. L. 5. p. 383. In the account given of Danaus, and of the temple founded by him at Argos, is a
ftory of a
* 'j,v&
wolf and
a.
bull.
Paufan. L.
2.
p. 153.
fly led
ATTO^-
icor Ai/*;a.
I,,
r.
96
p.
44,
L.
2. p.
97
98
99
v.
1439.
9. p.
named from
Ti^cnai o.AToAAw!'.
80
RADICALS.
God
of light.
From Lucos
in
this
came lux, luceo, lucidus, and Jupiter Lucetius, of the Latines and Atr^o^, A'J^a, of the Greeks alfo farxysvu, Ay*a(j, and a(ji$ih.vxo$, though differently expreiTed. Hence
:
:
it
was, that fo
many
places facred
to
Mox
Hence
alfo
et Leucatas
Apollo.
:
infcriptions
DEO LEUCANLE
foni
which term
The name
from AVZQS, a wolf, fignifies a perfon of an enlightened mind. Groves were held very facred hence lucus, which fome would ab-
would
derive
fo
named from
the Deity
as
was
'Aifj.o*;,
amono; the Greeks. O This people, who received their theology from Egypt and and thought to Syria, often fuppreffed the leading vowel ; atone for it by giving a new termination though to fay the
:
truth, this
mode of
abbreviation
is
often to be obferved in
the original language, from whence thefe terms are derived. f, the name of Cyrus, feems to have fuffered an abridgThefe places were fo named from the Sun, or Apollo, ftyled not only Auxo;, but and Atuxwp5:o5 and the city Lucoreia was efteemed the oldeft in the
:
world, and
laid to
after a
Huamus.
A.uKupeioio Ka.<pa>jpos.
Apollon. L.
It
4. v.
1489.
Solaris.
avn TB AeA<Jc8.
'
Scholia, ibid.
properly fignified
i.
p.
MLXXXII.
n. 8.
ment
RADICALS.
ment of
this nature.
It
81
was probably a compound of UchUr, the fame as Achor, and Achorus of Egypt, the great luIn ancient times all kings, priefts, and minary, the Sun. people of confeqtience took, to themfelves fome facred title.
But
rez
;
as
Aneith was abbreviated to Neith, Acherez to CheThus far is fo Achorus was rendered Chorus, Gurus.
that Gurus fignified the Sun.
5
manifeft,
{JLSV
ovv
78
$oL<rt'
sraAcua ovofAZ
this fignifi-
Kca
Orus
TiQgjau TO
He was
It
de-
was the
fame he
as
;
prefied
fays,
as
7
and according to Strabo it is fometimes fo exwe may infer from a river of this name, of which
:
E^aAsiro
Jg
'uygorsgov Ko^o^.
:
We
find
it
fometimes
rendered Kvgig, Curis but ftill with a reference to the Sun, the Adonis of the eaft. Hefychius explains Ku*, o P$um$. In Phocis was 8 where Apollo Kyppa/o? was Kyppa, Currha,
which names were more commonly exprefTed The people of Cyrene are faid by PaK<ppa, and Kippa<o?.
honoured
;
5
So Hefychius. Toe
ibid,
1
ya.o
A<cc
ot Y[icva.<.
Kupoi hsytifftr*
Hence
Kuoos, ao^wt',
/3<x
alfo
Kvpos, gfao'/a.
Quid
tibi
cum Cyrrha
quid
cum
1 1.
Martial. L.
Epigram. 77.
3. v.
v.
n.
Lucan. L.
K<ppacj
STTH'Siov
172.
/leAf w.
VOL.
I.
laephatus
82
lagphatus
RADICALS.
to have
as well as
They,
title
9
been originally Ethiopians or Cuthites. the Egyptians, worfhiped the Sun under the
:
them efteemed him the From the God Achur we may infer that $eos dTfopviog. which is a comtheir country was at firft called Acurana
and
like
;
pound of Achur-Ain, and betokens the great fountain of Acurana was abbreviated to Curane and Curene ; light.
but was always fuppofed to relate to the Sun, and Heaven. Hence the Greeks, who out of every obfolete term formed to have been the daughter of perfonages, fuppofed Gyrene
GLTTO the fupreme Deity. Kvgww rqs Ky^jjy*), tsroA^ Ajwtf, The city Cyrene in Libya was denominated from Gy'TXJ/sw?. There was a fountain rene, the daughter of the moft High.
here of great fandlity, which was in like manner denomi" It was called nated from the Sun. Kij] 'EtyiOj which
9
Cyrenaici
ferente-,
Achorem Deum
(invocant)
mufcarum multitudine
eft illi
peftilentiam ad-
quce protinus intercunt, poftquarn litatum See alfo Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 33.
Deo.
Plin.
L.
10. c. 28.
and particularly Harduin, not knowing that Achor was worhave omitted his name, and transferred the Cyrene, fhiped But all the ancient editions mention Achor of Cyrene-, Cyrenaici hiftory to Elis.
Some
late editors,
at
I have examined thofe printed at Rome, 1470, 1473. thofe Acborem Demi, &c. of Venice, 1472, 1476, 1487, 1507, 1510. thofe of Parma, 1476, 1479, 1481. one
at Brefcia,
1496. the editions at Paris, 1516, 1524, 1532. the Bafil edition by
:
Froben, 1523
and they all have this reading. 1469, has Acorem, but with fome variation.
Deum, was, I imagine, firft admitted into was mided by the fimilarity of the two hiftories.
The edition alfo by Johannes Spira, The fpurious reading, Elei myagrum the text by Sigifmund Gelenius, who
Harduin has followed him blindmore ancient and true reading. notice of the ly, without taking any 10 Stephanus Byzantinus. See alfo Scholia on Callimach. Hymn, in Apoll. v. 91.
"
'Oii*'
UTTU
TzrsAacrc-aJ
gya/or.
Callimachus.
Hymn,
in
Apoll. v. 88.
terms
RADICALS.
Hammonis
inclytse
83
terms are equivalent to Kur-Ain, and Achur-ain of the Pliny Amonians, and fignify the fountain of the Sun. this was the purport of the terms, when he deproves, that * fcribes this part of the world. Cyrenaica, eadem Tripolitana regio, illuftratur
oraculo
et Fonte Solis.
.
The
lant.
like
account
is
to be
Amappel;
monis oraculum,
fidei
et fons,
quem
Solis
'*
As Achor was
it
a term,
which
related to the
Sun
we
that
hnd
often
This was the Deity, from whence was formed Acharon. true name of the city in Paleftine, called in Scripture, acI5 It was denominated from Ekron. cording to our veriion, Achor, the God of flies, worfhiped alfo under the name of
Baal-zebub
with
the
fame attribute.
this
The Caphtorim
;
where was a
Acharon ;
This
river,
country.
11
denominated from the Deity of the and the rites practifed in its vicinity,
fo
Plin.
N. H. L.
8. p.
5. p.
249.
13
L. i.e.
43.
firfl
T+
fcttlement
Montem Cura, which was then occupied. ubertatem occupavere. L. 13. propter fontium
15
made
at
c. 7.
Conformably
alfo
to
what
fay,
Ekron
is
rendered
AXJC<WV by
the Seventy,
Samuel,
c. 6. v. 17.
So
Ou
Ww8a-< Mwaf
6. c. i. p. 312. Selden de Dijs Syris. Syntag. 6. p. 228. Snov A?cxaow'. Nazianz. Editio Etonenf. 1610. Gregory
1.
:
Pars fecunda cont. Julianum. p. 102. In Italy this God was ftyled by the Campanians, 'HoaxA mens. Cohort, p. 33.
A/ro/xwo;.
See Cle-
place in Egypt, where they worfhiped this Deity, was named Achoris doubtedly the fame, which is mentioned by Sozomen. 1. 6. c. 18.
The
un-
are
84
RADICALS.
verfes
is
The
from fome Sibylline compofed, is uncertain. are taken notice of by Clemens Alexandrinus,
remarkable, are certainly quoted long before the However the purport completion of what is portended. may perhaps be looked upon rather as a menace, than a prophecy.
6
,
.,
and what
SKI
The Deity was likewife called Achad, and Achon and many cities and countries were hence denominated. Aeon
:
I7
in Paleftine
is
faid to
Deity in thofe
that
:
parts.
have
mentioned,
Ham,
ftyled
alfo
Cham, was
:
and worfhiped by his posterity. looked up to as the Sun Hence both his images and priefts were ftyled Chamm and
many
6
princes
afTumed
this
title,
juft
as
p. 44.
He
fate of
Ephefus
is
foretold
There
is
a third
(7L,
his
temple
in
Egypt
Ka/
^epxTrt, A<
The temple of
till
Thefe three
famples of Sibylline poetry are to be found in Clemens above. 7 Achad was one of the firft cities in the world, Genefis. c. 10. v. 10.
Nifibis city was
18
Orus,
RADICALS.
Orus, and Arez.
: :
85
His pofterity efteemed themfelves of the and the great founder of Solar race, by way of eminence the Perfic Monarchy was ftyled Achamin, rendered by the
and all of his family afterGreeks A^a^er^, Achasmenes wards had the title of Ayyupsnoi, and A^OfjUgwJaf, from the fame pretenfions. They all of them univerfally efteemed
themfelves the children of the Sun
;
like-
Hence Lutatius Placidus wife fo called from their worfhip. in his Scholia upon Statius interprets the word Achaemenida^
'
by
:
Solis Cultores.
This may ferve to authenticate my etythat the term is derived from Cham, the
it
confined to the royal race of the Perlians ; The were looked upon as the offspring of the Sun.
thites
who
Cu-
of Ethiopia Africana had the fame high opinion of themfelves hence Calafiris in Heliodorus invokes the Sun as
:
Emx^X^^a
^cn^rvg
Tsvcc^r^ j^wy
in another place
0, Sun, the Fgj/a^a ttTgoyowv ri^v. The Amonians, who fettled at great fource of my anceftry. " Solar race. Thofe, Rhodes, ftyled themfelves 'H^/acTa/, the
invocation
:
2I
'HAjs,
who
tions
9
23 fame. Hyde menupon the Padus, did the a people in Diarbeker called ** Chamii ; and fays, that
fettled
1.
i.
v. 718.
Diodorus Sicuhis. L.
5. p.
327.
Apollonius Rhod. of the Heliads. L. 4. v. 604. Chamfi, feu Solares, funt Arabice Shemfi vel Shamfi.
Religio Vet. Perf. p. 523. and 575. being pronounced Sham, and Shem,. has caufed feme of his pofterity to be-
Hyde
Cham
referred to a
wrong
line.
the
86
RADICALS.
word
is
Solares
in
purport
Shemfi and Shamfi of the Arabians. The term T#, of which I have been
traces of
it
treating,
was
obfolete,
:
be found, though ftrangely perits For the writers of this original meaning. nation, not knowing the purport of the words, which they found in their ancient hymns, changed them to fomething
may
fimilar in
religious,
found
a degree
of
they formed AMOS, Lucus ; which was acknowledged to be the name of the Sun of El-Uc-Aon, Lycaon of El-Uc-
Uc
xiQagiv,
Y\
To'%tz
Avxugeog
BVTSOL
Ooj&s.
So from Uc-Ait, another title of the God, they formed HeHence Nicander fpeaks of catus, and a feminine, Hecate.
Apollo by
-6
this title
TgWQ $s<r<ri
And
17
TOT Avajcrogu/ig.
only perfon who feems knowingly to have retained 28 this word, and to have ufed it out of Hocompofition, is
15
'
The
Callimachus.
Hymn
to Apollo, v. 19.
v.
7
8
n.
Euripides under the term o^os.
Qn^cts O^af.
however
:
to be
found
in
Thefeus fays to
Adraftus
Ex.
iti
J"
shawm
tTTTot -UTQGS
Supplices. v. 131.
mer.
RADICALS.
mer.
87
He
He adhered to ancient terms theology of that nation. with a degree of enthufiafm ; and introduced them at all
hazards, though he
many
know
their
This word among others he has preferved ; ufe of it adverbially in its proper fenfe, when he defcribes and excellent. Thus he fpeaks any body fuperlatively great, of Calchas as far fuperior to every body elfe in prophetic
knowledge, and
30
ftyles
e
him
KaAya^
'Os WY}
rex.
SOVTIX,,
ra r
s<r<ro[jLva,
is
'W^o T sovra.
31
tlglQL[Jt.$YlS
'EhSVOS OJCMOTTOAwy
0%
o
1
OLglfOS.
So
3Z
QuwYiuv
0'
agifQV,
" AiTwAwy
agi^o^,
and
34
In
29
Greeks.
alfo eu%y, su^ouae.', ev^ufa, of the the word euge Callimachus abounds with ancient Amonian terms. He bids the yonn"
:
2w
T' tua.'yQPia,
o'uv
suyp.a.a'ij
GVV
T aXo-hvyaKLavacr. Palladis.
v. 139.
"Zeus.
Eu;cAf;a, Ape/jut.
Koppva.
Iliad. Iliad.
A.
Z.
O.
v. 69.
v. 76.
31
'
Iliad. P. v.
?!
J*
Iliad. Iliad.
v.
307. 282.
It
H. v. 221.
RADICALS.
In thefe and in
all
always in the fame accepIt is tation, and uniformly precedes the fame word, ccjig-og. 35 indeed to be found in the poetry afcribed to Orpheus but
Homer,
it is
obfervable, that
Homer, we mull
not look upon it as a current term of the times, when that nor was it ever, I believe, in common poetry was compofed
:
It was an Amonian not even in the age of Homer. term, joined infeparably with another borrowed from the fame For ctgirog was from Egypt, and Chaldea. Indeed people.
ufe,
moft of the irregular degrees of comparifon are from that derived from the Sun, the great Deity of the quarter ; being
Pagan world, and from his titles and properties. Both aggiw From Bel, and afjfo? were from a], the Arez of the eaft. and Baaltis, came /Sg/Vnwi/, and jSg/Vn^o? apeimv is an in:
flection
from Amon.
:
From
from
the
were formed
Kgs<r<ruv,
Asuo-trlt,
OTTM oy'
ictiv
at.m<?a. jw.gr'
ctutporfpouri
Iliad, F. v.
Iliad. B. v.
no.
T(? T'
ctp
c%
761.
Alfo
35
Odyfi".
0.
v. 123.
and H.
v.
428.
In the
Hymn
to Silenus that
God
is
called
2'Aiwc o%
aptt^e.
And
in the
poem de Lapidibus,
in
heaven
.IK
01X01.
Hymn
Proem,
v. 14.
PHI.
RADICALS.
PHI.
mouth alfo language, and fpeech. ufed by the Amonians particularly for the voice and of any God and fubjoined to the name of that Deity.
Phi
fignifies
89
It is
oracle
The
firft
are in confequence called Ampi, Omphi, Alphi, Elphi, Ur3& It is made to fignify, in the book of Genefis, phi, Orphi.
the voice, or
ceptation
command
<pj|U.f,
of Pharaoh.
<pji,u^>
From Phi
in this ac-
came
<pJ5|U,q,
<>a<r#w, <par/,
fama,
fari,
imagine that the term Pharaoh itfelf is compounded of Phi-Ourah, Vox Ori, five Dei. It was no unufual thing among the ancients to call the words of their
ita farier infit.
I
prince the voice of God. Jofephus informs us that it fignified a king 37 'O Oa^awj' sra^' AiyvTrJion; /SatriAsa vvpcuvsi and Ouro in the Copto- Arabic Onomafticon is faid to fignify the
/ : :
fame
fhould think, that this was only a fecondary acceptation of the original term. Phi is alfo ufed for any opening or cavity whence we find
:
but
it
at leaft
the place, whence the fountain iffued forth, or where it loft itfelf. And as all ftreams were facred, and all cavities in the
earth looked
called
upon with
Amonians
rendered by the Greeks Phiale, Phasnon, Phanes, Phaneas, Paneas. The chief
*
7
Genefis.
c.
45. v. 21.
8. c. 6.
VOL.
fountain
90
RADICALS.
38
fountain of the river Jordan loft itfelf underground, and rofe again at fome miles diftance. It funk at Phiale, and rofe again.
at
39
Memphis,
but
it
from
its
figure:
The
Nile
be loft
underground near its fountains; and that place alfo was called 4 Phialam appellari fontem ejus, mergique in cuntPhiala.
culos ipfum
amnem.
There was
alfo a
it
fountain of this
name
from
at
4I
Conftantinople.
as in Pella,
Sometimes
afpirate,
its
fountains
a city of Paleftine, named undoubtedly 4i for Pliny calls it Pellam aquis diviterru
;
and
like fountains
were denomiIn
perfons,.
<t>ap]cna
A
Ai, and Aia, fignifies a
provinces in Egypt
38 !9
I.
41. p. 265.
L. L.
8. c.
46.
40
Plin.
5. c. 9.
Paulus
41
41
Silentiarius.
Part.
n.
v. 177.
Plin.
L.
5. c.
8.
44
Athanafii Epift. ad folitariam vitam agentes. p. 658. Epiphanius adverfus Ha;res. L. 2. torn. 2. p. 719.
ifland.
RADICALS,
iiland.
91
In other parts it was of much the fame purport as a<a oi: the Greeks, and betokened any 4S region or country. It was from hence that fo many places have been rcprefented the Greeks as plurals, and are found to terminate in ai ; by
Athenai, Thebai, Pherai, Patrai, Amyclai, TherapThere are others in eia\ as Chaenni, Clazomenai, Celasnai. In others it was rendered iliort ; as roneia, Coroneia, Eleia.
in Oropia,
fuch
as
Ellopia,
Ortygia, Olympia,
is
./Ethiopia,
Scythia,
Cosnia, Icaria.
letter,
and
ftill
It likewife found expreffed by a fingle fubjoined to the proper name hence we meet
:
with
./Etna,
Arbela, Larifia,
46
We may
inftances,
that among the people of the eaft, as well as among other Thus the nations, the word in regimine was often final.
fpecifled by the termination. To fay Lydia tellus, Affyria tellus, is in reality 47 redundant. In the name of Egypt this term preceded, that country being
is
ftyled
Ai-Gupt,
'34, 13546
The
Same, Capiflene, Thebe, &c. and probably Colchis was called Aia fimply, and by way of eminence Strabo menthe Colchians v/ere from Egypt. Egypt had the fame name, for and Apollonius ftyles the country of tions fauocos -zrAbt' TOV ets AJO.V, 1. i. p. 38.
rene, Arface,
47
Colchis Aia.
Aia.
ye JAW
?T( vjv
fjt.?vsi
f^.Trefoi^ viavot
xttf*-
n
Aiai'.
L.
4. v. 277.
COMMON
92
RADICALS.
COMMON NAMES RELATING TO
PLACES.
to the
names, which are found combined with additional terms, in order to denote the nature and Situation of places ; they are for the moft part fimilar to thofe
As
common
and admit of
little variation.
Hence Arachofia, Arachotus, Aracynthus, Arambis, Aramatha (ArHam-aith) Archile, Arzilla, Arthedon all which were cities^
Air
is
a city
or elfe regions, denominated from them. Kir, Caer, Kiriath, are words of the like purport. read in the Scriptures of Kiriath Sepher, Kiriath Arba, Kiriath Jearim.
It
We
pronounced Kirtha, and Cartha. Melicartus, the Hercules of the Phenicians and Cretans, was properly Melech-Carta, the Deity of the place. The city of Tigranes in Armenia was called Tigranocerta.
parts
was in fome
the
Adon.
It
was
alfo called
Ada, the city of the queen or Goddefs, who was by the Romans fuppofed to be Juno, but was properly the Amonian
Elifa.
fortrefs
Caer among many ancient nations Signified a city, or as we may learn from the ; places called Carteia,
Carnaim, Caronium, Caroura, Carambis. Among the Britons were of old places exactly analogous, fuch as Caerlifle,
CaerdifF, Caerphilly, Caernarvon, and Caeruriah in Cornwall. Kir and Caer are the fame term differently expreffed. In
Scripture
Ifaiah. c. 16. v. 7.
n.
Kir Harefh,
is
mentioned
by
RADICALS,
93
by Jeremiah, c. 48. v. 31. Upon the Euphrates was CerIn Cyprus was Kironia, rendered cufium, and Carchemifh. s * Ptolemy ; whofe true name was Kir-On, the Keguviof. by the Sun ; where was a temple to Our-Ain, ftyled city of Kir-On was often rendered Cironis, Coronis ; and Urania.
49 Cronus. By thefe means the place the Deity Coronus and was fubftituted for the Deity, and made an objecl: of wor-
fliip.
Of
this
abufe
I fhall
and Artemirium, was in fome and expreffed by Kir fubjoined hence Theplaces rererfed, miicir, and Themifcura in Pontus.
:
Col, Cal, Calah, Calach, fignify properly an eminence, like the Collis of the Romans but are often ufed for a for:
trefs
fo fituated.
:
ablolute Calah
tion,
as
fometimes meet with a place ftyled but the term is generally ufed in compofl-
We
Cala
Nechus,
Cala-Anac,
Gala-Chan,
Cala-On,
Cala-
Cala-Ope, Cala-Ham,
Amon, Cala-Adon
5
places ftyled
lathe,
Califtae,
whence came the names of people and 5I Colons, Gales, CaCallinicus, Calachene, Calathufa, Calauria, Colorina, Caliope, Ca:
lama, Calamos,
43
5Z
Calamon, Calymna, Calydnus, CalycadHe is mentioned as a king of the Laand placed near mount Olympus, 3?occ,nS'M. Diodorus. L. 4. p. 242,
in
:
Lib.
5. c.
is
14.
49
Coronus
to be
met with
Greece.
pith:;:
'llf
T in rn
Parthia.
or
Cal-Amon, was
ad Calofyrium.
unites of old.
/u->
Judea which had this name given Cyril mentions a<f.KOf;.(voi TIMS ctiro TB OPOT2
a hill in
;
to
it
KAnus
piilola
94
nus
;
RADICALS.
all
which were places in Phrygia, Bithynia, AfTyria, Libya, denominated from their fituation and worfhip.
Comah
ratheia
:
is
taken for thofe facred inclofures, wherein they had their Pu-
and particularly
inclofures.
hill or
in thofe
a round
mound
of earth
called alfo
Taph and
it
for a
tomb
but
was originally
of the Sun
:
By Gib
faid to be
is
meant an
hill.
hill
is
famous
of Gib-Ethon or Ath-On, titles of the the fon of Jeroboam was flain by Baafha at Gibethon of the
53
Philiftines.
Har and Hor Signify a mountain; egos of the Greeks. Tin feems to have iignified a facred place, for facririce
kind of high
altar.
compofition, Tig'
It was in ufe among the ancient HetruAbantis, Abfyrtis. hence came the terms Aventinus, rians and other nations
Palatinus,
Tan
in
in
s+
to be the
fame
as
in compofition, as
Indos-tan,
Chufis-tan.
Tin
it
Tor
is
an
hill or
;
Many
in
their compofition
SJ
alfo in
Kings,
c. 15. v.
27.
!+
In
Canaan was
a well
foil.
Hetruna,
RADICALS.
Hetruria, Torchonium.
the
nia,
5S
95
a
Turzon
in Africa
was
tower of
was ibmetimes exprefled Tar, hence TarcuTaracena, Tarracon in Spain, Tarne (Tar-ain) which
Sun.
It
gave
name
ritania.
Lydia ; Taron (Tar-On) in MauTowers of old were either Prutaneia, or lightto a fountain in
houfes, and were flyled Tor-Is : whence came the Turris of the Romans. Sometimes thefe terms were reverfed, and the
It is thus ftreams at no great diftance from Cicero's Villa. defcribed by Plutarch A?vgcx. 'fcugiov 'urct.got.hiov KweguvoG. The river too was called. Aftura. There was alfo a place of
:
denooppofite to the ifland Lefbos, undoubtedly minated from the like circumftances in its fituation ; as may
this
name
who had
ifyw
fl
cucTa
feen
ev
V
it.
Yoag
TOL^S
$e
CLTTO
ctvsg'XppsyQV
fjt,sXcw
Ag-ugois'
Ttt
CLTTCLVTUlgV
Sl
As<T^3' hOVTgOL
$[&&
ATKgVS
Caph, Cap, and Cephas, fignify a rock ; and alfo any As temples ufed to be built upon promontory or headland.
eminences of
this fort
;
we
find this
word
often
compounded
with the
titles
Caph-El-On, Caph-Aur, Caph-Arez, Caph-Is, Caph-IsAin, Caph-Ait whence came Cephale, Cephalonia, Capha;
reus, Capifa, Cephifus, CaphTene, Cephene, Caphyatae, CaIn Iberia was a wonderful edifice upon the river patiani.
Boetis,
It
was a Pharos, dedicated, as all fuch buildings were, to the Sun hence it was named Cap-Eon, Petra Solis. It feems to have been a marvellous ftruclure. Places of this fort, which
:
55
Ptolemy. L.
4. p.
112.
had
96
RADICALS.
:
had towers upon them, were called Caphtor. Such a one was in Egypt, or in its s6 vicinity whence the Caphtorim had their name. It was probably near S7 Pelufium, which
they quitted very early for the land of Canaan. Diu fometimes, but fparingly, occurs for an ifland
generally by the Greeks changed to Dia, Aia.
and
is
The
purport
being uniformly adapted to the fame object. The Scholiaft upon Theocritus takes notice ^ A;av that the ifland Naxos was called Dia TY\V vvv #aA8it
of
may
be proved from
its
Najo*
and he adds,
,
'EroAAai Je
mi
ij
srsgai sun
vqaroi
Y\TS
iffgo
i
xcu
rt&
BETH.
Beth-El, Beth-Dagon, It is Beth-Shemefli, Beth-Oron, or Beth-Or-On, &c. &c. fometimes fubjoined, as in Phar-beth, and Elifa-beth ; the
;
Beth
is
a houfe or temple
as in
59
latter of
which
is
the houfe of
6o
Elifa, the
fame
as
Elufa of
See
Amos.
c.
c. 9. v.
7.
57
1
47. v. 4.
in
Egypt.
is is
2. v.
It
common
;
in
as in
Goa
Diu
59
V.OL-T
t&,<j'xyv.
Ba<6A,
ojxos
ga.
Hefychius.
Suidas.
Elefa, Eleafa,
EAeacra.
Maccab.
c.
g. v. 5.
and
c. 7.
tries
RADICALS.
tries
97
at this
Hence we meet
day
with Pharfabad, Aftrabad, Amenabad, Mouftafabad, lahenabad in Perfia, India, and other parts of the eaft. Balbec in
fuppofed to be the fame as Balbeth, the temple of 6l 'There are t Dr. Pocock, many cities Bal, or the Sun. fays
Syria
is
in Syria ^
Of
this Ealbeck^
or
which fignifies the houfe or temple Gulielmus Tyrius, fo called from being bimop of of Baal. Tyre, who wrote of the Holy war, alludes to Baalbac, under
rather Ealbeit^
inftance
;
an
the
name of
'
Balbeth.
He
ftyled Athribites (A$fiiTqty by Strabo. The inner recefs of a temple is by Phavorinus and Hefychius called Bam}, Ber*)?, BST<?, fimilar to tw< n'3
is
fame
*
Athyr-bet,
and
was the crypta or facred place, where of old the everlafting fire was preferved. Hefychius
among
the Chaldeans.
It
Bet-Is fignifies obferves, BSTJ^, TO ctTCoxgvpov psgos rz 'Is^a. the place of fire, which was in the inner recefs of every
temple.
of Horapollo by Suidas, that he was a native of Phainubuth in Egypt, belonging to the nome of Panopolis : n^aToA^&M $ai0yj$e&J xwfjuris T IIaz/oToA/T No^a. Phainubuth is only Phainabeth varied, and facred the
It is faid
fignifies
place
61
2. p.
106.
c. 6. p.
1000,
6*
VOL.
to
98
to Phanes
;
RADICALS.
which was one of the moft ancient
titles
of the
Deity in Egypt.
GAU,
Gau
likewife
exprefled
is
CAU, C A,
fignifies a
and
houfe
CO.
;
a term
which
as
we
learn
from Plutarch.
Arbela.
The
is
great and decifive battle between Alexgenerally faid to have been fought at
this writer, that it
was de-
He fays, that Gau fignified in the cided at Gaugamela 6s language of the country a houfe : and that the purport of This name, the word Gaugamela was the houfe of a camel.
feems, was given to the town on account of a tribute exaded for the maintenance of a camel, which had faved the
it
life
of fome king, when he fled from battle and the reafon why the victory of Alexander was adjudged to Arbela, arofe from its being more famous than the other place for Gau:
:
victory
five
fome
was given
to Arbela,
though
v
s
ax
fv
aAAa
tv
<ryjjia.ivtiv
<paaw OIKOV
Ka-
Plutarch. Vita Alexand. Vol. i.p. 683. Strabo fays the fame. E<p p.ev ax TOTTCS gTr^w^osBro?, xai
cT/aAtjilor.
TW
yap
66
e<?t
KajwAa
TCC.
,
o<xo;.
L.
16. p. 1072.
'Oi p.ev
TO.
fAa^ff
em
l^axo<r/as
-acfas
aTrffi
ct
AAAa
iv Ta.vya.u,nAois
rv
xai
o
AioStiXo^
a<K
<5
vx. nv
's
xov no TO
Arrian. Expedit. Alex. L. 6. p. 247.
from
RADICALS.
from the
field
99
is it
of
battle,
have not
now
time, nor
to
:
my
I
purpofe to enter into a thorough difcuflion of this point will only mention it as my opinion, that Arbela and Gau-
The king alluded to is faid by gamela were the fame place. 67 But is it Strabo to have been Darius the fon of Hyftafpes.
credible, that fo great a prince,
who had
as well as thofe
the moft fleet of their kind, fhould be fo circumftanced in battle, as to be forced to mount a camel, that could fcarce
move
fix miles
in an
hour
and
this at a
time
when
the
greateft difpatch
reafon for
it
was neceffary ? This author gives a different He fays, that the place being thus denominated.
which ufed to bring the king's provifions from Scythia, but was tired and I know not which of the two circumfailed upon the road.
was
allotted for the maintenance of a camel,
is
moft exceptionable
a king of
Scythia
is
;
:
being brought to Babylon, or Sufhan from or a tired camel having fuch a penfion. The truth
'
!
the Grecians mifinterpreted the name, and then miftake. forged thefe legendary ftories to fupport their Had they underftood the term, they would have been conthis
fiftent in their hiftory.
Gau, and,
as it
was
at times expref:
alfo a cave, Cau, certainly fignifies a houfe, or temple or hollow ; near which the temple of the Deity was founded.
fed,
this refpeft.
IloAAa
fjLiv
tiv
xai
p.
OVTO. teyiHriv
at
A^a<5< Suf^a^?*?,
fui'T^pizy.y.(vsi
TW
-^zuffi
&a TV
L.
8. p.
524.
caverns,
IOO
,
RADICALS.
and deep openings of the
caverns,
not the houfe of a camel, as fuade us, notwithftanding the ftories alledged in fupport of the notion : but it was the houfe and temple of Cam-El, the
Arbela was a place facred to Bel, Deity of the country. called Arbel, Sa IIN of the Chaldeans. It was the fame as Beth
Arbel of 69 Hofea
lating to
and Gaugamela is of the fame purport, rethe fame God under different titles. The Gre:
were groily ignorant in refpeft to foreign events, as Strabo repeatedly confeffes and other writers do not fcruple to own it 7 Lyiimachus had been an attendant upon Alexcians
: .
ander during the whole feries of his conquefts in Afia there had been nothing of moment tranfa&ed ; in the fuccefs of
:
which he had not partaken. Yet even in his days, when he was king of Thrace, the accounts of thofe great actions had been fo mifreprefented, that when a hiftory of them was read
in his prefence, they
UW
fine,
fays
l
feemed quite new to him. the prince ; but where was I when
feries
It is all
all this
very
hap-
/f*rk
p enec
There was a
interefted
was
leaft
acquainted.
in the
We may
day of
battle.
as
Hofea.
c. 10. v. 14.
:
Ar
in this
title
of the Deity
The
Igpo-BaaA, which is no improper verfion of BethIn fome copies we find it altered to the houfe of Jeroboam but this is a Aur-Bel. miftake for Jero-Baal. Arbelus is by fome reprefented as the firft deified mortal.
-,
oiw
i.
p. 10.
and L.
3. p.
no.
Alfo in Galilee ; fituStephanus, and Suidas. ated upon a vaft cavern. Jofephus feized and fortified it. Jofephi Vita. p. 29. 70 Plutarchus in Alexandro.
in
Sicily.
then
RADICALS.
very remote, and to the
71
101
then well imagine, that there exifted in the time of Plutarch many miftakes, both in refpecl to the geography of countries
whom
the
little
acquainted.
The
great battle, of
which
fpeaking, was confefTedly fought at Gaugamela. Ptolemy Ceraunus, who was prefent, averred it ; as did Ariftobulus: and it has been recorded by Plutarch and others. It
is
it
and adjudged to Arbela by perfons of equal credit muft certainly have been really there tranfacted for notalfo
: :
it is utterly withftanding the palliating excufe of Plutarch, incredible in refped: to fo great a victory, that the fcene of
adlion fhould be determined by this place, if it were fixty, or, as fome fay, feventy miles out of the way. But in reality
it
was
at
no fuch
diftance.
Diodorus Siculus
fays,
that
Alexander immediately after the victory attacked Arbela, and and found in it many evidences of its being a place took it
:
of confequence.
7I
0a\[/a? 78
TSTgAsz/n^oras
s^g&tJM roig
Js
%o<r[JLOv,
The
yafav fia.ga.gMW, ctgyvgix Jg battle was fought fo near the city, that Alexander was
%ou
afraid of
in great
abundance.
mentioned, that Gaugamela was the temple of Cham-El, or Cham-Il. This was a title of the Deity brought from Chaldea to Egypt ; and from thence to Greece, Hetruhave
ria,
71
The Greeks
out of different
i.
titles,
u.
p.
p. 41. p. 81.
c.
See alfo Philo Biblius apud Eufeb. P. E. L. i. c. 10. p. 34. lamblichus. 7. ;1 Diodorus Siculus. L. 17. p. 538. He makes no mention of Gaugamela.
5.
and
102
RADICALS.
He
and combinations, formed various Deities ; and then invented different degrees of relation, which they fuppofed to have fubfifted between them. According to Acufilaus Cham-Il 73 was the Son of Vulcan, and Cabeira. A/wcnAao? $e o Awas by others rendered Camillus, whofe attendants were the Camilli ; and he was efteemed the fame as Hermes of Egypt.
ysios
s%
Kasjrj
ftat
'H^aig-8
KapAoy
Tvsys/.
74
rerum
libro
Camillos
praemini-
Flaminicarum
et
Flaminum
7S
Mercurius HeServius fpeaks to the fame purpofe. The reafon of the attendtrufca lingua Camillus dicitur.
ants being alfo called Camilli was in confequence of a cuftom among the ancients of conferring generally upon the
priefts
the
title
of the Deity,
The Cathey ferved. young perfons of good family, as we and were to be found in the temples
for
whom
the fame
?6
:
Ka<
TOV
Asyea^a/ KapAAoj/,
mi TM 'Egpw' xrw
ttrgovqyogsvov.
svioi
KapAAoi/
tions 'E^jU.)^
CUTTO
TW
ha.KOVict,$
He men-
Ka^AAov CLKO TK J<a/owa^, and fuppofes that Camillus had the name of Hermes from the limilarity of his
office,
71
7+
'
Macrobius. Saturn, L.
Servius in Lib.
1 1.
3. c. 8. p.
284.
JEntid. v. 558.
p. 64.
76
Plutarch in
Numa,
deans
RADICALS.
nor Hermes the lacky.
II,
103
deans and Egyptians from whom thefe titles were borrowed, efteemed Hermes as the chief Deity, the fame as Zeus, Bel, and Adon. They knew nothing of Mercurius pediffequus,
They
;
had the
not borrow
from them
from him.
and the
Amo-
and worfhip
hence there are infcripinto the weftern parts of Europe 77 Camulo Sandto Fortiflimo. He tions to be found infcribed
for
Mars
as
we may
learn
from an in-
MARTI CAMULO.
Czef.
Ob
Gives
Remi pofuenmtr
Such
known
the hiftory of this Deity; whofe worfhip was better in the more early ages ; and whofe temple was ftyled
Gau-Camel, by the Greeks rendered Gaugamda.. I make no doubt but that Arbela was the fame place for places had names as the Deity worfhiped had titles. Arbela as
:
many
79 was probably the city, and Gaugamela the temple ; both facred to the fame Deity under different names It is remarkable that Syncellus, fpeaking of Venephres 80 of Cochone; King of Egypt, fays, that he built the pyramids
which
77
Eufebius
Gruter. P.
n.
vol. i.
78
Gruter. Vol.
p. Ivi. 12..
abb
p. xl. 9.
79
f*
Or
elfe
Syncellus. p. 55.
before
104
before
RADICALS.
him had taken
o
8l
:
o'y
A/jU.0?
KctTQ"X
mi
Tag
KO^UVYIV qyzigBV.
pened a famine
built the
in the la?id of
Egypt.
He
was
the
fame y
isohi
Now
Co-Chone, analogous
temple of the Deity; the houfe of the great king, or ruler: for fuch is the purport of Con, and Conah. Hercules, the chief Deity of Tyre, and who was alfo highly reverenced in Egypt, was
to Beth-El, Beth-Shan,
Beth-Dagon,
fignifies the
Toy 'H^A^i/ <pn<n Kcx.ro, Tr\v AiyvKTiw hoLhsflw Kwvu, heysvfiou. From hence we find, that it was a facred Egyptian title. According to fome readings the place is exftyled
Con.
8l
of the fame purport. Co-Chome, the fame as Cau-Come, fignifies the houfe of Chom, or the Sun ; and feems to betray the purpofe, for which the chief
prefied
;
Cocome
which
is
was undoubtedly nothing elfe Acbut a monument to the Deity, whofe name it bore. ^ Herodotus the great pyramid was built by cording to
for
it
Cheops;
whom
;
compound
others called Chaops. But Chaops is a fimilar being made up of the terms Cha-Ops, and fig-
domus Opis Serpentis. It was the name of the pyramid, which was erected to the Sun, the Ophite of a ferpent. Deity of Egypt, wormiped under the fymbol Analogous to Cau-Come in Egypt was a place in Ethiopia,
81
**
83
Etymologicum magnum.
Herodotus. L.
2, c.
124.
called
RADICALS.
called
**
105
the great anceftor, from whom the Ethiopians were defcended. The Sun was ftyled by the Amonians, among other titles, Zan ; as I have before mewn and he was worshiped under
:
Cufcha
doubtlefs fo
this
denomination
all
efpecially
*s
One region was named Emefa, Edeffa, and Heliopolis. Gauzanitis from a city Gauzan, the Gofan of the Scrip86 tures. Strabo calls it and places it near Xtt^jwj, Cha-Zene,
at
Adiabene.
Sun.
I
Gauzan, or Go-zan,
is
literally the
houfe of the
once thought that the land of Gomen in Egypt was of the fame purport as Cuflian ; and have fo mentioned it in
a former
87
treatife.
So
far
is
true
but by the fons of Chus the two terms are not of the fame meaning. Gomen, or
the land of
Cuman, and
Gauzan
in
poflefled
Goman,
the Sun
liopolis.
:
like
temple of hence it was as a city rendered by the Greeks HeArtapanus, as we learn from Eufebius, expreffes it
Mefopotamia,
fignifies the
Go-Shan, Gau-Zan, Caifan, Cazena, all denote a place facred to the Sun ; and are fuch variations in rendering the fame term, as muft be expected in an interval of
fifteen
Caifan, Kcutrav.
hundred
years,
and from
different tranfcribers.
This
luminary was alfo called Abor, the parent of light ; and his temple Cha-Abor, and Cho-Abor, contracted Chabor, and
Chobar.
Of
this
name both
;
found in Gauzanitis
1
Gecg. Nubicnfis.
p. 17.
p. 154.
2 Kings, c. 17. v. 6.
and
c.
18. v.
n.
alfo
Chron.
c. 5. v.
26,
Stnibo. L. 16. p. 1070. Obkrvations upon the Ancient Hillory of Egypt, p. 175,
I.
VOL.
for
jo6
RADICALS.
:
names from fome temple, or city, The temple at Dodona was of old called ran. by which they Cha-On, or houfe of the Sun ; as we may infer from the of Chaonia for Chaonia is the land country having the name
for rivers often took their
and inhabitants were called 8S Chaones from their place of worfhip and the former had alfo the name 89 of Selli, which fignifies the priefts of the Sun. In
of Chaon.
The
priefts
Arcadia, near the eruption of the river Erafinus, was a mountain clothed with beautiful trees, and facred to Dionufus.
This
alfo
was called
Chaon, the place of the Sun-, and was named from the ancient worfliip for Dio:
There
and Syria Chaoand in all thefe places the fame worfhip nitis in Mefopotamia So Caballis, the city of the Solymi, was named prevailed. It is menfrom Ca-bal, the place oi the god Bal, or Baal. In like manner Caballion, in Gallia Nartioned by Strabo.
was
9I
Chaon
in Media,
well-known Deity,
Sun.
The
priefts
of
the region was called Xaao^a; undoubtedly from Cha-Our, (TIN) fome temple of Ur, erected by the Amonians, who here fettled. Canoubis in Egypt was
this place
fey led
were
9i
Salies
88
Strabo. L.
7. p.
505.
So
alfo
89
SsAAiJj
oi
AutPai'oiioi,
Steph. Byzantinus.
uirpqwTat.
*
Homer.
Paufanias. L. 2. p. 166.
It is called
Chau-On, X^ywi-, by Steph. Byzantinus, from Ctefias. Krwruzs sv w^uru HepcriKw. Chau-On is or/cos ^A/y, the houfe %topx T/7S Mafias. of the Sun, which gave name to the diftrift.
91
com-
RADICALS.
compound of Ca-Noubis Ca-Bafa; called by many
a
tures,
;
107
Cabafa in the fame country, Befa, the Befeth of the Scripin Egypt.
a Goddefs well
called
93
known
in
Canaan
Beth Befa.
a
y+
compound of Cu-Amon,
Jk'
78 Kyajuwj'os.
;
There
The hiand a perfonage denominated from it. ftory of the place, and the rites in time grew obfolete ; and Paufanias fuppofes, that the name was given from
Cuamites
Cuamos, a bean.
Kya|U,8
95
2cc<
Js
ov$&
%w
Asysjy,
BITS
not authority for the fuppofition, but it feems probable that this temple was ereffed to the memory of
svffsigsv OUTCS.
I have
fome perfon,
ivho firft
fowed
beans.
And
here
it
is
proper to
take notice of a circumftance, of which I muft continually put the reader in mind ; as it is of great confequence to-
wards decyphering the mythology of ancient times. The Grecians often miftook the place of worfhip for the Deity
worfhiped
:
fo that
the names of
many Gods
are in reality
the names of temples where they were adored. Artemis was Ar-Temis, the city of Themis, or Thamis ; the Tha-
muz
{Aig,
of Sidon and Egypt. This the Greeks exprefTed A^TSand made it the name of a Goddefs. Kir-On was the
city
in
They changed
nus
and out of
made
God.
from Cayfter,
Maccab.
c. 9.
v.
62, 64.
9*
Judith,
5
c. 7. v. 3.
].
Paufanias.
i.
p. 91.
After,
io8
RADICALS.
;
After, they fancied a hero, Cayflrius ; from Cu-Bela, Cybele ; from Cu-Baba, Cybebe. Cerberus, the dog of hell,
as I (hall hereafter
97
{new.
have mentioned Caucon, or Caucone in Egypt there was a place of the fame name in Greece. It was originally
:
facred to the
Sun
and the
priefts
called Caucones.
Inftead of Con,
which
9$
the great
Lord
the Greeks
fubftituted a hero
Caucon,
who was
fuppofed to have
the Meflenians.
firft
It
introduced thofe Orgies, pralifed by was properly a temple of the Sun ; and
Bithynia, and from thence the country was called Cauconia. I fhall hereafter
in
name
Cuthite colonies, which went abroad, and fettled in different One of the firft operations when parts.
treat at large of
they came on fhore was to build temples, ajid to found cities in memory of their principal anceftors, who in procefs of time were worfhiped as Deities. colony of this people
which they called Cutaia", from the head of their family, ftyled both Chus and Cuth. We may infer, that they built a temple which was called Ca-Cuta and
fettled at Colchis,
:
alfo
denominated
for
it is
cer-
There were many places and temples of Baal, denominated Caballis, Cabali, Cabala, Cabalia, Cabalion, Cabalifia, &c. which are mentioned by Pliny, Strabo,
Antoninus, and others.
concerning
which
91
I (hall
hereafter treat.
4, p.
Paufanias. L.
L.
3. p.
531.
The Caucones
are alfo
men-
by Homer. OdyfT. P. v. 366. Caucane in Sicily was of the fame purport, mentioned by Ptolemy L. 3. c. <n Korai'/cs (kx yaw. L. 4. v. 512. Apollonius Rhodius ftiles it Cutais
:
4.
tain,
RADICALS,
tain, that it has that
109
Cocutus, which day. we render Cocytus, was undoubtedly a temple in Egypt. It gave name to a ftream, on which it flood ; and which was
name
at this
I0
Acheron.
porite to
It
Charonian branch of the Nile, and the river was a foul canal, near the place of Sepulture, op:
Memphis, and not far from Cochone. Cocutus was the temple of Cutus or Cuth for he was fo called by many
of his posterity.
Epirus,
upon
a river
temple of the fame was to be found in Cocutus. Here was alfo a river Ache:
for a
as
here
Dies quinque te kalo, Juno Covella ; Juno Covella, dies fepteni te kalo. Here, as in many i-nftances, the place of wormip is taken for the
Covella is only a perfon, to whom the wormip is directed. variation for Cou-El, or Co-El, the houfe or region of the
Deity, and Signifies heavenly.
See
1
It
is
accordingly by Varro
De
Lille's curious
i.
map
Paufanias. L.
p. 40.
There was a
were obferved
river
Acheron
in Elis.
3-gss
8. p.
530.
And
in
honour of the
pra<f
tiled in
Cyrene. Clemen:.
Erfla $e
alfo
x<
txo-.v.
Apollon. Argonaut.
near
L.
2. v.
:
745.
a.x.^0.
A%tp'-:aia.
The
like
to
be found
there alia.
Cuma
cf'e
in
Campania
Pufjuxioi
'
tx.7TOfj.uiu
and a ftory of Hercules driving away dementis Cohort. Ibid. H^x.Afc< (S'l/Bff*).
5.
flies
p. 49. altered to
MSS.
Novella by ibme, contrary to See Scaliger's notes, p. 81. Edit, anno 1619.
r
Dordrechti.
See Selden de Diis Syris. Syntag. 2. c. ~. Ruftica non Novella, fed Covella legitur.
interpretatur.
>.
74.
In vetuflioribus excufis de
five
Re
Urania
interpreted
no
RADICALS.
in aftertimes expreffed Coelus, I fay, in aftertimes : for they originally called Hence Co-il, and then contracted it to Coel.
;
interpreted Urania, OvgOLVict : whence Juno Covella muft be rendered Coeleftis. From the fubftantive, Cou-El, the Ro-
Co-el, and
this
Unde Rudinus
Ennius, to
ait
Divom domus
3
altifonum
Coel
or as
he alludes, has rendered it, according to the prefent MSS, altifonum Coil. He fometimes fubjoins
the Latine termination
:
whom
Coilum profpexit ftellis fulgentibus aptum. Olim de Coilo laivum dedit inclytus fignum.
Unus
erit,
Templa.
Coelus in aftertimes was
infcriptions dedicated
*
made
mentioned by 5 Athenagoras, and faid to have been wormiped at Athens, was the fame as the above.
Celeus,
'
Ennii Annal. L.
i.
,
which- is alluded to by Herodotus, when he Toi>' xuxAov TS-KVTIX. -ru Ouea.i'3 .ia KotA.6fays, that they facrifked upon eminences To the fame purpofe Euripides ; ovTH. L. i.e. 131.
Perfians worfhiped Ccelus
:
The
'Opai
TO:'
J4 B Tct ^ OLTr&gav
'
ctiQepcc.)
;
Tor
yt[v -wipi^
f^ovu
uygcits ev cfyxu/\cci$
<P' fi-you
Ttntv
A/a.
Plutarch, p. 369. p. 424. Cicero de NaturA Afpice hoc fublime candens, quern invocant omnes Jovem. Deor. L. i.
5. p.
717.
AAA
AQ/]i>ciioi IJAV
KsAen-,
Y.O.I
Msyctrfipa.v
iSpuricti
Many
RADICALS.
Many
places
like.
in
and regions, held facred, and called Coel by the Amonians, were by the Greeks rendered #o;Aa, cava. Hence we read of Ko/Afl Actxs&MfJuav, Ko/Aj] HA/, and the
was by them fry led Ko;AiO, the hollow but the It was fo detrue name was Cocla, the heavenly or facred. nominated from the Cuthites, who fettled there, on account
Syria
:
of the religion eftablifbed. Hence it was alfo named Shem, and Sham a ; which are terms of like purport, and fignify divine,
day; Coela was the moft facred part of Greece ; efpecially the reIt was denomigions of Olympia, Cauconia, and Azania. nated Elis from HA, Eel, the Sun and what the Greeks
:
or heavenly. It is a name, which it retains at this 6 as we are informed Elis by. Abulfeda, and others.
Hence Homer HAiJa Jiay, Elis the facred. As Coele ftyleth it peculiarly Syria was ftyled Sham, and Sama; fo we iind places, which have a reference to this term, in Elis. A town of O great an9 Samicon, which figniries Cceli Dominus. tiquity was named Here was alfo a temple of Pofeidon Samius, furrounded with
rendered Ko;Ai^, of old meant
'
heavenly.
a grove of olives
feflivals obferved,
There was likewife of old a city which Strabo imagines, might have been
high fituation
Syria:,
p. 5.
:
which named
fo
Abulfeda.
Tabula
Argos was
The
fwc-i,
city
in like
fcv
ev
8
Ka6aTo
(v E-z-iyoi'oi;.
n;AAax<>- TO
T' OJ/CKO-JJ'T'
Agyx
T;.
Koi-
T<
KM
Qa^a,
9
A^i'Ko(At,-.
Scholia in Sophoc.
Quiipum
Colon.
Iliad. B. v.
615.
8. p.
Strabo. L.
529.
Samia.
ii2
Samia.
It
RADICALS.
certainly ilgnifies in
but
the true meaning of Sama was heavenly, iimilar to Sam, Sham, Shamem, of the eaftern nations. Hence Same, Sanies,
Samothrace, Samacon, were denominated on account of their fanclity. Strabo fuppofes, that the city Samos in Elis
fituated in the
this
was
have
Samian plain it therefore could not well name from its high fituation. It is moreover in:
conliftent to fuppofe regions called #oiAa, or cava, to have In fhort both terms been denominated from Sama, high.
and Coilus
:
Hefychius,
'Isgevg.
By which we
learn,
that by Coioles was meant a facred or heavenly perfon ; in In Coioles there is but a other words, a prieft of Ccelus.
fmall variation from the original term ; which was a compound from Coi-El, or Co-El, the Ccelus of the Romans.
The Dorians were not fo learned perfon is miftaken. much to be blamed for their abbreviating, as the other Greeks
for their unnecefTary terminations,
were
and
more fimple the terms, the more ancient may for the moft part efteem them and in the language of the Dorians we may perceive more terms relative to the true fimilar mythology of the country, and thofe rendered more
:
to the ancient
10
mode
Strabo. L. 8. p. 534..
found.
RADICALS.
found.
113
muft therefore, in all etymological inquiries, have recourfe to the Doric manner of pronunciation, to obtain the truth.
We
They came
;
the
name of Adorians
little
and from
they preferved much may be another additional reafon obtained from Herodotus
intercourfe maintained with foreigners, of their ancient tongue. For this there
;
who
tells
us,
The
What was by
:
Zeen, Zan
Xa^i/i],
:
HeNeith, Naith Iwivog, lavHros Caiete, Caiate Demeter, Damater all phasftus, Hephaftus which will be found of great confequence in refpect to etyAnd if they did not always admit of the terminamology.
Orchenoi, Orchanoi
:
by their neighbours ; they by thefe means preferved many words in their at leaft they primitive ftate were nearer to the originals. 1 hey feem to have retained
tions ufed
:
the very term, of which I have been treating. It was by them ftiled Xca, Cai ; and cave for the firft figniried a houfe, or
:
AMOKM vyffj.ovet
Aiyi/Tnioi iQayevse?.
Herod. L.
6.
c.
54.
Of their
L.
5. p.
and hilioiy I fnall hereafter give a full account. QTTOGO. Jf aJW/v tv TW Ylmry.\'iiy^ q/uvn fj.tv e^-iv KVTMV Atopus.
original
ft
Paufanias.
416.
I.
VOL.
houfes
ii4
RADICALS.
.
houfes in the infancy of the world are fuppofed to have been 14 caves or grottos They exprefTed it Cai, Caia, Caias, fimilar to the cava, cavus, and cavea of the Romans. When
were of a great depth, or extent, they were looked upon with a kind of religious horror. A cavern of this fort was at Lacedrcmon, with a building over it j of which in aftertimes they made ufe to confine malefactors.
thefe places
It
it,
Keuate,
Ka/cJa
(JscTjOC&m^oj'
:
TO 'Gra^a Aa/.s-
by the lonians exprefTed Ades, and Hades and by other nations Ait, and Atis. Hence thefe caverns were alfo and KCUBTOI. The ftyled Ka<T,
-,
author above quoted gives us the terms variouily exhibited 6 KcusToi. 'O; OLTTO TUV KcusToi heyovlau. Kcet <rsi<r[jLM fax^oi
:
TO
wtr
:
Hefychius renders
ogvypoLTCt,.
in the plural,
it
and
as a neuter
be compounded Cai -Ait, CaiAtis, or Cai- Ades, the purport is the fame. The den of Cacus
Whether
Turn primum
Strabo L.
8.
fubiere
domos
domus
antra fuere.
Ovid. Metamorph. L.
''
i.
v.
121.
p. 564.
:
r&
xstKugyss sp<x.}*.Xe.v
c.
134.
-,
who
fays that
it
L.
4. p.
324.
Strabo. Ibidem.
the
RADICALS.
the rites of
fire
115
were
'
pra&ifcd.
Cacus
is
the fame
name
as
Cufeha
kte
lS
The
yet
fome
many people
ra
TOICLVTIX,
#ojAay^aTa
Hence he very
Homer.
fpeaking of Thefeus, Dryas, Polyphemus, and the Mythic age, mentions their encountering with the
taineers of Theffaly;
19
The
moun-
whom
he
ftyles $r,gs$ og
KoLTlfOl
<5
KBIVQI S
EV
e<rcx,v,
mi
who
lived in a
in
fignified a perfon,
tation
whofe
retreat
was a houfe
Coa, was the name of fuch houfe. Strabo fays, that this term 10 Aa#sis alluded to by Homer, when he ftyles Lacedaemon
ScuuAVft tcrpuzo'G'OLV,
for
it
was by maiiy thought to have been fo caverns. From hence we may fairly
%rfTti<r<rct
mieTcts<r<r&j
was a miftake, or at leaft a variation, " from Cai-Atis ; and that Co, Coa, Caia,
erat pater
fe
illius atros
magna
mole
ferebat.
Virgil. JEn.
L.
8. v.
198.
IS
Scrabo.
Iliad.
1.
8.
"
10
A.
v. 266.
Iliad. D. v.
581.
OdyflT.
11
A.
v. i.
Strabo fays
564.
'Otfl&v KOIAHN AxeJi/*or KHT.QE2SAN. as much, 'Oife, on at a?ro rcav <rei<r[/Mv p^/owi K(TOI
teyovrcci.
1.
8. p.
"
Hence
But
Ji6
But
this
RADICALS.
term does not
relate
merely to a cavern
:
but
tc*
oftentimes the cave itfelt temples founded near fiich places was a temple. Caieta in Italy near Cuma, called by Diodorus Ka^TJ],
was
fo
denominated on
this account.
It
was a
cave in the rock, abounding with variety of fubterranes, cut out into various apartments. Thefe were of old inhabited
by Amonian
early.
It
they fettled in thefe parts very feems to have been a wonderful work. 23 Avswys.
priefts
:
for
r snsvosy
VTrrficua.
were large openings in the earth) exhibiting caverns of a great extent j which afforded very Diodorus informs us, that ample, and fuperb apartments.
7S?\tig oeaeyfjt.ei!(t.
In
thefe
parts
what was
24
in his
by which we may fee, that it was a compound ; and confifted of two or more terms, but thefe terms were not Ai-Ete, or Ai-Ata s precifely applicable to the fame objed.
Aiete
:
was the region of Ait, the Deity to whom it was facred. Colchis had the fame name ; whence its king was called
Aietes
?s
'
and Egypt had the fame, exprefled by the Greeks Aiete was the diftrift Caiete was the cave Asr/a, Aetia.
:
and temple in that diftridt ; where the Deity was worshiped. In Bceotia was a cavern, into which the river Cephifus de5
Strabo,
*
1.
5. p.
357.
Kara
Jg
"f^fuas
TS
vuv
Kctmrw'
T&Qoaa.yopZucfj.tvov.
L.
4.
P. 259-
According
to Strabo
it
KadxTa^
v.
-arsgiwyyTiv.
239.
fcended.
RADICALS.
icended, and was
loft.
117
It
and pafied freely to the fea. The place of eruption was The later called An-choa, which iignifies Fontis apertura. 6 KaAsrrca <T o TOKO? Ay^o*)" Greeks exprefled it Anchoe
*
.
?i
$e
;
"hifM)]>
0[AUWfJLO$.
The etymology,
flatter myfelf,
is
plain
and authenticated by the hiftory of the place. From Cho, and Choa, was probably derived the word
ufed by the apoftle.
o'
27
Xo'ixog,
Xoi'/cos*
'O
^uros
tu^gtffiFOS
#
o
y*3
fartsfds Qtv&gfiTros
01
Kvgio/;
e% ovgavz-
'Oiog
Xoi-
#0,
VQ$,
x.y.1
Toiouroi
Xoixoi.
Hefychius obferves,
Xoi/coj tzr^At-
ywvoi;.
originally
I
by Cho was
It
was, as
have fhewn, often exprefled Gau, and Go; and made to Some nations ufed it in a ftill more exiignify any houfe.
tended fenfe
and by
it
we
learn
from Cluverius.
Apud
bulum
gow,
ipfos
fuit
Gaw
et variantibus diale&is,
hinc
Brifgaw,
Nordgaw,
Xcr,a
L.
9. p.
Andegaw,
Je yevvvQeveSt^ciTo TOV
ma.
/*'
i^'pr^ev us
TM
X.TA.
Atx.gisfJ.vav
T?
Aox^i^os
TJIC ai'o>
KaAe/raj
o TOTTC/S
Ay%oy
Strabo.
623.
Anchia by Pliny. N. H. L. 4. c. 7. As both the opening, and the which formed the lake, was called An-choe ; it fignified either fons ipeftream,
It is called
it
was adapted.
c.
13. p. 91.
Ooftergow.
n8
Ooftergow.
RADICALS.
;
Pur-Go
ancient term Hvgyos, Purges, was properly and fignified a light-houfe, or temple of fire, from
The
PARTICLES.
Together with the words above mentioned are to be found in compofition the particles Al and Pi. Al or El, for it is differently expreffed in our characters, is ftill an Arabian
but not abfolutely confined to that country ; though more frequently there to be found. The Sun TIN, was callprefix
:
ed Uchor by the people of Egypt and Cyrene ; which the Greeks expreffed Ayw^, Achor. He was worfhiped with ~9 the fame title in Arabia, and called Al Achor. Georgius
Monachus
defcribing the idolatry, which prevailed in that country before the introduction of the prefent religion, mentions the idol Alachar. Many nations have both expletives
of the
Romans
is
:
terms Le and
languages.
La of the French
It is in
as well as II
and El in other
compofltion fo like to HA, the name of 'HA<0, the Sun, that it is not always eafy to diftinguim one from the other.
the ancient Egyptians, and Cuthites, as well as other nations in the eaft. The na-
The
among
tives
of India were at
all
and
Porus, with
Bayeri Aclditamenta to Selden de Diis Syris. p. 291. Aclior near Jericho. Jolhua. c. 15. v. 7.
whom
RADICALS.
whom
;
119
Alexander engaged upon the Indus, was named from the chief object of his worfhip -iw, Pi-Or, and P'Or ren-
Pacorus the Parthian dered by the Greeks Ylugog, Porus. was of the fame etymology, being a compound of P'Achorus,
the
Achor of Egypt
as
was
alfo the
city Pacoria in
/
yjft), KVVSS,
words above
for
3I
After the race of the Egyptian kings was extinct, and that country came under the dominion of the Grecians, the natives
ftill
continued to
make
as did other
" r na-
tions,
which were incorporated with them. not only to words in their own language
other countries, of which they treated. " to be found in their writings, TlicV<; y
/
They adapted
;
it
but to thofe of
there
is
Hence
often
HifJLOigTvg,
:
IL^a^T/]?,
'srttrwjU.a,
alfo names Pidux, Picurator, Pitribunus of perfons occur with this prefix ; fuch as Piterus, Piturio, Pionius the martyr, alfo Pior, Piammon, Piambo ; who are
sr/Aao,
all
'
mentioned by
Ftolem. Lib.
ecclefiaftical
'
5. c. 18. p. 164. Plato in Cratylo. p. 410. See Kircher's Prodromus Copticus. p. 180. and p. 297.
'*
9. 4. p.
4.
173.
Piambo, or P'ambo. Socratis Ecclef. H. p. 268. It was fometimes exprefied Po, as in Poemon Abbas, in Evagrias, In Apophthcgmat. Patrum. apud Cotelerii monumenta. Tom. i. p. 636. Baal Peor was only Pi-Or, the Sun as Priapus was a compound of Peor-Apis,
:
contracled.
country.
120
RADICALS.
:
article is fometimes as in the exprefTed Pa country. This name of Pachomius, an abbot in Egypt, mentioned by 35 Gennadius. prieft named Paapis is to be found in the Ex-
"
There were Diogenes in Photius. 37 iiyled Pamylia Sacra, from Pamyles, an an-
j6
We may
:
infer
IIajU,yA3ff,
Afyw7fO
Hades, and Pi-Ades was a common title of the Sun latter in early times was current in Greece ; where
give
and the
ample teftimony of the Amonians fettling. termed Melech Pi-Adon, and Anac Pi-adon but the Greeks out of Pi-Adon formed ttoufiwv for it is inconceivable, how
:
:
hope to He was
very ignorant they were in refpecl to 'their ancient theology. Hence we read of isr&tStsv A^TH? srswdwa Z^o;, ws/uSm AzroA,
AWJ/O
iffaifow a.@oLva.TOM
;
and of
isreulw^
who
whofe
tained,
who
it
Plutarch makes
o
one of
his inqui;
Ila/JW
TO.QOI;
'Wagx XctfwifevGi
:
Pau-
fanias
mentions
39
A^^vx.3
'Graduv
fiw[Ji,o$
and in another
31
7.
Pachomius,
a fuppofed
worker of
many
36
37
Antonius Diogenes
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris.
V.
i.
p. 355.
Paamyles is an afTemblage of common titles, Am-El-Ees with the prefix. Hence the Greeks formed MelifTa, a facred name as of Ham El-Ait, they formed Me:
litta,
33
the
name of
foreign Deity,
more known
v.
in Ionia
than in Hellas.
p. 296.
a title
39
p. 83.
Amphilucus was
of the Sun.
place,
RADICALS,
4
121
place,
B&0|W,o;
M rs
TH
4I
WOfJtafypswv ayvu?(*)v y
mi
this
mi I1AIAQN
arofe fo
flcrswf,
mi OaA^oy.
;
From
miftake
Jupiter
many
boy-deities
:
and Dionufus
Y)
mi
mi
V%$, SsoAoy/a ;caAg/. According to the theology of the Greeks even Jupiter and Dionufus are flyled boys, and young perfons. One of the moft remarkable paffages to this purpofe is to be
who
takes notice of a
certain myfterious rite performed by the natives of AmphifTa in Phocis. The particular Gods, to whom it was performed,
were
Ayoytn
Tlcudwv.
cJs
mi Tsherw
01
A^tsi<riv
<pi<nrn;
ot
rwy
AVCMTM mtepsvwv
Houses, ov mr/x, T
'Oinvsg Jg
swy
The people of Amphiffa perform a ceremony in honour of perfons, feyled AnaEies PaideSy or Royal Boys ; but 'who thefe AnaEles P aides were, is
AmKTsg
ctvrcx,
s^iv sigq^svov.
In fhort the author could not matter of great uncertainty. tell nor could the priefts afford him any fatisfactory information. There are many inftances in Paufanias of this na:
ture
unknown
children
Herodotus
priefts
us,
that,
when he
difcourfed with
the
of Thebes
who had
l<pi[x.e$e(cts
reigned in
40
Paufanias.
1.
1.
r.
p. 4. in like
TOJ
TUV
xat AhuScas
Paufanias.
1
9. p. 754.
in Platonis
Proclus
Parmenidem
A
41
twofold reafon
may
See Orphic Fragment of Gefner. p. 406. be given for their having this character : as will be fhewn
:
hereafter.
Paufanias,
writer.
1.
10. p. 8 ,6.
Many
found
in this
VOL.
I.
Egypt
122
RADICALS.
;
they defcribed them to him under three denominaThe laft fucceeded tions, of Gods, of heroes, and of men. The manner of fucto thofe above, and were mere mortals,
Egypt
ceflion
is
*3
:
Tligtofjuv
ex,
'H^wa ctvsfyvctv There are many ftrange and contra(o; Ajyy7rTH.) ** paflage ; which, if I do not dedictory opinions about this ceive myfelf, is very plain ; and the purport of it this. After the fabulous account .r,
l
ovrs s$ Ssov,
OVTS ss
there
:
had
been
an uninterrupted fuc-
and the Egyptians referred none of either the Gods or Heroes who were
,
fuppofed
it is
From hence I think have firft poffeffed the country. Herodotus inmanifeft, that Pi-romis fignifies a man.
fays,
was #aAo #otya$0, a perfon of a fair and honourable character : and fo it might be
deed
that the
meaning of
it
taken by implication ; as we fay of a native of our own 45 Englishman : but country, that he is a true, and {launch the precife meaning is plain from the context ; and Piromis
certainly
:
meant a man. It has this fignification in the Copand in the 46 Prodromus Copticus of Kircher, n^&y-u, tic Piromi, is a man and feems to imply a native. Pirem Racot
;
41
Herodotus.
1.
2. c.
144.
44
p. 38.
Alfo Weficlinge.
Notes on Herod.
45
1.
2. c.
143.
the
This was
certainly
meaning
in oppofition to other nations, ftyled Baca.goi t makes ufe of the very exprefllon : noAA /nev fi 'EMa?, fpjj, w Ktr,s 9 sv y trfKrt "&QU a.ya.%1 arcTo??, 'Kr^Aa ds KO.I TO.
twv @ot(a.f>(i}v
46
ytvn.
In Phnsdone. p. 96.
Is
RADICALS.
is
is
123
an Alexandrine, or more properly a native of Racotis called Pirem Romi, are 47 Romans. Rafchid, and Rofetta. By means of this prefix we may be led to understand what
meant by Paraia
:
niathon
who
4S
:
fays,
that
of Paraia
Paraia
is
Etysvw$WtM $s HOLI ev Ha^ata Kgovy rgeig 'pcaSe?. a variation of P'Ur-aia; and means literally the land
the region from whence ancient writers crocodile by the Egyptians began the hiftory of mankind. 49 and the name is re: was among other names called
of
Ur
in
Chaldea
Da^a?
it is
exprefTed
Pi-Souchi.
This prefix is fometimes exprefled with an afpirate, Phi : and as that word Signifies a mouth, and in a more extenflve
fignification, fpeech
and language,
it
fometimes
may
caufe
little
However, in moft
Phaethon, a much miftaken perfonage, was an ancient title of the Sun, a compound of Phi-Ath-On. Bacchus was called Phi-Anac by the Myfians,
places
fufficiently plain.
rendered by the poets SI Phanac and Phanaces. Hanes was a title of the fame Deity, equally reverenced of old, and com-
49
50
11
Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. Prjep. Evang. 1. i.e. 10. p. 37. Damafcius Vita Ifidori, apud Photium. Cod. ccxlii. Pantheon Egypt, v. 2. 1. 5. c. 2. p. 70. Jablonflcy
:
Kircher fays, that Pi in the Coptic is a prefix, by which a noun mafculine, and of the fingular number : and that Pa is a pronoun
:
known
to be
pofleffive.
Pa-
romi is Vir meus. It may be fo in the Coptic but in ancient times Pi, Pa, Phi, were only variations of the fame article : and were indifferently put before all names of which I have given many inftances. See Prodromus. Copt. p. 303.
:
pounded
124
RADICALS.
:
pounded Ph' Hanes. It fignified the fountain of light and from it was derived Phanes of Egypt alfo <p^w, <pc(.vig $&:
vs^og
occur continually in worus, which relate to religious rites, and the ancient adoration of fire. They are generally joined
From P'Ur Tor among the Romans from P'Ur-Aith, Purathi and Puratheia among the Afiatics. From P'Ur-tan, 'ffgvTot.vsis, and 'GTgvTctvzict among the Greeks of Helto Ur, by which that element came Prsetor and Praetorium,
is
denoted.
las
in
hearths,
The ancient name of Latian Jupiter and a perpetual fire. was P'ur, by length of time changed to Puer. He was the Deity of fire ; and his minifters were ftyled Pueri and be:
caufe
office,
many
Puer came
explain this title away, as if it rebut the hiftory of the place ferred to Jupiter's childhood will fhew that it had no fuch relation. It was a proper name,
:
of the
Romans would
and retained particularly among the people of Pramefte. They had undoubtedly been addicted to the rites of fire ; for their the fon of Vulcity was faid to have been built by Caeculus,
can,
inter agreftia
Regem,
Inventumque
focis.
They
in divination
5*
by
1.
lots,
God Pur
Virgil JEne'id,
7. v.
679.
notice
RADICALS.
notice of this cuftom of divination at Praenefte
;
125
and defcribes
the manner, as well as the place : but gives into the common miftake, that the Purim related to Jupiter's childhood.
that the place, where the procefs was carried on, was a facred inclofure, " is eft hodie locus feptus religiofe
He
fays,
gremio Fortunes mammam appetens, caftiflime colitur a Matribus. This manner of divination was of Chaldaic original, and brought from Babylonia to Praenefte. It is mentioned in Efther, c. 3.
propter Jovis Pueri, qui ladens
in
v. 7.
cum Junone
They
caft
call
Purim
after the
name of Pur \
s
26.
The
fame
of divination being ufed at Prsenefte was the occaThis in aftertimes fion of the God being called Jupiter Pur.
lots
was changed to Puer whence we find infcriptions, which mention him under that name ; and at the fame time take Innotice of the cuftom which prevailed in his temple. and Fortune Primigenias Jovis 55 Pueri fcriptions Jovi Puero,
:
are to be
found in Gruter.
One
is
very particular.
2.
"
45
O.
Gruter. Infcrip. p. Ixxxviii.
n. 13.
That
126
RADICALS.
this
That
a well
originally
:
known
paffage in Lucretius
57
Puri fepe lacum propter ac dolia curva Somno devincli credunt fe attollere veftem.
inftances,
It
Many
were
it
neceflary,
might be brought to
:
this
was a name originally given to the priefts of the Deity who were named from the Chaldaic "nK, Ur and by the ancient Latines were called P'uri. At Prasnefte the name
purpofe.
was
s3
particularly kept
lots.
up on account of this divination by Thefe by the Amonians were ftyled Purim, being at-
tended with ceremonies by fire ; and fuppofed to be effected through the influence of the Deity. Prasnefte feems to be a
compound of Puren
Thefe
ancient
Efta, the lots of Efta, the Deity of fire. are terms, which feem continually to occur in the
hiftory : out of thefe moft names are comThere into thefe they are eafily refolvable.
Amonian
pounded ; and are fome few more, which might perhaps be very properly
introduced
:
but
cially as they
this
may
unwilling to trefpafs too far, efpebe eafily taken notice of in the courfe of
am
work.
could
wim
that
my
:
ford
till
me
much
57 58
4. v.
1020.
Propertius alludes to the fame circumftance : quid Preneftis dubias, Cynthia, fortes?
Nam
What
ippapcu.
Quid
JE&i mcenia Telegoni ? L. 2. eleg. 32. v. 3. in the book of Hefter is ftyled Purim, the Seventy render, c. 9. The days of Purim were ftyled (pgegcci. Ty JWAgjc-rw UUTMV
petis
v. 29.
{pgagau.
fo in c. 10.
The
of
rw
Ttrgoxeifji.ei>riv
<pvgcu
and Flapaj
ignis.
10
and
RADICALS.
and
frefh.
127
cedure.
evidence be accumulated in the courfe of our prohiftory of the rites and religion, in which thefe
terms are contained, will be given ; alfo of the times, when they were introduced ; and of the people, by whom they
were diffufed
doubtful,
fo widely.
Many
firft
pofitions,
when they
are
we
I
have already offered and conUdered, I have all along annexed the hiftories of the perfons and places fpoken of, in order to afcertain my opinion conBut the chief proof, as I have before faid, cerning them.
will refult
which
from a uniform
feries
of evidence,
Ch\.foavo
fupported by a
Ike
O F
129
O F
ETYMOLOGY,
As
it
<T
OTIUV
Kcu
<rs,
'sroAypi^, tevzuhsvs
'
sws&w
shctzv'
EMPEDOCLES.
IT
ture
tafk
may appear invidious to call to account men of learnof this naing, who have gone before me in inquiries
:
and to point out defeats in their writings but it which I muft in fome degree take in hand, as the
;
is
befl
writers have in
opinion failed fundamentally in thefe refearches. Many in the wantonnefs ot their fancy have yielded to the moft idle furmifes ; and this to a degree of licentioufnefs, for which no learning nor ingenuity can atone. S It VOL. I.
my
130
ETYMOLOGY.
far
It is therefore fo
it
appears
abfolutely neceflary to point out the path they took, and the nature of their failure ; and this, that their authority
:
may
not give a fanclion to their miftakes but on the contrary, if my method fhould appear more plaufible or more certain,
that the fuperiority may be feen proved from the contraft.
upon comparing
and be
The Grecians were fo prepofTefied with a notion of their own excellence and antiquity, that they fuppofed every ancient tradition to have proceeded from themfelves. their mythology is founded upon the groffeft miftakes
Hence
:
as all
extraneous hiftory, and every foreign term, them to have been of Grecian original.
learned writers had been abroad
;
is
Plato in particular pretenfions of their countrymen were. faw the fallacy of their claim. He confeffes it more than
once
i9
infatuated.
His
mofl abfurd fyflem of etymology. Herodotus exprefly fays, that the Gods of Greece came in Yet Socrates is by Plato in this great meafure from Egypt.
Cratylus
trcatife
made up of
made
to derive Artemis
tzrotn
Jetr/xoy,
:
from TO
<x.gTS[JLe$,
:
integritas
Pofeidon from
Heftia from
mother
dance
word
9
Ares, Mars, from appsp, mafculum, et virile and the Thcos, God, undoubtedly the Theuth of Egypt, from
:
(01
EAAj/yfs)
tx.
TVS AiyvTrr-J
.I'd
TO. dVOfJ.Ot.TO.
TUV
ETYMOLOGY.
Siv,
131
to run
6o
.
Innumerable derivations of
(I
to be found in Ariftotle,
Plato,
is
There
;
a
I
maxim
fhall
ov
laid
down by
the
upon Dionyfius
Ei
a,VT%.
which
TO
to mention.
TVfJLohoytot,v
fictf&etgov
ovofjut,
'E&XqMxqy
If
it is idle to
have re-
a folution. It is a plain and golden rule, courfe to Greece for time to the writers above, which however compofterior in
mon
fenfe
:
lowed
might have led them to have anticipated, and folThe perfon who but it was not in their nature.
life
gave the advice was a Greek, and could not for his
abide
by
it.
It
is
is
made
of/ja
to fay fomething
So
O;
Sa.tfjt.eav
from
and
ATroAAwj' from
owes
*i
TO
K^o^os, quafi jtyjocs xopos. T6uy, Plato in Cratylo. j^gyptus -jzra^a TO ctiyas tarnxiretv. Euftath. in Odyfl". L. 4. p. 1499. Pofeidon, 'urowrai fiS"nv. Tifiphone, THTWC (paw, Athene quafi aGafaTos.
S'tfoi
oieo-Sa*.
vQtfjuevop,
from
and
from
with
many more.
'
fas.
Saturnalia. L. i. c. 17. p. 189. See the Etymologies alfo of Macrobius. de Fraterno Amore. v. 2. p. 480. A/' ewoictv Mao-en' quafi o^y 8(ra<. Plutarch,
KCLI (p/AacTgAtfiaj'.
Hao-^a?),
p. 799.
1
<Tia
TO -araTi
<py.ivsiv
TO. p.y.vrfia.
2.
Euftathius on Dionyfius
'sregwytiffK.
eft,
:
Jofephus redte obfervat, Grsecis fcriptoribus id in more barbara nomina, quantum licet, ad Graecam formam emolliant
Ut
ut peregrina, et
fie illis
Ar Moabi-
tarum
eft
A/3go7roA<$;
xoi/?.
Kifon, Xg/jMppo; Xe^o^ps Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 2. c. 15. p. in. are much indebted to the learned father Theophilus of Antioch
T&.V Kiao-cav
We
he had
great knowledge ; yet could not help giving way to this epidemical weaknefs. He mentions Noah as the fame as Deucalion, which name was given him from calling
he ufed to fay, <f am, xaAsi J/txas people to righteoufnefs Ad Autol. L. 3, it leems, he was called Deucalion.
:
a J^sos
S 2
very
i32
ETYMOLOGY.
63
Emu
yjro
ya, on
'BToAAa
o;
'EAA^s?
-ara^a.
aAAo?? TS #aj
01
rots
Ba?a<Hff oucunes,
Grecians in
reigners,
aAAa p) #ar exsww, e r\g TO I am very fenfible that the oi(T?a or; a.7rogoi and efpecially thofe^ who are fubjeEls to fogeneral^
,
<x.v.
have received
into their
if
any perfon foould be led to feek for their analogy or meaning in the Greek tongue, and not in the language, from whence they proceeded,
when
he
would
be
Who
would think,
it ?
knowledge, that he
in contradiction to
Or
writers,
when this
?
be told, that Tarfus, the ancient city in Cilicia, was denomithat the river Nile fignifled VK\ nated from T#cro, a foot
:
i7wg
The
guided folely
In this they have been implicitly copied by the by the ear whence Thebes, that anmoderns. Inquire of Heiniius, cient city in upper Egypt, was named ; and he will tell you
from &n, Teba, 6s ftetit or afk the good bifhop Cumberland, why Nineve was fo called, and he will anfwer from
:
Schindler, that
83
'""
it
was a compound of
'
Nin-Nau, rm p,
a.
Plato
in
Cratylo. p. 409.
Euftathius, &c.
So Coptus
5
Egypt, from
2.
T/usvkiv.
Cumberland's Origines.
rain.
from a lliower of
Spanheim's not. in Hyrnn. in Del. v. 87. p. 438.. p. 165. Ib he derives Goflien in the land of Egypt See Sanchon. p. 364..
fon
ETYMOLOGY.
But Jon inhabited. cities to have been
indeterminate
places,
all ?
;
133
is it
cafual,
and
which feem
to
which they
are appropriated
is
or to any places at
:
The
of great confequence
and one would be glad to know their original. They are properly called Chafdim: and are very juftly thought to have
been the
upon earth. It is faid ot the patriarch Abraham, that he came from the city Ur of the Whence had they their name? The learned Chafdim. 67 Hyde will anfwer, that it was from Chefed, their anceftor. Who was Chefed ? He was the fourth fon of Nahor, who
firft
conftituted nation
lived in
Is it faid
?
in hiftory, that he
this
people
There
is
no mention made of
dea
?
Is it faid that
No.
Is
We
have no grounds
there any reafon to think, that this peoas prior to him by ages, were in ple, mentioned repeatedly What then has inconftituted after him ? None.
Is
reality
duced writers to fuppofe that he was the father of this peofimilitude ple ? Becaufe Chefed and Chafdim have a remote
in found.
And
is
this the
whole
Abfolutely
all
that
is
or
And
as
feme would
have the paffagc to be introduced proleptically ; others fupot the fapofe it an interpolation ; and would ftrike it out
cred text: fo far does
?
whim
Hyde
p. 75.
even
134-
ETYMOLOGY.
is
not
fafe.
The whole
hiftory
of
Chefed
is this.
About
fifty years
Abra-
ham had
left his
brother
Abraham, behold Milcah, fie hath born children to thy brother Nahor ; Huz, Buz, Kemuel alfo and Chefed : of thefe Chefed was the fourth. There occurs not a word more concerning him.
moreover to be obferved, that thefe etymologifts differ greatly from one another in their conceptions ; fo that an unIt
is
Some deexperienced reader knows not whom to follow. duce all from the Hebrew, others call in to their afliftance
or whatever tongue or dialed: makes moft for their purpofe. The author of the Univerfal Hiftory, fpeaking of the Moabitifh Idol Chemofh, tells us,
;
69
that
but
many make it come from the verb U?PD, majbajh) to feel : Dr. Hyde derives it from the Arabic Khamujh, 'which Jig,
gnats, (though in the particular dialeEt of the tribe Hodail) fuppofmg it to have been an agronomical talifman in the fgure of
nifies
a gnat
and Le
Clerc,
who
Comojha, a root) in the fame tongue, fignifying to befwift. There the comis the fame variety of fentiment about Silenus,
panion of Bacchus.
,
22. v. 20.
69
Univerfal Hiftory. vol. i. b. i. p. 286. notes. Bochart. Geograph. Sacra,. L. i. c. 18. p. 443.
Chrifti.
Sandford de defcenfu
L.
i.
21.
i. b. 2. c. 6. p.
68.
Mefiias.
ETYMOLOGY.
Me/Has.
135
falfe
proHuetius maintains that he was afluredly Mofes. It phet. is not uncommon to find even in the fame writer great un'
certainty
three,
etymo:
three muft be groundlefs, and the third not a whit better otherwife the author would have given it the preference
and
11
fet
the other
two
afide.
An example
as it
tionem
diflblvens, aut
confra&us a tinea
finibus JEgypti.
fimilar interpretation
a king of Babylon. interitus, aut films interitus, vel vaporis tui; five
vel puritas nubis, vel vaporis tui.
It
frumentum;
Rex Babylonian
:
muft be acknowledged of Bochart, that the fyftem, upon which he has proceeded, is the moft plaufible of any and he
every where tries to fupport his etymologies by fome hiftory of the place, But the misfortune is, that the concerning which he treats.
has fhewn infinite ingenuity, and learning.
He
names of
later
places, which feem to be original, and of high antiquity, are too often deduced by him from circumftances of
date
from events
in after
ages.
which he
appeals, were probably not He like wife allows himfelf try or ifland received its name.
1
Hebrsea v Chald^ea, &c. nomina virorum, mulierum, populorum. AntverpiiE, 1565. Planun.
a great
136
ETYMOLOGY.
a great latitude in forming his derivations : for to make his terms accord he has recourfe not only to the Phenician lan-
been a dialed of the Heguage, which he fuppofes to have brew ; but to the Arabian, Chaldaic, and Syriac, according It happens to him often to make as his occafions require.
ufe of a verb for a radix,
ferent fignilications
:
variations,
and
dif-
we may form
a fimili-
any language, which admits of many inflections, and variations, and after we have made it undergo all its evolutions, it
will be hard, if
does not in fome degree approximate. But to fay the truth, he many times does not feem to arrive even at this for after he has analyfed the premifes with great lait
:
bour,
we
remote,
often find the fuppofed refemblance too vague, and and the whole is effected with a to be admitted
:
matters to great {train and force upon hiftory, before he brings The Cyclops are by the beft writers a feeming coincidence.
73 ./Etna, in the country of the placed in Sicily, near Mount Leontini, called of old Xuthia ; but Bochart removes them
This he fuppofes to to the fouth weft point of the iiland. have been called Lelub, AiAyoOWoy, from being oppofite to
promontory was fo named, it is, he thinks, was ftiled Chec Lelub, or Sinus probable that the fea below Lebub and as the Cyclops lived hereabouts, they were from henci denominated Chec-lelub, and Chec-lub, out of which
Libya
:
and
as the
7*
KwfAwrss.
He
firft
7i
Pliny. L.
3. c. 8.
tulit.
i. c.
Mela. L.
30. p. 560.
2. c. 7.
from
ETYMOLOGY.
from
7S
137
feclul, perfection
pronounced, according to He deduces the Sicani from pp, were near their next neighbours
and afterwards from H^EM, Efcol, the Syriac, Sigol, a bunch of grapes.
7&
Sacan, near
becaufe they
in other words,
on account
of their being next to the Poeni. Sicani, qui Siculorum Poenis proximi. But according to the beft accounts the Sicani were
the moft ancient people of any in thefe parts. They fettled in Sicily before the foundation of Carthage ; and could not In fhort Bochart have been named from any fuch vicinity.
circumftances too general ; which might be adapted to one place as well as to another. He looks upon the names of places, and of people, rather as
in
his derivations refers to
mod of
by-names, and chance appellations, than original marks of diftinction and fuppofes them to have been founded upon
:
Whereas they were moft of them and affumed by original terms of high antiquity, imported, the people themfelves, and not impofed by others. How very cafual, and indeterminate the references were by which this learned man was induced to form his etymofome fubfequent
hiftory.
logies, let the reader
were taken
iflands
;
for
the famples below. Thefe judge from the moft part from his accounts of the Grecian
not induftrioufly picked out ; but as they cafually He deprefented themfelves upon turning over the book. 77 rives Delos from Sm, Dahal, timor. Cynthus from ajn,
5
Naxos from
nicfa,
facrificium
76
7
i. c.
Ibidem. L. Ibidem.
Ibidem,
I.
p.
i.
p.
406.
73 79
412.
VOL.
or
33
T Y M O L O G
a
Y.
or elle from nicfa, opes. Gyarus from acbar, foftened to acuar, a moufe, for the iiland was once infefted with mice.
8t
N:c33,
'
from
83
icar, paftures:
etymo-
^ SeriChalcis in Euboea from Chelca, divifio. 8s Patmos phus from refiph, and refipho, lapidibus ftratum. from D)ct33, batmos, terebinthus ; for trees of this fort, -he
pifcium.
logia occurrit,
quam
huic prasfero
no
', Icaure,
five infula
deduced from Tin Edom, red earth for there there were potters in the iiland ; and earth was probably red.
Tenedos
is
87
or guphno, cheefe
that
or elfe
from
8J31J,
commodity
qui e
dici
dicatur,
Ut ut enim Cythnius cafeus proprie non Cythno non eft, tamen recepta )CO(.rct^Y](rsi
:
Cythnius
potuit
cafeus
a vicina Ceo.
S8
He
fuppofes
Egypt
fortrefs
to have
;
Whatever may have been the purport of the term, Mizraim was a very ancient and original name, and could have no reference to thefe after coniiderations. The author
fecure.
mend
the matter.
He
from him, and has tried allows that the people, and coundiffers
were denominated from Mazor, but in a different acceptation from Mazor, which iignified, the double preffure
try,
:
3
8l
i.
p.
415. 8J P. 381.
P. 388.
S6
8l
*7
P. 381.
P. 385.
P. 408.
or
83
Ibidem, p. 258.
of
ETYMOLOGY.
of
i. e.
339
mother on each
ab utraque parte.
9
fide
',
Upon
obferves
In the theology of the Greeks are many ancient terms, which learned men have tried to analyfe, and define. But
they feem to have failed here too by proceeding upon thofe fallacious principles, of which I have above complained. In,
ihort they feldorn go deep enough in their enquiries; nor confider the true character of the perfonage, which they would
decipher.
It
is
faid of the
God Vulcan,
:
that
he was the
fame as Tubalcain, mentioned Geneiis. c. 4. v. 22: and it is a notion followed by many writers and among others by
Gale.
"
Firft as to the
i. c.
name
(fays this
de Idolat. L.
36, Jbews us, that F~ulcanus is the fame as Tubalcainus, ojily by a wonted, and eafy mutation of B into /^, and And he afterwards affects to prove cajling away a fyllable.
art
and
office
of Vulcan ex-
^ who was
and
iron.
Upon
the
fame principles Philo Biblius fpeaking of Chrufor, a perfon of great antiquity, who firft built a ftiip, and navigated the feas;
who
he
to
taught hufbandry, and hunting, fuppofes him to have been Vulcan ; becaufe it is farther faid of him, 93 that
alfo firft
firft
manufactured
iron.
From
this
is
partial
refemblance
his
induced to derive
Simonis Onomafticon.
Michaelis Spicilegium Geographic Hebneor. Extene. p. 158.
Gale's Court of the Gentiles, vol.
i. b.
2. p.
66.
91
9i
Genefis.
c. 4. v.
22.
i. c.
10.
name
140
ETYMOLOGY.
u^o,
Chores Ur, an
artificer in
9*
fire.
Thefa
not confider, that though the name, to which they refer, be ancient, and oriental, yet the character, and
comparatively modern, having been introduced from another quarter. Vulcan the blackfmith, who was the mafter of the Cyclops, and forged iron in Mount
are
./Etna,
to the Greeks,
and Romans.
But
this
among
nothing fimilar to this defcription. They efteemed Vulcan as the chief of the Gods the fame as the Sun and his name is a
:
facred
title,
fandlus, vel
If the name were Princeps ; equivalent to Orus, or Ofiris. of a different original, yet it would be idle to feek for an
etymology, founded on later conceptions, and deduced from properties not originally inherent in the perfonage. According to
9S
as the fource
of
all
divinity,
confequence of
it
the infcription
upon the
portal
of the temple at Heliopolis was 'H^flWfW TW suv To Vulcan the Father of the Gods. In fhort they, H&Tgi. who firft appropriated the name of Vulcan to their Deity,
had no notion of
his
being an artificer
in
brafs
or
iron,
we muft
be cautious
the
current
notions
of the
Greeks,
and Romans
and
more
from the defcriptions of their poets. Polytheifm, originally vile, and unwarrantable, was rendered
efpecially
94
f
c. 2.
p. 706.
r
Marcellinus. L. 22.
c.
15.
He
was
title
of Mulciber was a
ten
ETYMOLOGY.
ten times
141
their hands.
To
inftance in one particular among all the daemon herd what one is there of a form, and character, fo odious and contemptible, as Priapus? an obfcure ill formed Deity, who His was ridiculed and difhonoured by his very votaries* hideous figure was made ufc of only, as a bugbear to frighten
children
filth
and to drive the birds from fruit he was generally befmeared. Yet
;
trees
this
with whole
contemptible
fcarecrow in a garden, was held in high repute at ?6 Dionufus. He was Lampfacus, and efteemed the fame as
God,
this
likewife by the Egyptians reverenced as the principal God ; no other than the Chaldaic 97 Aur, the fame as Orus and
whofe rites were particularly folemn. It was from Apis hence that he had his name for Priapus of Greece is only a
: :
whofe
rites
upbraided.
His tem-
are mentioned, which are ftyled Beth Peor. In ples likewife fhort this wretched divinity of the Romans was looked upon
by others
brought
as the foul
of the world
the
firft
principle, which.
HgiqTrog
o
all
"
Kovpogy
aura Aoyo.
96
The
hymns
TifJ.ona.1
<ff
'srcc.foc.
Aajix.-|.axwotf o
H^aTrofj
UV-TU A/on/crax
AthenfEUS.
L.
!.
p. 30.
To a^aAjW.a I7/;i/)7ra, ra KKI fl^ -mat.& At") UTTTKIS. Snicks. Numbers, c. 25. v. 3. Deuteronomy, c. 4. v. 3. Jofhua.
c.
22. v. 17*.
Kircher derives Priapus from HS TiyD> Pehorpeh, os nuditatis^ 99 Phurnntus de natura Deorum. c. 17. p. 205.
ftyles:-
42
ETYMOLOGY.
him
10
ysvetriv {JLamguv, $vy09 II^wToyoyo* 7$ firjl born of the world, from whom all the immortals^ and mortals were descended. This is a character which will hereafter Phurnutus fuppofes be found to agree well with Dionufus.
ftyles
God
who was
o
ft*
on equally degraded, and mifreprefented I<r&* $ cw and as highly reverenced on the other.
'
one hand,
OSTftg
ttcti
TlgwTros
sitfi
st>],
IMI& ov iffgoeurut
AaJU-O^wy.
Probably
all
2
Pan
txv.nyC
TM
pus, by whofe
means
antiquity.
a filthy monfter
100
Orphic
verfe 10.
1
Hymn
c. 17.
5.
fame
as
See
Phurnutus.
riot,?
p. 204.
Yl<x.v
1.
AiyuTTTtoiai Si
v.
fj.sv
a^aioraros,
145.
KCLI
Herodotus.
2. c.
E P O PAN T H E
P R
I
O.
Gruter. v.
r.
p. xcv. n.
i.
DIS-
143
DISSERTATION
UPON THE
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
xcti
vpKTog, sifi
PARMENIDES.
IT
be proper to take fome previous notice of thofe writers, to whofe afliftance we muft particularly have re-
may
;
courfe
All knowledge of Gentile antiquity muft be derived to us through the hands of the Grecians and there is not of them a fingle writer, to whom
:
^_l
we may
The
Hella-
nc#*ctitf*jr
whom we
light, are
to be admitted with
them from
10
their folly.
Among
Callimachus,
144
PISSERTATION
two
lived there,
upon
the
Callimachus, and Apollonius Rhodius are principally to be The laft of thefe was a native of Egypt ; and the cfteemed.
other
alluiions to the
Homer likewife abounds with antiquities of that country. a deal of myfterious lore, borrowed from the ancient Amonian theology embarrafTed.
later date,
;
with which
To
thefe
who were
q.
.-ft
with the vanity of that country. Much light may be alfo obtained from thofe learned men, by whom the Scholia were written, which are annexed to the works of
fo deeply tindtured
Nonnus
too,
who wrote
the
Dionyiiaca,
nopolis
iUl**v
A
and.
fejn
not to be neglected. He was a native of Pain Egypt, Ex TY\? Havo? rqg Kiyvircz yeysvrtfJLevog ;
is
'
V77
an d had opportunity of collecting many ancient traditions, and fragments of myfterious hiftory, which never were known
*
(9
A
i,
faodut
n Greece.
w M^
\
u*. csr*<,-~~. f
.
an enigma
J
and
may jTn.rri--u
1
be
that the
:
whole
is
it is
but
we
receive
;
wn
1
copioufly exempliiied J V
neceiiarily
:
and more
clearly defined V/
and
-lUv.
^vioi-fc
it
mult
be more genuine,
by being nearer
fountain head
rious parts,
fo that
we
are
more
But
hidden purport.
among
1
Many
of thefe
aXno^an
itu
of
fil^luJ.WWc t/Ui?0 C *W^ ^TA^^^/iVjf fa& ^ a/wcl arto*, majfw/.'iM.u 0} jmy^, iU^K^ ttf S^U f&T Jurfia.Jf<j
fh*.
Agathias. L. 4. p. 133.
O
err
24 book; 5 fiv*i<-<L
lo
I
hfttfi circcJi
C^f^.,
/j,
rufitn J
wen
c^n^
hi Continue*
cf
it
fofrot
jr>wrfutff
fia.d\n,L
.
.y
^-^<:
an
HELLADIAN and
are writers
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
145
'JiodoruJ>
of high rank; particularly Diodorus, Strabo, and Paufanias, on the Gentile part: and of the fathers Theophilus,
It Y air a
Tatianus, Athenagoras, Clemens, Origenes, Eufebius, Theodoretus, Syncellus ; and the compiler of the Fafti Moft of thefe Siculi, otherwife called Chronicon Pafchale.
were either of Egypt or Aiia. They had a real tafte for antiquity ; and lived at a time when fome infight could be
obtained
:
for
till
the
Roman
ftate
countries,
The
mited in their knowledge. whatever was handed down by tradition ; and aflumed to themfelves every hiftory, which was imported. They moreover held every nation but their their infuperable vanity rendered
own
it
as barbarous
fo that
impoflible for
them
to
But the great advances in hiftorical knowledge. writers, whom I juft now mentioned, either had not thefe
prejudices
fided.
;
make any
or lived at a time,
greatly fub-
to quote innumerable authors, (&* and fome of great antiquity ; to whom the pride of Greece J^/^'JT^ would never have appealed. I had once much talk upon
They condefcended
this fubjed:
who
with a learned friend, fince loft to the world, could ill brook that Herodotus, Thucydides, Xeno-
phon, fhould be ^ifcarded for Clemens, Origen, or Eufebius ; and that Lyiias and Demofthenes fhould give way to Libanius and Ariftides.
The name
To
all
my
writers,
146
writers, he
I
DISSERTATION
mentioned
;
upon
the
whofe merits,
would carry me But I muft at the fame time take upon me to weigh thofe meand to what degree rits ; and fee wherein they confirmed
it
:
as far as
The Helladians were much to be they were to be trufted. admired for the fmoothnefs of their periods, and a happy
collocation of their terms.
They mewed
a great propriety
:
of didlion
and a beautiful arrangement of their ideas and the whole was attended with a rhythm, and harmony, rro
;
'
fl.
v.
7</vu4 ai*u^
where
elfe to
be found.
:
(KC
H**^
"^
\
Jtuntvttk.V^.
But they were at the fame time and the fubjecl: matter of which
fo brief,
it
countries, or a
to their
knowledge of ancient times. Even in refpet own affairs, whatever light had been derived to
fo perverted,
difficult to
them, was
that
,,
fo
dim
medium,
ft
rf
tw
tocrn'fr**
.^^
kcu um L**/^"*
-H**
to any determinate and Yet the beauty of their composition has falutary purpofe. * been attended with wonderful influence. Many have been
it
is
make
fQ
ar
ca ptivated
all
credence to
their
It
by
this
judgment
may
to the pleafures of the fancy. be faid, that the writers, to whom I chiefly appeal
are in great meafure and dry, and artlefs, without any grace ornament to recommend them. They were likewife pofterior
to the Helladians
*
p. 357.
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
To the firft objection I anfwer, times of which they treat. that the moft dry and artlefs hiftorians are in general the moft '^ authentic. They who colour and embellifh, have the leaft
ma
In refpecl to priority, it is a fpecious /; Hot regard for the truth. rfiapLti claim ; but attended with no validity. When a gradual dark- vrxovKuJKiv*r&'c nefs has been overfpreading the world, it requires as much^^vwv-:
as there parTed,
when we were
fo that they,
preceded them by greater portion of light, than ages. Beddes, it is to be confidered, that the writers, to whom
I
later,
may
enjoy a
0/
^7
cannot therefore but in reafon fupnc pofe, that Clemens of Alexandria, Eufebius of Csfarea, Tatianus of AlTyria, Lucianus of Samofata, Cyril of Jerufalem/^
We
Porphyry of Syria, Proclus of Lycia, Philo of Biblus, Strabo of Amafa, Paufanias of Cappadocia, Eratofthenes of Cyrene,
^^" n
'
this
fubject than
of Diodorus, Jofephus, Cedrenus, SynThefe cellus, Zonaras, Euflathius ; and numberlefs more. 3 had the archives of ancient temples, to which they could
like
The
may be
faid
and had traditions more genuine, than ever reached apply And though they were pofterior tneirfelves, they Greece.
:
appeal to authors far prior to any Helladians and their works are crowded with extracts from the moft curious and moft
:
ancient
'
hiitories.
JanifrimA&/h<to
See Philo Biblius apud Eufeb. P. E. L. i. ing to a great number of authors, in Phcnicia.
*
10. p. 32.
He
(,tj
mentions apply-
Hut/c&^/tajc
'EAAwo-.'.
IloAA?jy efygfvnKrctpfi'os
uAr, e^<
vtiv -urao
&.t.L(.<lunl
i. c. ix.
(re
p. 32.
U
ncnv ttm<
r
/
2
1
Berofu s,a^d:
a
widou
<<
"r> *
n f
^.
sr<W fa*
hud
tsn.
/ J
148
DISSERTATION
upon tie
./Egyptius,
piades,
ly.
Apion, Manethon, Abydenus, Apollodorus, AfcleArtapanus ; from whom later writers borrowed largeare beholden to
y^^l^
We
Clemens
and Eufebius,
;
for
many
even Euftathius
and Tzetzes have refources, which are now no more. It muft be after all confefled, that thofe, who preceded, had many opportunities of information, had they been willIt is faid both of 7 (if o * n S to ^ ave k een fofefined. Pythagoras anc Solon, that they refided for fome time in Egypt: where 1^ ^ vuiKiwthe former was inftructed by a Son-chen, or prieft of the
^
(J /ha
crvJ
i-iSun.
jU an/
"'
could never hear of any great good that was Thus much is certain; the confequence of his travels.
I
But
6rou
o-i
knowledge he may have picked up in other ^n 9 o*.parts, he got nothing from the Grecians. They, who precUvukirt, tended moft to wifdom, were the moft deftitute of the bleftnat whatever
mi
And
it
theology was before very obfcure, he drew over a myfterious veil to make it tenfold darker. The chief of
as their
the intelligence tranfmitted by Solon from Egypt contained a fatire upon his own country. He was told by an ancient
7
<^7/
J
/,
i
fT
^i
prieft, that
*
that they J
;
and
i.
p. 356.
c. 4. p.
471.
Theophilus ad Autol. L.
7
3. p. 381."
Plato in Timaso.
Clemens. Strom. L.
i.
p. 426.
HELLADIAN and
other
149
and Plato
:
were in Egypt ; and are faid to have refided there fome time of moment have been tranfmitted by yet very few things them. Plato had great opportunities of rectifying the hiftory
but after
all his
advantages
he
is
fable.
i^cr$a<,
TlAarwi/
sig ttrotrw
TOM
'EAAfli/wj/
crop&JTaTO?
Yet all the rites favagiav ^wgYjVsv. Helladians, as well as their Gods and Heroes, were imported from the
Egypt, though they were Length of time had greatly impaired unwilling to allow it. their true hiftory ; and their prejudices would not fuffer them
9
ysys/ / of the
eaft
I0
to retrieve
it.
mould
therefore think
it
by no means im-
proper to premife a fhort account of this wonderful people, in order to mew whence this obfcurity arofe ; which at laft
prevailed fo far, that they in great meafure loft fight of their origin, and were involved in myftery and fable.
The
las,
inhabitants of the country, called afterwards Helwere the fons of Javan ; who feem to have degenerated
firft
HCUM,
Hence the very early, and to have become truly barbarous. beft hiftorians of Greece confefs, that their anceftors were
not the
firft
inhabitants
but that
it
was before
their arrival
Theophilus ad Autolycum. L. 3. p. 290. See Eufebius. Pnep. Evang. L. 10. c. 4. p. 469. and c. 5. p. 473. alfo Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i. p. 361. Diodorus Siculus. L. i. p. 62, 63. and p. 86,. 87.
9
JCHTik.
y.0ok./ffr
T-e,
See here a long account of the mythology of Egypt being tranfported to Greece > and there adopted by the Helladians as their own,
V.CK.I
Gees.
L.
i.
p. 20.
and ftrangely
fophifticated.
in
150
in.
DISSERTATION
upon
tie
" the porTeffion of a people, whom they ftyle Ba^fa^c/, or Barbarians. The Helladians were colonies of another family:
./{Yucmiu/vo
no*
and introduced themfelves fomewhat later. They were of the race, which I term Amonian ; and came from Egypt and 0/1
.
0/vu*
,U Syria : but originally from Babylonia. They came under various titles, all taken from the religion, which they profeffed.
Of
thefe titles
I fhall
laro;e D
:
*
whom
As foon
as the
Amonians were
fettled,
and incorporated
with the natives, a long interval of darknefs enfued. The at leaft the ancient very union produced a new language
:
Amonian became by
the terms of fcience, and worfliip, were no longer underftood. Hence the titles of their Gods were mifapplied and the whole of their ; theology grew more and more
:
corrupted
fo that
very few
were to be difcovered.
icta
In fhort, almoft every term was mifconftrued, and abufed. " This sera of darknefs was of long duration at laft the Afiatic Greeks began to beftir themfelves. They had a greater
:
their
s.v
.>x,)ica!'
a.tj~iiv
Baciocrs;"
VTnio^e TO -sraAafor.
o-^f^ov Strabo. L.
St.
rt
KXI
321.
c
crvfjiTnx.aa.
'EAAas
XX.TOIX.ICC.
7. p.
Qfe
//=T5;tJ ^po:'^
in
7'heopompus
srfa;AsAs<TTaJ, Tricareno.
.v
genus,
HELLADIAN and
:
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
151
and have been juftly efteemed a genius, were amazing The Athenians were ftandard for elegance, and nature.
They awoke as it were greatly affe&ed with thefe examples. u> out of a long and deep fleep and as if they had been in the J fiuf/u-ko* ni aJlaJH<d <"- A training of fcience for ages, their firft eftorts bordered upon
:
Wk
In the fpace of a century, out of one little conperfection. fined diftricl, were produced a group of worthies, who at all
times have been the wonder of the world
:
fo that
we may
apply to the nation in general, what was fpoken of the fchool of a philofopher cujus ex ludo, tanquam ex Equo Trojano,
:
meri Principes exierunt. But this happy difplay of parts did not remedy the evil, of which I have complained. They did not retrieve any loft annals : nor were any efforts made
to difpel the cloud,
in
There
during but few
had been, as I have reprefented, a long interval which there muft have happened great occurrences
of them had been tranfmitted to pofterity ; and thofe handed down by tradition, and mixed with inconfiftency and fable.
It
13
is
Cadmus.
were brought into Greece very early by Let us for a while grant it ; and inquire what
was
''
the progrefs.
They had
far,
as to
How
et
Alii
Cadmum,
banum,
formas,
Danaum, quidam Cecropem Athenienfem, vel Linum Thetemporibus Trojanis Pulamedem Argivum, memorant fedecim literarum
alios,
i.
/"/-., ^.
'
mox
o
et pra;cipue
p. 13.
t'jpt
Simonidem csteras
Bat. 1696.
invenifTe.
Lilius Gyraldus de
Poetis. Dialog,
Edit.
Lugd.
o
Tori
o, TT,
ZZT^O?
rJaAa//J/K
T,
o*
T8
aA<fa.c>)T8j a,
iTtpy.
/3,
y^
a.
cT, f
/,
K A,
S-,
<p>,
/>t
;',
/), s,
zzrpGc-gOnxfi
Kct^//
MiAwcno;
jj
ypa.fs.fJia.-T
T^IJC,
<?( o
%~~~
Tat/rot ^[/Mi-ions o
, ,
Kfioi
Tzgco'tvnx.s cTyo,
xa<
<w.
E/r/^;apjw.o5
foi^nci.
1.
13.
152
DISSERTATION
upon
the
the pediment of a temple, or upon a put an infcription on or to fcrawl a man's name upon a tile or an pillar, oyfterSuch fhell, when they wanted to banim, or poifon him. fcanty knowledge, and fo bafe materials, go but a little way
towards fcience.
What
None
not even of
I4
Athens.
are not the leaft grounds to furmife, that any iingle record exifted. The names of the Olympic victors from Co-
There
of Argos, were the principal but how little knowmemorials, to which they pretended The laws of Draco in ledge could be obtained from hence.
roebus
;
and of the
prieftefTes
the thirty-ninth
Olympiad were certainly the moft ancient which we can fecurely appeal. When the Grepaffed
;
obtained.
They
and ar-
range them to the beft of their abilities ; and to make the various parts of their hiftory correfpond. They had ftill
fome good materials to proceed upon, had they thoroughly underftood them but herein was a great failure. Among
:
Ou
rw
ca'ctypct<piK t
AA
UTOV eupHTiieTcu ytvof*rov. Jofephus contra Apion. L. i.p. 439. Their hiftorians were but little before the war with the Perfians doctrina vero temporum adhuc Marfham. hinc tenebrae fuperioribus feculis, hinc fabulse. longe recentior
:
this fort,
They begin from Cecrops, and come down to the i6oth Olympiad. So work was undertaken very late, after the Archonfhip of Diognetxis.
the
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
153
down
which
parts.
to diftinguifh, but adopted all for their own; merit of every ancient tranfaction to themfelves.
/a*
had
No
tafte in
Hence they always aimed at the marwhich they drefTed up in a moft winning manner
:
fame time they betrayed a feeming veneration for anBut their judgment was perverted'; and this venetiquity.
ration attended with little regard for the truth.
'
They had
Jhir&nq
a high opinion of themfelves and ot their country in general : and being perfuaded, that they fprang from the ground
on which they flood ; and that the Arcadians were older than the moon, they refted fatisfied with this, and looked no farIn fhort they had no love for any thing genuine, no ther.
defire to be inftructed.
but by an acknowledgment, which their pride would not Jf fuffer them to make. They therefore devoted themfelves toa*u
an idle mythology
6
17
fo contradictory
<7Ui>eyfa.<fioi'y
yav zzrpa^waT&jc eiKcc^irro TUP auruiv heyeiv UK OKmcri x.rA. eAsJj^acr/, xa< frai'T/wxaTa trso;
Ixa<fO( T&fgt
;
aW.'
Tuiv
-srAeior
cT/a
TWV
/Si^A/cof
aMnAas
Jofephus contra
Apion.
vol. 2.
L.
i. c.
3. p.
439.
'Qjuoiws Si
TUTU
(Eifopu) KaAA<ffGci'>
'
x<
e
QiO-jrojjLTro^
tvctvTioc.i>
Kara,
rut' r,XiKia.v
yeyoroTS*
KOC.I
/x.u6a^
^/xeis
Tnv
TOV
tK
rite
Tnv -zzraTac
7T///eAsiac iTroiwoi^ac.
5^a;o-
Diod. L.
I.
4. p.
209.
VOL.
and
154
DISSERTATION
upon
the
and abfurd, but was greedily admitted, Even when the truth glared in dition.
turned from the
j
if fan&ified
by tra-
/o n<w. ISO
Thofe,
diflent
who
like
and would not be undeceived. Euemerus and Ephorus had the courage to
light
;
rtWiirYL4v pC
\r
'l**- 1
/*
h/
from their legends, were deemed atheifts and apoftates ; and treated accordingly. Plutarch more than once iniifts that it is expedient to veil the truth, and to drefs it
'
up
Ja n<m;. /y/i
inquiry a *' cr * me 5 an ^ thus precluded the only means, by which the truth could be obtained.
allegory.
in
l8
They went
fo
far
as
to
deem
Nor did thefe prejudices appear only in refped: to their own rites, and theology, and the hiftory of their own nation j
the accounts which they gave of other countries, were always
tindlured with this predominant An idle zeal made vanity. them attribute to their forefathers the merit of many great performances to which they were utterly ftrangers : and fup-
pofed them to have founded cities in various parts of the world, where the name of Greece could not have been known:
cities
ftate.
Where-
L.
i.
p. 35, j6.
tivou Tcav
yt
*.
<f
f^tra^M %gv
vTrsp
TO
;fe ey.
'srarAa/a
yt/.g-
Arrian. E^pedit. Alexandri.. L. 5. Herodotus puts thefe remarkable words into the
tjco"
~
y.i>
A9>)i 3 ia.%pe(tifJLMoi. L.
3..
c.
ry yap ctuTU yAfyv/mvy.) ot T ^suoifjt.tvoij xa< 01 TH 72. may be affured that thefe were the author's
We
own
hence we muft not wonder if fentiments, though attributed to another perfon add to this, that he was often through :
: :
ignorance miftaken
ayvoias
f-^iva-fA.ivoy,
OoWia
TO.V
'IripsS^oTov
VTT'
14. p.
444^
ever
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
155
ever they got footing, or even a tranfient acquaintance, they accommodated every tiling to their own in their
defcriptions
terms according to their preconceptions ; and expreiTed all own mode of writing, and pronunciation, that appearances might be in their favour. To this were added a thoufand
to fupport their pretended claim. They would of the perfuade us that [afon of Greece founded the empire Medes ; as Perfeus of the fame country did that of the Perfilly
ftories
fians.
Armenus
fa-
the moft ancient cities in the world, was built by people 10 from Argos and that Pelufium of Egypt had a name of
:
Grecian
try
:
ai
original.
*
They
"
coun-
and the
city of the Sun, flyled Heliopolis, owed its oriAthenian. They were fo weak as to think that
its
name from
built
a pilot of Menelaus,
*4
that even
by Epaphos of Argos. There ^.1 fo incurious and indifferent about furely was never any nation truth. Hence have arifen thofe contradictions and incon-
Memphis was
E^vu
rvai.is.
fiftencies,
is
~s
embarraffed.
appear ungracious, and I am fure it is far from a pleafing tafk, to point out blemimes in a people of fo refined
It
may
pyeiur.
tinus,
Steph. Byzan-
and Strabo. L.
(f'ctTro
16. p.
1089.
Strabo. L. 17. p. 1155.
c. 16. p.
ni'o,x<j~<
T8
-ar/;Aa.
it
According
1
'
to Marcellinus
5. p. 5. p.
264.
Diodorus. L. Diodorus. L.
328.
*
5
Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 62. Clemens. L. i. Strom, p. 383. from Ariftippus, Sec Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. c. 3. p. 439.
a turn
156
DISSERTATION
were
it
upon
the
a turn as the Grecians, whofe ingenuity and elegance have Nor would I engage in a difplay of been admired for ages.
not neceffary to fhew their prejudices and On our part we miftakes, in order to remedy their failures. have been too much accuftomed to take in the grofs with
this kind,
or no examination, whatever they have been pleafed to tranfmit and there is no method of difcovering the truth,
little
:
but by fhewing wherein they failed ; and pointing out the mode of error ; the line of deviation. By unraveling the
clue
we may be
That my cenfures and to reduce their mythology to order. are not groundlefs, nor carried to an undue degree of fevebe proved from the like accufations from fome of who accufe them both of ignorance and their beft writers
rity,
may
,
.
Hecatzeus of Miletus acknowledges, that the tra,numerous : -ditions of the Greeks were as ridiculous as they were Z7 and Philo confefles that he could obtain little intelligence from
forgery.
2fi
that quarter : that the Grecians had brought a mift upon learnHe thereto difcover the truth. ing ; fo that it was impojjible fore applied to people of other countries for information ; from 8 whom only it could be obtained* Plato owned that the moft
""
genuine
45
'Oi
-sroAAo; xo
^-fAo.o',
spot (pyjrwrcti.
Apud JambhysvofjLfvct.
chum. See
17
jM.
paJWs
"rival
euvopctv
TOL KcfT
aAwaac
He
Ou
apud Eufeb. P. E.
*8
L.
i. c. ix.
p. 32.
p. 32.
a.fi'fiTa.1
TO. JcaAA/if
<p(Ao<ro<piay
i.
p. 355.
KASTTTOS
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
157
who by the genuine helps to philofophy were borrowed from thofe, *9 Greeks were ftykd barbarous: and Jamblichus gives the true
The Helladians, fays this writer, reafon for the preference. are ever wavering and unfettled in their principles \ and are
carried about by the leaft impulfe.
it
mit,
they
according
But people of other countries are tmcertain mode of reafoning. more determinate in their principles, and abide more uniformly
received. They by the very terms, which they have traditionally 3 he fays, are reprefented in the fame light by Theophilus that they wrote merely for empty praife, and were fo blinded with
:
vanity that they neither difcovered the truth theirfelves, nor en-
couraged others
3I
to
purfue
it.
Hence Tatianus
fays
with great
truth,
that the writers of other countries were Jlrangers to that vanity, with which the Grecians were infeEied : that they were
T;
jSapfaps <p<Ao<ro
'EMwras.
2. p.
428.
:
,{
Clemens accufes the Grecians continually for their ignorance and vanity yet Clemens is faid to have been an Athenian, though he lived at Alexandria. He facrificed all prejudices to the truth
iy
;
as far as
he could obtain
it.
<buafi ya.o
'EAAwes
xara.
i/eyrpoTro/,
V.M ccravn,
(pepivTcti -zzracTaj/w,
uotv
f%ovTS
iojji.cc.
aAAa
KO.L
TBTS o^&'S
<f e pt.ortfj.oi
aipEVTf;
TW
Baofaps;
7-0/5 n9e<7(i'
ov-rsi,
Kai
TO/? Ao>o<5
/j.y.evu<ri.
Jamblichus.
ovre O.UTOI TO
feel. 7.
c. 5. p.
30
155.
Y.svfc
x<x,i
AO^HS yctp
/JLcnctM -sracTK
T/IV
ourot
fpctaQsi'Tf?,.
A6f5
syvvo-a.v, UTS
f*.tv
aAAas
STTI
aAwOs/ai' -ZT^ST^O.VTO.
Theophilus ad Autol.
L.
3. p.
51
382.
lfj.SfO<,
wx.
fft
p. 269.
158
fimple^
DISSERTATION
mid uniform^ and did
upon
the
an
and geographical knowledge, the Greeks in general were very ignorant ; and the writers, who, in the time of the Roman Empire, began to make more accurate inquiries, met with infuperable difficulties from
refpect
who had
preceded.
know no
cen-
than that, which Strabo has paiTed upon the hiftorians and geographers of Greece ; and of its writers in general. In fpeaking of the Afiatic nations he af-
more
fevere
and
juft
had been any account tranfmitted * Some of thefe nations^ of them, upon which we can depend.
fures us, that there never
3
~'~
Taj
yocec
2axa?, rss
-urpos
',
xanrfp
Maro'ayiras >c*Ayr, ax. f%cvr$ axpiSMt faynv T/rlpt auruv Mata-ffaytras iov Kugri 'afoh.zp.w i^ocuvrtt aAAat are nrept r'cnuv
oi
,.
Ike.
*"*-
uie:S
nxp&uro
TTfio;
rot,
zva.hctux.
rvv nepcr&', ar
TWC
M);^/xft)!',
<pi~
g< -7zn^~iv
f/.iyai\r,v o ix,
TC
TW^
Aoy.i;6<ar.
Opcavres
y^p
T'dS
(pave peas
ZTxpi^iffQatt
THC
ypoL^'/jv
vPiiai',
Sav
iv
a%iip.atn Aty&HTii',
i
/ut.>jft7ro
fjcflrt ffx.Haa.Vf
auro
S't
[tcvov
TSTO,
on
xat
tiffiav
y-tKTtj
'Pafius
J'
otv ris
HtnoJu
x<x.i
O/XH^M TUHfeufftu
pa^tov tvic- uSiv rsis TS TI' Jo jat' AAg^ai'J^pa, xa/ /'^a TO r/)f ft'o Ao/s' ?ci T'ap OUTW paJiaoyaa; Ta; ecr%x.riots y^yovivoti rns Acrtas zzroppw a<p ^JJMV' TO tf')? zzroppw / 1/ ro-pos
<T;ct
l
aAAs/s
Ovfl
Strabo. L.
.
.
i J.
p. 774-
Gr^cis
Hiftoricis
ii.
plerumque
poeticas
fimilem
efle
licentiam.
Qiiindilianus.
L.
ii.
c.
Audet
.-'a.\/t>wl5.
in Hiftoria.
:
Juvenal.
Ati
<?e rcav
wj
p.'n
su.oXtjyvp.tvcav (rfyo-Pga.
8. p.
o<
yap
ravavria
L.
Harris
v.
545.
oi
y.iv
yap
'srfpt
Ahe^av^gov TO
SretvfJt.ix.s'ov
avri
aAzjSas aTroff^ovrat
fays
159 and
leaft
determine light to
them.
And
and
Cyrus,
though they have pretended to give a hiftory of his particular wars with thofe, who were called Maf-
and fatisfaclory
could ever be
ob-
There is the fame uncertained ; not even in refpeEl to the war. as tainty in refpeEl to the ancient hijlory of the Perfians, as well can meet with little that to that of the Medes, and Syrians : can be deemed authentic, on account of the weaknefs of thofe who
We
wrote,
er's,
and
their
who profeffedly
make
their
writings equally acceptable, if in the fyftem of their hijlory they were to introduce circumftances, which they had neither feen nor
heard) nor received upon the authority of another perfon ; prothat they fiould be moft likely ceeding merely upon this principle,
to
to pleafe people s fancy by having recourfe
and new. On this account we may more fafely truft to Hcfiod and Homer, when they prefent us with a lift of Demigods and Heroes, and even to the tragic poets, than to Ctefias, Herodotus, and Hellanicus, and writers of that clafs. Even the generality
of hiftorians, who wrote about Alexander, are 7iot fafely to be trujled : for they fpeak with great confidence, relying upon the
glory of the monarch,
whom
they celebrate,
and
the
rcmotcnefs
of the countries, in which he was engaged ; even at the extremities This of Afia ; at a great dijlance from us, and our concerns.
renders them very fecure.
difficult
For what
is
referred to a diftance
is
to be
confuted.
he
it fays, that
In another place fpeaking of India, was very difficult to arrive at the truth for
:
the
160
the
33
DISSERTATION
writers,
upon
the
who muft
neceffarily be
appealed
to,
were in con-
And how, fays tinual oppojition, and contradifted one another. Strabo, could it be otherwife : for if they erred fo jbamefully
'when they
ocular proof, how could they fpeak with certainty , 3* he exwhere they were led by hear/ay ? In another place cufes the miftakes of the ancient poets, faying, that we muft
had
not wonder
if
when
fo ignorant, and fo people in ages more enlightened were He had devoted to every thing marvellous and incredible.
above given the poets even the preference to other writers The firft writers but herein his zeal tranfported him too far.
:
and the mifchief began from them. They infected tradition ; and mixed it with allegory and fable.
:
Of
35
Athenagoras accufes them very juftly ; and fays, that the greateft abufes of true knowledge came from them. I
this
injift,
we owe
fo
Orpheus, Homer,
and
and
genealogies of the
Dcemons,
33
whom
to
ftyle
Gods
Se
AAAa
alfo
Ixa<ro5 ljca<r
Tvsgt
tTiap^ci'Tai,
See
34
L. 771,
:
2, 3, 4.
'Efcso^&js
<f'
And
'Brpox.gwoiv'res
Ou
Sr<x.u[j.(x.<?ov
nva.1 TffSpi
r&
'Ojotxpa'
KCC.I
yap
Ktiva -rooAAa
ctyvoftv, KO.I
35
4>>?fn
r5
otow.ot.r3.
xi
yevvtiSsvrets rois
VTT
caireav
Srsot;'
Aix(c
rirpoiKoaioiffi tTtcri
Hviofov yap xai Opwpov /mac^rvpu H^O/'OTOS <Pox,e(a p.tv tTpeaSujepx ytvaytx.i) xai ou <wXtiQiri. Ouroi
<f~e
xai
&eotcri
ia^
xat rebecs <Ptf}\.ovrss, x.at i^ia auTcav trtifJt.wa.vres' O.L ~e eixoves ^%oi jjcnirto -z<rAa<j-<>c>j Kai ygatytxy, xai av<Ppiai>ro7rowTix.y ticravj a^g evofu&vTOi Athenagorze See Herodotus. L. 2. c. 53. Legatio. p. 292.
nyMs
duce
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
161
Herodotus for a witnefs to what I offer f. He informs usy that Homer and Hejiod were about four hundred years prior to l\ oym.tr Tliefe^ fays he y were the perfons whol\u. ~himfelf\ and not more.
jirft framed the theogony
of the Greeks \ and gave appellations to their Deities ; and diftinguifoed them according to their feveral ranks, and departments. They at the fame time defcribed them
:
for
till
was
not in Jri^n it
Greece any reprefentation of the Goo's, either infculpture or painting ; not any fpecimen of the ftatuarys art exhibited : no fuck
in thofe times thought of. fubjlitutes were
ancient hiftory and mythology of Greece was partly tranfmitted by the common traditions of the natives : and
partly preferved in thofe original Doric hymns,
The
which were
Thefe were univerfally fung in their Prutaneia and temples. in the ancient Amonian language ; and faid to have been inThis Pagafus, Agyieus, and Olen. reprefent as a Lycian, others as an Hyperborean
troduced by
3<i
laft
:
fome
and by
Egyptian.
the Purcones, or priefts of the Sun: and by the female Hieof whom the chief upon record were " Phaennis, rophants
38
Phaemonbe, and
Baso.
The
as the
56
Srufvpov TU
'Eofj.n.
Co-
tiOffk
(n
Cti
ho "-P-44.
'O/ra.
fJiHv a.
^d
Jatv tv TM npuTctyeia^
(fcai'ii /yi.iv
Awpuoj. Paufanias. L.
5.
p. 416.
57 JS
Pauianias. L. 10. p. 828. of Phaennis and the Sibyls. Pauianias. L. 10. p. 809. of Phaemonoe and ancient hymns.
VOL.
I.
162
DISSERTATION
39
upon the
2AM
<T 06
BTTSWV
Thefe hymns grew by length of time obfolete ; and fcarce They were however translated, or rather imiintelligible.
by Pamphos, Rhianus, Phemius, Homer, Bion Proconneiius, Onomacritus, and others. Many of the facred terms could not be underftood, nor interpreted ; they were
tated,
retained with great reverence : and many, which they did attempt to decipher, were mifconftrued and mifUpon this bads was the theology of Greece foundapplied. ed : from hence were the names of Gods taken : and various
however
Every poet
and every variety, had fomething different in his theogony however inconfiftent, was admitted by the Greeks without
the leaft hefitation
aTOLhouTfugos
Tr>g
4I
:
<&v<ret
yxg
'EAAiors? vsorgOTTQi
'The
:
'EAAiqcnf
afaiOeiotg &T$ri's.
Grecians,
fays
Jam-
The
inveftigation of truth
From thefe ancient hymns fatiguing for a Grecian. 4* and mifconftrued terms Pherecydes of Syrus planned his
too
<9
40
Jamblichus de Myfter. Sect, vii. c. 5. p. 156. In like manner in Samothracia the ancient Orphic language was obfolete, yet
it
they retained
Tojcjjsces (ev
in their
temple
!i;
rites
FM^KKOTI
cT
^a.^.ot.ia.v
tia.v
ict
Atx.ro v
01
Au-
2a/xo9px5i) 5
Ta
vvv
TYifnToti.
Diodorus.
L.
5. p.
41
322.
Seel:. 7. c. 5.
Jamblichus de Myfter.
41
Clemens Alexandrinus.
Strom. L.
:
676.
t
Ar
>ows
T<saAAos.
Strabo. L.
13.'
hiftory
HELLADIAN and
hiftory of the
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
is
163
Gods
which, there
fource of
much
error.
/ft.
Such were the principles which gave birth to the mytho- >'An.L & logy of the Grecians from whence their ancient hiftory was *? j oy
;
4/1
<f
in great
meafure derived.
As
their traditions
it
were obfolete.
.
and
for
filled
them
country.
impoflible to arrange properly the principal events of their They did not feparate and diftinguifh ; but often
rendered
,/^lT.J7aKi:t flvvit
it
^
*"
~~
took
to themfelves the
and made
hiftory,
it
their
own.
all
was
Hence, when they came to digeft their confufed and they were embarrafled with
:
numberlefs contradictions,
43
and
abfurdities,
which
it
was
( -
For their vanity, as I have fhewn, remedy. impoilible to would not fuffer them to rectify their miftakes by the auIt is well thority of more ancient and more learned nations.
obferved by Tatianus
that where the hiftory of fifties paft has not been duly adjufted) it is impoffible to arrive at the truth : and there has been ?^o greater caufe of error in writAflyrius,
to adopt^ ing, than the endeavouring
confiftent.
**
what
is
groundlefs
it
and
in-
Sir Ifaac
Newton fomewhere
lays
down
for a
'
Thus
it is
faid in
in
the fon of
Eufebius from fome ancient accounts, that Telegonus reigned Orus the fhepherd ; and leventh from Inachus and
:
16 Inachi
nupfit
How
feptimus ab Inacho, quomodo could 16 be married to him when fhe was to him in
:
Si
degree of aicent, as far off as his grandmother's great grandmother; that moves above him. See Scaliger on Eufebius. ad Num. cccclxxxi.
*
is
fix re-
Flap'
itfogtetf
rjfiv
&<;
yap
<x.tn>i'a.fnrno$
s^iv
ri
Ttav
Aj)9si;fif
i'vvccTw' Ti
10.
pn
aA>?5)?;
Ts
TM
ypx'peiv w^.avtifj
ft /*))
TS tnn 1
rule
164
DISSERTATION
in themfelves,
upon
the
m;
/iuu_.
rule never to admit for hiftory, what is antecedent to letters, p or traditionary truths cannot be long preferved without
fome change
cumftances.
till
cir-
This accretion will be in every age enlarged ; there will at laft remain fome few outlines only of the
It
original occurrence.
many, that
the Grecians had letters very early but it will appear upon Thofe of the aninquiry to have been a groundlefs notion.
cients,
7/,
f
who
made
fcruple to fet afide their pretenfions. JofepKus in particular takes notice of their early claim ; but cannot allow \t /mk 46 /A/n-f it : They* fays this learned hiftorian. who would carry the inJJ IA\ o.jnm^ hcv/tLUon troduEtion of letters among the Greeks the higheft^ very gravely fa b<.
th
^/vaA
Lou(JJ^
is
loft
tell US)
k* vc *
and
Gad*-
Yet after all they cannot produce a Jingle fpecimen either from their acred writings ^ or from their popular records* which Theophilus takes notice of thefe favours of that antiquity.
jnus.
f
;
difficulties
all
which the
hiftory of Hellas
letters.
He
4s
NUK
'
fJLiw
o-^e -zzrtm SK
'EAA^i/a*
i.
wv
Aoj we
ra-apjjASs
^iSourxK^ct TS
X.KI
p. 364.
cturcav
On
fj.r,v
aP tir
ooiMf
exeu>n
%goi>a
S'WCUTO
TK
ctv
hpoK3 &T
tv <Pn/Aocriois
aaS/Aeri.
Ajjtfj
i.
Twv <g
TO.
t^ cut
T!)5
A>if/as
e Afjii'WTcu'
TO
XaAcTa/w! ,
1
01
<f~e
T^af,'
/x.w
AtyuTmoov, aAAot
fjmtitx.v9
tvepi
Sreu
^oiyf^eroi Tnv
AA
Theoph. ad Autol. L.
3. p.
400.
Plutarch
HELLADIAN and
the truth
;
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
165
and
-is
fon of this
The reacould not recolleft any genuine hiftory. obvious : for they came late to the knowledge of let-
This they confefs y by attriof other nations. to themfelves ; either buting the invention of them to people prior
ters in comparifon
to the Chaldeans^ or the
elfe
to the
Phenicians.
their theology^
and ftill
greatly prevails , is owing to their not making a proper difquijition about the true objeEi of worjhip : but amufing themfelves with
idle)
and
unprofitable J"peculations.
Notwithftanding this deficiency, they pretended to give a lift of Argive princes, of which twenty preceded the war of 4* But what is more extraordinary, they boafted of a Troy.
of twenty-fix Kings at Sicyon, comprehending a fpace of one thoufand years, all which kings were before the time of 49 Thefeus and the Argonauts. Among thofe, who have
feries
given the
who
of the Argive kings, is Tatianus Aflyrius, adviies every perfon of fenfe, when he meets with thefe
lift
"<*$ 'ac
high pretenfions, to confider attentively, that there was not afo*<i.^j <y fmgle voucher , not even a tradition of any record^ to authenticate ^i/uu^ a
thefe hi/Tories
Plutarch
:.
after.
It is cer-
'
^'v
afilires us,
Homer was
not
known
to the Athenians
till
the time of
Hipparchus, about the 630! Olympiad, yet fome fome five hundred years before that aera. It is fcarce
been fo
48
writers
make him
three,
7wt*'.r
uo
poflible that he
letters.
mould have K *
49
unknown to them if they had been acquainted with Eufebius. Chron. p. 24. Eufebius. Chron. p. 19. Syncellus. p. 148, 152.
kings of Sicyon were taken from Gaftor Rhodius,
vBvtytfi
The
awitveu KCLTO.
w TSOCO
traa5 ax^^ja?, <m xara TW EAAwwv canon r7-5(p>?' KatTjuss >ap ^cgTa croAAaS yip. 274.
--
xA.
Tatianus Aflyrius,
tain,
66
DISSERTATION
upon
the
Helladians had no tendency to learning, till the Asiatic Greeks and it was even they were awakened by then fome time before letters were in general ufe > or any
tain, that the
:
For if letters had been even records attempted. current, and the materials for writing obvious, and in common ufe, how comes it that we have not one fpeeimea older
hiftories, or
And how
is it
poffible, if the
Gre-
cr
had any records, that they fhcxild be fo ignorant about fome of their moft famous men ? Of Homer how little is known and of what is transmitted, how little, upon which
!
we may depend!
birth
nal.
:
Seven places in Greece contend for his while many doubt whether he was of Grecian origiis
It
laid of Pythagoras,
:
Sl
that according to
Hippohis
but Ariftoxenus,
who wrote
;
Contra,eUt&'n
Theopompus, makes him a According to Neanthes he was of Syria or Tyrrhenian. In like manner Thales was faid by elfe a native of Tyre.
well as Ariftarchus, and
Herodotus, Leander, and Duris, to have been a Phenician It is rebut he was by others referred to Miletus in Ionia.
:
in the time of ported of Pythagoras, that he vilited Egypt Cambyfes. From thence he betook himfelf to Croton in
Italy
where he
is
till
the
laft
and Pindar.
What
credit can
;
we
many
51
ages
backward
who
p. 352.
Clemens Alexand. L.
i.
and Heraclides.
importance,
HELLADIAN and
otter
GRECIAN WRITERS.
167
importance, which happened in the days of their fathers ? The like difficulties occur about Pherecydes Syrius; whom
Suidas ftyles Babylonius : neither the time, when he lived, nor the place of his birth, have been ever fatisfadtorily
Till proved. not know the
Si
Eudoxus had been in Egypt the Grecians did j'udo* u. fpace of which the true year connfted.'/*w (k f
o evictvTog
us
Gre-
jticn ftanu/i
when
letters
They had a childifh antipathy to every foreign lanand were equally prejudiced in favour of their own. guao-e This has paffed unnoticed ; yet was attended with the inoft
them.
:
fatal confequences.
mifled by the too great deand could not bear any term which ap-
They were
peared
and uncouth.
53
On
;
this
account
appellations
or fo modelled
and changed them, that they became in found and meaning And as they were attached to their eflentially different.
own
country, and its cuftoms, they prefumed that every for among themfelves. They did thing was to be looked
*
Onuphis was worlhiped at a place in Egypt, on account of its afperity. ^lian de Animalibus,
Jf(
Even Strabo omits fome names, becaufe they were too rough, and difibnanr. Ou Atyea t TUV .$vwv rot tvo/jt-aTo. TX. -araAaiOi J'la. TW aiSo^ietv3 KO.I a^ca 7nv TM txfogct; aoTwy. L. 12. p.
not
t63
DISSERTATION
upon
tie
not consider, that the titles of their Gods, the names of that their cities, and their terms of worfhip were imported and that time had ancient hymns were grown obfolete
: :
explained every thing by the language in ufe, without the leaft retrofpedt or allowance : and all names and titles from other countries were liable to
They
V ^ri4
,
If the
difagreeable
_
was rejected as barbarous but if it was at all fimilar -in found to any word in their language, they changed it to that word ; though the name were of Syriac original ;
from Egypt, or Babylonia. the term was by thefe means changed
or introduced
The
purport of
hiftory,
and the
which depended upon it, either perverted, or effaced. When the title Melech, which fignified a King, was rendered it referred to an Ms<A*p0 and Ms<Ai%/0, fweet and gentle, But this gave them idea quite different from the original. no concern they ftill blindly purfued their purpofe. Some miflegend was immediately invented in confequence of this and honey, and the miftake prifion, fome ftory about bees
:
was rendered
flance
in
fome degree
plaufible.
This
is
a circum-
our attention ^confequence ; and deferves I fhall have occafion to fpeak of it repeatedly ; greatly. and to lay before the reader fome entire treatifes upon the For this failure is of fuch a nature, as when deof
fubjedl.
much
tected,
and
fairly explained,
with which the mythoenigmatical hiftories, The only Author, who feems to logy of Greece abounds. have taken any notice of this unhappy turn in the Grecians,
9
is
HELLADIAN and
is
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
169
(
of very jfyj fpeaks of it as a circumftance bad confequence, and fays, that it was the chief caufe of error and obfcurity hence, when he met in Sanchoniathon
Philo Biblius.
:
s+
He
with ancient names, he did not indulge himfelf in whiinfical folutions ; but gave the true meaning, which was the
refult of
pofed.
fome event or quality, whence the name was imThis being a fecret to the Greeks, they always took
:
things in a wrong acceptation; being mifled by a twofold fenfe of the terms, which occurred to them one was the genuine and original meaning ; which was retained in the lan-
the other was a forced guage, whence they were taken fenfe, which the Greeks unnaturally deduced from their own
:
The
fame term
their
in different languages conveyed different and opand as they attended only to the meaning in poflte ideas
:
own
55
miftaken.
It
MfTo. TWJTX
-TO-Aa*))!'
'EAA>;<7<
tx.iTia.TKi
(o&A&n ) Aejtw,
1
yap
EC
fjnx.Ttx.iw
O.UTCC,
sroAAa^ws
ovofj.ct.Tcav'
cfie^-fiAajWsOcs,
ot
AAa
Tzr^oj
ras
at/Bis
ruv mKpex.ao%etS
TQK
diref)
'EAAws
foAia
55
Ttan ovofJLctTMv.
Bozrah, a cicadel, they changed to jSo/jo-a, a {kin. Out of A.r, the capital of Moab, they formed Areopolis, the city of Mars. The river Jaboc they exprefled lo Bacchus. They did not know that Diu in the eaft fignified an ifland and there:
ifland Diofcorias and from Diu-Ador, or Adorus, they made an ifland Diodorus. The fame ifland Socotra they fometimes denominated the ifland of Socrates. The place of fountains
:
formed the
Ai-Ain, they attributed to Ajax, and called it AIKVTOS <x.xpuTV[>iot; in the fame Sea. The ancient frontier town of Egypt, Rhinocolura, they derived from p<?,
and fuppofed that fome people's noles were here cut derived from the Latin pannus, cloth. So Nilus was from r they
p/i'o?,
a nofe
off.
Pannonia
:
/Aw
Gadeira
quafi
rs
J^/pa.
Necus
in
fignified a
king
VOL.
I.
170
It
DISSERTATION
may
upon
the
appear ftrange to make ufe of the miftakes of yet through any people for a foundation to build upon failures my fyftem will be in fome degree fupported at thefe
: :
Icaft
errors I
hope
to obtain
much
the Grecian writers have preferved a kind of uniformity in their miftakes ; and there appears plainly a rule and method of deviation, it will be very poilible,
light.
For
as
when
this
method
well
is
co-
truth.
we may
delign,
if
or labyrinth are only as chance be for ever bewildered but if they are
:
wood
made with
cumftance,
in
attended
If
we once know
mythology ftyled dog was meant a prince, or Deity; that by bees was Signified an order of priefts ; thefe terms, however mifapplied, can
no more miflead us
fculpture
they
w ere
T :
ufed for
em-
blems on
Thus much I have been obliged to prcmife ledge muft come through the hands of the
they have turned to ygxww: and the city of Necho, or
as
our knowI
5&
Grecians.
am
Royal City,
to N<xo7rcA<;
and Nsx^oTTsAj?.
Lyfimachus in his Egyptian hiflory changed the name of Jerufalem to'JgpofftiAa: and fuppofed that the city was fo called becaufe the Ifraelites in their march to
Canaan ufed
L.
i. c.
s6
to
fteal
facred things.
34. p. 467.
do not mean
Romans
though
is
afford
However
HELLADIAN and
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
171
am
fenfible, that
many
learned
:
recourfe to
but
cimens, which have afforded much light. Thofe, to which I have been witnefs, have rather dazzled than illuftrated ;
and bewildered
the Greeks
is
is
Among
;
,
contained a great treafure of knowledge. It a rich mine; which as yet has not been worked far be- Auk
deep, and cannot be obtained without much induftry and labour. The Helladians had the beft opportunities to have afforded us information about the
The
ore
lies
miftakes
ftill
have fpoken
of their negligence, and of their yet with a proper clue they may
:
be read to great advantage. To fay the truth, there is fcarce an author of them all, from whom fome good may
has been wanting in the natives of Greece, has been greatly fupplied by writers of that nation from other
countries,
not be derived.
What
who
lived in after-times.
;
Of
and many others might be added, who were men of integrity and learning. They were fond
of knowledge, and obtained a deep infight into antiquity : and what is of the greateft confequence, they were attached to the truth. They may fometimes have been miftaken in their judgment they but ftill truth was the fcope
:
may
at
alfo
They
muft be confefled, that we are under great obligations to Pliny, Marcellinus, Arnobius, Tertullian, Laftantius, Jerome, Macrobius and many others. They
ver
it
-,
contain
many
have
172
DISSERTATION
many pagan
authors, to
upon
the
have accordingly tranfmitted to us many valuable remains, There which, but for them, had been buried in oblivion.
are likewife
whom we
but efpecially to Strabo and their different departments have afforded wonderful light. Nor muft we omit Jofephus of Judea ; v/hofe treatife againft
indebted
;
indeed
all
of confequence,
it is
if
lowance.
I
of the
my
;
or elfe totally
unknown.
fpeak particularly of one great family, which diffufed itfelf over many parts of the earth ; from whom the
fhall
rites
tile
and myfteries, and almoft the whole fcience of the GenBut as I venture in an unbeaten world, were borrowed. and
in a wafte,
track,
lhall firft
take
upon me
fore I
therefore fpeak
of thofe
prevailed; as By difcovery of the people from whom they were derived. a the fame religious terms, of cuftoms, as well as
fimilarity
and cuftoms, and of the nations, where they I fhall by thefe means be led infenfibly to the
by
it
will be eafy to
ihew a re-
between fuch people, however widely difperfed. They will be found to have been colonies of the fame family ; and to have come ultimately from the fame
which
fubfifted
place.
As my
I lhall
labour,
proceed
courfe will be in great meafure an uphill in the manner, which I have menfioned
;
10
HELLADIAN and
tioned
;
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
till I
173
continually enlarging
my profpecT:,
arrive at the
point
It
aim
at.
be proper to mention to the reader that the following treatifes were not written in the order, in which they now ftand ; but juft as the fubjecT: matter prefented itfelf be-
may
fore
me.
laft, I
compofed, will occur have been forced to anticipate fome of the arguments,
rirft
it
as well as quotations,
found
which they contained, according as I Hence there will be fome few inftances
I
hope will not give any great Au the argudifguft.: as what is repeated, was fo interwoven in ment, that I could not well difengage it from, the text, where
it
be found fome inftances, where I differ jnc*wuti,i/, from myfelf, and go contrary to positions in a former treatife. Thefe are very few, and of no great moment ; being fuch as
will alfo
There
would probably efcape the reader's notice. But I think it more ingenuous, and indeed my ftricl duty, to own my miftakes, and point them out, rather than to pafs them over in
iilencc
;
ME
I7S
SOME NECESSARY
RULES
and
IN
OBSERVATIONS
RESPECT TO
ETYMOLOGICAL
AND FOR
INQJLJIRIES;
MYTHOLOGY
The
of
GREECE.
E muft
never deduce the etymology of an Egyptian or oriental term from the Greek language. EuftaE<
jSa^agoy TO
ovopct,
fyvtKW
TV{JLOAoyiO(,V
OLVTX.
fhould recur to the Doric manner of expreflion, as being neareft to the original.
to
We
The Greeks adopted all foreign have been of their own country.
They miftook
hiftory
and fuppofed
it
fons,
They
17-6
RULES
:
W OBSERVATIONS
ear.
:
They changed every foreign term to fomething fimilar in to fomething fimilar in found, however their own language
remote in meaning, being led folely by the They conftantfy miftook titles for names
titles
multiplied their Deities, and Heroes. All terms of relation between the Deities to be difre-
it
is
By
to their pri-
and defcry
mean-
muft have regard to the oblique cafes, efpecially in nouns imparafyllabic, when we have an ancient term tranfmitted to us either from the Greeks, or Romans. The nominative in both languages, is often abridged fo that from the genitive of the word, or from the pofTeilive, the original
:
We
term
in
is
to be deduced.
From veteris we have veter term from fanguinis we have fanguen and that we may prove from Ennius, who fays
names.
: :
common
right
57
58
O pater, O genitor, O fanguen diis oriundum. Cum veter occubuit Priamus fub marte Pelafgo.
! ! !
So mentis, and not mens, was the true nominative to menas we may learn from the fame author. tis, menti, mentern
:
57
2.
58
Ibidem, L.
i.
Iftic
HELLADIAN and
59
other
GRECIAN WRITERS.
ignis, ifque
177
eft.
Iflic eft
de
fole
fumptus
mentis
In like
to Plebi
and
Plebem.
Deficit alma Ceres, nee plebes pane potitur.
Lucilius.
departments of the Deities are to be fet afide, as inconfiftent, and idle. Pollux will be found a judge ; Ceres a law-giver ; Bacchus the God of the year ; Neptune
All the
a phyfician ; and /Efculapius the God of thunder : and this but from the beft mythologifts not merely from the poets of the Grecians ; from thofe, who wrote profeffedly upon
:
common
the fubjedl. I have obferved before, that the Grecians in foreign words often changed the Nu final to Sigma. For Keren, they wrote
Ksgag
for
Cohen, Kai;:
for
Athon, A$w
for
Boun, Bas
People of old were ftyled the children of the God, whom hence they were at laft thought to have they worshiped been his real offspring ; and he was looked up to as the
:
true parent.
the contrary Priefts were reprefented as fofter-fathers to the Deity, before whom they miniftered ;
Priefteiics
On
and
were
fly
and
alfo the
daughters, CJ
Colonies always went out under the patronage and title of This conducting God was in after times fupfome Deity.
pofed to have been the real leader. Sometimes the whole merit of a. tranfaction was imputed to
59
Apud
Ennii fragmenta.
VOL.
I.
this
178
this
DISSERTATION
upon
the
was reprefented under the character of Deity folely; who Hence inftead of one perPerfeus, Dionulus, or Hercules. and the hiftory will be found fon we muft put a people
:
As
the Grecians
made themfelves
principals in
many
great
occurrences, which were of another country; we muft look abroad for the original, both of their rites and mythology ;
and apply to the nations, from whence they were derived. and ingrafted upon the Their original hiftory was foreign This is of great hiftory of the country, where they fettled.
;
confequence, and repeatedly to be confidered. One great miftake too frequently prevails among people, who deal in thefe refearches, which muft be carefully avoided.
We
fhould never
make
ufe of a language, o
i^_)
which
is
mo-
dern, or comparatively modern, to deduce the etymology of Pezron applies to the moancient, and primitive terms.
and
fays,
was the
But
who was
Jupiter,
modern Celtic to do with the hiPcory of Egypt, or Chaldea ? There was an interval of two thoufand years between the times, of which he treats, and any hiftory of the Celtae
:
and there
is
ftill
much
inferior to the
former, before
we
which
he applies. It has been the cuftom of thofe writers, who have been verfed in the Oriental languages, to deduce their etymologies
often fome portion of a verb. But the names of places and of perfons are 'generally an affemblage of qualities, and titles ; fuch, as I have exhibited
from roots
which
are
in
HELLADIAN apd
in the treatife above
:
other
I
GRECIAN WRITERS.
179
fuch evolutions.
ufe
;
and
believe
known
characteriftics.
:
fuch names, never thought of a root bably did not know the purport of the term.
therefore
in
who impofed
to
this
veftigation, feems
me
who
at the
fliould
which ftood
mouth
Aa
SHORT
SHORT ACCOUNT
OF THE
HELLADIANS,
and
their
ORIGIN;
AS
it
have mentioned, that the Helladians came from an Egypt, and the eaft ; it may be proper to obviate
I
objection,
as if
were contradictory to the tenor of the fcriptures, as they are in general underftood. Greece, and the iflands of
Greece, are continually fuppofed, from the account given by Mofes* , to have been peopled by the fons of Japhet and
;
fcarce any body, either ancient or modern, who has touched upon this fubjecl, but has imagined Javan to have
there
is
of Xuth, from whom the loniThis latter point I mall not controvert
10. v. 5.
at
82
at prefent.
In refpect to the former, the account given in The fons of Japhet the fcriptures is undoubtedly moft true.
did people the ifles of the Gentiles ; by which is meant the regions of Greece and Europe, feparated in great meafure
from the Afiatic continent by the intervention of the fea. They certainly were the firft inhabitants of thofe countries.
But the Helladians, and the lonians, were not of this race. They came afterwards ; and all their beft writers agree, that
into thefe provinces, thefe were is they were poffefled by a prior people. no where uniformly faid only they agree to term them in As my general Ba^ifa^of, or a rude, uncivilized people. fyftem depends greatly upon this point ; to take away every
their
when
their ancestors
made
:
way
Who
opinion, I will in fome degree anticipate, what I mail hereafter more/ully prove. I accordingly fubmit to the reader the following evidences ; which are com-
prejudice to
my
paratively few, if
we
confider,
to this
purpofe.
Thefe are
were of a
different race
try,
from the fons of Japhet when they came to it, was in the
:
people
the
title
^j
on
y\
ow
s^OTrov^a
tysfrou
<p](r;y,
OWTW
Btx.gSa.goi'
Je TI
rvfjLTrouroi
'EAAa?
KOCTOWCX.
Ba.gagw
wrqffacLTQ
TO
Bo^ptjo;,
Plato in Cratylo.
Vol.
i.
p.
425.
183
TO.
1&
TW
v.
vvv
%y.h%{j(.svYi<;
EAAaco?
100.
Ba^ba^o/
'sroAAa
Paufanias. L.
i.
p.
Agxcthctv
v.
Baba>o;
60#X)<ray.
Scholia Apollonii
Rhod. L.
TWJ/
s
3.
a7ToiK%<;
SatTW
A<-
L.
;
i.
p. 24.
A:a<
Ao-ain
rsyovBVcu Js
Twy fiysfJiowv
riva,*;
AiyvTrnvg
i/ragy.
roig AfaivOLlQis*
Ibidem.
rites,
st/.og
YI
fays,
'On
TM cwnw
us
AiyuTTTioig
(pacriv
ctTrohoLvsiv
HOL.I
SKSIVWV
<x.7rovox[jLvx$,
aAAo; TS,
w
c.
TU
10. p. 491.
SQTro^TCog.
Apud
w,
TO
ovo
yAwo"o*a^
rj/rj$*aTO.
Cedrenus.
K^^O\|/, AiyvTrnog
ysvos,
wx,i<rq
7ot.g
A&qvoi$.
Scholia
Ariftoph. Pluti.
i
TQV KCLTCt
QyVyOV
%<X.TO(.%hV<T[JLOV SXSiVOV,
'O K^O\|/
Chil. 5. hift.
'zzra^sysyo^'gj/
1 8.
A^r^a/j
T/I?
'EAAaJ'o^.
J.
Tzetzes.
Suidas. Ks^fo"^, A<yy7rTfo? TO ys^oj, coco's Ta? A^jjyay. Paufanias mentions AsAsya ttQiKopsvov s% AiyvnTJ. L.
P- 95-
i.
Ereclheus from Egypt. Kai TO^ E^sp/c'ca Asyacn TO ysw; Diodorus. L. i. p. 25. Aiyvmiov ovTtx..
Triptolemus from thence, who had been the companion of Ohris. He gave the Athenians Diodorus. L. i. p. 17. 6 laws.
184
laws.
pov.
Abfbinent. L. 4. p. 431. It is faid, that Danaus was a native of the city Chemmis ; from whence he made his expedition to Greece. Aayaoj
Xg|U,|U,m).
Herodotus. L.
2. c.
91.
advexit.
c.
him.
tffegi
szeifav, fcil. s^
AiyvnTz.
Dio-
All the heads of the Dorian race from Egypt. Oa^o/aTo Herosoneg 01 ruv Aoogisuv qyspoyes A<yy^rr/oi t^oLy^zzg.
dotus. L. 6. c. 53.
606.
$s o
Perfeus
'Qg
Aoyo? Asygrai, O.VTO<; o n.sg<rsv$ sw A<r<rvgio$ sysvzTo. Herodotus. L. 6. c. 54. It is faid of Cadmus, that he came originally from Egypt, in company with Phoenix. r$uv TQV Kad]u.o #a< Oom^ owo
AiyuTTTiwv.
Cadmus
with a company of Saitce. They founded Athens, the prinalfo Thebes in Boeotia. cipal city of Greece They were of
:
they came laft from Sidon. It is in a paffage, where he fpeaks of a former race in Attica before thofe of Egypt called Saitae IlAi^ TOM
Egypt
but he
fays, that
KOU
KatToucwourrM
TW TW
'EAAaJb?
A
T8 Ay*}!/0>0.
fhiped
Ifis
:
floor
Account of the
HELLAD
ANs
185
ex
Chron.
p. 14.
The
and were in their looks, and in their manners Kcu ran; dzou;, 701$ particularly like the Egyptians. The whole of their yQsviv o^oiorarsg sivou TOI$ A<yy?rT/o^. Diod. Sic. polity was plainly borrowed from that country.
yr.:<,
L.
i, p.
by Sanchoniathon, that Cronus, in his travels over the earth in company with his daughter Athena, came to Attica ; which he beftowed Eufeb. P. E. upon her.
It
is
Lib.
i. c.
is
10. p. 38.
This
from whence the legend Lycophron concerning Cecrops OLTTO may receive fome light. EA^W (o Kexgo'fy)
.
Lycoph. v. Asysra/, us $v<n Xa^aJ. Hence it is, that almofh the whole of the
Greece
fyvag
8^.
is
in.
Schol.
mythology of
<py.<ri,
Ka^oAa
<Jg,
rx$ 'EA-
%iha.e<&ou rxg
Diodorus. L.
i.
p. 20.
nies
a^a,
%cu
01
wo<Jt,7rtz<;,
mt ^otraywya? ^ooroi
xou
'ur^ca
r
irTM
vss |W,|(/afea(r/.
siviv,
'Wot^tra.^si/oi^
TUTWV 'EA-
Herod. L.
3. c.
58.
(01
(JisA^on'Off,
ret. ovvoxjt.&Tc<,
znvQwro
EA?^j/s^) BK
2. c.
Tf\g
Tuv &suv.
Herod. L.
52,
See alfo L.
2. c. 4.
Kai VOL.
izrayTct iy.
I.
ovvo^ary.
rav
Qsw
g^ A<yy?rT<j sA^Ay^s sg
B b
j86
try 'EAAatTtf.
Hence it is faid. that the Corybantes with their mother Comba came and fettled at Nonni Dionyf, STTTdTO/cs Athens fJLSTa |W,>)T0. Kofdaitg
Herod. L.
2. c.
50.
that the priefts at Athens, ftyled Eumolpids, Diodorus Siculus. L. i. p. 25. One of were from Egypt.
L. 13.
And
rites to
mi
is
X.QU
Tf\v
i&ofJiTrw
2. c.
:
49.
He
this
by which
only
is
To
Dea.
meant, that phyfic too came from Egypt. the fame purpofe may be confulted Lucian de Suria
II^WTOJ
\M\II
avQgtiTrwv
Aiyy^Tio;
c.
^rA.
5.
Eufebius.
P.
c.
4.
p.
469. and
Alexand.
p.
1.
i.
p. 3.61,
381.
274.
NEW
NEW SYSTEM:
OR,
AN
ANALYSIS
O F
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
B b
O F
ANCIENT WORSHIP,
AND OF
ETYMOLOGICAL TRUTHS
THENCE DEDUCIBLE,
Exemplified in the
Names
Rivers.
rov
vstov,
ju,y^ov,
*}
XXTCX.
jasys^o?,
w^
2KvQ<u<;
^og
rov
Ifgov,
mrct
w$
AitwAo/?
urges
TOV
Ap^sAwoy.
MAX. TYRIUS.
S the divine honours paid to the Sun, and the adoration of fire, were at one time almoft univerfal ;
there will be found in moft places a fimilitude in
And
though
this
mode of
;
idolatry
it
took
its rife
world
yet as
was
190
THE ANALYSIS
ftill
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
favour of the fountain. Moreover, as people were determined in the choice of their holy places by thofe
diffufcd, will
fyftem, there will be unithe name of the temple, formly found fome analogy between and its rites, and fituation fo that the etymology may be
of which
have
before taken
my
afcertained
pear in
The
efpecially to thofe,
which were efteemed at all facred ; and which were deno1 therefore flatter myfelf, minated from the Sun, and fire. that the etymologies, which I {hall lay before the reader, will
not ftand fingle and unfupported ; but there will be an apThe allufion will parent analogy throughout the whole.
not be cafual, and remote, nor be obtained by undue inbut however complicated the name flexions, and diftortions
:
may
terms
appear,
:
it
will
refolve
itfelf eafily
into
the original
and when
etymology will
If
it
be a Deity,
or other perfonage, the truth will appear from his office, and To department ; or with the attributes imputed to him.
beo-in O
*
If
and of the
deno-
minated from her, I fhould deduce the name from Fer-On, and fuppofe the place to have been addicted ignis Dei Solis
:
to the wdrfhip of the Sun, and the rites of fire. I accordingly find from Strabo and Pliny, that rites of this fort were and one cuftom, which remained even to pra&ifed here
:
the time of Auguftus, confifled in a ceremony of the priefls, who ufed to walk barefoot over burning coals,
'
S.trabcx
L.
5. p. 346.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
191
priefts
with their feet naked walked over a large quantity of live coals and cinders. The town flood at the bottom of Mount Soradle, facred to
Apollo
Aruns
this
in Virgil, in his
and the
cuftom.
*
medium
freti pietate
per
ignem
;
Da, Pater,
The temple
3
is
faid to
peftilential
and ta
I
Were
I to
fliould
proceed in a manner analogous to that above. I fhould fuppofe it to have been named Fer-En, ignis, vel So/is fom, from
iomething peculiar either in its rites, or iituation. I accordingly find, that there was a facred fountain, whofe waters
were
cui
numen
etiam, et divinus
Here was a grove equally facred, mentioned by Livy, and others ; where the ancient Latines ufed to hold their chief aiTemblies. As this grand meeting
cultus tributus
s
fuit.
fire, it
Virgil,
3
^n. L.
xi. v. 785-.
*
*
Livy. L.
i. c,
49.
Pompeius Feftus.
of
192
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
The
fountain,
6
which ran through the grove, arofe at the foot of mount Al7 banus, and afterwards formed many pools. The ancient Cuthites, and the Perfians after them, had a great veneration for fountains, and ftreams ; which alfo prevailed
among
almoft univerfal.
Of
8
:
this
regard
among
SsSWat
TSTOTCH^I;
Of all things
rivers
But
if thefe
were attended with any nitrous, or faline quality, or with any fiery eruption, they were adjudged to be ftill more
facred
The
and ever diftinguifhed with fome title of the Deity. natives of Egypt had the like veneration. Other na;
Athanafius, reverenced rivers and fountains above all people in the world the Egyptians held them
tions, fays
but
the
higheft honour,
and
Julius Firmicus
^gyptii aquas beneficium From hence percipientes aquam colunt, aquis fupplicant.
5
Not
far
diftrift called
A*er Solonus.
Sol-On
is
compound
common names
given
to the
Sun
to
whom
Dionyfius Halicarnaflenfis. L.
3.
Herodotus. L.
i.
c.
138.
Qvtjffi oe
Kai uSctTt
Herodotus. L.
i. c.
i^r.
Ridetis
L.
9
6. p.
196.
AAAc<
V.KI 3-fBi
arayopeLixo-i.
01
AiyuTTityi tjrcoTgT//x;)xaff/,
2.
KO.WOV TO:?
AiyuTmots TO ufut.
2.
the
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
193
the cuflom paffecl weftward to Greece, Italy, and the extremities of Europe. In proof of which the following infcription
is
to be found in Gruter
11
Vafcaniae in Hifpania
I
ONT
DIVING.
the
How much it
Seneca.
IZ
prevailed
among
Romans we
learn
cofluviorum capita veneramur luntur aquarum calentium fontes ; et quaedam ftagna, quas vel opacitas, vel immenfa altitude facravit. It mattered not
Magnorum
from
what the nature of the water might be, if it had a peculiar At Thebes in Ammonia was a fountain, which was quality. faid to have been cold by day and warm at night. 'H xgwri
13
tfaAsrraj
ra
]?U8.
If
was named
the fountain
of the Sun.
In Campania was a fountain Virena ; which I mould judge to be a compound of Vir-En, and to fignify ignis fons, from being dedicated to the Deity of fire on account of fome par4 Vitruvius, that it accordingly find in was a medicinal fpring and of a ftrong vitriolic nature. The
ticular quality.
'
Corinthians had in their Acropolis a I5 Pirene, of the fame It was a beautiful founpurport as Virena, juft mentioned.
tain facred to Apollo,
whofe
l6
image was
at the
head of the
We
p. xciv.
Herodotus. L.
4.
c.
18
t.
The
true
or Curane.
'
p. 163.
Ovid. Metamorph. L.
Paufanias, L. 2. p. 117.
y.a. .
1
E<^iyeJn
Y.O.I
A7roAAwro K^xAfJux.
-zrpos
T/I I
srepiGofas
ee^iv.
VOL.
I.
was
194 was
a.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
yet of the fame etymoIt was a mountain, and logy, however differently exprelTed. It is gave name to the vaft ridge, called Saltus Pyrenasi.
undoubtedly a compound or
tain of fire.
I
'
Agreeably to this I find from Ariftotle de Mirabilibus, that here was formerThe fame is mentioned by Pofidonius ly an eruption of fire. l8 in Strabo and alfo by Diodorus ; who adds TV. psv ow
:
of the country, that this mountain once flamed the name was given from this circumftance.
and that
TO fUpJodSytOG Jftl)&]JfU ILvgWQUOL. That the mountains from Mount JEtna is derived very hence had the name of Pyren<zi.
ha
by Bochart from Aituna, fornax ; as being a refervoir of There was another very ancient name, Inmolten matter. erTus ; by which the natives called the hill, as well as the city,
truly
it.
The name
;
is
comfoun-
pound of Ain-Es,
tain of fire.
this
like
Hanes
in
Egypt
and
fignifies a
;
It is called
Ennefia by Diodorus
name was
;
the city
afterwards changed to ./Etna, fpeaks of but the name was undoubtedly borrowed from the
'
who He
fays, that
mountain, to which it was primarily applicable, and upon which it was originally conferred 9 KOLI TW vvv OVTOLV AvTvqv
:
Strabo exprefTes the name Innefa, and informs us more precifely, that the upper 20 'O< Js Airvcuoi part of the mountain was fo called.
%TY\<ra.vTo )
all
figaify
fire.
Diodorus Siculns. L.
'
5. p.
xi.
312.
Diodorus Siculus. L.
Srrabo.
p. 57.
L.
6.
p. 412.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
195
people 'withdrawing themfclves went and occupied the upper part of Mount JEtna^ which was called Innefa. The
Upon
this the
Hanes in Egypt was of the fame etymology ; being denominated from the Sun, who was ftyled Hanes, Ain-Es, fons It was the fame as the Arab ignis five lucis. Heliopolis,
city
called
now
the
Matarea.
is
Inys
for that
calls
it,
Greek termination. but Iw<ro"0, 'sroAtf AiyvTrrx " Herodotus from whom he borrows, renders it lenis. It would have been more truly rendered Dorice la'nis ; for that was nearer to the real name. The hiftorian however points
away
it
out plainly, by faying, that it was three days journey from mount Caiius and that the whole way was through
"~
This
all
no other
city
in
a fituation, which agrees with Egypt, except that, which was the
is
of the later Jews. With this it accords precifely. There feem to have been two cities named On from the
Onium
was called Zan, Zon, and Zoan, 24 Gofhen of the fcriptures. The
other
Stephanus fays, that it was near mount Cafius but Herodotus exprefly us, that it was at the diftance of three days journey from it.
:
tells
ATTO
Tcct/THS T<X
f^-jro^ia.
TO.
tTrt
3-Aao-<r$ y-tygi
Herodotus. L.
1
3. c. 5.
Totf'g
KV
wx.
[*Ta%u Iwiau -zzroA/os, x.a.i Kacr;a re H^foc, xa; r5 lgpcanc,s oAQ-o> ^wwoc, aAA' QVQV STTI rgtis fi/*epus o'^oc, a.wgov s^-i eivus,
Hero-
dotus. ibidem.
is the I once place or temple of the Sun. thought that Gofhen, or, fometimes exprefled, Gozan, was the fame as Cuman ; but I was certainly miftaken. The diftrift of Gofhen was indeed the nome of Cufhan but the two
v
Go-zan
as
it is
words
196
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
other was the city On in Arabia ; called alfo Hanes. They were within eight or nine miles of each other and are both
:
Ifaiah. For his princes mentioned together by the prophet The name were at Zoan \ and his ambaffadors came to Hanes.
~s
on account of the limilarity of wor6 Heliopolis ; which fhip, has by the Greeks been translated
of each of thefe
cities,
~
The has caufed great confuiion in the hiftory of Egypt. latter of the two was the lanis, or Iaw<ro, of the Greeks ; fo called from Hanes, the great fountain of light, the Sun : who
was worshiped under that
bians.
tarea,
It lies
title
now
Ma-
which has
rifen
from
it.
The
:
fituation
is
fo
pointed
out, that
we
cannot be miftaken
a circumftance very remarkable, that it is at this day called by the Arabians Ain El Sham, the fountain of the Sun ; a name precifely of the fame purport as Hanes.
is
which
Of
this
we
are informed
;
ville,
though the name by different travellers is *7 Cette ville prefque enfeexpreffed with fome variation. and others
nomme
Abulfeda, d'un petit lieu Matarea, conferve dans les geographies Arabes le
words are not of the fame purport. Gofhen is the fame as Go-ftian, and Go-zan, analogous to Beth-fhan, and fignifies the place of the Sun. Go-fhen, Go-fhan, Gozan, and Gau-zan, are all variations of the fame name.
were two
Genefis.
c.
cities fo called.
41. v. 45.
The
Egypt, where Poc'-phera was Prieil. Arabia, and is mentioned by the Seventy:
in
Exodus,
n.
This was
alfo
called
Onium, and
Ifaiah. c. 30. v. 4.
'
See Obfervations upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 124. D'Anville Memoires fur 1'Egypt. p. 114.
p. 137.
noni
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Soleil.
197
like ac-
nom
d'
Ain-Siems, ou de Fontaine du
i8
Hayman ; though they given by Egmont and Ain El Cham a variation of little conexprefs the name The reafon, why the ancient name has been laid fequence.
count
is
:
by thofe who reflde there, is undoubtedly this. Bochart tells us, that imce the religion of Mahomet has taken
afide
place,
proinde
Hence they have aboab ipfis ipfe Dzemon Djn vocatur. lifhed Hanes but the name Ain El Cham, of the fame pur:
as I
have prefumed,
it
Hebrew. This is a ftrange fallacy ; but yet Without doubt thofe learned men, who very predominant. have preceded in thefe refearches, would have bid fair for
preffed in the
noble difcoveries, had they not been too limited, and biafTed, in their notions. But as far as I am able to judge, moft of
thofe,
in
ruined the purport of their labours through fome prevailing prejudice. They have not considered, that every other nation, to which we can pofTibly gain accefs, or from whom
we have any
fohiftory derived, appears to have expreffed reign terms differently from the natives, in whofe language
they were found. And without a miracle the Hebrews muft have done the fame. We pronounce all French names dif'
Travels, vol.
2. p.
:
107.
It
is
el
plain.
p.
638.
ferently
198
ferently
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
from the people of that country: and they do, the fame in refpcft to us. What we call London, they exprefs Londres England they ftyle Angleterre. What fome call
:
Bazil, they
ence
pronounce Bal: Munchen, Munich: Mentz, MayThe like variation was obRavenfpurg, Ratifbon.
:
Carthago of the Romans was Carchedon among the Greeks. Hannibal was rendered Annibas Afand probably neither was confonant to drubal, Afdroubas
fervable of old.
:
the Punic
rife
mode of
expreflion.
ufe of terms adapted to their idiom and ufage ; without any retrofpecl: to the original of the terms, whether they
make
The facred writers undoubtedly were domeftic, or foreign. obferved this rule towards the people, for whom they wrote ; and varied in their expreffing of foreign terms ; as the ufage
For the Jewifh nation at times difof the people varied. We may be fered from its neighbours, and from itfelf. morally certain, that the place, rendered by them Ekron, was
by the natives called Achoron ; the Accaron, A^a^wy, of Jofephus, and the Seventy. What they termed Philiftim, was
Peleftin
:
Eleazer,
in their
own
Lazar, and Lazarus ; and of the Greek aweSgw they formed Hence we may be certified, that the Jews, and Sanhedrim. their anceftors, as well as all nations upon earth, were liable
to exprefs foreign terms with a variation, being led by a natural peculiarity in their mode of fpeech. They therefore are deduce the orthography of furely to be blamed, who would
ail
Hebrew
It
that
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
199
Yet
that language to fee the impropriety of fuch procedure. no prejudice has been more common. The learned
3
Mi-
3I
fatal
of
it
as a ftrange illufion.
He
fays, that
fluenza, to which all are liable^ 'who make the Hebrew their prinThe only way to obtain the latent purport of cipal Jludy. This muft be difcovered ancient terms is by a fair analyfis.
whom
can be obtained
we may
logy of an Egyptian or Syriac name ; however it repugnant to the orthography of the Hebrews.
Hanes
is
not fo
uncommon
as
may
be imagined.
worshiped under
and
The
and
mi Aswy
sv
we-
^TrAw, KCU
Strabo,
ftood.
It
is
alfo
taken notice of by
A/I/J];), zv
who
"
Msyis'oi/
ogo<;
zv aurri
Aivo$ (lege
w TO ra
A<Q?
AiVYi<ri% isgQV.
The mountain
have been Aines, and not Ainos ; though it occurs fo in our The Scholiaft above quotes a verfe prefent copies of Strabo.
ftyles the
Deity
See page 59. notes. Differ tat ion of the influence of opinion upon language, .and of language upon opinion'. Sect. vi. p. 67. of the tranilation.
Jt
3J
2. v.
297.
Ainems,
too
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Aineius, and Ainefius are both alike from Hanes, the Deity of Egypt, whofe rites may be traced in various parts. There
were places named Aineas, and Amelia in Thrace ; which This title occurs fometimes with are of the fame original. O
and the Deity fo called was by the early theologifts thought to have been of the higheft antiquity. 34 They efteemed him the fame as Ouranus, and Dionufus and went fo far as to give him a creative 3S power, and to dethe prefix Ph'anes
:
"
duce
all
The
Oaya/0, which they gave as a title both to Zeus, and In this there was nothing extraordinary, for they Apollo. were both the fame God. In the north of Italy was a diftricl:
called
37
Ager
as that
Pifanus.
The etymology of
;
this
name
is
the
fame
verfed.
It fignifies ignis
I
etymology
its
have found the place to have been famous for hot ftreams, which are mentioned by Pliny under the
Pifanas.
name of Aquae
iituation.
Its
Cuma
38
in
Campania was
its
certainly
foil,
;
and
were called
Orphic. Frag. 7.
25
Oi
SrtoXoyoi-.
8.
Fragment.
3<
KITKX.V ctfufjivtiirxv.
Orphic.
2w
jo< Zeus
4>aia<os
was.
Hefych.
Pliny. L..2.
c,
106. p. 120.
$rep[j.ct 3
Aar^a
L.
18. c. 14.
re sretpe%et TO %capiov
i
y$w
auTfi/^ara
aWT*.
Jofephi Anciq.
10
main,
THE ANALYSIS
main, and
or
fignifies a
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
;
201
hot fountain
or a fountain of
it
Chum,
Cham,
;
the Sun.
its
gra
and
40
Qualis apud
montemque Vefevunij
Here was a cavern, which of old was a place of prophecy. It was the feat of the Sibylla Cumana ; who was fuppofed to As Cuma was properly Cuhave come from 4I Babylonia.
nian
;
fo Baize
:
Alban
for
and Alba near mount Albanus 4 % the Romans often dropped the n final. Pifa fo
was Baian
celebrated in Elis was originally Pifan, of the fame purport It was fo called from a facred as the Aquas Pifanas above.
which only the name can be primarily applicable and we are affured by Strabo 43 Tqv Kgww ILcray sithat the fountain had certainly the name of Pifan. I gq&cUy
fountain, to
:
fo called
from being
are generally of great utility. Such we find to have been in Aquitania at the foot of this mountain,
which
which were
Strabo,
as
44
called
Thermse Onef-e
What in #aAA*fa 'sro7/|UWTaT8 yJaroff. one part of the world was termed Cumana, was in another There was a grand city of this name in rendered Comana,
|0ta
3
Lucretius. L. 6.
Juftin Martyr. Cohort, p. 33.
41
1
Al-baJi from
its
45
k
L.
8.
545.
Strabo. L. 4. p. 290.
I.
Onefa
analogous to Hanes.
VOL.
DA
Cappadocia,
2O2
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
in Alia. Cappadocia, where ftood one of the nobleft Puratheia The Deity worfhiped was reprefented as a feminine, and
ftyled Anai't,
and
Anai's
which
latter
is
known
alfo in Perils,
batana in Media.
fountain of
fire.
Generally near her temples, there was an eruption of that element ; particularly at Egbatana, and Arbela. Of the latter Strabo gives an account, and of the which was near it. ^ Tlsgi A&]Aa $s s^i KOU fiery matter
tzroA/s* sitf
r>
rz
v&tpQoL
TXTty^
mi
TO.
isrvga,
(or
-cry--
fhould take the town of Egnatia in Italy to have been for Hanes of the fame purport as Hanes above mentioned
I
:
was fometimes exprefled with a guttural, Hagnes ; from whence came the ignis of the Romans. In Arcadia near mount Lyceus was a facred fountain ; into which one of the
nymphs, who nurfed Jupiter, was fuppofed to have been It was called Hagnon, the fame as Ain-On, the changed. From Ain oi the Amonians, exprefTed fount of the Sun. Agn, came the dyvoi; of the Greeks, which fignified any thing Hence was derived pure and clean ; purus five caftus.
ayvziWy 'urqya.iov' dyvyLiW) mQxgov aywj, #a$a>a : as we may learn from Hefychius. Paufanias ftyles the fountain 46 Hag-
no
but
it
was
originally
hence we learn in
45
n.
p. 779.
and L.
12. p. 8^8.
likewife
Plutarch in Artaxerxe.
46
Paufanias. L.
8. p.
6;9,
TO
THE ANALYSIS
70
VTTO r{hi%
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Egnatia, which
I
203
$<$#/.
The town
men-
tioned above, flood in campis Salentinis, and at this day is called Anazo, and Anazzo. It was fo named from the rites
of
and that thofe cuftoms were here pra&ifed, we may learn from fome remains of them among the natives in the
fire
:
The former
by
Dum
Perfuadere cupit.
but according to they had no fire Pliny they boafted of having a facred and fpontaneous ap*8 Reperitur apud audlores in pearance of it in their temple.
Horace fpeaks
as if
faxum quoddam From hence unibi facram protinus flammam exiftere. doubtedly came alfo the name of Salentum, which is a compound of Sal-En, Solis fons ; and arofe from this facred fire
Salentino oppido Egnatia, impofito ligno in
to
which the
fettled
Salentini pretended.
who
this
here,
and
who came
laft
Je
SaAsfT^B; KgriTuv
fort
OLTTOMZS Qouri.
Innumerable inftances of
:
for this ifland might be brought from Sicily abounded with places, which were of Amonian original.
47
Horace. L.
i.
Sat. 5. v. 97.
4*
49
The
zana
:
Man-zan, or Man-
Thucydides,
2O4-
THE ANALYSIS
5 :
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
call
[JL&V
Thucydides,
cians
them Pheni"Zutefaw.
QMWV
KOU <3>oivws$
'urs^i
'Wa.Tcx.v
But
they were a different people from thofe, whom he fuppofes. Befides the term Phenician was not a name, but a title which was aifumed by people of different parts ; as I fliall
:
hew.
The
diftricl:,
it,
could not have fupplied people fufficient to occupy the many regions^ which the Phenicians were fuppofed to have pofIt was an appellation, by which no part of Canaan feffed.
was called by the ancient and true inhabitants ever admitted, and in ufe, till the Grecians got
the coaft.
coaft of
If fo
It
nor was
it
pofleilion of
j
tracl:
to the
many
will
many more
weft,
eaft
;
from whence thefe terms were originally derived. Almoft all the places in Greece were of oriental etymology ; or at leaft from I fliould fuppofe that the name of MeEgypt.
thane in the Peloponnefus had fame relation to a fountain, being compounded of Meth-an, the fountain of the Egyptian Deity, Meth, whom the Greeks called MijTif,. Meetis.
51
Ka;
MJJT/S urgwros
6. c. 2. p.
ytmu^
379.
KCU
'
Egwg
50
1
Thucydides. L.
Orphic. Fragment.
6. v. 19.
from Proclus.
p. 366.
:
MT/,
divine wifdom,
$',
xa< H/)JJc7ra(o?.
Ibidem
p. 373.
:
MT<5
p. 4.
ignweufrcu*
EeA,
Eufebii Chronicon,
We
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
205
We
learn
from
Paufanias, that there was in this place a a ftatue of liis, and a ftatue alfo of Hermes in
it
5I
was
fituated near
fome hot
fprings,
from hence form a judgment, why this name was We find given, and from what country it was imported. this term fometimes compounded Meth-On, of which name
there was a
We may
from
work.
Inftances to our purpofe Greece will accrue continually in the courfe of our
town
in " Meflenia.
reafon for holding waters fo facred arofe from a notion, that they were gifted with fupernatural powers. Jamof many ways, by which the gift of diblichus takes notice
One
s*
the facred 'water; as is the praBice of phetic fpirit by drinking at Colophon.. Some by fitting over the mouth of the s prieft
Apollo
cavern, as the
Others
are infpired by the vapour, which arifes from the waters ; as is He adds 5S , the cafe of thofe, who are priefteffes at Branchidce.
in refpefl to the oracle at Colophon, that the prophetic fpirit was The fountain, from whence to proceed from the water.
fuppofed
it
flowed,
was
to
in
went thither
51
partake of
an apart me?it under ground', and the prieft From this hiftory of the emanation.
7n
Icrifo;
Ts
uyof as
E^e
fx.<
Srtgfj.cc.
rpa.
53
Paufan.
L.
2. p.
190.
Paufanias. L. 4. p. 287.
'OicT' utffc-a -anorTESj
e
J+
at
KoAo^wn Ts^gOsTS KAp;y. Oide rojuti 'O*^' t% u^arwr otT[uo[jievai 3 xctQiXTreo tv AeA^o/5 S-fo-7nWa/.
xa97rep
o cv
0.1 t
ngoquTiffs.
15
Jamblichus de Myfteriis.
f/.avTticv ojj.o'h.oySLTcu -srapa
Sedl. 3.
<fiot
c.
1 1.
p. 72.
ivu.i
To<f
Sv
KoAof&n
1x0.11
u^aros ^/autT/^/"
7W
Upoifnrnv.
Jamblichus. ibid.
the
206
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
the place we may learn the purport of the name, by which this oracular place was called. Colophon is Col-Oph On, tumulus Dei Solis Pythonis, and correfponds with the character given.
facred,
river, into
Halefus
Solis.
which it was
Halefus
was
:
alfo
is
called
5S
Anelon
compofed of well
known
titles
oracle
It
and
was called Inopus. This is a Places named plain compound of Ain-Opus, Fons Pythonis. Afopus, Elopus, and the like, are of the fame analogy. The
God
meet with many places named Azelis, Azilis, In Lycia was the apocope, Zelis, Zela, and Zeleia.
Phafelis,
city
fituated
upon
the mountain
S7
Chimzera
which
mountain had the fame name, and was facred to the God of fire. Phafelis is a compound of Phi, which in the Amonian
language
tioned.
is
mouth
or opening
Ph'Afelis Signifies Os Vulcani, five apertura ignis ; in other words a chafm of fire. The reafon why this name
5
*.
Fladie-
Mons Chimaera,
659. ArgAoi'rcs in
tv
et
quidem immortali
KCX.I
Paufanias.
L.
8. p.
KoAofpaci
Eteytiiav
-women
56
Callimachus
Hymn
to Delos.
Pliny. L. 2.
c.
106. p. 122.
v
Pliny above.
Tzvf, e<?iv
x.a.1
Or*
v.y.1
yw <l>a<rAiJ os
EC
Auxta, aSai/aror,
Jtai
on ai
xuittxt
STTI
WX.TK,
/*!'.
clxxiii.
10
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
207
bus, et no&ibus flamma. Chimzera is a compound of ChamUr, the name of the Deity, whofe altar flood towards the
top of the
S9
mountain.
Argaius, which
fuppofe Ar-gaius to fignify Mons cavus or rather ignis cavitas, five F'ulcani domus^ a name given from its being hollow, and at the fame time a The hiftory of the mountain may refervoir of fiery matter.
:
great diftance ftood Mount was a part of the great ridge, called Taurus. be either derived from Har, a mountain ;
At no
We may
be feen in Strabo
who
fays,
that
it
and ever covered with fnow ; it ftood in the mana, Caftabala, Caefarea, and Tyana and
:
Co-
abounded with fiery eruptions. idea of this mountain may be obtained from coins, tisfactory 6l which were ftruck in its vicinity ; and particularly defcribe
about
it
it,
<0
an hollow, and an inflamed mountain. In Thrace was a region called Paeonia, which feems to
both
as
its
have had
the
God
of light
62
.
The
Agreeably to
Maximus Tyrius
that luminary
fliiped
and
59
nimj
T X(fta/p<- Nonnus. L. For the purport of Gaius, domus vel cavitas, See
(3a>fJt,w
Patinas
Numifmata Imperatorum.
chief cities
p. 180.
:
1.
194.
61
He
Pieria.
The
and the country from him Peonia and were Alorus, Aineas, Chamfa, Methone : all of oriental
etymology.
but
but inftead of
it
6j adoration. they performed their There is an apparent analogy between the names of places farther eaft; v/hofe inhabitants were a-11 worfhipers of the
ral-:
and before
this
an affemblage of his titles. Such is Cyrrefbia, Chalybon, Comana, Ancura, Cocalia, CaEmefa byra, Arbela, Amida, Emefa, EdefTa, and the like.
Sun.
are
is
compound of Ham-Es
'*
The
by Feftus
Soli
more properly Adefa, fo named from Hades, the God of light. The Emperor Julian
Similar to
Emefa was
EdefTa, or
ftyles
the region,
alib
'.I&gQV
s% CUMO*; ry 'HA<w
6>
65
%wjoy.
This
city
was
;
from
laft
choe
which
worfhip ftyled
There were many places called Arfene, Arflne, Arfinoe, Thefe were all the fame name, only varied in difArfiana.
'
a^aAjwa
and of
A<8
Tla.iovrx.ov cT;<7Xos
/3^a^us virep
Maximus
Tyrius. DifTerr.
this people,
8. p. 87.
Of the
6*
wealth of
7.
their (kill Hi
Epitom. L.
65
v. 1083.
'ifpcavTKt
(pooi'Yt
)iAcj*
TBTOV ya.p
3.
01
tiri%w(>iQt c-gCwcn,
T>)
$M-
EAa^-aSaAov xA>T2>.
Herodian. L.
ignis,
Edeffcni Urchoienfes
Urhoe,
lux,
&c.
Hift. Ofrhoena. p. 4.
67
Urchoe
in
fignifies
is
Ur
Chaldea
Solis
^des.
ferent
THE ANALYSIS
ferent countries
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
of
209
the fame
:
purport.
Arfinoe
compound
of
and moft places fo denominated will be found famed fome fountain. One of this name was in Syria
:
for
STTI
a<p'
aKW xsij^w.
as
r\
KTTO
rz
sm
Kgwctg sgsv/j
'Wohig
uvofjc.a.s'ou.
Arfinoe
city in
Syria, fituated upon a rifaig ground, out of 'which iffue many Arfine, and Arft reams ; from hence the city had its name.
fiana in Babylonia had ' fountains of bitumen. Arfene in Near Armenia was a nitrous lake : 7 A^J/JO viTgiTis.
TUjU-i/j]
6
Red Sea were hot ftreams of bitter ?I waArfinoe upon 7i ters ; and Arfinoe near Ephefus had waters equally bitter.
the
There were many people called Hyrcani ; and cities and In the hiftory of which there will be regions, Hyrcania uniformly found fome reference to fire. The name is a compound of Ur-chane, the God of that element. He was wor:
and one tribe of that fhiped particularly at Ur in Chaldea nation were called Urchani. Strabo mentions them as only one branch of the " literati j but 7+ Pliny fpeaks of them as
: 3
Etymologicum magnum.
were of Grecian
69
The
author adds,
otpcrai
-yag
TO
-wro-ncra/',
as if it
original.
70
A<7!',
r\v x.a.1
Qcavirtv x.a.hua-ifq't
vtrpms*
O.TT
d\0<Ta<.
aAAw
Strabo.
L,. 16.
p. 1114. to
6. c. 27.
nee
nifi Pafitigri
defertur
ad mare.
a people,
2io
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Here was the fource of a people, a tribe of the Chaldeans. and all the country was replete with bitumen fire-worfhip " and fire. There was a region Hyrcania inhabited by the
:
Medes
nature.
which feems
people were called Hyrcani, and Aflabeni : which latter fignifies the fons of fire. Cellarius mentions a
The
city
There were certainly people Lydia. Hyrcania in and a large plain called Campus Hyrcanus ftyled Hyrcani ; 77 It feems to have been a of the world. in the fame
7<5
part
and burning region called wrcMSzavpevri, part of that parched fo named from the fires, with which it abounded. It was near
FofTa Charonea, Hierapolis, Caroura, and
It
all
famed
for fire.
cannot help thinking, that the Hercynian foreft in Germany was no other than the
may feem
extraordinary
yet
it
It is
fyvfjios
mentioned by Eratofthenes, and Ptolemy under the name of ?s Orcun ; which is undoubtor the foreft of
Oguwios, I have taken notice, the fame name as that above. edly that the name of the mountain Pyrene fignified a fountain
75
Ptolemy Geog.
Geog. Vet.
vol. 2. p. 7. Cellarii
Ifidorus Characenus.
76
"'
E<p
as
Tf(ppu*1>K
TWV
-mltPltoV.
Strabo fuppofes that the Campus Hyrcanus was fo named from the Perfums, alfo ^nSiov near it, but they feem to have been fo denominated ab origine. Kug-d
river
Organ, which ran into the Meander from the Campus Hyrcanus, was o properly Ur-chan. Ancyra was An-cura, fo named, a fonte Solis x.vgo$ ya.fi A<. All the names throughout the country have a correfpondence all relate
The
Ptolemy. Geog. L.
2. c.
n.
of
THE ANALYSIS
of
fire,
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
211
There
was a Pyrene among the Alpes 79 Tridentini, and at the foot 8o name ; which one would infer to of it a city of the fame
have been fo denominated from the like circumftance.
I
mention
this
the Hercynian foreft commenced, and from which it reBeatus Rhenanus in his account of thefe ceived its name.
that there parts fays,
was a tradition of
:
this
mountain Pynotion
it is
rene once
ftill
8i
burning
and conformably to
this
83
diftinguimed by the
name of
the great
Brenner.
The
country therefore and the foreft may have been called OrFor as the worfhip of the Sun, cunian upon this account.
the Deity of
I
fire,
make no doubt but Hercynia, which Ptolemy the God of Ogwvicty was fo named from Or-cun,
ment.
muft not be furprifed to find Amonian names among the Alpes ; for fome of that family were the firft who paffed The merit of great performances was by the Greeks them.
79
We
Mentioned
in Pliny's
Panegyric
and
in
Seneca
confolatio ad Helv.
L.
6.
Ariftotle in Meteoris.
Here was one of the fountains of the Danube. Iff 5 > rs ?'<*/> ^ora^.a a^fHerodotus. iK Kehruv xai nvpwms srofuos f>esi, [teayv o^^aic TVV ~Eufmnn>. /^tfi'os
L.
2. c. 33.
1
80
"
83
Beatus Rhenanus.
It
is
called
grofs Verner.
Mount
is
Csenis, as
properly
Mount
Chen-Is,
:
Mons Dei
Jovii.
Vulcani.
It
called
by
Monte
Canile
and
is
tiae,
Cluver,
32. p. 337.
Mons Geneber
generally
212
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
generally
This paiTage thereattributed to a fingle perfon. fore through the mountains is faid by fome to have been
* Cottius. by others of Cottus, and From hence this particular branch of the mountains had the name of Alpes Cottias ; and the country was called Regio
the
work of Hercules
8i cities. Some wherein were about twelve capital of that ancient and facred nation, the Hyperboreans, are faid
Cottiana
'Tflrgg&^gijg
QMSIV
is'sgi
Here Comus.
Strabo ftyles the country the land of Ideonus, and Cottius. Thefe names will be found hereafter to be very remarkable.
Indeed many of the Alpine appellations were Amonian ; as were alfo their rites and the like is to be obferved in many
:
and Germany. Among other evidences the wormip of Ifis, and of her facred fhip, is to be noted ; 8 Pars Suevorum et Ifidi which prevailed among the Suevi.
parts of Gaul, Britain,
facrificat
:
unde caufa
parum com-
peri
nifi.
in
modum
docet
*4
adve&am
The
See Marcellinus. L. 15,0. 10. p. 77. and the authors quoted by Cluverius. Italia Antiqua above.
They
are ftyled
AATTW
Sxar/aw by Procopius
title
-,
Rerum
Goth. L.
2.
Marcellinus thinks, that a king Cottius of Auguftus, but Cottius was the national
nation
85
;
gave name
to thefe
;
Alps
in the
time
of the king
as Cottia
was of the
of Auguftus.
2. v.
Pliny. L.
6 87
Scholia
upon Apollonius. L.
cT'
677.
x.ai
ft
Tarwv
<p
xcti %
TB K;TT;B.
Strabo. L. 4.
p. 312.
*8
verenced
THE ANALYSIS
verenced at
OF
is
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
marked
trie
213
Rome
9
2nd
in the
S9
myftery
was derived,
we
may
like
learn
from
Hence we
is
^Egyptus Fulgentius. Navigium from Egypt. find, that the whole of it came
Ifidis
e9$&
The
{hewn by 9I Ladantius. To this purpofe I could bring I innumerable proofs, were I not limited in my progrefs.
introduce fomething upon this head, perhaps hereafter if I fhould at any time touch upon the antiquities of Britain and Ireland which feem to have been but imperfectly known.
may
Both of thefe countries, but efpecially the latter, abound I with facred terms, which have been greatly overlooked.
will therefore fay fo much in furtherance of the Britim Antinames of places, efpecially of quarian, as to inform him, that and rivers, are of long duration ; and hills,
promontories,
The fame may be faid of every thing, change. which was efteemed at all facred, fuch as temples, towers, and high mounds of earth ; which in early times were ufed
fuffer little
particularly all mineral and medicinal waters will be found in a great degree to retain their ancient
for altars.
More
names
and among thefe there may be obferved a refemblance in moft parts of the world. For when names have been once
:
The Gre-
fettled in Syria,
and Mefopota-
of places, and gave to others infleclions, and terminations after the mode of their own coun-
mja, changed
*}
G niter.
Vol.
:
i.
p. 13.8..
Fulgentius Mytholog. L. r. c. 25. p. 655. 91 Lacrantius de falla Relig. Vol. i. L. i. c. 11. p. 47. To thefe inftances add the wcrfhb of Seatur, and Thuth, called Thautates, See
;
L.
i.
c.
&
fry.
214
try.
But Marcellinus,
who was
in thofe parts
under the
Em-
peror Julian, allures us that-thefe changes and variations were and that in his time the ancient names preall cancelled vailed. Every body, I prefume, is acquainted with the
:
and of Zenobia the queen ; who having been conquered by. the emperor Aurelian, was afterwards led in triumph. How much that city was beautified by this and by thofe of her family, may be known by the princefs,
hiftory of Palmyra,
ftately ruins,
which
are
ftill
extant.
Yet
and learned friend Mr. Wood, that if you were to mention Palmyra to an Arab upon the fpot, he would not know to what you alluded nor would you find
by
my
late excellent
more acquainted with the hiftory of Odtenatus, and Zenobia. Inftead of Palmyra he would talk of Tedmor ; and in lieu of Zenobia he would tell you, that it was built by Salmah Ebn Doud, that is by Solomon the fon of David. This
him
at all
is is
in the fcriptures for it exactly conformable to the account 9* He alfo (Solomon) built faid in the Book of Chronicles,
:
Tadmor in the wildernefs. The Grecian name Palmyra, probably of two thoufand years ftanding, is novel to a native Arab. As it appeared to me necefTary to give fome account of the rites, and wormip, in the firft ages, at leaft in refped to that I great family, with which I {hall be principally concerned,
took this opportunity at the fame time to introduce thefe etymological inquiries. This I have done to the intent that the
reader
may
true nature of
my
He will hereby be fyftem ; and my method of inveftigation. able to judge beforehand of the fcope which I purfue ; and of
9*
2 Chronicles,
c. 8. v. 4.
the
THE ANALYSIS
the terms on which
I
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
215
found
my
I
analysis.
If
it
fliould ap-
proceed, are good, and my method clear, and warrantable, the fubfequent hiftories will in confequence of it receive great illuftration. But fliould it
be
my
misfortune to have
my
contrary to the truth, let it totally fet afide as the hiftory will fpeak for without thefe helps be authenticated,
:
-
and may
OF
O F
WORSHIP
paid at
CAVERNS,
AND OF
THE ADORATION
of FIRE in the
firft
Ages.
foon as religion began to lofe its purity, it degene- ( <HTV/? a>t /Vr <^^ut rated very faft : and inftead of a reverential awe, and \M^^ ^^, fenfe of there fucceeded a fearful gloom, and pleafing duty,
AS
>
unnatural horror, which were continually augmented, as fuMen repaired in the firft ages either to perftition increafed.
the lonely fummits of mountains, or elfe to caverns in the rocks, and hollows in the bofom of the earth ; which they
At the entrance thought were the refidence of their Gods. of thefe they raifed their altars, and performed their vows. Porphyry takes notice, how much this mode of worfhip preVOL.
I.
vailed
21 8
vailed
roivvv
THE ANALYSIS
among
xou
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
nations
the
firft
' :
ctngoL
ruv
'WcfaouoTcx.T'uv,
vows
sv
SSOK; ct(po<rizvTW
L'sAj]^, ' t
mi
sv
sv
K^TJI psv
'
Kaif)Twi>
A,
>
mi Hew
AVXSM, MM
sv
Naw ^
Aioyycrw.
When
in
proceis of time they began to erecl: temples, they were ftili determined in their fituation by the vicinity of thefe objects, which they comprehended within the limits of the facred
enclofure.
Thefe melancholy receffes were efteemed the and fo greatly did this notion places of the higheft fanftity that in aftertimes, when this practice had ceafed, ftill prevail,
:
the innermoft part of the temple was denominated the cavern. Hence the Scholiaft upon Lycophron interprets the words
-sra^'
The
cavern
the innennoft place of the temple. of a cavern in Phocis fays, that it was
3
Paufanias fpeaking
particularly facred to
Aphrodite.
'
A.<pgo$iTi]
<T
s^(si
sv
<r7r]Aa/w
n^ag.
In
this
p. 262. Edit.
tnryh.st.iov tr
He
TK
B^aOpf
Cohor-
Airpa
fJLiv
Porphyry de
Antro Nymph,
p. 252.
Aurap ETT< x^arcs A/JM.EJ'OS ra^i/ipuAAos EAa<a, Ayxp^i tf atirws Avrpov. Homer, de Antro Ithacenfi.
1
OdyfiT.
L. E.
v.
346.
Lycophron. v. 208. Scholia. 3 Paufanias. L. iov p. 898. I imagine, that the word caverna, a cavern, was de-nominated originally Ca-Ouran Domus Cceleftis, vel Dornus Dei, from the fuppqfed fanclity of fuch places.
cavern
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
219
Parnafius was cavern divine honours were paid to Aphrodite. rendered holy for nothing more than for thefe unpromifing
circumftances.
'l^wr^wajs
mi
ctfAa
%k><a
najjus
a place of great reverence^ having many caverns and other detached and fanElified. At Tasnarus fpots highly honoured^
through which it was fabled that Hercules dragged to light the dog of hell. The cave itfelf feems to have been the temple ; for it is faid,
fearful aperture,
5
ETTI T] cucga.
Naos
eix,a.<r[JLvo$
vwirihouw
Upon
The promontory ftands a temple in appearance like a cavern. fituation of Delphi feems to have been determined on account
of a mighty chafm in the hill, ovros ^acT|U,a7o? BV ry TOTTW and Apollo is faid to have chofen it for an oracular mrine,
-.
on account of the
'
effluvia
Ut
Divinam
Exhalare folum,
condidit antris,
Incubuitque adyto
Here
*
alfo
Strabo. L. 9. p. 638.
Lycophron of
Paufanias. L.
3. p. 5.
275.
:
'
7
Scholia
rnv ctvcLitvon TH
vctfMrre?.
Plutarch, de Pyth.
Oracul. Vol.
i.
f 2
clofe
220
clofe
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
upon a reeking ftream. But what rendered Delphi more remarkable, and more reverenced, was the Corycian It went oave, which lay between that hill and Parnaflus.
under ground a great way
:
and Paufanias,
who made
it
his
to vifit places of this nature, fays, that it particular bufinefs 9 Avwas the moft extraordinary of any which he ever beheld.
rgov
KwgvMov
fTTYihouw,
fiiJw,
Ssa
:
cf^iQV
(jLOL^a.
There
were many caves ftyled Corycian one in Cilicia, mentioned by Stephanus Byzantinus from Parthenius,who fpeaks of a city of the fame name Hag y TO Kw^waov ctvrgov Niyxipwy, ctfyat.:
yvLZW
to
$a,(JLC(..
Near which
nymphs^ which afforded a fight the moft aftonijhing. I0 Samacon in Elis, and, There was a place of this fort at There were like the above, confecrated to the nymphs.
the
I cutaneous, and fcrofulous diforders, found great benefit. " have mentioned the temple at Hierapolis in Phrygia ; and
its
precincts,
There was a
fame name in
:
Syria, in this
and where flood a temple of the higheft antiquity temple was a fiflure, through which, according to the
the deluge retired.
Innumerable inftances might be produced to this purpofe from Paufanias, Strabo, Pliny, and other writers.
9
10
41
Sama Con,
Dominus.
at
Tn^vott.
L.
14. p. 961.
11
Lucian de Dea
Syria.
It
THE ANALYSIS
It has
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
221
been obferved, that the Greek term xoiXos, hollow, was often fubftituted for Coelus, heaven and, I think it will
:
been thus ufed from the fubfequent hiftory, appear to have wherein the worfliip of the Atlantians is defcribed. The
that Atlas fupported heaven : one mythologifts gave out, reafon for this notion was, that upon mount Atlas flood a
temple to Coelus. It is mentioned by Maximus Tyrius in one of his diflertations, and is here as in many other inftances
changed to
cavern
:
#o<Ao?,
hollow.
is
to be underftood in
original ac-
ceptation, as Coe'l, the houfe of God This mode of paid their adoration.
to
which the
natives
lantians betrays a great antiquity ; have been merely a vaft hollow in the fide of the
mountain
image, nor pillar, nor ftone, nor I3 E?i $e ArAa; ogos xoiXov,. any material object of adoration :
in it neither
tXf^AOJ/.
S7TISMW
T8TO
A&VM KM
r
ISgOV,
ZOU
$0,
KCU
0-
This Atlas (of 'which I have been #0, mi ayaAjU-a. fpeaking) is a mountain with a and of a tolerable height , which the cavity , natives efteem both as a temple, and a Deity : and it is the great
objeEl by
The
which they fwear ; and to which they pay their devotions. cave in the mountain was certainly named Co-el, the
equivalent to Coelus of the Romans. To this the people made their offerings : and this was the heaven which Atlas was fuppofed to fupport. It feems to have been
houfe of
God
no uncommon term among the Africans. There was a city in Lybia named Coe'l, which the Romans rendered Coe'lu.
" Maximus Tyrius.
Diflert. 8. p. 87.'
They
222
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
Coelus
;
They would have exprefled it Coelus, or name \vas copied in the time of the Punic
but the
wars, before the s final was admitted into their Vaillant has given writings. feveral fpecimens of coins ftruck in this city to the honour of
efpecially of Verus,
Corn-
the Persians moft of the temples were caverns in rocks, .either formed by nature, or artificially produced.
Among
They
had likewife
of the
rites
I
Puratheia., or
fire.
open temples,
of which
hereafter fliew, that the religion, have been treating, was derived from the fons of
I fhall
of
Chus
wards
in the ancient province of Chufiftan, called aftercurious Perfis, there are to be feen at this day
and
many
monuments of antiquity, which have a reference to that worThe learned Hyde fuppofes them to have been either fhip. 15 palaces, or tombs. The chief building, which he has taken
palace, is manifeftly a Puratheion edifices called by the Greeks, 'YTTcufyct.
for a
;
At a glance we may
hewn out of
the rock
Many
of the moderns, have been of the fame opinion. In the front of thefe grottos are reprefentations of various characters: and among others is figured, more than once, a
*
Vaillant:
Numifm.
and
elfe-
where.
15
c.
23. p. 306, 7, 8.
princely
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
22-3
the altar, where the princely perfonage, who is approaching * Above all is the Sun, and the facred fire is burning. in a cloud, with fometimes a facred banfigure of a Deity a ferpent entwined round hs middle, dage, at other times fimilar to the Cnuphis of Egypt. Hyde fuppofes the figure above to be the foul of the king, who ftands before the altar:
emblem of the Deity, of which we have a fecond example in Le Bruyn, copied from another Hyde takes notice, that there were part of thefe edifices.
but
it
is
certainly an
'
feveral repetitions of this hiftory, and particularly of perfons, folem et ignem in pariete delineatos intu elites : yet he forms
his
only.
defcribed by
'
Kaempfer,
Le Bruyn. Chardin, and They are likeMandeflo, " In rewife taken notice of by Thevenot, and Herbert.
I fpecl to the grottos
"
am
perfuaded,
Nothing was
Porphyry
See
PLATE
ii,
iii.
Le Bruyn. Plate 153. See the fubfequent plate with the characters of Cneuphls,
Kjempfer. Amcenitates Exotics, p. 325. Mandeflo. p. 3. He mentions the facred fire, and a ferpen. 10 Sir John Chardin. Herbert alfo defcribes thefe caverns, and a ferpent, and wings ; which was the fame emblem as the Cneuphis of Egypt.
'9
"
2. p. 20.
Alfo- p.
158, 159, 166, 167. " Thevenot. Part 2d. p. 144, 146.
"
TCC
ra M(6^a UAj~p<a
IQV TOTOV.
Tffa.fa.aifovre$ heyufftv
xt
Cum Tryphone
Dialog, p. 168.
aflures
224
THE ANALYSIS
OP
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
temple : * Mithras was known, paid their worfhip at a 4 cavern. Juf* tin Martyr fpeaks to the fame s : and Lutatius Plapurpofe
cidus mentions that this
Perfians.
5
his
Deity had always a rock, or cavern for that people, in all places, where the name of
the
Perfa? in
fuch places for the fepulture of their kings. 8 7 Nitocris, and other oriental princes, were within Cyrus,
the precindls of their cities : from whence, as well as from the devices upon the entablatures of thefe grottos, we may
be aflured that they were defigned for temples. Le Bruyn indeed fuppofes them to have been places of burial ; which
very natural for a perfon to imagine, who was not acThevequainted with the ancient worfhip of the people.
is
not alfo
fays, that
he
went into the caverns, and faw feBut this was merely conjectural for the
:
29
He
.
fpeaks of people, flai-ra^a, OTTU rov ~M$ptx.v eyvaa-civ, Porphyry de Afitro Nympharum. p. 263,
10.
o-TnjAaiy
1S
Juftin
6
Martyr
fupra.
17
18
*9
Indignata fequi torquentem cornua Mithran. Plutarch. Alexander, p. 703. and Arrian. L. 6. p. 273.
Herodotus. L.
i. c.
187.
Thevenot. Part. 2d. p. 144, 146. Some fay that Thevenot was never out of Europe confequently the travels which go under his name were the work of another perfon for they have many
:
:
of this name
traveller.
10
things,
Plate. H.
/r t/i/<'
///
n/ .Mi
>'/
///,
as
iiftirt.
n/it
,'<>
/,'////t/<\i
t>i-i
ffatft
THE ANALYSIS
things, to
fins,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
were not
in the
fliape
225
of cof-
which he
alludes,
and had undoubtedly been placed there as water, which the Persians ufed in their no&urnal
cifterns for
luftrations.
:
This we may in great meafure learn from his own words for he fays, that thefe refervoirs were fquare, and had a near
refemblance to the bafons of a fountain.
thefe grottos
The
hills,
where
noifes
have been
formed,
are
and
treated of the Perfic h-iftory. It feems that there were fome facred hills in Perils, where, as people paffed by, there were
heard fhouts,
of a multitude of people alfo hymns, and Thefe founds unexultations, and other uncommon noifes.
as
:
priefts at their
midnight wor-
were reverberated by the mountains, and were accompanied with a reverential awe in The country below was called, thofe, who heard them.
at that feafon
whofe voices
Xw^a
is thought to have principal building alfo, which been a palace, was a temple ; but of a different fort. The
The
travellers
above
it fay, that
is
called Ifhachar
fignifies
:
and Hyde
re-
peats
it,
and
tells us,
that
it
and rupe conftans faxeum palatium the Arabic word fachr, rupes, in the eighth
I
am forry,
Hyde
that
am
Clemens Alexandrinus. L.
756.
VOL.
opinion.
226
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
him
his
own ground, about upon opinion, and I am a point of oriental etymology. intirely a ftranger to the Perfic, and Arabic languages ; yet I cannot acquiefce in
to encounter
do not think, that the words e rupe fumptum, vel rupe conftans faxeum palatium, are at any rate materials, out of which a proper name could be conftructed.
his opinion.
I
place to be fure, whether a palace, or a temple, is built of ftone taken from the quarry, or rock : but what temple Can we believe that they would give as a or palace is not ?
to one place, what was in a manner common to all ; and choofe for a charadleriftic what was fo general and indeterminate ? It is not to be fuppofed. Every fymbol,
The
proper
name
and reprefentation relates to the worfhip of the country and all hiftory fhews that fuch places were facred, and fet apart for the adoration of fire, and the Deity of that element,
:
called Ifta,
and
Efta.
3*
Ifta-char, or Efta-char
;
who
we
Romans.
That
braica lingua t?N. ignem fignificat, Aramsea Nrws, qua voce ignem a Noemo vocatum Berofus prodidit : atque inde forHerbert therefore taffis Graeci 'E^tag originern deduxerunt.
with great propriety fuppofes the building to have been the 34 Anaia, or Anai's ; who was the fame as Hanes, temple of as well as Heftia. Procopius, fpeaking of the facred fire of
the Perfians, fays exprefly, that
31
33
it
34
in
THE ANALYSIS
in aftertimes the
Heftia, or Vefta.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
227
Romans
33
worfhiped, and called the fire of TSTO 5-1 TO <urvg y oTreg 'EficM SKO&OWTO,
mi
36
This
is
further
Nee
tu aliud Veftam,
quam vivam
intellige
:
flammam.
Hyde renders the term after Ksempfer, Ifta but it was more commonly exprefled Efta, and Afta. The Deity was alfo ftyled
Aftachan, which as a mafculine fignified Sol Dominus,
five
Vulcanus Rex.
thia,
This we may infer from a province in Par37 remarkable for eruptions of fire, which was called Aftafire.
:
God
of
of the fun
The and we
Aftacene, the region of the illand Delos was famous for the worfhip
learn
Romans
many
parts
of
it.
38
3>y#o
this
Upon
account
was called
39
Pirpile
above. 4 'Ir^ poet Hiftia, and Heftia, fimilar to the name w vqffuv, evesw. The ancient Scythae were worfhipers of fire :
' !
36
' 7
Ovid. Faft. L.
6. v.
291.
Similis eft natura Naphthas, et ita adpellatur circa Babylonem, et in Aftacenis bituminis liquid! modo. Pliny. L. 2. c. 106. p. 123. ParthiaE,
pro
'
Callim.
Plin.
H.
to Delos. v. 201.
59
L.
2. c.
22. p. 112.
He
fuppofes the
name
ibi
primum
40
reperto.
Callimachus.
H.
to Delos. v. 325.
g 2
and
228
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
as
devoted to Hiftia
41
.
'
hence, I think, we may know for certain the purport of the term Iftachar, which was a name given to the grand Pureion in Chufiftan from the Deitythere worfhiped. It ftands near the bottom of the hills with
'J&1W
(JLSV
fJLaXifz.
From
the caverns in a widely extended plain which I make no doubt is the celebrated plain of the magi mentioned above
:
by Clemens.
miftake in
We may
the Perfians, fays, that it was attended with accla4 mations, in which they invited the Deity to take his repaft %
among
H^,
Jgtnrora, svQis.
What
:
he renders
the
gir&e,
fire.
was undoubtedly
name of
God
of
The
addrefs was,
:
Q IIy,
mighty Lord of fire, Heftius which is changed to O Fire, come, and feed. The ifland Cyprus was of old called 43 Ceraftis, and CeThis city was more raftia ; and had a city of the fame name.
JscnroTa, 'E^is
known by
the
As long as the former cruel rites pradifed temple. name prevailed, the inhabitants were ftyled Cerafts. They were more particularly the priefls, who were fo denominated;
and who were
41
and mention
is
made of
at laft
The
poets
Herodotus. L.
4. c. 69.
41
Kai
S-OHO-*
at/rw
Tr tzru^os
Maximus Tyrius. Diflert. 8. p. 8^. aQti. See Lycophron. v. 477. and Stephanus. Ki/Trpcs.
KegiaiTicTos
eis
j^Gora KuTrp-t.
Nonni
Dionyl".
L.
4.
Hofpes
erat csfus.
Ovid. Metamorph. L.
10. v.
228.
imagining,
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
229
imagining, that the term Ceraftae related to a horn, fabled that they were turned into bulls.
45
Atque
Frons
illos
erat,
gemino quondam quibus afpera cornu unde etiam nomen traxere Ceraftze.
There was a city of the fame name in Euboea, exprefled Ca6 where the ftone * Aibeftus was found. Of this they ryftus, made a kind of cloth, which was fuppofed to be proof againft
The purport of and to be cleanfed by that element. the name is plain ; and the natural hiftory of the place affords For this we are obliged to us a rcafon why it was impofcd.
fire,
Solinus,
who
;
Caryftos
47
the city with the Grecian termination, and fays, that it was noted for its hot ftreams :
calls
Caryftos aquas calentes habet, quas E/NAoTna? vocant. may therefore be affured, that it was called Car-yftus from the Deity of fire, to whom all hot fountains were facred. Ellopia
is
We
compound of El Ope,
the fame
fame purport
Afta, the
Sol Python, another name of Caryftus, Ceraftis, Cerafta, are all of the Deity. : they betoken a place, or temple of Aftus, or
God
of
fire.
is
exprefly the
Some places fame, only reverfed, as Aftachar in Chufiftan. had the fame term in the compofition of their names, which
was joined with Kur ; and they were named in honour of He was worfhiped all over the Sun, ftyled K.y0, Curos.
45
46
Ovid. Ibidem.
Strabo. L. 10. p. 684. Solinus. cap. 17. Pliny takes notice of the city Caryftus.
47
Eubcea
Urbibus
clara
c.. 12..
Syria
230
Syria
;
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
and one large province was hence named Curefla, and Cureftica, from Kvg 'EfO?, Sol Heftius. In Cappadocia were many Puratheia ; and the people followed the fame manner of worfhip, as was praclifed in PerThe rites, which prevailed, may be inferred from the fis.
names of
the hiftory of the country. places, as well as from One city feems to have been denominated from its tutelary This is a plain compound of Deity, and called Caftabala.
Ca-Afta-Bala, the place or temple of Afta Bala ; the fame Afta Bala was Deity, as by the Syrians was called Baaltis.
the Goddefs of
at Feronia in
and the fame cuftoms prevailed here, as The female attendants in the temple Latium.
fire
:
** coals. ufed to walk with their feet bare over burning Such is the nature of the temple named Iftachar ; and of
cred to Mithras, and were made ufe of for make a diftinction between Mithras, Mithres, and Mithra
49
but they were all the fame Deity, the Sun, efteemed the In thefe gloomy recelles people, chief God of the Perfians.
who were
to be initiated,
were confined
all
company. During this appointed term they underwent, as fome fay, eighty Mithra kinds of trials, or tortures, by way of expiation.
5
ras Ei TOIS Kaij-aaAoJ5 <n TO TYK O^ao-ias AprSfuSoS lepoi', oT'd (fctai Strabo. L. 12. p. 81 1. yvH.voH'roti tffotri JV tofopgututv /3<x.^i(^siv a.7raQets.
f
48
49
MiGgas
o
Aios
Tvctpa.
Tit^aaM.
005.
M<6p5 -z<rpwT05 Yl^ca.A Mithra was the fame. Elias Cretenfis in Gregorii Theologi Opera. 50 Elias Cretenfis. Ibidem. In like manner Nonnus fays, that there could be no
initiation:
ey
Hefych. Ibidem.
A%pis a
TCCS
InNazianzeni
Steliteutic. 2.
10
apud
THE ANALYSIS
apud
tiari
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY*
:
231
nemo
Sunt
tranfierit. poteft, nifi per aliquot fuppliciorum gradus ii Ixxx Ita tor mentor gradus, partim intenfiores.
um
tormentis,
thofe,
facris
imbuuntur.
who
fo crazed
and fhaken
of mind.
Some
in the
traces of this
eaft,
kind of penance may be ftill perceived where the followers of Mahomet have been
In the hiftory given by Hanway of the found to adopt it. Perfian Monarch, Mir Maghmud, we have an account of a to that above ; which this prince thought procefs iimilar
of a four and cruel difpoiition, and had been greatly dejedled in his fpirits ; on which account he wanted to obtain fome light and afliftance from
proper to undergo.
He was
heaven.
s~
With
this intent
Maghmud
undertook
to
perform the
Indian Mahommedan^ fpiritual exercifes which more addicted to them than thofe of other countries, have introthe
who are
duced
into
Kandahar.
'This
fuperftitious practice
is
obferved by
'where fluffing themfelves up fourteen or fifteen days in a place The only nourishment they take is a little bread no light enters.
and water
at
fun
fet.
During
this retreat
time in repeating inceffantly with a ftrong guttural voice the word Hou, by which they denote one of the attributes of the continual cries^ and the agitatio?is of the body^ Deity. "Thefe
with which they are attended^ naturally imhinge the whole frame. When by fafting and darknefs the brain is diftempered^ they
1
K< roTf
AOITTGP
(fjLvycri
aim*
Nonnus
fupra.
Account of
Perfia
by Jonas
Hanway
Efq. Vol.
3. c.
fa?icy
232
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
voices.
and hear
to
confirm the diftemper, 'which puts them uponfuch trials. Such was the painful exercife which Maghmud undertook in
^January
he
this
neous vault.
year ; and for this purpofe he chofe a fubterraIn the beginning of the next month, Then he came
pale,
disfigured,
this
forth,
and
to
emaciated,
that
they
But
often
was not
Solitude,
dangerous
thought,
had under
and
fits
the
He
became
refi-
and
fufpicious,
often Jlarting.
In one of thefe
he
determined to put to death the whole family of his predeceffor Sha Huflein ; among whom were feveral brothers,
three uncles, and feven nephews, beftdes that prince's children. All thefe, in number above an hundred, the tyrant
cut to pieces with his own hand in the palace-yard, where Two fniall they were affembled for that bloody purpofe.
children only efcaped by the intervention of their father, who was wounded in endeavouring to fcreen them.
reverence paid to caves, and grottos, arofe from a no53 world ; and that tion that they were a reprefentation of the
The
the chief Deity whom the Perlians worfhiped proceeded from a cave. Such was the tradition, which they had re-
ceived;
matter of importance. Porphyry attributes the original of the cuftom to Zoroafter, and fays, that he firft whoever Zoroafter may have been
it
53
TS
Koffjwa.
p. 254.
and
'/tctnwt
Tartz*C:
''
"
j
'
THE ANALYSIS
and father of
all
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
233
things.
He
was followed
in this practice
5+ naby others, who dedicated to the Deity places of this ture ; either fuch as were originally hollowed by nature, or made fo by the art of man. Thofe, of which we have fpe-
cimens exhibited by the writers above, were probably enriched, and ornamented by the Achaimenidse of Ferris, who
iucceeded to the throne of Cyrus. They are modern, if compared with the firft introduction of the worfnip : yet of They are noble relics of high antiquity in refpecl: to us.
Perfic architecture,
curiofity.
xai
ai'Tpcav
TI^STO.^ ce.Trof'i^ova.i. Porph. de Antro of die hiftory of Mithras, and of the cave from Nymph, purport whence he proceeded, I fhall hereafter fhew. Jupiter was nurfed in a cave, and uffoturas Kan n AJ^>JTO ev KVTOU rgxpn Proferpine, Kop) KCO-JUS, nurfed in a cave
SIT' r ctuTotp'jw, BITS %eif,07rct)iTiur, rats
p. 108.
The
TW
Kogyr
[tiro.
Nujupwi''
ibid. p.
xa/ 254.
AAa
Ao^ftij'.
Porph.
VOL.
I.
OF
235
OF THE
O
The
P
AND OF
upon
I,
WORSHIP
term
HIGH PLACES.
THE
caverns,
of great antiquity, and denotes an. oracular influence, by which people obtained an in-
Omphi
is
I have taken notice, with fecrets of futurity. iight into the what reverence men in the firft ages repaired to rocks, and
as
to places
of particular
fan&ity.
Here they
thought that the Deity would moft likely difclofe himfelf either by a voice, or a dream, or fome other preternatural token. Many for the fame purpofe worshiped upon hills,
and on the tops of high mountains ; imagining that they hereby obtained a nearer communication with heaven. Hence
read as far back as the days of Mofes, concerning the And under the kings of Ifrael and high places in Canaan.
'
we
Judah, that the people made their offerings in high places. We are particularly told of Pekah, the fon of Remaliah, that;
1
Numbers,
c.
22. v. 41.
Leviticus,
c.
26. v. 30.
he
236
THE ANALYSIS
OF
2
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
kings of Ifrael
the fre according to fans to pafs through and he facrifced and burnt incenfe in the high places , heathen
And many and under every green tree. times when a reformation was introduced under fome of the
and on
the
hills,
wifer and better princes, it is frill lamented by the facred 3 the high places 'were not taken away : the people writer, that
ftill offered^
and burnt
able,
when
to the
4
It is obfervon the high places. the king of Moab wanted to obtain an anfwer
incenfe
prophej;,
and brought
high places of Baal. And finding, that he could not obtain his purpofe there, he carried him into the field of Zophim unto the top of Pifgah and from thence he again
him
removed him to the top of Peor In all thefe places he erected a bullock and a ram on every 5 altar. feven altars ; and offered It is faid of Orpheus, that he went with fome of his difci:
ples to
meet Theiodamas, the fon of Priam, and to partake in a facrifice, which he every year offered upon the fummit
of a high
fians
6
mountain.
We
always performed
are told by Strabo, that the Per7 their worfhip upon hills. Ilegom
TOIVW:
""
2
3
Kings,
Kings,
c.
c.
16. v. 3, 4.
22. v. 43.
forts
35.
;
of high places.
The
a hill
I
The
and
c.
mound
of which
fhall'
Numbers,
c.
22. v. 41.
23, v. 14
to
28.
:
Preface of Demetrius
Mofchus
Orpheus de Lapidibus
OgioJXwarn TB
npia.fj.ki
7
Strabo.
Ta J-|AoTaTa
itav
opsw
3-ucnas epfetr.
Herodotus. L.
2. c.
131.
Some
THE ANALYSIS
mi
The
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
ifyvonau'
S-yao*/
<Jg
237
uJMs a
ev
people of Cappadocia and Pontus obfervcd the like method <^f worfhip : and of all facrifices, wherever exhibited
upon high
cence that,
places,
none perhaps ever equalled in magnifiwhich was offered by Mithridates upon his war
He
of the Chaldeans, and SyHence he chofe one of the higheft mountains in his
:
mixed
dominions
pile,
upon the top of which he reared an immerife and equal in fize to the fummit on which it flood
:
God
o^zg
of armies.
vtyrite
Edvs TM
An
tfrctTgiov
$y<nai>,
STCI
Kogv$w psi
princes
:
ZTriTidsig.
The
pile
was
raifed
by
his vaffal
and the
oil,
offerings,
befides thofe
cuftomary, were
wine, honey,
and every fpecies of aromatics. The fire is faid to have been perceived at the diftance of near a thoufand ftadia.
poet makes his hero choofe a like fituation for a temple, which he erected to Venus ; and for the grove which he dedicated to the manes of his father.
The Roman
Turn
Fundatur Veneri
tumuloque Sacerdos,
Anchifeo.
Et lucus,
Some
aAAo
8
ETrftpnfJua-ctv f-s
Maximus Tyrius
Diflert. 8. p. 79.
Appian de Bello Mithridatico. p. 215. Edit. Steph. makes the pile larger than the apex on which it flood.
9
He
by an hyperbole
Virgil.
L.
5. v.
760.
10
In
238
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
In Japan moft of their temples at this day are conftru&ed upon eminences ; and often upon the afcent of high mountains.
They
are
I0
all,
fays
curious view of the adjacent country, a fpring and rivulet of clear water, and the neighbourhood of a grove with pleafant walks, being the neceffary qualifications of thofe fpots of ground, where thefe holy ftrudlures are to be built : for they
fay, that the
Gods
and pleafant places. This practice in early times was almoft univerfal ; and " every mountain was efteemed holy. The people, who pro-
method of worlhip, enjoyed a foothing infatuaThe emition, which flattered the gloom of fuperftition. and nences, to which they retired were lonely, and filent
fecuted this
;
feemed to be happily circumftanced for contemplation and prayer. They, who frequented them, were raifed above the lower world ; and fancied, that they were brought into the
vicinity of the powers of the air, and of the Deity who refided in the higher regions. But the chief excellence, for which
OjU.^/]
by the
being
deli-
divina,
In fhort they
as the
God
Vol.
2cl.
book
5. c. 3. p.
417.
Melanthes de
ay.
Sacrificiis.
i.
10.
Htfych.
It
rate, a.[jn
Ambon,
a.[*,ut>.
A,wwr,
<
Heiych.
vered
THE ANALYSIS
vered his oracles.
0|U4>J,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
in Plutarch exprefles this
it
239
term
Hermans
13
was
truly rendered was Omphi or Amphi, Ham; who, according to the Egyptian theology, He was like wife rethe fame as the Sun, or Oflris.
The word
vered as the chief Deity by the Chaldeans ; and by moft naHe was ftyled both Ham, and Cham and tions in the eaft.
:
his oracles
both
In confequence of this
denominated Har-al-Ompi ; which al-ompi by the Greeks was changed to OhvpTCog, Olympus; and the mountain was called 00 Ohv^TTz. There were many of this H fix : name. The Scholiaft reckons
came
to be
upon Apollonius
up
but there were certainly more, beiides a variety of places ftyled I5 upon the fame account Olympian, They were all looked
upon
1
Tov
i.
Ojw.<p<i>
euepymv
Epftauos
q>y<Ti
cTAav
^jtujiieuofigj'w.
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris.
Vol.
+
15
p. 368.
eio-i*
OAi^Toi
e% *A.
Many
places ftyled
:
Scholia
i. v.
598.'
In Lycia
OAu/o-os ^yot.\t)
xai
opo? o^oawf^ov.
Stephanus Byzantinus.
fj<.u.~ott}t$ OAt/^.7ro5.
In Cyprus
'Hifg
AKp^fSitx.
xaAgJTai OA^TTOS.
Strabo.
Ibidem.
8. c.
i.'
Jofephus mentions the temple of Olympian Zeus at Tyre. Antiq. Jud. L. At Megara in Greece: Tgjwews OAw/oi&br; Paufanias. L. i.
p. 97.
In Elis
v. 42.
H
:
OAu/*7na
-Grpurov
Scholia
upon Lycophron.
Paufan.'
In Attica
Naos K^w,
:
TW
2. p.
eTrixtoatv OAyjMT/5.
L.
i.
p. 43-
In Achaia
AIDS OAi/^Trta
vctos.
Paufan. L.
123.
At
240
THE ANALYSIS
to
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
and fuppofed to be the refidence of the chief Deity, under whatever denomination he was fpeciFor thefe oracles fied, which was generally the God of light.
upon
be prophetic
hill at
Delphi, called
in a
Omphi-El,
more ftrange for finding them fomewhat fimilar in found to a word in their own language, their caprice immediately led them to think of oppaAo?, a navel, which they
flill
:
manner
This they did uniformly fubftituted for the original word. in all parts of the world ; and always invented fome ftory to
countenance their miftake.
an
account of a navel, we may be pretty fure that there In refped; to Delphi, they is fome allufion to an oracle. prefumed that it was the umbilicus, or center of the whole
idle
earth.
The
Sophocles calls
avers that
it
it
jitscroppaAa
fV
paneix
and Euripides
:
At Delos
OXupLTrtiov, TOTTCS tv
AA.
Stephanus Byzantinus.
E<n
xj
Lybia was
xocAgira;.
The moon
The earth
in Thefeus,
called Olympia. Stephanus Byzant. called Olympias: 'H y-ap 2?Aw 'wa.^ AiyvTrrtots Eufebii Chron. p. 45. 1. 10.
itfelf called
is
Fw OA^Tr/as tfpev
by which
Many
6
Sophocles
OEdipus Tyrannus.
e^ifofJt.B
Find. Pyth. Ode. 6. v. 3. X03i/os. Fas ojupaAo* xgA^)?T. Find. Pyth. Ode II.
THE ANALYSIS
17
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
241
Ovrw
Livy, the hiftorian, does not fcruple to accede to this nol8 umbilicum orbis terrarum. Strabo fpeaks tion, and to call it
of
it
in this light,
nnS
KCU
- ENOMI20H
'
'9
Tq$ 'EAAaJoj
<ft
ev
mi
oiicx-
emtercw
yw OMOAAON.
in
fome
ftridlures
upon
a paiTage
this
is
remark
Umbilicum didtum
fit
aiunt
medius locus
eft
terrarum, ut
umhie
quod utrumque
:
falfum.
Neque
:
medius.
neque nofter umbilicus eft homiEpimenides long before had faid the fame
Euripides in lone.
v.
233.
Msao^aAos
9
'E<pa. v. 461.
c.
47.
Strabo. L. 9. p. 642. 10 Varro de Ling. Lat. L. 6. p. 68. Paufanias gives this account of the omphalus at Tor / JTTO Delphi. rov o//(pAo> A<oa 'weTroin/utvov Aeuxa, Tttro eii/xt TO tv [ttaca yw "sraurnf ctvroi 01 Paufan. AeAfyoi' JUXVUTKI Tf KKI ojW(^Aos TIS tv Tea va.u TtTociytu^t'Oi'
L.
10. p. 835.
It is
EC TV
reftevet
TU An-
TO//B xaAe<rai
tra Graecos.
o/A(paAo5.
VOL.
I.
242
THE ANALYSIS
Ovre
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
r\y
yaw
psvos oppaAo?,
audfe
&fajxffoyf.
this
name and
tion to Delphi, how are we to account for other places being called after this manner ? They could not all be umbilical :
the earth cannot be fuppofed to have different centers nor could the places thus named be always fo iituated, as to be central in refpe<t to the nation, or the province, in which
:
Writers try to make it out this way they were included. The conyet they do not feem fatisfied with the procefs. It tradiclory accounts {hew the abfurdity of the notion.
:
was a term borrowed from Egypt, which was itfelf an OmHorus Apollo not knowing the meaning of phalian region.
this has
yr\ jU.gr/]
z
:
AiyvKTiuv
Paufanias mentions an
Omphalus
in
the Peloponnefus, which was faid to have been the middle of He feems however to doubt of this circum that country.
ftance,
as
he well
may
<?s
*3
.
Ou
'sroppo)
si
[Jt,s<rov,
$e
Jr]
B?iv
OjttipaAof, nsAoTnwjjcra
"Wcur^g
ra
ovrct
;
At
no great dijlance
is
is
which
us the truth.
At Enna
Sicily
was an Omphalus
and the
"
*"'
Plutarch,
-uript
Horus Apollo.
Paufanias. L. 2. p. 141. It is Jpoken of Phlitins, far removed from the center of the Peloponnefus. 14 This omphalus was near the Plutonian cavern. Diodorus. L. 5.
11
(>i$
J'
?n x.aAAi~K5 r<r8
<f
gai/ufs
ofKpaAoc Ei v?.
j
Callimachus
Hymn
to Ceres.
Cicero
in
Verrem,
4. c. 48.
ifland
THE ANALYSIS
ifland of
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
as the
243
Calypfo
of the
fea.
The
is
Homer
Nj]<r&o sv
umbilicus
o@i
a.fJL<pigVTYi,
The
JEtolians
cal
and looked upon themfelves as the central people in But this notion was void of Greece, like thofe of Delphi.
;
all
truth in every inftance, which has been produced arofe from a wrong interpretation of ancient terms.
and
What
Omphalus was
;
fame
as
Al-Ompha
and
Ham
Sun
and thefe temples were Prutaneia, and Puratheia, with a tumulus or hio;h altar, where the rites of fire were in anO
:
a proof of this etymology, moft of the places ftyled Olympian, or Omphalian, will be found to have a reference to an oracle. Epirus was celebrated for
As
the oracle at
and we learn from the ancient poet, Reianus, that the natives were of old called Omphalians
Dodona
it,
cx.fjLVfj.ovss
There was an Omphalia in Elis ; and here too was an * oracle mentioned by 7 Pindar and Strabo T)^ <Jg 7n<pa:
h& TO (JLUVTSIOV rz OAy^T/a wfcsv (r) Ohvpffia.) s% ttgffls The place derived all its luftre originally from the oraAios. In this province was an ancular temple of Olympian Jove^
vsiav
11
6
Homer.
OdyfiT.
L. A.
v. 50.
The natives were alfo Stephanus Byzantinus. Chaonia from the temple Cha-On, outos ^Aia. country
17
18
ftyled
Pyrrhidse,
and the
Pindar.
Strabo.
Olymp. Ode.
L.
8. p.
7.
542.
cient
244
THE ANALYSIS
*
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
3 9 cicnt city Alphira ; and a grove of Artemis Alpheionia, and the whole was watered by the facred river Alpheus. All thefe are derived from El, the prophetic Deity, the Sun ;
The Greeks and more immediately from his oracle, Alphi. deduced every place from fome perfonage and Plutarch ac:
'Ei$ TQV TO yzvog &.$ r{}\tx ayjra.yovcordingly makes Alpheus TIM, one of thofe, who derived their race from the Sun.
31
The term
phi.
in acceptation the
fame
as
Am-
El
being by his pofterity efteemed the Sun, or and likewife Or, the fame as Orus ; his oracles were in
*
For
Ham
Elphi, Orphi, Urphi. I have taken notice of feveral cities called Omphalian, and have obferved, that they generally had oracular temples :
but by the Greeks they were univerfally fuppofed to have There was a place called been denominated from a navel.
32
Omphalian
in Theffaly
and another
in Crete,
which had
19
By Livy
called Aliphira.
a city
L. 32.
c. 5. irJ->?As xsiftsvov.
In MelTenia was
L.
'
4..
The
Paufan.
aAao;.
Strabo. L.
8. p.
528.
31
Plutarch, de Fluminibus.
faid to
AA<pe<os.
Alpheus,
ffufji,eofj<.oi
;
who
be one of the twelve principal and mod ancient Deities, called are enumerated by the Scholiaft upon Pindar. Bco/xo* IJVJJLOL ur&w:
Olymp. Ode. 5. !l Stephanus Byzant. OptfaAjsc. It was properly in Epirus, where was the oracle of Dodona, and whofe people were ftyled O/xfpzAojfis above.
TO< Ar^s
y.a.1
rioa-siJoavcs >CTA.
a celebrated
THE ANALYSIS
a celebrated
33
OF
It
is
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
probably the fame that
is
245
oracle.
men-
tioned by Strabo, as being upon mount Ida, where was the Diodorus fpeaks of this oracle, named Omcity Elorus.
phalian
name was
0|U.<>aAO,
ombe-
phalus
and
fays, that
it
was
fo called
(ftrange to tell)
cauie Jupiter,
when he was
river
which
the
Triton
TO
<rvfJtctvTQ<;
O^cpaAov 'sr^otrayo^s^j'cu
place
his
yuivj
from
this
accident
had
the
name of Omphalus^
or the navel.
this
Callimachus in
:
hymn
to Jupiter dwells
!/
upon
circumstance
EVTS
OLTrsXSiTTSV STTt
YI
Niijitfpj]
<rs
(Qsvou
<J"
ev&v
Who
how
can
would imagine,
and
we account
minds
?
brighteft
We
inventing the moft childifri tales ; lovers of fcience adopting them; and they are finally recorded by the grave hiftorian all which would not appear credible, had we not thefe evi-
dences fo immediately tranfmitted from them. And it is to be obferved that this blindnefs is only in regard to their reli-
gion
'
and
to their
T37TSS
OwfxAfor,
TI
i+
KCVTIKOIS
Sfcfr.
ocsa-i
xy.i x.ar'
Eluros, "I1K
337.
Hymn
to Jupi.er. v. 42.
upon.
246
THE ANALYSIS
all
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
In upon. of men.
with other places ftyled Omphalian. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was efteemed of the higheft antiquity, and we are informed that there was an omphalus
in hiftory
We
meet
and that the Deity was worshiped under the form of a navel. Quintus Curtius, who copied his hiftory from the Greeks, gives us in the life of Alexander the following
here
;
which he has embellifhed with fome coId, quod pro Deo colitur, non eanlouring of his own. dem effigiem habebat, quam vulgo Diis Artifices accommoftrange account,
3<i
darunt.
Umbilico
maxime
gemmis, coagmentatus.
Hunc, cum
multis argenteis pateris ab The whole of this is an utroque navigii latere pendentibus. abufe of terms, which the author did not underftand, and
vigio aurato geftant Sacerdotes,
has totally mifapplied. One would imagine that fo improbable a ftory, as that of an umbilical Deity with his filver
bafons, though patched
have confuted
tius has
itfelf.
up with gold and emeralds, would Yet Schottus in his notes upon Curthis
motly defcription
and
in op-
pofition to all good hiftory thinks, that this idle ftory of a navel relates to the compafs. Hyde too has adopted this
notion
and proceeds to (hew, how each circumftance may be made to agree with the properties of the magnet. 37 Ilia
;
Jovis effigies videtur femiglobulare quiddam, uti eft compaftus marinus, forma umbilici librarii, feu umbonis, tan-
nempe
6
!7
Quintus Curtius. L. 4. c. 7. p. 154. Varior. Hyde of the Umbilicus. Relig. vet. Perfarum. Appendix
3. p.
527.
quam
THE ANALYSIS
quam
svQsov
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
247
quoddam adoratum,
auxilium
exiftens
quidam
dirigens.
faith
:
told,
The
true
Olympus, Olympia, Omphale, and the province "fcUffiov OjAQoLXiov. Thefe terms Omphalia, were thought to relate to a navel but, if fuch an interpreta:
which was the fuppofed oracle hiftory is this. Moft places in of a Deity, the Grecians, as I have before mentioned, ftyled and Olympiaca: or elfe and
with the hiftory of any one place, yet that hiftory could not have been reiterated; nor could places fo widely diftant have all had the fame retion could have been
to correfpond
made
What was
was a name given to fame account. An oracle was given to Pelias in ThefTaly and whence did it proceed ? from the well wooded ompha:
38
lus of his
mother Earth.
9
01
KgVOSV
3*
original
is
bius
diac
moon was called Olympias and that the ZoEgypt H g a.f ^sAwcjj -wag Aiin the heavens had anciently the name of Olympus. TOV Z'J)OIO.KOV xuxis xuptd)! OAuJATnas HxAscrx/, cT/ac TO xara fjujvoc. w^nro7\t'.v 01 HTa.ha.iot O.U-TKIV OATMOON g^atAai/. Chronicon. The reaion p. 45. 1. 9.
who
tells us,
that in
the
given
19
is
idle
is
worth attending
241.
to.
Diodorus. L.
3. p.
206.
Ode
4. p.
248
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
In other words,
it
many
was Omphi El, the oracle of Ham, or the Sun before. and the fhrine, from whence it was fuppofed to proceed, was
It
:
carried in a boat.
The
Paterae, reprefented as fo
many
filver
bafons, were in reality the interpreters of the oracle. They were the priefts, who in the facred proceffions walked on
each
fide,
it
;
which
as
'
number
and fupported both the image and the boat, in was carried. They are faid to have been eighty in and they pretended to bear the Deity about,
juft
The GW, fays they were by the divine impulfe directed. Diodorus Siculus, is carried about in a fhip of gold by eighty They bear him upon their fooulders, and purfue of his priefts.
their
way
Thefe perfons, who thus officiated, were probably the fame as the Petipharas of the ancient Egyptians, but were called Patera? by the Greeks. It was a name, and office, by which the priefts of Delphi, and of many other
reft them.
and the
<fe
(TTI
F.JWS
'&rtf.:<pip
.Tct!
f/ouo'ns VTTO
Ifpoav oywn.o'.'-raL
(o Qeos),
'Ouroi
TWV
<pspo:'TS
TJV
S-foi'
ijjwx.yd<jw
oi.urojj.a.'iu^
oVa uyoi TO TB
S-ga veuftct
TW
vropziKi'.
Diodorus. L. 17.
It
it
is
p.
528.
omphalus
but
fays, that
was a
term
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
249
term always related to oracular interpretation. Hence Bochart defcribes thefe priefts, and their function very juflly.
oraculorum interpretes. Pator, or Petor, was an Egyptian word ; and Mofes fpeaking of Jofeph, and the dreams of Pharaoh, more than once makes
Patera;, Sacerdotes Apollinis,
*T
ufe of
.
41. v. 8. 1 3 and manifeftly alludes to an interpretation of that divine This was intercourfe, which the Egyptians ftyled Omphi.
it
It
occurs Generis.
c.
communicated
to
Pharaoh by a dream
for the
Omphi was
efteemed not only a verbal refponfe, but alfo an intimation by 41 dreams. O^/}, ^p] 9-e/a, Seiot xtyfiuv ovsigz &nw^a7#.
Hefychius.
So
it
who
quotes a
pafTage from the oracles of Hecate, wherein the Gods are reprefented, as infenfibly wafted through the air like an Om-
phean
1
vifion,
$s
Ta?
fjt,<r%g
p.s<ra.Toi<riv
sTrsfJiJos^cuaroLs
curfrsus
SSIOLO
IIANOMOEAS
:
jjyr'
ONEIPOTS.
Thefe Omphean vifions were explained by Jofeph ; he interwherefore the title of Papreted the dreams of Pharaoh
tor
reckoned by the Rabbins among the names of Jofeph. There is thought to be the fame allufion to divine interpreis
tation in the
name of
L.
c
TlsTgog,
41
Bochart. Canaan.
Op.<pri} S-fiy.
i. c.
xAvi^wr,
s^iv arxp.
Schol. on
Homer.
Iliad. B. v. 41.
4!
Zni't
pet^etrKov
eft
Ara Panomphjeo
vetus
1.
v. 198.
VOL.
I.
o SKI-
250
o
THE ANALYSIS
Hefych.
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
ZTCiyivuvttuv.
notat. Arator.
From
was
thefe examples
we may,
think, learn
/(/
the place, which properly ftatue of Memnon in the Thebais was a Patora, or oracular
and Pator : and that it was ftyled Petor, was called Patora. The Coloflal
There are many infcriptions upon different parts of it ; which were copied by Dr. Pocock **, and are to be feen in the firft volume of his travels. They are all of late date in comparifon of the ftatue itfelf ; the antiquity of which is One of thefe infcriptions is particular, and revery great. lates to the Oinphi, which feems to have frightened away
image.
fome
in ill-difpofed people
:.
EMWCI KwqTYigeg
sJ^JC^ccsr
zxi
on
Mspvovos
of the moft famous oracles of Apollo was in Lycfa t and in confequence of it the place was named Patara. Patra. I fhould in Achaia was of the fame purport. imagine, that
4fi prophet resided, was place where Balaam the falfe of the fame nature ; and that by Pethor and Pethora. was-
One
the
meant a place of interpretation, or oracular temple. There was probably a college of priefts ; fuch as are mentioned to have exifted among the Amonians of whom Balaam had
:
been by the king of Moab appointed chief Petor, or priefL It feems to have been the celebrated place in Arabia, fa.44
45
xlii'.
46
He
fcnt meflcngers, to
to Pethor.
Numbers,
c.
22.
v. 5.
mous
THE ANALYSIS
mous in after times for * Petra. the Romans
7
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
251
the Deity in a fhrine, placed in a boat, and fupported by priefts, was in ufe among the Egyp8 the * Ammonites. It is a circumftance, tians, as well as
it
allufion.
We
among
49
He cimens of antiquity, which he collected in thofe parts. 5 Lucorein near Carnac in met with them at Luxorein, or nor do I the Thebais ; but mentions not what they relate to
:
of any writer, who has attended to their hiftory. The accounts given above by Curtius, and Diodorus, are wonder-
know
thefe reprefentations from Egypt. It is fully illuflrated by relate to the fame religious ceremony ; and plain that they all
to explain each other. It may be very happily concur whence thefe copies were worth obferving that the
originals, are of the higheft taken, antiquity
47
:
We learn from Numbers, c. 22. v. 36. and c. 31. v. 8. that the refidence of Balaam was in Midian, on the other fide of the river to the fouth, beyond the borders of Moab. This leems to have Ijeen the fituation of Petra; which was either
in
fo that
fame place.
by
the
Englifh
Pethor, and Petra, were probably the traveller, Sandys, faid to be called now
-mo*.& Yla.X<u<^ivw.
Rath
But
Alilat.
is
Petra by fome
it
ne-rgcc.
Suidas.
original
9
mixed race; being both of Egyptian and Ethiopia Herod. L. 2. C. 42. AiyvTrrtun xat AI^KTTUV UTrotKot.
a
i.
Plate,
xlii.
Luxorein, by Norden called Lucorein. It was probably erected to the Sun Ouranus ; and one of the firft temples upon earth. and
50
early
252
THE ANALYSIS
of
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
in the world.
Ammon
but Dr. Pocock, when he took thefe copies, had not In his fpecitime to be precifely accurate in this article. mens the greateft number of attendants are twenty eighteen
:
kind of fceptre ; fupport the boat, and one precedes with a another brings up the rear, having in his hand a rod, or ftaff, which had undoubtedly a myftic alluiion. The whole feems
tar
{hewn, that it related to a great prefervation, which was moft religiouny recorded ; and became the principal fubjedt of all The perfon in the fhrine was their chief their myftertes.
;
and
it
will be hereafter
anceftor,
luge
and the whole procefs was a memorial of the dethe hiftory of which muft have been pretty recent,
derive
when thefe works were executed in Egypt. From the fhrines of Amon abovementioned we may
the hiftory of
all oracles
;
whom
they were fuppofed to be uttered, were called Omphi and Amphi, as I have fliewn alfo Alphi, Elphi, Orphi, Urphi, from El, and Orus. The Greeks adhered religioufly to an:
cient terms,
unintelligible.
They
the
re-
tained the
ing: for
it
meanThat it
originally related to oracular revelation is plain from its being always found annexed to the names of places famous on that account ; and from its occurring in the names of men,
renowned
as priefts
We
read of
Am-
phiaraus, Amphilochus, Amphimachus, perfons reprefented as under particular divine influence, and interpreters of the 7
-
will
y>
r/
Isis IBiprora
>////?
m/
///.
THE ANALYSIS
will of the Gods.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
253
7/u
to a harper,
was Amphi-On, the oracle of Apollo, the Sun: and there was a temple, one of the ancient ojra^a, dedicated to him and Zethus, as we may read in Paufanias. Mopfus, the diviner, is flyled AjLMTlWt^)?, Ampucides which is not a patro:
7^
Crra(6.
JfiofiftU.
nymic but a
1
title
EvQa
mi
en
T/J
Idmon, the reputed fon of Abas, was a prophet, as well as Mopfus ; he was favoured with the divine Omphe, and like
the former ftyled Ampucides.
What
place.
53
ifyav,
U7TO%V<r<rO(.[JLVY}
TBKZV
ATOAAwy/
OLVOMTI
iov
'sra.gz
KUfJLCf,
<psgsTgio$ Avnavsigct,
Tw mi MANTOSTNHN
snogs,
mi
s<r$a.TM
OM$HN,
to to
;
To fay the truth, thefe fuppofed prophets were Deities, whom temples were^ confecrated under thefe names or,
Apollonius Rhodius. L. 4. v, 1052. Mopfus was the fon of Ampycus. Hygin. Fab. C. cxxviii.
to have been the fon of Apollo.
Jt
1
By fome he
is
faid
Orphic. Argonaut,
i
Ibid. v. 185.
v.
720.
jpeak
254-
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
Juri
fpeak more properly, they were all titles, which related to That they were reputed Deities is plain one God, the Sun. from many accounts. Dion CaiTius fpeaks of A^iAo^a
YWfWiQV
We
55
^.avrsitx.
TY\$
pavTiicrig,
juaAAoy
<jg
{JLWUCW, T
Toy
The Amphictuons were originally prophetic who attended at the temple at Delphi. Hefy;
&pL$UPfWV8t
a
iffsgioMoi
AgApwy, -sryAayo^ow,
is
by Lycophron
ftyled Amphira ; which compound of Amphi-Ur, the divine influence, or oracle of Orus. Of this name there was a city near Olympia in Elis for many places were in this
:
manner denominated, on account of their being efteemed the and ieat of In Phocis was the city Hyampolis prophecy.
:
clofe to
AmphifTa, famous for the oracle of an unknown Goddefs, the daughter of Macaria. Amphryfus in Bceotia was much famed for the influence of 58 Apollo and Amphiit
57
:
known
for its
oracle.
Amphiclea
?
Amphilochus was the God of light and prophecy. Plutarch mentions Ao^a fiavrsia, in the treatife irepi (Zpctfew rifj.ufUfJt.vcti. p. 563.
55
Cohortatio. p. 10.
56
57
58
Hence
Plin.
is
ftyled
Amphryfia
vates.
Virgil. ./En.
L.
6. v. 398.
59
L.
4. c. 12.
v,
Strabo. L. 10.
MaAAw
in
L.
i.
p. 84.
THE ANALYSIS
in
6o
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
its
255
imagine, that this facred influence under the name of Amphi is often alluded to in the exordia of Poets ; efpecially
Taken
:
no meaning
and there
ing chofen above all others in the language to begin hymns of this Deity, who was the praife to principal God of prophecy.
We
it
in the
Nubes of Ariftophanes
CLVTB
Periander
is
mentioned
p.ot
6l
:
as
ordium was
Appj
ctvQis
Afjitpi fjiai
Apollo
frequently called
as a
A{JL<pi
that
it
was in a manner
looked upon
neceflary procemium.
:
Suidas obferves,
ApQicutoutTct,
zvcMTiQiV TO urgooifjuafav
vofjus
And Hefychius,
is
:
KdagwhzB.
TWJ/
Much
the fame
upon the
paffage above
However, none
t VTTQ
xa6ffa;
was
1
rcav
fjiavnv re
tcft.
o-tfurt
TOV
fee TBTOI',
10,. p. 884,.
xa/ jSowSic
Faufanias. L.
The
city
S}
of
256
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
of thefe writers inform us, why this word was fo particularly ufed nor tell us, what was its purport. In the fhort hymns
:
Homer this term is induftrioufly retained and the perfons who compofed them, have endeavoured to make fenfe of it, by adopting it according to the common acceptation.
afcribed to
:
pot 'Egpeido
<piAoy
65
/Up"*'
or
;ronr& i^ LM.
Thefe hymns were of late date, long; after Homer : and \ ir T j -oU were introduced in Ionia, and alio in ^ Cyprus and Phemcia, , when the Grecians were in pofleflion of thofe parts. They were ufed in the room of the ancient hymns, which were
.
new
inhabitants.
One of them
prieft
is
con-
Cyprus ; and was defigned to be fung by the Goddefs upon the ftated feftivals at Salamis.
66
Kai
'srotcrjf]?
KvTrgts'
sv <rsio
We
6s
We
fs
Qnguv,
Oteai'Kv re.
Argonautica. v. 33.
/JLSV ayw.<p<
So
in Pindar.
KeAacTeoi'T*
Kivvpav.
itfelf.
Pyth. Od.
2.
p. 203.
We
culor.
66
KAa^<s
fj.K,vTSupt.aiTac.
$o/?a.
apud Eufebium. Prsep. Evang. L. 5. c. 16. p. 204. Hymn to Venus of Salamis. See Homer Didymi. Vol.
528.
The
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
257
We may
Amphi
perceive from what has been faid, that the word was a term of long {landing ; the fenfe of which was
:
no longer underftood yet the found was retained by the In Greeks, and ufed for a cuftomary exclamation.
to the
refpect
efpecially that of
Terpander, I take the words to be an imitation, rather than a tranilation, of a hymn fung at Delphi in the ancient Amonian language the found of which has been copied, rather than the fenfe, and adapted to modern terms of a different ancient meaning. I make no doubt but that there were
:
many
hymns
which were
for a
when
imperfectly known. They were for in praife of Ham, or the Sun: and were fung by the
meridze, and la'midce.
Ho- nan
Ad,
fa*
They were
Athyr, Amphi, which the Grecians expreffed Dithvrambi. They were ftrains of joy and exultation attended with grand and from the fame term dithyrambus was deproceiTions
:
rived the
of the Greeks, and the triumphus of the Romans. We are informed, that triumphs were firft inftituted by 6; Bacchus, who was no other than Chus the hif$gioip$o$
:
tory therefore of the term mufl be fought for from among the Cufeans. That it was made up of titles is plain from
its
6S
name
The names
were
7
as
mentioned by Proclus
in his
!!(;,
c.
AJWis,
Is Bacx^or,
TTro^jj/xxTa, E^xay-ua,
Photius.
Idque
L.
5. p. 58.
VOL.
I.
was
258
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY*
was given by the Amonians among other perfonages to Diofor they were not in this point uniform. nufus Diodorus
:
it
They fay , Ham that one of the titles given to Dionufus was Thriambus. in the very ancient accounts of Greece is called lamus, and His oracle in confequence of this was his priefts lamidas.
6VQ[sufflWttt qictvi
69
Qgi&^QV
avTOV
and Iambi, which was the fame term as Ambeen treating. From the name Iambi phi, of which we have came the meafure la^og Iambus, in which oracles were of
ftyled lamphi,
old delivered.
Ham among
thrambo, which is There is a remarkable paffage in the Scholia upon dorus. Pindar concerning Ham, under the name of lamus, and alfo
concerning
71
the Egyptians was called 7 Tithe fame name as the Thriambus of Dio-
his
temple, which
OAtijU^na,
i
is
reprefented as
oracular.
TYJ
Moivrsiov
si>
ov
a^ioyos ysyoygy
vvv oi
la^uc^,
$ica
[jL7rvgwv [jLa.vTia,
Kff.i
frS'fcgi
78
Ittfidou %g(dVTCti.
There
Olympia^ an ancie?it temple eft eerned a famous feat of prophecy^ in which lamus is fuppofed to have firft prefided ; arid where the will of the Deity was made manifeft by the acred fire
in
was
kind of divination is ftill carried 011 by a fet was in of pricfts, who are called Idmidce. loi^og agyyiyoi; and his attendants were the 72 lamidae, reality the Deity
this
69
70
7'
Diodorus Siculus. L.
Pindar.
5. p.
2x3.
3,.
p. 1093,
Olympic Ode
vi. p.
53.
as
lamus fuppofed by Pindar to have been the fon of Apollo; but he was the fame He makes Apollo afford him the gift of prophecy i Apollo, and Ofiris.
fj.u.vTcavvK',
JKraupo!/
7*
<Pi(Pufj<.r;i'
Of
KaAAw TUV
i^avriv,
perfons
THE ANALYSIS
perfbns of great
'EAAaj/os ygyoj
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
repute.
259
power and
o'y
lu.fJuS'wy.
Pindar.
Ka;
Ka.ra<pa,[Ji,i%V
Deity of the place. I have mentioned, that in the facred proceflions in early times the Deity ufed to be carried about in a fhrine ; which
circumftance was always attended with fhouts, and exclamations, and the whole was accompanied with a great con-
The ancient Greeks ftyled thefe celebricourfe of people. 7+ ties the proceflion of the P'omphi, and from hence were
derived the words
'STo^TO],
and pompa.
true meaning, being by him ufed for the oracular influence. He informs us that Am-philutus was a diviner of
*.
^
'
"
C/MiOTi
Acharnan and that he came to Pinftratus with a comrmiiion^.^^ from heaven. By this he induced that prince to profecute a (TW^w/* 7S Evraufa fcheme which he recommended. sm 'SToutm $
;
JKcti-prus+ion.
^Jkaka^
<-***
/
ru. to
is
Ham
Herodotus. L,
i.
c.
62. p. 30.
of
260
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
I
fltwi
HOYTWV**,
have {hewn, was ftyled Omphi and when particularly fpoken of as the oracle, it was expreffed P'omphi, and P'ompi, the 'WOfATrq of the
:
Greeks.
'sropra/o?,
:
which
was mifinterpreted the mefienger, and conductor and the Deity was in confequence of it made the fervant of the
But 'uro^Trcuos related Gods, and attendant upon the dead. properly to divine influence ; and 'GrojU.Tnj was an oracle. An
ox, or cow, was by the Amonians efteemed very facred, and oracular Cadmus was accordingly faid to have been directed
:
EvQa
HOLI
emc&q
tzropn) /Sous, fo
01
places were from the oracle ftyled P'ompean fuppofed by the Romans to have been fo named from
Many
and
Pom-
and too remote peius Magnus ; but they were too numerous, to have been denominated from him, or any other Roman.
There was indeed Pompeiae in Campania ; but even that was of too high antiquity to have received its name from
Rome.
We
read of Pompeise
in in
among
the Pyrenees,
Pompion
in Athens,
Pompelon
Gaul.
Fomponiana
Pompeiopolis
76
gave the name of but upon enquiry they will be found to have
Roman
Apollonius Rhodnis. L.
3. v.
1180.
ftyled
An
fcra>
Alphi
as well as
Omphi.
10.
Hence
Plutarch fpeaks of
Cadmus
Ov
(pacrt
TO
TO 3>j'ixas
Sympoi. QuEeft.
9. 3.
been
THE ANALYSIS
been Zeleian
cities,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
261
which were oracular fo that the Romans only gave a turn to the name in honour of their own
countryman, by
whom
Beiides the cities flyled Pompean, there were pillars named in like manner ; which by many have been referred to
memory
are
as
think
this
we
de-
may
from
ftill
their
hiftory.
There
two of
nomination
remaining at a great diftance from each other: both which feem to have been raifed for a relig-ious O The one ftands in Egypt at 77 Alexandria ; the purpofe.
other at the extream point of the Thracian Bofporus, where is a communication between the Propontis and the ancient Euxine fea. They feem to be of great antiquity, as their
the fhaft and fuperftrudhire is of later date. The pillar at the Bofporus ftands upon one of the Cyanean rocks and its parts, as we may judge from
bafts witneffes at this
day
It was repaired Wheeler, betray a difference in their sera. in the time of Auguftus and an infcription was added by
:
the perfon, who erected the column, and whole to that Emperor.
79
who
dedicated the
DIVO.
E..
L.
CAESAR
I.
AUGUSTO.
.
CL... F CL.
ANDIDIUS..
ARGENTO.
12.
..
We may
77
1
learn
from the
infcription,
In infula Pharo.
Pliny. L. 36.
c.
79
this
262
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
;
this pillar
it
nor could
was but
removed from the age in which he work muft have therefore been far prior.
is
The
pil-
The
which was
built
upon the
ruins of a former, by Softratus of Cnidos, before the time of Pompeius fo that the name muft have been given on ano:
ther account.
The
8o
infcription
is
preferved by
Strabo.
I2THP2IN
HEP TON
Euxine
fea
was a paffage of difThis was the reafon, that upon each fide ficult navigation. there were temples and facred columns creeled to the Deity of the country in order to obtain his ailiftance. And there is
ftreight into the
room
to think, that the pillars and obelifks were for beacons, and that every temple was a Pharos. to have been creeled at the entrance of harbours
made
ufe of
They feem
;
and upon
tin**
The pillars of O<^"*a.eminences along the coafts in moft countries. yHcrrua>wWr Hercules were of this fort, and undoubtedly for the fame purim,
*"
nour, by people, who worshiped him, and who were called <* g TT -^A rlerculeans. L&oj yaf 'sraAa/oy ojrijfss TO
i t c
Sl
THE ANALYSIS
mQa.7rsg
,
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
263
Gtoffipst
01
'Pqyivoi
-n.
TW
o
it
jrjjTuJa sQstrav,
TW sm TU
Tzrvgyov
Kai
TIshwgQs teyopsvos
tzrvgyoi;
am-
y TtX-VTy &ihi$i.
For
was a cuflom,
:
fays Strabo,
among
a kind of tower, and the people of Rhegiitm at the flr where the eight,
the foot of Italy
'which
is
Direftly oppojite flood another building of pajfage was to Sicily. the fame fort, called the tower of Pelorns. Such Pillars were by
the Iberians flyled Herculean, becaufe they were facred to Hercules ; under which title they worfhiped the chief Deity.
J. l~o
Some of
thefe
:
Trig lr>gict$
were near Gades, and Onoba % Kar' Ooay others were erected ftill higher, on the coaft of
8
between Eratofthenes, Ss Dicsarchus, and others, in order to determine, which were the genuine pillars of Hercules as if they were not all equalLufitania.
idle difpute
:
This caufed an
genuine ; all denominated from the Deity of the country. Two of the moft celebrated ftood upon each fide of the Mely
diterranean at the noted paffage called fretum Gaditanum, That on the Mauritania!! fide was fictra Tot. cwga T% 'Sroffluas.
called Abyla, from Ab-El, parens Sol : the other in Iberia had the name of 84 Calpe. This was an obeliik or tower, the houfe, or caand of and a
compound
Ca-Alpe,
fignifies
God
for it
a cave
Strabo. L.
2. p.
258.
54
Ei'iot
Onoba, regio Soils Pythonis. Strabo calls the African pillar Abyluca which is commonly rendered Abila. St <rAas <J7riAa.ov TM KAT>n, xai iw AfuAuxa JcrA. Ibidem. Ab-El-Uc,,
Strabo. Ibidem.
Sol, Pytho.
-,
On-Ob.
and Ca-Alpe.
Calpe is now called Gibel-Tar, or GLbraher where of old the pillar flood.
:
which name
and
264
and
all
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
At
places
come on
fhore to
make
their of-
and
They more
which flood
8s
to inquire about the fuccefs of their voyage. and pillars, efpecially reforted to thofe towers,
at the entrance
of their
own
havens.
Nobody,
Arrian, will venture to quit his harbour without paying due offerings to the Gods, and invoking their favour. Helenus in Virgil charges ^Eneas, whatever may be the confays
Cuma.
Hie
tibi
tanti,
Quamvis increpitent
curfus in altuin
Vela vocet, poffifque finus implere fecundos, Quin adeas vatem, precibufque oracula pofcas.
iuand Delos was particularly frequented upon this account ; and the failors feem to have undergone fome fevere difin order to obtain his favour. cipline at the altar of the God,
87
The
s <re
Aiycum
cT'
'urtx.gri'hvs
VY\I
OT]I Tctsfcifov
ayei -wAooy,
aXAa Ta
mi
ergo
'nraAji/ a.v@i<;
3wU,oy VTTO
85
AAA'
/x
S-ua-ocs
rots Qeois,
xxt
ovQis.
'
3. c.
22.
Virgil. jEneis.
*7
L.
3. v.
153.
Callimachus.
Hymn
to Delos. v. 316.
O, ever
f
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
altars, ever bleft,
265
Lovely Afteria, in how high repute Stands thy fair temple 'mid the various
tribes
Who
Though
Defpatch immediate ; though the inviting gales 111 brook the lingering mariners' delay
:
Soon
as
Drop
they reach thy foundings, down at once the flack fails, and all the naval gear.
is
The
nor do the crew prefume To quit thy facred limits, till they have pafs'd painful penance with the galling whip
{hip
moor'd
4 ^
n
****-
t
*
altar.
This ifland was greatly efteemed for its fan&ity, and there ufed to be a wonderful concourfe of people from all nations
continually reforting to
its
temple.
The
priefts
in confe-
quence of it had hymns compofed in almoft all languages. It is moreover faid of the female attendants, that they could
imitate the fpeech of various people and were well verfed in the hiftories of foreign parts, and of ancient times. Ho:
mer
been an eye-witnefs
Jg rods
OT jasya Say^a,
Aj7uafei 'Ewen/Ssitereu
S7TBI CUV
'WgttTQV
[JLSV
Avng
s
<3"
this fort.
VOL.
I.
Mm
266
THE ANALYSIS
y
OF ANCIENT
rs urahouwv,
Js <pvti
KCL
MYTHOLOGY.
qs
yvvcwtwv,
SsAyacn
xsv avros
The
Delian nymphs,
who
:
When
The
<rf
they begin their tuneful hymns, firft praife mighty God of day to his they join
iLa_n
Latona's name, and Artemis, far fam'd For her fleet arrows, and unerring bow.
Of
heroes next, and heroines they fing, And deeds of ancient prowefs. Crowds around,
Of every
In
mute
region, every language, Hand applaufe, footh'd with the pleaiing lay.
art,
Vers'd in each
The The
Delians
mimick
is
who come
to
them
All language
familiar
natives fpoke of every different clime. Such are their winning ways : fo fweet their fong.
places ufed to be of various kinds, but particularly of liba, or cakes, which were geneofferings
at thefe
rally
The
made
curious infcription to this purpofe has been preferved by Spon and Wheeler, which belonged to fome obeIt was found lifk or temple upon the Thracian Bofporus.
fented.
on the Afiatic
fide,
Pompean
pillar,
it
of
which
The
Deity, to
whom
was
infcribedj
THE ANALYSIS
infcribed,
title,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
above
;
267
as that
;
-px
and changed
90
Ovgiov
urgv[jiVY)<;
rig
hiov
EIT
STTI
svGtx.
KapryAoj/
y.y.r
tzra^a
vo^ov
Atyais rw 3s
izroi/ra -nrAa^ce,
fpread the fail, and boldly Hem the tide. Whether the ftormy inlet you explore, Where the furge laves the bleak Cyanean fliore,
Then
Or down
Still
the Egean homeward bend your way, as you pafs the wonted tribute pay,
An humble
cake of meal
A
The
Antipater's good fon, this flirine did rear, pleafing omen, as you ply the fail,
lure prognoftic of a profperous gale.
And
lapygian promontory had a temple to the fame whofe name by Dionyrlus is rendered
'
God 5
To
i
rsvorctrov TO
ra Ovov y.in^i O.TTO ra B>jacT;a t^x^ty. ^tC yironut $& p.iXiy, /?-'. TH UOVTB KaXufjitvov. Anon. <rofj.ce. Defcript. Ponti Euxini. See Spon and Wheeler's travels, p. 209,
ieoov
y.au
M m
268
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
TSTa,l/V<T(AVU, (JLSffQ
'
IIappaA/a,
The more
fandlity
were erected upon the coaft. The Bofporus was efteemed a dangerous pafs ; and upon that account aboundThefe were originally mounds ed with Cippi, and altars.
/. /* tt*.
JK*I.
of earth, and facred to the Sun ; upon which account they were called Col-On, or altars of that Deity. From hence is It came at laft to derived the term Colona, and KoAww).
denote any nees or foreland ; but was originally the name of a facred hill, and of the pillar which was placed upon it.
fay the truth there was of old hardly any headland, but what had its temple or altar. The Bofporus in particular
To
had numbers of them by way of fea-marks, as well as for facred purpofes and there were many upon the coaffc of Hence Apollonius fays of the Argonauts Greece.
: :
91
9i
95
v.
60 1.
Apollonius Rhodius. L.
i.
iu4.
xTStx.Ticra-a.To
o-Jco/rsAoJ'
'PnSatu
aiooa?
TE
Apollon. Rhod. L.
2. v.
790.
The
THE ANALYSIS
The
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
269
is
Orphic Argonauts, where Peleus pointing out the habitation of the Centaur Chiron
like occurs in the
:
svi
<
'W^n
/.OLTCUTXIOV, svda.
(Jg
svi
fnYihvi, Jkajoraros
to the
:
Apollo of Greece and as they were fea-marks and beacons, which flood on eminences near the mouths of rivers, and at the entrances of
"
harbours,
Homer
lands,
caufed them to be called w^/a, ovgsa., and o^|U.o;. gives a beautiful defcription of fuch hills and headit
and of the fea-coaft proje&ed in a beautiful landfcape beneath, when in fome ravifhing poetry he makes all thefe
:
II(X(rca
VKOTTIOU rot
<xW,
mi
itfgttQvss cutgoi
&
T
sig
ccAa $
aAa
/ts^Tusj/a/,
Aievss rs
The
And
In that happy hour the main, lofty cliffs, that overlook the high fummits of the towering hills,
:
Shouted in triumph down the rivers ran In pleaiing murmurs to the diftant deep.
The
Witnefs'd
uncommon
gladnefs.
Apollo from
this
circumftance was often called STra/mo;, or and had particular offerings of the coaft
:
Orphic. Argonaut,
95
v.
375.
Homer's
Hymn
to Apollo.
270
96
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Zqvt rEayouipaJw,
It
mi
STT&XTIM
was not only upon rocks and eminences, that thefe Cippi and Obelifks were placed by the ancients. They were to be found in their temples, where for many ages a rude
Hock
or ftone ferved for a reprefentation of the Deity. They were fometimes quite fhapelefs ; but generally of a conical
figure
:
of which
inftances.
97
Clemens
:
kind of
worfliip
and
Paufanias in defcribing the temple of Hercules at Hyettus in Boeotia, tells us that there was no ftatue in it, nor any
a rude ftone after the
manner of the
ages.
Pallas.
Tertullian gives a like defcription of Ceres and Pallas Attica, et Ceres " Phrygia quas line effigie,
rudi palo, et informi fpecie proftant. Juno of Samos was 10 little better than a It fometimes happens that aged poft.
6
Orphic Argonaut,
Sophocles
v.
1295.
altars.
CEdi-
pus Tyrannus.
v. 193.
The
piter
like province
was attributed
V.KL
fjiiv
to the
fuppofed
fifter
of Apollo, Diana
Ju-
tells her,
ayvtctis
EO-O-JJ
KUI
hi/j.ei><raiv STTIO-KOTTOS.
:
And
in
another place
Stv.a. TOI
Tfis
T&ToAiefytx KO.I
Hymn
to Diana.
HO-TVKX.)
7
T\i>iv
ye
BV
Ibid. v. 259.
Kiorcts
i.
<VrT$ ot
tvahtxtoi
ttreov TUTUS, us
Clemens Alexand. L.
p. 418.
OVTOS
Paufan.
L.
9. p.
s
''fo
Ka
'Hgas
vcpiiriv
'iliian
adverfus Gentes.
7-Kfjuxs
L.
12.
trans,
<="
'KrvoTipov
dementis Cohort,
p. 40.
trees
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
271
human
fabric
roots like-
wife and fprays are often fo fantaftic in their evolutions as to The ancients feem to have betray a remote refemblance.
taken advantage of this fancied fimilitude, which they improved by a little art ; and their firft efforts towards imagery
Apollonius
account of the Argonauts gives a defcription of a monument of this fort, which was by them erected in a
in his
Rhodius
dark grove upon a mountainous part of Bithynia. They raifed an altar of rough ftones, and placed near it an image of Rhea, which they formed from an arm or flump of an
old vine.
tfs
'
T;
ysgxvfyvov, TO
sxrafjiov opgot,
aon
\JM>
STT
CK.V
Jg
dry and wither'd branch, by time impair'd, Hung from an ample and an aged vine,
Low
bending to the earth the warriors axe Lopt it at once from the parental item. This as a facred relick was confined o
:
To
Of
1
Argus' hands, an image meet to frame Rhea, dread Divinity, who ruled
i. v.
Apollonius Rhodius. L.
1117. p. 115.
Over
272
THE ANALYSIS
OF
art
in
homely
guife.
Then on
a high and lonely promontory Rear'd it amid a tall and {lately grove
beeches.
Next of ftones unwrought They raife an altar ; and with boughs of oak Soft wreaths of foliage weave to deck it round. Then to their rites they turn, and vows perform.
Of ancient
The fame
2
tics
mentioned in the Orphic Argonau where the poet fpeaks of Argus, and the vine branch.
circumftance
is
a very ancient people, who worfhiped their provincial Deity under the character of a female, and by the titles of Artemis, Oupis, Hippa. They
firft
Ephefus ; and according to Callimachus the image of the Goddefs was formed of the ftump of a beech tree.
built a temple at
3
KCU
Ex
49
XOTS
iigwfetm
'
Oflyw
wo
<5",
Tirgspvy,
rshevsv
<Jk
TO*
isgov
Avmi
*
OVTTI
ctvot,<r<rct,
itrsgi
urgvhiv
Callimachus.
Hymn
to Diana, v. 237.
fi^tafjux.
Sti'fpu
To yygKcrxov'
;i
TO
yn
Hefychius.
Ibidem.'
Inftead
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
273
Inftead of an image made of a flump, the poet Dionyfius fuppofes a temple to have been built beneath the trunk of a
decayed
tree.
vqov
-atyxa.
v.
827.
/U,
obfervable, that the Chinefe, as well as the people of Japan, ftill retain fomething of this cuftom. When they meet
with an uncouth root or fpray of a tree, they humour the extravagance ; and by the addition of a face give it the look of
a [ofs or Bonzee, juft as fancy directs them. The vine was efteemed facred both to Dionufus, and Bac-
were two different perfonages, though confounded by the Grecians indeed the titles of all thofe, who were originally ftyled Baalim, are blended together. This
chus
;
for they
had therefore the name of Ampel, which the Greeks rendered A|U7rsAo;, from the Sun, Ham, whofe peculiar plant
tree
it
was.
This
title is
the fame as
Omphel
before mentioned,
;
and
under
which character Ham was principally alluded tian and Afiatic Greeks had fome imperfect
The Egyp-
traditions about
Ham, and Chus the latter of which And as the term Ampelus did not
:
vine,
name
transferred
:
they had fome notion of this circumftance cuftom out of every title to form a new perfonage, they have fuppofed Ampelus to have been a youth of great beauty, and
one
Hence Nonnus Bacchus particularly favoured. introduces the former begging of Selene not to envy him
happinefs.
I.
whom
.this
VOL.
Mr,
274
5
THE ANALYSIS
MIJ
q>Qove<rris,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
'Orn
nw
was introduced by the Amonians in and in thofe parts the Poet makes Phrygia and Aria Minor
:
The worfhip
Ham
Ampelus
6
chiefly converfant.
H&tj
y&g
Qgwyifiq
VTTO J
AprsAos
fpeaks of his bathing in the waters, and rifing with frefK beauty from the ftream, like the morning ftar from the ocean.
He
mi
(720
cry
TSOV
drs
Ko<T(JiY\fTsi
^aAAoj oAof
thefe inftances there are allufions to a hiftory, which Ovid feems to make will hereafter be fully difcufled.
In
all
Am-
of Thrace
nymphs
in that country
Ampelon intonfum,
Satyro
Nymphaque
creatum,
But however they may have miftaken this perfonage, it is certain that in early times he was well known, and highly reverenced.
Hence wherever
will occur:
the
Amonians
fettled^ the
name
and many places will be found to have been denominated from the worlhip of the Deity under this
of
Ampelus
6
7
?
p. 306.
p.
278.
p.
296,
409.
facred
THE ANALYSIS
facred
cording
title.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
9
275
that ac-
We
to
Hccat&us
city in Ligitria.
"There
Europa, Ampelus was the name of a was likewife a promontory in the diftricl of
Torone called Ampelus : a like promontory in Samos : another in Cyrene. Agrcetas mentions two cities there^ an upper ^ and a
lower ^ of that name. "There was likewije a harbour in Italy fo 10 read of a city in Syria, and a nacalled. Ampeloefla tion in Lybia called Ampeliotx $s Aivri<;.
We
AprsAwTaj
:
efytOf
Suidas.
Alfo Ampelona in Arabia and a promontory Amin Mauritania. In all thefe places, howpelufia near Tingis
the
Amonians had made fettlements. Over againft the ifland Samos flood the facred promontory, Mycale This too was called Ampelus, according to in Ionia. Hefyas the is altered by Albertus, and others. chius, paffage happily
ever diftant,
From the AprsAos, pi^avj], %cu owgct, MvKahqg, rfyw ogxg. words riyzv ogxg one might infer, that Ampelus was no un-
common name
that
for a
mountain
in general
:
fo far
is
certain
many
relate to
ajUTrsAo?,
Deity to
whom
they were
"
which name could not but they were fo called from the
facred.
Many
of thefe places
Y.O.I
tripix.
axpa
TW
/j.ev
aiw, inv Je
t^i
cTe
KM
Stephan. Byzant.
TJS AfiTrgAo?.
Ampelufia called
KuTfar, or
KwrV
TTO
KwTa<fc>j',
Ptolemy. L. 4. fo named according to Strabo See Pliny. L. 5. not far from a city Zilis, and Cota.
axpo^.
c. i.
Pliny. L. 5.
c. i.
Ampelona.
1
Pliny. L.
6. c.
28.
ax^iic.
ATTO Aju.7reA8
es
axjs
?n
Ktx.i'ot.<^pa.iw
Herodotus. L.
c.
7. c.
123.
ax^a,
in Crete.
Ptolemy.
See Pliny. L. 4.
12.
were
276
THE ANALYSIS
"
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Tea, ill fuited to
the cul-
not only eminences were fo called, but the ftrand and fhores alfo for the fame reafon becaufe
:
And
Hence we
read in
Hefychius
Afjmshog
ouy/aAof
;
Kv^vcaioig
or
Ampelus
is
Ampelus
From what
They
are each a
compound from
Ampelus
its
Omphe
Mycale
and
I3
cular Deity.
fo
at
in Ionia
denominated from
being a facred
ing with waters, by which people, who drank them, were They are mentioned in an ancient fuppofed to be infpired.
oracle quoted by Eufebius
'
4
:
Ev
EN0EON
v&bg.
;
fountains were
efteemed facred
but efpecially thofe which had any preterIt was an natural quality, and abounded with exhalations. univerfal notion that a divine energy proceeded from thefe
effluvia
;
and that the perfons, who refided in their vicinity, Fountains of this nawere gifted with a prophetic quality. ture from the divine influence, with which they were fuppofed to abound, the Amonians ftyled Ain
'
Omphe,
five fontes
Samos was A^vrgAo* a.KpcC t^t <fg ax suotvtr,. Some places were called more fimply Ampe.
In
See Herodotus of
A/-CTTJJ
'
Ampi
L.
6. c.
20.
of Tzetzes.
See Cellarius.
i.e. 148.
.'*
10
Oraculi.
THE ANALYSIS
Oraculi.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
277
Thefe terms, which denoted the fountain of the contracted to Ny^J], a Nymph: prophetic God, the Greeks and fuppofed fuch a perfon to be an inferior Goddefs, who
prefided over waters.
Hot
fprings
whence immediately under the infpedtion of the nymphs l$ The Pindar ftyles fuch fountains sgpa, NV^VLV AgT^a.
temple of the Nymphas lonides in Arcadia ftood clofe to a l6 fountain of great efficacy. The term Nympha will be found
to 7 water. There was in the always to have a reference fame region of the Peloponnefus a place called Nuppaf, Nymwas undoubtedly fo named from its hot fprings : phas ; which
'
18
udari
Ni^as
for Nympbas
abounded
name
Pindar.
Olymp. Ode
g<f/j'
12.
NWcai
6
iivu> sv
TU (paean.
ig^oc
STTI Ti)
Artemidorus, Oneirocrir. L.
an;^/*.
Asojitej'o/S
2. c. 23.
Nuju.<&'
a.^ynp.tx.'rav
17
Si
en T>I
'uroivrcaii
ia//ara.
are
Paufanias. L.
6. p.
510.
as
put byHefychius,
lynonymous.
Omnibus
Nymphns
funt prsfidentes.
Servius
upon
Virgil. Eel.
i.
Thetis was ftyled Nympha, merely becaufe flic was fuppofed to be water. Thetidem dici voluerunt aquam, unde et Nympha di<5ta eft. Fulgentij Mytholog. c. 8.
p. 720.
18
Paufanias. L.
8. p.
670.
the later Greeks, and
;
by the Romans, ftyled Nymphse but improperly. Nympha vox, Graecorum Nu^c<pa, non fuit ab origine Virgini fed folummodo partem corporis denotabat. five Puellse propria ^gyptijs, ficut
:
mos
fuit
Ath, uterum Mathyr, vel Mether et fontem fsmineum, ficut et alios fontes, nomine Ain Omphe, Grasce vv^n, infignibant : quod ab ^igyptijs ad Grsecos deri-
vatum
A.
eft.
'SHIT/H,
xat r?o5jM.o5
^-ovw,
ru/j.<pr,
efg
xaAa<?!
Suidas.
Flap' AQ^raioiS
TS A/3
^c?iT)if j
Ny/xpn.
Ibidem*
fountain
278
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
which
in like
manner was
changed to NcuaJW, Naiades, a fpecies of Deities of the fame clafs. Fountains of bitumen in Sufiana and Babylonia were
Ain-Aptha, the fountains of Aptha, the God of fire which by the Greeks was rendered Naptha, a name given
called
:
to
'
bitumen.
to
Numpha,
; they accordingly denominated the place itfelf and wherever a place occurs of that NvfJitpsiov, Nymphaeum name, there will be found fomething particular in its circum-
a Goddefs
Pliny, that the river Tigris, being flopped in its courfe by the mountains of Taurus, lofes itfelf under ground, and rifes again on the other fide at Nymphasum. According to Marcellinus it feems to be at Nymphasum, that
ftances.
We
are told by
20
it
is
Be
this
as it
may,
this,
he
tells us,
:
the place where that fiery matter called naptha iffued " from whence undoubtedly the place had its name. Bitunafcitur prope lacum. Sofingitem, cujus alveo Tigris vo-
men
19
Naptha
al
is
called
Apthas by Simplicius
ttSo;.
in
Categoric.
Ariflotelis.
is
K;
sroppwfiec
TB
-znjpos
contracted, and
Liber de xatefAfvos $6>i? f^aTrrerat. blamed by the learned Valefius. They Ainare however guilty of no miftake-, only ufe the word out of compofition. was properly the fountain itfelf: the matter which proAptha, contracted Naptha,
called after the Ionic
<f>0ws
manner
aa-Trig
anima.
On
which account
ceeded from
God
of
fire,
It was one of the titles of the Apthas, Pthas, and Ptha. called Apha-Aftus, the Hephaftus of the Greeks to whom this inflamit
was
flyled
facred.
Marcellinum. L. 23. p. 285. Epirus was denominated from the worfhip of fire : and one of
called the Aphas.
3
Amm.
its
rivers
was
*'
ratus,
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
279
ratus, fluenfque fubterraneus, procures fpatiis longis, emergit. Hie et Naptha gignitur fpecie picea. In his pagis hiatus
confpicitur
terras,
unde
animal prope confiftit, odore gravi confumit. iiland of the like nature at the mouth of the river Indus, " which was facred to the Sun, and ftyled Cubile Nympha-
rum
in
In Athamania
was a temple of the Nymphs, or 23 Nymphaeum ; and near it a fountain of fire, which confumed things brought near to it. Hard by Apollonia was an eruption of bituminous matter,
like that in AfTyria
:
and
this too
author (Strabo) mentions, that in Seleucia, ftyled Pieria, there was a like bituminous eruption, taken notice of
The fame
by Pofidoniiis
and that
it
*5
Tqv Aprs-
Tlisgict. jU-gTaAAsyOjCts^/).
hot ftreams, and poifonous effluvia near Puteoli and lake Avernus are well known. It was efteemed a place of great fanclity; and people of a prophetic character are faid to have
here refided.
The
Here was a
Dion
Caflius,
in
which people
p. 163.
a.rct-
'
EC
T>I
xwa
Twf/
<fe
ATreAAwwarwr Nv/*?ws' IZST^IX. t e^i -mvp xcra; psscr< j^A;^a ar^aATy. Strabo. L. 7. p. 487.
T<
7. p.
its
XAIT<
Strabo. Ibidem. L.
etptTreAc'y
the vine
becaufe
487. He fuppofes, that it was called Ampelitis from waters were good to kill vermin, Axo? TW q.^Lfn^cr>:,
far-fetched etymology. Neither Strabo, nor Pofidonius, quotes, confiders that the term is of Syriac original.
a/x7rfAa.
5
whom
he
L.
8. c. 4. p.
416.
:
Johannis
Rofm
Antiq. L.
3. c.
n,
formed
280
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
formed their judgment of future events from the fteam of lighted frankincenfe. The terms of inquiry were remarkable
:
was indulged in refpecl- to every future contingency, excepting death and marriage. The place of divina28 tion was here too called Nymphaeum. Paufanias takes nofor their
curiosity
to the
Nymphs
of Cithaeron:
'Ttfgjfl
<Jg
TYIG togvpYis,
fetta.
TQV
fiwfiw 'uroiwrcu,
wens
TO
IPX
pcLhw
KOLI
VTroxctm^am wotae
NTM$2N
of
Evagrius mentions a fplendid building at Antioch called Nymphaeum, remarkable 19 There Nct^aTWj/ 'srAa'ra, for the advantage of its waters.
was a Nymphaeum
by Marcellinus. 30 Septemzodium celebrem locum, ubi Nymphaeum Marcus condidit Imperator. Here were the Thermae Antonianae. As
at
Rome
mentioned
from Ain
derived
ter, as
Lympha.
fo
from Al
being of a facred, and prophetic nature. The ancients thought, that all mad perfons were gifted with divination ;
and they were in confequence of it ftyled Lymfhati. From what has preceded, we may perceive that there once exifted a wonderful refemblance in the rites, cuftoms, and
terms of worfhip,
as I proceed,
I
among nations widely feparated. Of this, many inftances will be continually produced.
this fimilitude in terms,
and
Paufanias. L. 9. p. 718.
30
7. p. 68.
the
THE ANALYSTS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
281
the religious fyftem, which was fo widely propagated, were owing to one great family, who fpread themfelves almoft univerfally.
direction of their priefts ; and carried with them both the rites and the records of their country. Celfus took notice of
and thought that people payed too little attention to memorials of this nature. He mentions particularly the orathis
;
cular temples at Dodona, at Delphi, at Claros, with thofe of at the fame time the Branchidae and Amonians pafllng over
:
other places, from whofe priefts and votaries the whole earth feemed to have been peopled 3I Ta ^.zu yVo TW YlvQia.c,
many
wy,
Ji
KAa^/8,
sv
Bgayxifoug,
vp
$ sv
Appowos,
VTTO
|U,y-
TS oAXwj/ fysoTCgoffuv
Yij
'argosigrifjisva.,
wv
As colonies went Aoyw TiQen&i. abroad under the influence, and direction of their tutelary
ravTct
fjisv
wftsiH
Deities
and
thofe Deities were ftyled 'Hy|U,oy^, and Ag^ysraf : the colony was denominated from fome facred title of the
;
colony was planted at Miletus ; of which the con* dueling Deity was Diana. Zsytzg tzroiriroflo Nqtoew'H/^bbHf^ This Goddefs is ftyled 'EroAwroA{, becaufe this office was
God.
and
flie
her patronage.
33
Jupiter accordingly
tells
T/
mi
%%
sva.
Ttrvgyov
O7rot<r<ru.
Callimachus.
Hymn
to Diana, v. 226.
.
Callimachus. ibid. v.
VOL.
I.
Thrice
282
THE ANALYSIS
Thrice ten
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
your portion be,
And many
Apollo
likevvife
a (lately tower.
was called OutTi^g and A^yjjysTijS, from being the fuppofed founder of cities ; which were generally built in confequence of feme oracle.
3*
cT s
yy.% asi
avros
<Jg
'Tis through Apollo's tutelary aid, That men go forth to regions far remote^, And cities found : Apollo ever joys
In founding
cities.
35
What
lia,
colony, fays
Ionia, Alia, Sicily or Italy, without having firft confulted about every circumftance relative to it, either at Delphi, or
Dodona, or at the oracle of Ammon. And Lucian fpeaks 36 OVTB 'uroAsas w/^oj/, 8<3s TSJ^SO. to the fame purpofe.
'sys^is^oLT^ovro
sr^v
GLV
iira^a
cities,
MOLVTSW CMVVCU
nor even raife the till they had made proper enquiry among thofe^ who were prophe tically gifted^ about thefuccejs of their operations.
34
35 36
Callimachus.
993.
PAT OR
A T O R
and
A T R
Trxrvg,
A.
but refuppofed, a father, or parent ; lated to the divine influence of the Deity, called by the peo' From hence I fhewn. ple of the eaft, Pator, as I have
fhould infer, that two words, originally very diftincl:, have 4 been rendered one and the fame. The word pater, in the common acceptation, might be applicable to Saturn ; for he
was fuppoled to have been the father of all the Gods, and was therefore fo entitled by the ancient poet Sulpitius.
Jane pater, Jane tuens, Dive biceps, biformis, O, cate rerum fator, O, principium Deorurru
But when
it
became a
title,
it
of every denomination,
1
made
treatife, infcribed
Are not
all
the names, which relate to the different ftages of manhood, as from the titles of priefls, which were originally
ufed in temples
1
fuch as Pater, Vir, Virgo, Puer, Mater, Matrona, Patronus, Frater, Soror, Aeh(po; t Kupos ? Verfes from an ancient Choriambic poem, which are quoted by Terentianus Maurus de Metris.
;
o 2
fome
284
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
impropriety,
if
we may
credit
Ut nemo fit noftrum, quin pater optimus Divom eft Ut Neptunus pater. Liber, Saturnus pater, Mars, Janus, Quirinus, pater, omnes dicamur ad unum.
not only the Gods, but the Hierophantns in moft temples ; and thofe priefts in particular, who were occupied in the celebration of myfteries, were ftyled Patres fo that it
:
And
was undoubtedly a religious term imported from Egypt, the fame as Pator, and Patora, before mentioned. I have taken notice, that the Paterae of Curtius were the priefts of Habut that writer was unacquainted with the true meaning of the word ; as well as with the pronunciation, which feems to have been penultima produda. The worfhip of
:
mon
was the moft ancient, fo it was the moft univerfal of any in the world. It was at firft the preover all the vailing religion of Greece ; and was propagated
Ham,
or the Sun, as
it
fea coaft of
Europe
from whence
it
extended
itfelf
into the
inland provinces. It was eftablifhed in Gaul and Britain ; and was the original religion of this ifland, which the Druids
in aftertimes
adopted.
That
it
went high
in the north
its
is
who
takes notice of
exifting in
He had
:
relations,
who were
priefts
of this order
and denomination
mented by him
4
5
Rhetor.
Lucilii Fragmenta.
Ode
commemoratione. Ode
Tu
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
285
Tu
Si
BoiocaiTis
ftirpe
fallat
Druidarum
fidem,
fatus,
fama non
Tibi Pateras
fie
miniftros
mmcupant
Apollinares Myftici.
Fratri, Patrique
nomen
a Phsebo datum,
tuo.
Natoque de Delphis
mentions, that this worfhip prevailed particularly in Armorica ; of which country his relations were natives.
6
He
Gentis Armories.
Belin, the Deity, of
whom
as
Bel
and Baien of Babylonia, and Canaan ; the Orus and Apollo of other nations. Herodian takes notice of his being worfhiped by the people of Aquileia
;
and
fays, that
they called
him
as
8
B^iin,
Apollo.
The
true
name of
the;
Amonian
priefts
have fliewn to
Aufonius.
Ode
4.
He
is
called Balen
<?;
by ^Eichylus.
de
Perfae. p. 156.
v^rs^tpu^t
ATroAAwca
fivai evthoines.
Hero-
dun. L.
3.
of the Aquileians.
Infcriptio vetus
Aquikke
reperta.
APOLLINI. BELENO.
C.
AQJJI-
LEIENS. FELIX.
9
held
286
lield
THE ANALYSIS
in their hands,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
ftyled Petaurum. They ufed to dance round a large fire in honour of the Sun, whofe orbit At the fame time they exhibited they affected to defcribe.
was
who
reforted to
This dance was fometimes performed in arand being called Pyrrhic was mour, efpecially in Crete fuppofed to have been fo named from Pyrrhus, the fon of
:
Achilles.
in Crete
Befides
it is
faid to
was a
religious
by the Argonautic heroes before his time. dance, denominated from fire, with which
was accompanied.
'',
IYITTCUYIOVO,
was originally an Egyptian dance in honour of Hermes ; In fome places it and pra&ifed by the Patarse or Priefts.
It
exercife
in
who
it
10
gave
in the
it
the
name of Betarmus.
We
have an
inftance of
fame poet.
vsoi
(ra#sa
f,
was probably
2. v.
firft
pradlifed.
It
703.
10
IS
THE ANALYSIS
is
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
287
compound of Bet Armes, or Armon, called more properly Hermes, and Hermon. Bet and Beth, among the Amonians denoted a temple. There is reafon to think that the circular dances of the Dervifes all over the eaft are remains
In the
were imitated by ropedancers, and vagrants, called Petauriftce, and Petauriftarii ; who made ufe of a kind of pole,
flyled petaurum.
Of
thefe the
Roman
writers
make
:
frequent
mention
1
and
by Juvenal
An
magis oblectant
Manilius likewife gives an account of this people, and their activity ; wherein may be obferved fome remains of the original inflitution
1
Ad
numeros etiam
ille ciet
have fliewn, that the Paterse, or Priefts, were fb denominated from the Deity ftyled Pator ; whofe fhrines were named Patera, and Petora. They were oracular temples of
the Sun
1
which
in aftertimes
were
called Petra,
and afcribed
to
288
THE ANALYSIS
Many
-OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
to other Gods.
erefted
upon
hence the
term wsrgoi, petra, came at length to Signify any rock or ftone^and to be in a manner confined to that meaning. But in the firft ages it was ever taken in a religious fenfe ; and
related to the fhrines of Oiiris, or the Sun,
and
to the oracles,
which were fuppofed to be there exhibited. Thus Olympus near Pifa, though no rock, but a huge mound, or hill ra OAypnct) was of (' Hsgi yag TOV Kgonov AO<PON aysTou
3
Hence old termed Petra, as relating to oracular influence. Pindar fpeaking of lamus, who was fuppofed to have been
conduced by Apollo
the
to
Olympia,
fays,
Petra Elibatos upon the lofty Cronian mount : there Apollo beftowed upon lamus a double portion of prophetic knowledge.
1
-;
'IKOJTO
cT
vtyrfroio TlsTgctv
AAifcov K^ows,
'Ey&' 01 WTratrg
fyfuvgov
MANTO2TNA2.
The word
Homer,
tra.
HTufaros, Elibatos, was a favourite term witft and other poets ; and is uniformly joined with Pethe purport of it ; introduce it wherever religioufly, and
to have
known
is
HA/arof
an Amonian com*
Phavorinus.
'H OAiyxvna Tn^uncv Kgovios Aof 05 f^fyfro. re vatcav Aoipor. 2wT^> u-^ti'Spis 'Z,tu )
Kgoviov
14
52.
;
whofe
priefts
order in Greece.
pound
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
" s
289
pound of Eli-Bat, and fignifies folis domus, vel templum. It was the name of the temple, and fpecified the Deity there In like manner the word Petra had in great worfhiped.
meafure
loft its
meaning
yet
it is
wonderful to obferve
how
induftrioufly it is introduced by writers, when they fpeak of facred and oracular places. Lycophron calls the temple at
Elis
l6
at
by Pindar
s% HvQwvoi;.
ftyled PetraefTa
I;
:
TLTgcL<r<ra<;
great
are faid to have worfhiped Petra, which were l8 heaven. At Athens in the fuppofed to have fallen from Acropolis was a facred cavern, which was called Petras Macrae, Petrze
19
Cecropise.
ToivvVj
ofcfra
A#8
KsxgoTTiois
n^oirSoppoj' ctvTgoV) d$
1
Moucgas
have fhewn that people of old made ufe of caverns for hence this at Athens had the name of places of worfhip
:
It is faid
upon a
ftone at Eleufis.
They
in like
manner
at
Delphi
It
is
word of Amonian
Phainobeth
v. 159. here
Tumus
6
17
in India,
Egypt.
Lycophron.
Pindar.
they facrificed
re //.aA/ipa,
Zww
Q[jt&piq>,
Olymp. Ode
y
6. p. 51.
>cai
Tas
TH
{/.&
ta-eTgas
o'tSacri
TK EreoxAfi
<fct(rti>
at'
nets
'srta'Siv ex.
Paulanias. L. 9. p. 786. ovgcLVJ. ' 9 See Radicals, p. 67. Macir. Euripides in lone. v. 935.
i.
p. 358.
VOL.
I.
P p
290
firft
THE ANALYSIS
arrival fat
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
fliort
in the hiftory of every oracular temple fome legend about a ftone ; fome refeTo clear this up it is neceffary to rence to the word Petra.
"
down.
In
there
is
obferve, that,
verfal,
the worfhip of the Sun was almoft unithis was one name of that Deity even among the
when
Greeks.
They
called
him
and
his
temple
was
This they oftentimes changed to Aj$0 j There fo little did they underftand their own mythology. were however fome writers, who mentioned it as the name
ftyled Petra.
its
meaning.
*
Tlegi
<pauriv,
ug Ai$o
#aAs<Ta<
'HAw?.
Kou
ysvopsvov
Evgnrdw p&QriTw,
IleTgov
O
f,
TcwaAo?,
iuiKav
IIETPON,
from the fame,
TffOTCtfCU,
Scholiaft quotes a flmilar paffage writer, where the Sun is called Petra,
13
The fame
MoAOi|U,i
TOW OVgOWZ
It
then the
11
name
among
"
41
i.
p. 8.
i. p. 8.
the
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
291
the ancient Grecians Petros, and Petra; we may eafily account for that word fo often occurring in the accounts of his
worfhip.
cover,
The
whence the
Anaxagoras of Clazomense ; who is faid to have prophefied, that a ftone would fall from the Sun. All, that he had
averred,
may be
which amounts only to this, that Petros was a name of the Sun. It was a word of Egyptian original, derived from Fetor, the fame as Ham, the lamus of the ancient Greeks.
This Petros fome of
fenfe
;
his
Some were
and
in
enough
it
to think that
it
was
pretended to {hew at n ftone, which was faid to have fallen. .ZEgofpotamos the very The like ftory was told of a ftone at Abydus upon the Hel-
confequence of
lefpont
and Anaxagoras was here too fuppofed eo have been * the prophet In Abydi gymnaiio ex ea caufa colitur ho:
cafurum
Petra here mentioned, were Omphalian. or Oracular hence they were by a common miftake fuppoled to have been in
the center of the habitable globe. They were alfo HAibaTo* which Elibatos the Greeks derived from |3a/j/aj deTlsrgv.i
:
fcendo
fallen
**
zs
and on
this
*6
from the
Sun.
:
We may
by
this clue
unravel the
Vita Anaxagore.
p. 102.
<*.<$
P p
myfterious
292
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
;
and account
ATOM
01 'srarji
VT
Kagrsgov OLVTW
Tov
asi
fjLemvM #e<paA
fictheiv
And
It
is
loft
its
of Tantalus by fome, that he was fet up to his chin in water, with every kind of fruit within reach yet hungry as he was and thirfty, he could never attain to what he wantfaid
:
ed
19
every thing, which he caught at, eluding his efforts. i8 But from the account given above by Pindar, as well as by
;
Alcaeus,
fifted in
'
writers, his
Pindar. Olympic.
p. 8. AiOor.
Toe
9
i>7rep
5t(aAa5 Tai/TaAs
Pindar. Ifthm.
eTrcuupeivftcti
Ode
8. p. 4.82.
TaFTaAu.
Scholia
upon Pin-
dar.
Olymp. Ode
i.
p.
8.
him
THE ANALYSIS
him
in perpetual fear.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
is
293
What
make no
doubt originally Petros ; which has been mirinterpreted a ftone. Tantalus is termed by Euripides a/oAafo? rqv yAaxnrai/, a man of an ungovernable tongue ; and his hiftory at bottom
relates to a perfon
who
had been
fcribes
initiated.
and mentions him as a pried, who out of good-nature divulged fome fecrets of his cloifter ; and was upon that account ejected from the fociety 3I 'O
him
in this light
xou $0<reffTwg
TOJS
<X.(JLVYITQL<;
r\v
'isg&vg,
xcu
q>iXct.vQgu7rt&
TO.
TMV
isgv
The
Sun
:
myfteries, which he revealed, were thofe of OUris, the He never afterwards the Petor, and Petora of Egypt.
put him in mind and he was afraid that the vengeance of the God
its
meridian, but
it
This Deity, the Petor, and Petora of the Amonians, being by the later Greeks exprefled Petros, and Petra, gave rife to the fable above about the ftone of Tantalus.
To
:
witnefs, by informing us, ftone and that fome writers underftood the ftory of Tantalus in this light ; intimating that it was the Sun, which hung
fame Scholiaft upon Pindar bears that the Sun was of old called a
33
TX
j^Aia
aoii
effqugeiiFuou
%ct.ro<.7rTri<r<reiv.
ayra (TayraAa) TO
r{hiw
<Tg
v<p
50
31
Time, teyet ro
TopfvfJLct,
v.a.1
Scholia
31
35
i.
p. 8.
Ot-
294
01
THE ANALYSIS
u>$
OF ANCIENT
(it
MYTHOLOGY.
mteirai
o
Qvnzoi heyztriv,
Ajfe
is
fliould be Ttrsrgoi)
faid
Sun
head
and
was
the
Sun, 'which
hung over
his
to his
terror
and
confufeon.
'The naturalifts
fpeaking of the Sun often call him a ftone, or petra. By laying all thefe circumftances together, and comparing them, we may, I think, not only find out wherein the miflikewife explain the grounds, from whence And this clue may lead us to the detecthe miftake arofe.
take confifted;
bxit
and thofe of greater confequence. We may hence learn the reafon, why fo many Deities were ftyled
tion of other fallacies,
IIsT^cuoj,
Petraei.
We
read of
34
MiQga.<;,
BO$
tffsTgOLS.
.f.
Mithras the Deity out of the rock ; whofe temple of old was The fame worfhip feems to have prereally a rock or cavern. vailed in fome degree in the weft; as we may judge from an
3S Herancient infcription at Milan, which was dedicated But all Deities were not fo worfhiped : and culi in Petra.
the very
oracular temple.
And
being efteemed in tlie firft ages an fome reverence to places of this fort
We may
reafon of the prohibition given to fome of the early profelytes ad petras vota to Chriftianity, that they mould no more
reddere
u
35
Juftin Martyr, ad
p. 168.
The
rites
15
Indiculus Paganiarum in Confilio Leptinenfi ad ann. Chrifti 743. See du Frcfne Glofs. and Hoffman. Petra.
paflage
Mithras Petraeus
///<
'/<>// /?/,////,<
</
//',-r,>/ii
>
'*,
'.
,<,'<r
ttn
THE ANALYSIS
paffage in
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
295
Homer, where he
37 compacts under oaks and rocks, as places of fecurity. The oak was facred to Zeus, and called Sar-On and Petra in its
:
it
as
an
term was not confined to a rock or cavern: Hence every oracular temple was ftyled Petra, and Petora. it proceeded that fo many Gods were called &soi YlsTgouoi,
afylum.
this
But
and
UctTguoi.
3?
;
Hat
ITo-
redctVQi;
by
under which
:
title
meet in Paufanias with Apollo Patroiis, and with 39 4 alfo Bacchus IlaT Msihiyyos, and A^rsjJiig IlaT^wa ;
Zeus
37
We
Patroiis,
inftances.
Ou
^sftera/,
Sgco?,
.i)
are
wa.fitvtt,
TS,
Homer.
Tliad,
X.
v. 126.
Hefychius.
Scholia ibidem.
pillar.
33
Pindar. Pyth.
Ttfj.ct.TKi
Ode
4. p.
248.
Tzrotpct.
riEToafos
39
riocrft^uv
eri'aAoiS*
:
Artemis by a
Ylufa^i
<fe o
Mst-
MI
43
e<fiy
ix.a.<r/Jievfl.
Paufan. L. 2. p. 132,
we may account
many
being ftyled Petra. Perfis, and India, did not abound than Europe: yet in thefe parts, as well as in the neighbouring
continually mention made of Petra : fuch as Ti^rpx 2ri|Wi6/)8 in 61 fs A/;(;*a^a. Strabo. Sogdiana, Petra Aornon in India, KXI T/JC T O^u (nsToaf), ii. p. 787. in Egypt: Uirpx NxSy.Ta.iae. in Arabia. L. Petra Abates Many
'E^eiv Ss xas UtTpy.* epuf/.vzs places called Petra occur in the hiftory of Alexander: Strabo. L. n. p. 787. They were in reality facred emia-qofpa. ex. zr pocTo(7i&)5. nences, where of old they worfhiped ; which in aftertimes were fortified. Every
|
place ftyled Arx and AxfOTroht; was originally of the fame nature. be obferved of thole ftyled Purgoi.
The fame
is
to
The
296
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
HctTgyoi,
Greeks, whenever they met with this term, even in it an interpretation acregions the moft remote, always gave cording to their own preconceptions ; and explained $eoi the oracular Deities, by Dii Patrii, or the Gods of
The
Thus in the Palmyrene infcription two Syrian the country. Deities are characterized by this title.
41
A T P Hi O I 2 0EOI2.
Medes
is
Cyrus in
making
hoig
reprefented as
tccu
eoi$.
Aw IlaT^w,
TOIS
is
aApre-
whom
this hiftory
fumed
Patrii
:
mean by
nothing could be more unneceflary than to fay of a Perfic prince, that the homage, which he payed, was
to Perfic Deities.
for granted
trary.
;
a thing of courfe, and to be taken unlefs there be particular evidence to the conIt
is
His vows were made to Mithras, who was ftyled by the nations in the eaft Pator ; his temples were Patra, and
Petra, and his feftivals Patrica.
Nonnus
43
O|&pa<)
io
%oS
Ifywnen
:
At Patara
*'
in
and
Patras in
41
1
Ylou^enx..
9. p.
266.
Achaia
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
297
fa-
Achaia had its name from divination, for which it was mous. Paufanias mentions the temple, and adds,
78
'Isgg
TW
A)|W,lTOf
-J
'UTfiyYt
44-
Tlgo $z
Sflf
(JLOiVTBlOV
<Jg
MTCtuQa.
and in Before the temple is the fountain of Demeter the temple an oracle, which never is known to fail. The offerings, which people in ancient times ufed to prefent to the Gods, were generally purchafed at the entrance
ettysvosg.
of the temple ; efpecially every fpecies of confecrated bread, which was denominated accordingly. If it was an oracular
45
Alphita.
was expreffed Ampi, or Ompi ; the cakes were Om^ 47 Adorea. Thofe pai Oprai at the temple of Adorus iS made in honour of Ham-orus had the name of Homoura,
,
were called
7. p.
oe-TTo
49
Thofe facred to Peon, the God of At Cha-on, which fignifies the Piones.
Paufanias. L.
577.
vscts
AA<i>ITON, TO
i
xpwtiS)
O-JTH
is-st^vofjt.ei'oi'
ctfa'JGov.
Hcfychius.
x.cc.1
eActttf fe&eoftevet.
-x.a.1
Hefych.
Kefychius. Ibidem.
46
Tffvgoi
fjLShm fefeunevot.
TfKaya.Xiot,.
mafta
47
was exprefTed Amphi, the cakes were Amphitora, Amphimantora, Amphiwhich feem to have been all nearly of the fame compofition.
AM<J>A2MA,
Amonian name.
4S
Ibidem. -^aicfa owe? KOU eXxiy ^sSpeyfjuvct. Fine flour had the facred name of Ador., from Adorus the
God
of day, an
'OMOTPA,
c-gfi^aA/s !<p8,
1(p6i)
^\i f%vcr<x.,
KO.I (fna-y,fj<.ov.
Hefycli.
AMOPA,
erg/>t(/aA(5
crw
/x.eA/r/.
<^/)ipn^gi/y
Ibidem.
yeyorus.
Ibid.
'OMOPITASj
49
ex.
niONE2,
nrAaxBTgs.
Hefychius.
:
was
alfo
VOL.
I.
Q^q
houfe
298
THE ANALYSIS
s
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Cauones, XOLVUVSS.
5*
SI Pur-Amon, they were denominated Puramoun, Hvga.[JLvv If the place Obelia. From Ob-El, Pytho Deus, came
were a Petra or Petora, they had offerings of the fame fort called Petora, by "the Greeks exprefled 53 ILTz^a, Pitura. One of the titles of the Sun was El-Aphas, Sol Deus ignis.
This Elaphas the Greeks rendered Elaphos, sAa>0
fuppofed
it
;
and
El-Apha-Baal, given by the Amonians to the chief Deity, was changed to sAapfl&Aos, a term of a quite different purport. El-aphas, and El-apha-baal, related to the God Ofiris, the Deity of
:
to relate to a deer
and the
title
light : and there were facred liba made at his temple, fimilar to thofe above ; and denominated from him EAa^Oi, Ela-
have an account of their compofition, which confifted of fine meal, and a mixture of fefamum
phoi.
In Athenaeus
5+
we
and honey.
EAaf og
tjr?\y,Kzg
<J;a
faiTc;
aou.
One
which ufed
to be offered to the
The
Greeks,
who changed
nominative
|3g
the
;
Sigma, expreffed it in the but in the accufative more truly boun, |3j/.
final into a
ifl<.
Suidas.
Nu
XATflNAS,
1
The
c.
latter
FITPAMOT2,
L.
i.
Hy
nupctpMS
Artemidorus.
Schol.
74.
Ka<
ia.ygJ7rvm<x.$
n^pi
VIP Iw
eAa^avs
TQV -sru/ia/ABrTa.
Ariftoph. 'iTTTrfif. See Meurfius on Lycophron. v. 593. and Hefych. n^a/AB>, eJos srAaJcaj'Tos. 1 OBEAIAI, placentse. Athenseus. L. 14. p. 645.
"
54
Nw S-uo-w T a niTTPA.
Athenasus. L. 14. p. 646.
Theocritus. Idyl.
2. v. 33,
Hefychius
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
299
Hefychius fpeaks of the Boim, and defcribes it, sifof a kind of cake with a rcprcfenlation of [JLCtTo; Kgy.TCt "}(OVTQS ; two horns. Julius Pollux mentions it after the fame manner
:
pshiros %ou ff.h$iTwv. He offered up one of the facrcd liba, called a boun, which was made of It is faid of Cecrops, fivv s@v<T : fine flour and honey.
5<5
a fort of caks with horns, s^ovTOS Diogenes Laertius, fpeaking of the fame offering being made defcribes the chief ingredients, of which it
'-,
t>oToz
Hence we may fort of fweet bread. judge of the antiquity of the cuftom from the times, to which The prophet Jeremiah takes notice of Cecrops is referred.
firft offered
He
up
this
this
kind of offering, when he is fpeaking of the Jewifh women at Pathros in Egypt, and of their bafe idolatry ; in all
which
their
off to
had encouraged them. The women in Since we left expoftulation upon his rebuke tell him burn incenfe to the jfyteen of heaven, and to pour out drinktheir hufbands
:
offerings
unto her,
we have wanted
all
things
fumed
cenfe
by thefword
and by
the famine.
And when
we burnt
in-
her,
^ueen of heaven, and poured out drink-offerings unto did we make her cakes to worjhip her, and pour out drinkto the
offerings
S7
men ?
The
4
Diogenes Laertius
'"
Some
8.
was meant an
Ox
us
,
thought, that by (2uv but Paufanias lays, that thele offerings were -ro-e/.///aTa and
:
Some have
moreover
tells
cVo^a
f^et
4^
>
"'j Ta-rwi'
2-yc-cu.
Cecrops facrtficcd
nothing that
had
life.
Paufan. L.
8. p.
600.
Jeremiah,
c.
Jeremiah,
c. 7. v.
wood,
300
wood,
THE ANALYSIS
and
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
and
the
cakes to the ^ueen of heaven. dough, to make inftances for facred cakes is DJD, Cimim.
their
thefe
The
:
Seventy
translate
nas
by a word of the fame purport, Xaywyaff, Chauo59 of which I have before taken notice Mj] avsv
it
have mentioned, that they were fometimes called Petora, and by the Greeks Pitura. This probably was the name of thofe liba, or cakes, which the young virgins of Babylonia,
I
God, when they were to be firfl proftituted for all before marriage were obliged to yield themfelves up to fome ftranger to be deIt was the cuftom for all the flowered. young women,
and
Perils, ufed to
mbUA
tne y arrived towards maturity, to fit in the avenue of "^""""ithe temple with a girdle, or rope, round their middle ; and
fK*
wnen
whatever paffenger laid hold of it was entitled to lead them This practice is taken notice of, as fubfifting among away.
the Babylonians, in the epiftle afcribed to the prophet Jeremiah ; which he is fuppofed to have written to Baruch. v. 43.
o$bis
syxoL@nncu
VTTQ
oaps^./.v&siu'cx.
iJTagoiTrogsvofJLSMV
'
xoifjiqfy,
TW
Tff^ffiov
WBi$tetf on
^
' '
z%
rjfywrcu,
is
wTKsg
cwne\,
OVTS
TO
v^oii/iov
avrw
is
oisppayjj,
This
and,
"
a tranflation
mould
c.
What
here ren-
Jeremiah,
51. v. 19.
this
was a miftake
for CD'312,
Bunim.
7. v. 18.
So
allo c.
Xow;j;'as
^paria. ra Ovpav'j.
Chau-On, domiis
vel tern-
plum
Solis.
dered
THE ANALYSIS
dercd
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
301
yyya^gff, fhould, I imagine, be UTOLgQeiHtt The virgins of Babylonia port will be nearly this. about their waift ; and i?i this habit fit by the way
fide, holding
their Pitura or acred offerings over an urn of incenfe : and when any one of them is taken notice of by a ft ranger,, and led away by
her girdle to a place of privacy ; upon her return fie upbraids her next neighbour for not being thought worthy of the like ho-
nour
loofed.
It
wherever their religion prevailed. Strabo gives a particular account oi this practice, as it was obferved in the temple of Anait in Armenia. This was a Perfian
Deity, world.
places of worfnip in that part of the only the men and maid fervants, fays the author,
'
would be nothing extraordinary : AAAot strip tMSFUToi ra sovag Misgxn TsroLgQsi/ii^ dig
7J)
ttxi
vopos
0W
W,TCt
TO.VTCI
But
own
people of the firft fafaion in the nation ufe to devote their daughters in the fame manner ; it being a religious infti-
honour of the Deity be proftituted, a?id detained for fome time in her temple : after
tution,
that all
in
Herodotus mentions
that
it
this
it
He
i.
fays,
c.
was practiied
1
at the
199.
1
Strabo. L.
1.
p.
805.
Anai's or
in this
paflage
they are
The fame
C?.
account given of the Lydian women by Herodotus L. 3. c. 93 all u livcrfally were devoted to whoredom.
:
-zropvevsiv
yap
which
302
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
given in marriage.
to be
Nor
is
any
af-
body at all fcrupulous about cohabiting 'with a young terwards^ though Jhe has been in this manner abused.
woman
Patrica were not only rites of Mithras, but alfo of Ofiris ; who was in reality the fame Deity. have a curious infcription to this purpofe, and a representation, which
The
We
was
firft
tions
upon Apuleius.
:
he faw at Venice
3
and there
'**
Edition of Herodotus by Weflelinge but about the purport of it they are ftrangely miftaken. They fuppofe it to relate to a daughter of MyShe died, it feems and her facerinus, the fon of Cheops.
:
made a wooden
image of a Cow, which he gilt; and in it interred his daughter. Herodotus fays, that he faw the image, which Mycerinus made ; and that it alluded to this hiftory. But notwithftanding the authority of this great author, we that it was an emblematical reprefentation.
may
be afiured,
in refpect
And
to the fculpture above mentioned, and the characters therein exprefTed, the whole is a religious ceremony, and relates to an
event of great antiquity, which was commemorated in the rites of Ofiiis. Of this I mall treat hereafter at prefent it
:
is
fufficient to obferve,
that the facred procefs is carried on on which is a Greek infcription, but in the
;
Ev$ov
Tlu.TgvtY)V
?
relate to a funeral
6z
65
How
can
in
feftival
Herodotus. L.
2. c.
129. p. 138.
Herod.
Ibid.
honour
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
303.
honour of the Sun, who was ftyled, as I have fhewn, Pator ; and his temple was called Patra from whence thefe rites
:
Plutarch alludes to this Egyptian cuflom, but fays, that the image was the reprefentation of a bull. He fuppofes the ceremony to relate to Ifis, and to
her mourning for the lofs of her fon. Speaking of the month 6+ Athyr he mentions Bav Sispffgwrw tfLofffto {j(,z?\<y.vi fiwrorwu ^s~
gi^cthovTsg
EKI
tzsuQsi
TW
$euci/v&<riv
(QI
AiyvTrrioi),
"The
Egyptians have a cujlom m the month Athyr of ornamenting a golden image of a bull ; 'which they cover with a black robe of the
fineft linen.
for the
lofs
Ibis they do in commemoration of Ifs, and her grief In each of the figures, as they are reof Orus.
prefented above in the fculpture, there appears deep filence, and reverential awe but nothing, that betrays any forrow in the agents. They may commemorate the grief of Ifis ; but
:
they certainly do not allude to any misfortune of their nor is there any thing the lead funereal in the procefs.
own The
:
Egyptians of
'
grief.
nations were the mofh extravagant in their If any died in a family of confequence, the women
all
way of fhewing
their concern
;
to foil
their
heads
ftreets
and to disfigure their faces with In this manner they would run up and down the half naked, whipping themfelves, as they ran and the
of the river
:
mud
whipped themfelves. They cut off their hair upon the death of a dog ; and fhaved their eyebrows for a dead cat. We may therefore judge, that fome very ftrong
likewife
6+
men
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris. p.
366.
The fame
Ifis, as
hiftory
is
alluded to
in
each of the
ceremonies.
65
an
emblem of
Herodotus. L.
85, 86.
fymptoms
304
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
iymptoms of grief would have been exprefied, had this picture any way related to the fepulture of a king's daughter. Herodotus had his account from different people one half
:
difbelieved ; and the remainder was he confefledly equally For no king of Egypt, if he had made a repreincredible. 6? fentation of the facred animal, durft have proftituted it for
'
tomb
'Eo^T/i
TauTo.
A7<T(
<pAw7/>gorr5.
Herod. L.
it
2 f C.
131.
The
ftar
A N
ACCOUNT
OF
A N
THE
GODS
To
of
GREECE;
all
originally
one GOD,
the SUN.
AS
have a great deal to fay concerning the Grecian Theology in the courfe of this work, it will be
I fhall
;
necefTary to take fome previous notice of their Gods in refped: to their to their purport. original, and
both
Many
learned
men
lar Deities
of different countries, and to point out which were the fame. But they would have faved themfelves much labour,
if,
bewildered
themfelves in thefe
fruitlefs enquiries,
ties,
they had considered, whether all the Deiof which they treat, were not originally the fame all
:
diverfified in different
the
706 j
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
the eaft acknowledged originally but one Deity, the Sun : but when they came to give the titles of Orus, Ofiris, and
Cham,
they too in
time were looked up to as Gods, and feverally worfhiped as but this This was pradlifed by the Egyptians the Sun. nation being much addicted to refinement in their worfriip,
:
made many
fubtile
distinctions
were certain emanations of divinity, they affecled to particularize each by fome title ; and to worfhip the Deity by his
attributes.
This gave
rife
to a multiplicity of
Gods
for
more curious they were in their difquifitions, the was the number of thefe fubftitutes. Many of them
the
: :
greater
at firft
were defigned for mere titles others, as I before mentioned, all which in were 0,7:000010.1, derivatives, and emanations time were efteemed diftincl beings, and gave rife to a moft
inconfiftent fyftem of Polytheifm.
The
;
Grecians,
eaft,
who
re-
mifconftrued
They adopted
Deities, to
attributes
they were totally ftrangers ; could not articulate, or fpell. They did not
know how
to
arrange the elements, of which the words were compofed. Hence it was, that Solon the Wife could not efcape the bitter,
cenfure of the prieft in Egypt, who accufed both him, and the Grecians in general, of the groffeft puerand ignorance. ? SoAwy, SoAw, 'EAA]i> ility
but
juft,
'
2,
KM, ysguv
1
fe 'EAAjov
xz
<?i,
vzoi
TS -^v^ag O,TTO.VTS^
fomewhat
differently in the
i.
It
is
related
Timseus of
p. 356.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
307
ttry.htt.ictv
?\.iov
be proved both from the uncertainty, and inconfiftency of the ancients in Of this uncertainty Herothe accounts of their Deities.
ovftsv.
The
may
'
TMV
?,
zirs <T
'Wct.vTss, oxoioi $e
KOLI
nvs?
|W-^*
oy
iv
rs
ytfs?,
SITTSIV
Aoyw.
He
attributes to
Homer,
and to Hefiod, the various names and diftinclions of the Gods, and that endlefs polytheifm, which prevailed. 'Ovroi $s tun,
3
01
;,
mi
TifJLOLg
rs xcu
rs^(vy.g
igAo^Ts?,
X,QLI
eia
OLVTWV
This blindnefs in regard to their own theology, and to that of the countries, from whence they borrowed, led them to mifapply the terms, which they had received, and
to
But however they may have feparated, and diftinguifhed them under different perall plainly refolvable into one Deity, the fonages, they are
every
title.
Sun.
The fame
is
to be obferved in the
mans.
own
:
writers, if
we
what they fay but it will appear more manifeft from thofe, who had been in Egypt, and copied their acThere are few characters, which counts from that country.
1
L.
2. c. 53.
The
valid.
What
evidence of Herodotus muft be efteemed early, and his can afford us a more lad account of the doubt and darkthefe
words of the
hiflorian
how
2. c.
53.
at
308
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
diftincl:,
at firft fight
appear more
than
thofe of Apollo
is
and Bacchus.
mean
by Virgil given to Bacchus, or Liber. He joins him with Ceres, and calls them both the bright luminaries of the
world.
Quidam ipfum folem, ipfum Apollinem, ipfum Dionyfium eundem effe volunt. Hence we find that Bacchus is the Sun
or Apollo
different
though fuppofed generally to have been a very In reality they are all three the fame ; perfonage.
;
He
He
was
in
7
Liber.
Thrace efteemed, and worshiped as Bacchus, or In Thracia Solem Liberum haberi, quern illi Sebareligione celebrant
:
Zemiffo
we
learn
Virgil. Georg.
L.
i. v. 6.
:
Liber
'-
is
El-Abor contracted
in
Scholia in Horat. L. 2.
Ode
'
Orphic. Fragment,
7
Macrob.
18.
L.
i. c.
23.
Macrob.
Sat.
L.
i. c.
He is called
P. E. L. 9.
8
fv etxTivftrffi
'srupuTrov
apud Eufeb.
c.
Zemiflus
the
Amonian Sames,
Scriptures.
THE ANALYSIS
9
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
'HAw?,
sis
309;
'Eig
$og
sv 'sra.vrsytrt.
Some
It
was therefore
make
a difquifition
about the identity of any God, as compared with another ; and to adjudge him to Jupiter rather than to Mars, to Venus
rather than Diana.
01
'
Tov Origin
OL
{JLBV
$ riABTwa,
rivss Ss
A/a, TzroAAo;
H.OLV&
Some^
fays Diodorus, think that Ofiris is Serapis ; others that he is DioZeus^ or nufus ; others ftill that he is Pluto : many take him
',
for This was an unneceffary Pan. few for "Jupiter embarraffment: for they were all titles of the fame God: there
and
not a
being originally by no means that diverfity, which is imagined, " as Sir John Marfham has very juftly obferved. Neque enim
tanta 'sroA^sori^ Gentium, quanta fuit Deorum uroAvuvvpnx,. It is faid above that Ofiris was fome thought to be by
Juand by others to be Pluto. But Pluto among the befh piter, theologifts was efteemed the fame as Jupiter ; and indeed the fame as Proferpine, Ceres, Hermes, Apollo, and every
other Deity.
9
Orphic. Fragment. 4. p. 364. Edit. Gefner. See Stephani Poefis Philofoph. p. 80. from Juftin Martyr. Macrob. Saturn. L. i. c. 18. p. 202. He mentions Jupiter Lucetius, and Diefpater, the God of day; and acid's Cretenfes Aict iw tinepotv vocant. The Cretans
:
call the
1
day Dia.
The word
Diodorus Siculus. L.
Chronolog. Canon,
i.
p. 32.
THE ANALYSIS
,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
Ap)T],
rs
$
so?
There were to be fure a number of ftrange attributes, which by fome of the poets were delegated to different perfonages
:
all
who went
this fovereign Deity as Dionufus who according reprefented to Aufonius was worfhiped in various parts under different litles ; and comprehended all the Gods under one character.
1J
Hermefianax.
It
titles
may be worth
and departments,
Pasonia Minerva.
Plu-
tarch, de
Aax.A7Tig, (fecr/roTa
Tlctietv.
Orphic.
H.
66.
Clement. Cohort, p. 26. larpos ec TJJCW. ancient mythologift, made Elithyia to be the mother of Eros Olen, the moft
r,
fo
Horum
aliud
non
efle
quam
Solem.
Macrobius
L.
i.-c. 21. p.
209.
Janus was Juno, and ftyled Junonius. Macrob. Sat. L. i. c. 9. p. 159. Lunam eandem Dianam, eandem Cererem, eandem Junonem, eandem Proferpinam dicunt. Servius in Georgic. L. i. v. 5.
,
Aftarte,
Syria,
x< Aia
Y.O.I
ATrcAAw
vop.^ov^es.
Athenagoras.
p. 290.
'HAios,
Z?w.
Kpovof.
i. c.
10. p. 34.
'HA(s,
c.
242.
Ogygia
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
vocat
:
me Bacchum
Adoneum
Lucanianus Pantheon.
Sometimes the fupremacy was given to Pan, Lord of all the elements.
.
xgctTegov
Nopoj/, xotrpoio rs
Kou
ya^
jUsAj]
e$"i
ret
(pcisrtpogs,
,
jcct^i^s
AAH0H2 ZET2
:
'O
KE-
PASTHS.
More
5
generally
it
Zsvg ZSVS
s^iv tufagi
Zsvg
<T
Ovgowog*
Pofeidon,
14
God
of the
fea,
was
God,
Dionuius was
Orphic.
TJap
Hymn.
10. p. 200.
i
Gefner.
cco^ouoTctTO?, KO.I TOOV o-x.ru
Ai-yuTrUoia-t
Ylav
2. c.
IJLZV
TKV
-ZET
paiT&ii'
:
Qew.
6
Herodotus. L.
145.
alfo
amono-
the people of
Euphorion.
the
312
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
This we may infer from his prieft. He the Deity of Fire. was ftyled a Purcon, and denominated from him, and ferved
in his oracular temples
:
as
we
who
'
fays,
He
vxrigsTW zg ret (jLanrsv^arcx. eivou mentions a verfe to the fame purpofe. 2vv $ TS
$'
HofsiSwi
ajU,<jfl"oAo
%hvT% ^LvvoTiyuz.
P'urcon
is
and we may know the department of the God from He was no other than the fupreme the name of the prieft.
minus
Deity, the Sun from whom all were fuppofed to be derived. Hence Pofeidon or Neptune, in the Orphic verfes, is, like
:
WV
&&?
Y\6 JCOU
In the neighbourhood of Tyre and Sidon the chief Deity went I9 Ourchol, the fame as Archel and Arcles of by the name of
Egypt ; whence came the 'HgouthWy and Hercules of Greece and Rome. Nonnus, who was deeply read in the mythology of thefe countries, makes all the various departments of the
other Gods, as well as their
titles,
center in him.
all.
He
defcribes
him
in
as the
head of
wy 'H^owtas,
Ayo
Xgovz
17 18
L.
10. p. 805.
Orph.
19
Hymn,
in Pofeidon.
p. 77.
16. p. 208.
and additamenta.
He was
in
Greece-, and fuppofed to have been the fon of Xuth. Plutarch. Qiiasftiones Grsecce. v. i. p. 296.
Ko6os
AgxAws,
at
Nonnus. L. 40.
p. 1038.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
eu&oifi
313
ayg/
(psgsttcigTroVy
STT
en
<pv$
Ns/Aaw, A^a\
K^o^o^,
Awvgw
SITS (TV
Zevg.
Ens
ars^aAo?
El X^OZ/Of,
TirohVMVfJLQS,
sv
we
comprifed in Apollo,
may appear ftrange, that Hercules, and Jupiter, or whomever we put for the chief Deity, mould be of all ages. This
It
cafe, if
and Bacchus ever young; and were alfo the reprefentatives of Cronus, and Saturn. But the ancients went far;
and defcribed the fame Deity under the fame name 2I in various ftages of life and Ulpian fpeaking of Dionufus, Kou yaig 'srouda, fays that he was reprefented of all ages.
ther
:
KCU i;rg<rvTW,
mi
avfya. ygoupzviv
CLVTQV.
ordinary circumftance was, that they reprefented the fame bearded Apollo was uncommon ; Deity of different fexes.
11
In
Demofthenem Kara
Sat.
MgX.
Tla.v
cr^mx
veas v
BregmQeeuriv aura.
P. 647.
See
alfo
Macrob.
L.
KO.I
i.
c. iS.
TW
Srlohoytx >taAf;.
Prcclus upon
Plato's Parmenides.
p.
406.
VOL.
I.
S f
but
314
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
but Venus with a beard muft have been very extraordinary. Yet fhe is faid to have been thus exhibited in Cyprus, under
the
sov
name of Aphroditus,
eG"ffl(JLix.Ti<&a.i
23
:
"
A.$go$iTO$
ttrwywviow av$go$
is
TW
sv
KvTrgu*.
The fame
mentioned by Ser-
Cypro fimulacrum barbate Veneris, corpore et vefte muliebri, cum fceptro, et natura virili, quod She was alfo looked upon as prior to A<p>ocJfToy vocant.
vius
Eft etiam in
**
AtpgQ&tri
ov
povov
The AQw&s, mi 'H>a, aAAa xa* AIO2 ggr/ tir.gBff&rrsgtL * Poet Calvus fpeaks of her as mafculine Pollentemque
5
:
Deum
26
Venerem. Valerius Soranus among other mother of the Gods. Jupiter the
Jupiter omnipotens,
Progenitor,
titles
calls
of Synefius fpeaks
him
in nearly the
fame manner.
11
Hefychius.
The
pafiage
is
differently
read.
a.vS'Qa.
Kufter exhibits
it
et>
'O Se
1!
TO.
-are
pi
A/J-ct^vToc.
yeypapMS Fla^ac,
&>s
TW
Srtov ea%yy.ccTiffQcti
Ku-
upon Virgil. vEneid. L. 2. v. 632. Scholia upon Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 52. Tu>v xa.hu[j>.eruv Moipar In fome places of the eaft, Venus was the fame as Cybele and Rhea, >srgecriiTfpzv. TJIS the Mother of the Gods Ylipi ^wpas Tcwm; tr^sci p.v us STTI -w<x.v TO' A(ppoServius
ilr
:
eT/T))!',
Ptol.
Tetrabibl. L.
11
ApudCalvum
Afterianus.
Macrob.
Sat.
L.
3. c. 8.
efie ac
""
fceminam. Ibidem.
1
Apud Auguftin. de Civitate Dei. L. 4. c. 1. and L. 7. c. 9. The author of the Orphic verfes fpeaks of the Moon as both male and
Au^ofj.trii
female.
KM
Agi7rojw.i', $"nA.vs
at
TS
KO.I
ccpvw.
Hymn
8. v. 4.
all
over the
eaft.
THE ANALYSIS
cry
OF ANCIENT
<
MYTHOLOGY.
315
cry
Je
And
8
is
Agtrw
(JLev
mi
$rfi.vs spy^,
In one of the fragments of the Orphic poetry there is every I have been faying, comprehended within a very thing, which
fhort compafs.
"
Zevs
a^tnif yevero,
tjrvQfjLYiv
Zsvg
'HA/o?,
jjjs
Ilamt ya^
'Ev
gy Z^j/o?
jitsyaAw raJs
<rw|U.aTi
X.SITCU.
xga.To<;, sis
Whom
31
cusv
*7
Synefius.
Hymn
3. p.
26. Edit.
(pus-etas
H.
Steph.
The Orphic
tta.vTwv
8
verfes -sr^f
are to the
fame purpofe.
Ti9co?.
f/.fv
au 'sra.Tn^
P.YITYI^ Tpotpo^
cTg
Hymn
9. v. 18.
Orphic
19
Hymn
Orphic Fragment.
blades.
30
1
See alfo Poefis Philofophica H. Stephani. p. Si. Macrob. Sat. L. Jupiter Lucetius, or God of light.
See Poefis Philofoph.
vfe
i.
c. 15. p.
H.
Stephani. p. 85.
S-foov 'sroneo,
-x.a.1
uie.
Hymn.
51. p. 246.
S f 2
AyAas
316
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
As we have
fied
;
feen
how
Gods was
diverfi-
it
ther of
Apuleius.
Me
:
Deum Matrem
nervam
:
and departments, in primigenii Phryges Peflmuntiam nominant hinc Autochthones Attici Cecropiam Mititles
illinc fluctuantes
fagittiferi
Di&ynnam
:
ferpinam
alii
:
Eleuiinii
:
vetuftam
alii
Deam
:
Cererem.
Junonem
alii
:
alii
Bellonam
Hecaten
Rhamnufiam
et qui
nafcentis dei Solis inchoantibus radiis illuftrantur ^Ethiopes, doclrina pollentes ^Egyptii, ceremoniis
Ariique,
prifcaque
me
nomine Re-
ginam
Porphyry acknowledged, that Vefta, Rhea, Ceres, Themis, Priapus, Proferpina, Bacchus, Attis, Adonis, Silenus, and the Satyrs, were all one and the " fame. Nobody had exa-
mined the theology of the ancients more deeply than PorHe was a determined Pagan and his evidence in phyry.
:
The titles of Orus and Ofiris unexceptionable. being given to Dionufus, caufed him in time to partake of the fame worfhip, which was paid to the great luminary and
this point
is
:
as
he had alfo
"
35
many
other
n.
o
titles,
Apuleii Metamorph. L.
p. 241.
Prasp.
Evang. L.
3. c.
1 1.
Tifj.cc.Ta.1 TJuotoa.
H^iaTroSj o
oc.-jTot o;v
TOJ tA/iioo-u.
Athenanis. L.
i.
p. 30.
plicity
THE ANALYSIS
plicity of Deities.
34
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Siculi
317
:
Morichum
et
But
let
ever fo
many names
or titles
they
all
in refpecT: to worfhip
Omphis, Nilus,
quodcunque aliud ab Hierophantis ufurpatum nomen, ad unum tandem Solem^ antiquiflimum Gentium numen,
redeunt omnia.
Janus Gulielmus Laurenbergius.
;J
H OE N X
I
3^9
H OE N I X
there has been
and
H OE N C E S.
I
AS
OowJ,
cus,
uncertainty about the purport and extent of thefe terms ; and they are of great con-
much
to (late fequence in the courfe of hiftory ; I will endeavour their true meaning. Phoinic, or Poinic, was an Egyptian, and Canaanitifh term of honour ; from whence were formed
Qoivixss,
oivutoei$
Poinicius
of
the
changed to Phoenix; Punicus, and Puniceus. It was origimade ufe of as a provincial nally a title, which the Greeks name but it was never admitted as fuch by the people, to whom it was thus appropriated, till the Greeks were in pof:
feflion
of the country.
:
And
even then
is
it
was but
partially
received
nice,
2
for
though mention
made of
yet
we
Tyrians, and
compounded honorary fix j and rendered at times both Phoinic and Poinic.
1
It was an Canaanites, as late as the days of the Apoftles. of Anac with the Egyptian preterm, It
fig-
In
all
Romans
the term was expreffed Poini, and Poifolitei fos facrificare puellos.
nicus.
nius.
1
Poinci funt
EnMat-
Annul.
Afterwards
Simon
the Canaanite.
2Z.
was changed to Pcenus, and Punicus. Alfo the woman of Canaan. Macth. c. 10. v. 4.
it
thew.
C. 15. V.
nified
320
THE ANALYSIS
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
fons
and was particularly affumed by the The Myfians feem to have kept of Chus and Canaan.
neareft to the original pronunciation, who gave this title to the God Dionufus, and called him Ph'anac.
3
Ogygia
me Bacchum
vocat,
Myfi Phanacem.
upon many things, which were efHence the red, or fcarlet, a teemed princely and noble.
It
was
alfo conferred
appropriated to great and honourable perfonages, The palm was alfo ftyled Phoinic, was ftyled Phoinic.
colour
Oow
and the ancients always fpeak of it as a {lately and It was efteemed an emblem of honour and noble tree. made ufe of as a reward of vidlory. Plurimarum palmarum
:
homo, was
foldier
a proverbial expreiTion among the Romans, for a of merit. Pliny fpeaks of the various fpecies of
palms
and of the great repute, in which they were held by the Babylonians. He fays, that the nobleft of them were fo ftyled the royal Palms ; and fuppofes, that they were
;
called
from
But
and it is a cirthey were very early an emblem of royalty We find from cumftance included in their original name. 4 Apuleius, that Mercury, the Hermes of Egypt, was reprefented with a
palm branch in his hand and his priefts at Hermopolis ufed to have them ftuck in their fandals, on
:
5
3
4
5
cum
dicto
juvenem quem-
piam
capite, producit in
medium.
Apuleius. L.
2.
p. 39.
the
THE ANALYSIS
the outfide.
OF
6
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Ifis
:
321
The Goddefs
we may
infer
and was thus reprefented that Hermes had the like ornaments ; which
the Greeks miftook for feathers, and have in confequence of it added The Jews ufed to carry boughs wings to his feet.
feftivals
at the celebration of their nuptials : have an influence at the birth. Euripides alludes to this in
his
where he makes Latona recline herfelf again ft a Palm tree, when fhe is going to produce Apollo and Diana.
Ion
;
rspv
Aarw.
great eftimation this tree was held of old, we may learn from many paflages in the facred writings. Solomon 8 and how pleafant art thou, fays to his efpoufed, how fair
In
how
Love, for delights ! thy ftat lire is like a Pa/m tree. Pfalmift for an encouragement to holinefs fays,
righteous jhall flourijh like the
And
9
the
the
that
Palm
tree
for the
Palm was
fuppofed to
to
its
rife
10
under a weight ; and to thrive in proportion There is poflibly a farther allufion deprefled.
at firft appear.
may
The
folece,
palmse
Ibid. Lib.
n.
p. 241.
7
Euripides
8
920.
Cantic.
c. 7. v. 6.
9
10
Pfalm. 92.
v. 12.
8. c. 4.
Plutarch. Sympofiac. L.
refurgit.
Adverfus pondera
Gellius.
L.
3. c. 6.
VOL.
I.
nion,
322
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
recovered
again,
by renewal.
is
Hence the
thought
Piiny, in defcribing
" Mirum de ea acthe fpecies of Palm, ftyled Syagrus, fays, cepimus, cum Phoenice Ave, quas putatur ex hujus Palmse
argumento nomen
ipfa.
accepifle,
it
Hence we
find
tality
among
all
The
blefied
in
11
heaven are reprefented in the Apocalypfe by St. John, as (landing before the throne in white robes with branches
notion of this plant being an emblem of royalty prevailed fo far, that when our Saviour made his laft entrance into Jerufalem, the people took
The
branches of Palm trees, and accofted him I3 r anna blejjed is the King of If a el. ing, of
as a prince, cry-
been given to but in procefs of time it was conperfons of great ftature ferred upon people of power, and eminence, like wci.% and
title
The
of Phoinic feems at
:
firft
to have
Movers?
ftyled
among
the Greeks.
The
and had therefore A colony of them went from thence the title of Phoenices. hence it is faid by many writers, that to Tyre and Syria Phoenix came from Egypt to Tyre. People, not confiderRoyal Shepherds, Bacr^g/s
:
HOIJJLSVE^
:i
"Iepov'H?Cu) TO tyvTov,
1
xyvpuv it
Revelation,
c. 7. v. 9.
Julian!
iv TOLIS
CIV KUTCaV.
"j
John.
c.
12. v. 13.
ing
THE ANALYSIS
ing
this,
;
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
323
Canaan
have been led to look for the fhepherds' origin in becaufe they were fometimes called Phoenices.
as well
They might
for
'EAAj^, Hellenes. Phoenicia, they were equally ftyled which the Greeks called $omx>i, was but a fmall part of Canaan. It was properly a flip of fea-coaft, which lay within
the jurifdi&ion of the Tyrians and Sidonians, and fignifies Ora Regia ; or, according to the language of the country, It was a lordly title ; and derived the coaft of the Anakim.
from a
ftately
naan feem to
The
Philiflines
and auguft people. All the natives of Cahave affumed to themfelves great honour. are fpoken of as Lords, and the merchants
'
whofe grandeur and magnificence are of Tyre as Princes The prophet Ezekiel often alluded to in the Scriptures. Then all the princes of calls them the princes of the fea.
: ^
down from
their thrones ,
and
lay
away
their"
And and put off their broidered garments. Who hath taken this fpeaks to the fame purpofe.
7
Ifaiah
counfel
merchants are princes : againft lyre, that crowning city, whofe The fcripwhofe traffickers are the honourable of the earth ? ture term by which they are here diftinguifhed is on^, Sa-
rim
but the
title
to themfelves was
'Exxai^gjcaTH fvvareta.
Tloi[t.evK
;
'EAAr<
BacnAg;;.
Syncellus. p. 61.
Philiflines.
i
The Lords
v. 2, 3, 4.
of the Philiflines
Samuel.
.29.
16
Ezekiel.
c.
26. v. 16.
Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 8.
Ezekiel.
c.
28. v. 2.
mans.
324
mans.
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCI-ENT
title,
it
MYTHOLOGY.
And
as
it
was a mere
make
ufe of
people or country.
called Phoenicia
:
yet others did call it fo ; were ftyled Phcenices before the birth of Homer,
But
this
was never ufed by the natives I have fhewn, that it v/as a title as a provincial appellation. on this of another fort, a mark of rank and preeminence
:
for
it
was affumed by other people and conferred upon For this reafon it is never mentioned by any other places.
account
it
;
of the facred writers before the captivity, in order to avoid The Gentile writers made ufe of it ; and we fee ambiguity.
countries.
They were
'
Perficus,
in
"
Africa, in
Crete,
HcToactus brings the Phoenicians from the Mare Erytlii'aium means the Sinus Perficus. L,. 7. c. 89. L. i.e. i.
'
by which he
fca,
'
march of
"
Red
2. p.
and the
Amalckites, adds-,
$owx.'M'
jco'//*;,
awrw
$oinxe?.
De V.
Mofis. Vol.
i. c.
115.
in
Edoni.
Procopius. Perfic. L.
Steph. Byzant.
Strabo. L.
19.
Phcenicus, in Crete.
1
KO.TOI.
TutipMTOv
<J>2n'.-xw.
7. p.
4Q9-
Mount Olympus
sroAis-
in
Lycia was
ynya~Av K/X.I opos op.Ki'VfJLOv, Bochart fuppofes, Phcenic and Phcenices ($o;)cg;) to be derived from Beni Anac, changed to Pheni Anac, i. e. the fons of Anac but how can this be applicable to,
:
OAU//.TTOS ftylcd, by way of eminence, Phoinic. Strabo. L. 14. p. 982. o xtxt $on'<xa? xAs<T(.
mountain
or to the
Palm
tree
a principal part, I
it
ety-
from Anac
Orig. p. 302.
THE ANALYSIS
ysvo; TI A0IJWJ07.
OF
Is
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
v>
j^c ~J
There
among
the
zv
Athenians.
v and Sidon, and the coaft adjoining, by people from Egypt who the people were, that brought it, may be known from
Kadju,?,
yjTmuv
eZshQorrss
Big
TV
Evgiav,
Ty^a
KXI
Zduvo;
Phoenix and Cadmus, retiring from Thebes in Egypt towards the It coaft of Syria, fettled at Tyre and Sidon ^ and reigned there.
is
Belus carried a colony to the fame and parts 2? from what part of the world Belus mufl be fuppofed to
{aid, that
:
have come, needs not to be explained. Euripides ftyles Cepheus the king of Ethiopia, the ion of Phoenix and Apollo:
dorus makes
him
hence
we may
infer that
Not
that there
were any
inch perfons as Phoenix and Belus, for they were certainly titles and under the characters of thofe two peribnages, Co:
lonies,
named
Belidre
in different
parts.
and Phosnices, went abroad, and fettled Their hiilory and appellation may be
:
traced from Babylonia to Arabia in Egypt and from thence to Canaan, and to the It were thereregions in the weft. fore to be wifhed, that the terms Phoenix and Phoenicia had
common
upon
in
city
and mountain
Strabo. L. 9. p. 629.
5
Chron.
p. 27.
'
EA;f
g/r'
Ei/fpjras.
xrA.
Nonnus.
When
326
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
When
the Greeks got poffeffion of the coaft of Tyre, they called it Phoenicia and from that time it may be admitted as
:
In confequence of this, the writers of a provincial name. the new Teftament do not fcruple to make ufe of it, but al-
Scriptures is wonderfully exacft. writers often fpeak of it with a greater latitude ; and include Judea and Paleftina within its borders and fometimes add
:
for the
Syria,
and Idume.
;
all
feparate,
and
diftincl:
tion.
among which Phoenicia bore but a fmall proporYet fmall as it may have been, many learned men have
:
thought, that all the colonies, which at times fettled upon the coaft of the Mediterranean, were from this quarter and But this is not that all fcience was of Phoenician original.
Colonies true according to their acceptation of the term. did fettle ; and fcience came from the eaft but not merely from the Sidonian. I fhall mew, that it was principally ow:
ADDENDA.
Of
}HOENIX
tree,
the
PALM TREE.
was a colour among horfes. They were ftyled ** Phoenician, from the colour of the Palm Phcenices, and which they refembled ; and upon the fame account
Jiad the
38
name of
Spadices.
c.
Bochart. Hierozoicon. L. 2.
lius,
THE ANALYSIS
lius,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
2
327
* was a term fynonymous with the former. Rutilus, et Spadix Phcenicii <rwwt/VfJiO$, exuberantiam fplendoremque fig-
nondum
3
unde
fpadicis
et Phoenicei
nomen
frudtu.
eft.
ma
termes
cum
the one was Phoefcribing the horfes of Diomedes, fays, that nix, or of a bright Palm colour, with a white fpot in his fore-
'O? TO
fJLBV
aAAO TOrOf
$0111%
W,
v
SV Js
rivrs
Upon this the Scholiaft obferves, Oo<f^j TO ^W|U,a, JITO/ The horfe was of a Palm colour, which is a bright co<;.
red.
We
call
which probably
is
a term of the
The branch of a Palm tree was called Bai in fame original. Egypt and it had the fame name in other places. Baia, Ta )3ata TUV Bai'a, are ufed for Palm-branches by St. John.
:
3*
Qoiviicuv.
mentioned by the author of the book of Maccabees, that the Jews upon a folemn occafion entered the " Msra auvsrewg KCU And Demetrius writes QOLMV. temple
it is
And
3*
TW
aTTSfS/AciTg,
mififtis,
xsxo[JU<r[JLS@oi,.
Coronam auream
et Bai-
nem, quce
19
3
acccpimus.
the
word
Gellius.
L.
2. c.
26.
'
Gellius. Ibidem.
Iliad
.
31
v.
454.
2j.
31
John.
3!
*
c. 12. v.
c.
i
i
Maccab.
13. v. 51.
Maccab.
c.
13. v. 37.
328
|3aiV>]
THE ANALYSIS
from the Egyptian
3S
OF
Bai.
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
The Romans
colour Badius.
Hie badius,
As
if it
the
Palm
did die,
was fuppofed to be immortal ; or at leaft, to revive, and enjoy a fecond life, the Egyptians
tree
gave the
35
name of
36
:
/3cu
Varro apud
36
Horapollo. L.
Nonium Marcellum. i. c. 7. p. u.
O F
329
OF THE
TERM
The
Have
CAHEN,
JPD,
COHEN,
:
of the
HEBREWS.
I
ties,
before taken notice, that the term Cahen denoted a and that it was a title often conPrieft, or Prefident
ferred
upon
only
we
Nor was it confined to men princes and kings. find it frequently annexed to the names of Deiit
From them
and fuperintendency over the earth. was derived to their attendants, and to all per-
fons of a prophetical or facred character. The meaning of the term was fo obvious, that one would imagine no miftake could have enfued : yet fuch is the perverfenefs of hu-
man
by the Greeks and Romans conftantly mifapplied. They could not help imagining from the found of the word, which approached nearly to that of xvwv and canis, that it had fome reference to that animal
wit, that find
it
:
we
and
confequence of this unlucky refemblance they continually mifconftrued it a dog. Hence we are told by JElian
in
'
1
.^Elian
cites
de Animalibus. L.
7. c.
60.
He
Hermippus and
I.
VOL.
and
330
and
*
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Plutarch not only of the great veneration paid to dogs in Egypt, and of their being maintained in many cities, and
temples
are
for
which they certainly exceed the truth but we moreover affured, that the people of Ethiopia had a dog
;
in
that he
in great ftate
officers
being fur-
in all refpecls
3
being
<rs{J,vu$
and guards ; and Plutarch fpeaks of him, as royally treated. with a degree of re'GrgQVKVi/ofjLBvoi;, worshiped
The whole of this notion took its rife ligious reverence. from a misinterpretation of the title above. I have mentioned, that in early times Cahen was a title univerfally conhence Lycophron, who ferred upon priefls and prophets has continually allufions to obfolete terms, calls the two di:
viners
K.wa,$.
AVTOX.TOVOI/;
vQuyauri Ae^a^a
KottfQiM
KTNE2
oca.
Upon which
[LMTSIS
SITTBIV.
Kvves,
01
MMTSU;
by
and again
Y^vvag AsroAAwrof
T^
The Poet by Kvvcts means the minifters and pros phets of Apollo. Upon this the learned Meurfius obferves^ that Lycophron had here made ufe of a term imported from
(fce.<nv
A//OTwi',
OTTU, xucai>
f%fl /30-|A4'.
Ken
3
otgxijo-i*. "
Ibid.
Lycophron.
5
v. 4.39.
p. 68.
Egypt
THE ANALYSIS
Egypt
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
331
fo that,
think,
we cannot
purport of the word, however it may have been perverted. The name of the Deity Canouphis, expreffcd alfo CanuHe phis, and Cnuphis, was compounded with this term.
was reprefented by the Egyptians, as a princely perfon, with a ferpent entwined round his middle, and embellifhed with
other chara&eriftics, relating to time and duration, of which the ferpent was an emblem. Oph, and Ouph, fignified a
ferpent in the
Can-uph, from
fpecies in
The whole ferpentine reprefentation. confequence of this were made facred to him,
To
this
Lucan
alludes,
when
in
calls all
tibi
palma nocendi.
:
Canuphis was fometimes expreffed Anuphis and Anubis and, however rendered, was by the Greeks and Romans
at leaft they fuppofed him continually fpoken of as a dog to have had a dog's head, and often mention his 7 barking. But they were mifled by the title, which they did not un:
derftand.
emblematical
per-
fbnages, fet off with heads of various animals, to reprefent to denote the particular virtues, and affections ; as well as
Among
Lucan.
Pharfalia.
L.
9.
787.
Aufa Jovi noftro latrantem opponere Anubim. Propert. L. 3. El. n. '*!? Si B^-lV XUVOTTOhtTlS VO/XOS, KO.L KbVUV -57oAtf, tV V A('oj T/^flCTa/, Kd Strabo. L. 17. p. 1166. xt am? Teraxra* TH ispa..
TOIJ
canine
332
THE ANALYSIS
-
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
have no reafon to think was approAnd though upon gems and priated to Canuph, ov Cneph. marbles his name may be fometimes found annexed to this
canine figure
a
which
character
and
fo
muft be looked upon as a Grecian work, denominated in confequence of their miftaken notion.
;
yet
it
diftincl:ion
roglyphics of old, when Egypt was under her own kings ; and thofe of later date, when that country was under the government of the Greeks at which time their learning was
:
greatly impaired, and their ancient theology ruined. Apollo affures us, if any credit may be given to
fays,
8
Horus
what he
:
emblem of
the earth
QiKBfjLevw ygOL$ovT$ xvvozetpxhoy faygapxtri. When they would It could not defcribe the earth, they paint a Cunocephalus.
think, in any degree relate to Canuphis. The fame 9 writer informs us, that under the figure of a dog, they reprefented a prieft or facred fcribe, and a prophet ; and all fuch as had the chief management of funerals alfo
therefore,
I fliould
:
rule
which is a circumftance hard to be magiftrate, or judge For as hieroglyphics were defigned to diftinguilh, believed. it is fcarce credible, that the Egyptians mould crowd together fo
racter,
fufion.
and oppofite ideas under one chawhence nothing could well enfue but doubt and conBeiides, I do not remember, that in any group of
many
different
Mi' cfg
-X.-JVOK. ,
7-/>flt<psi'T?,
H OIKOTMENHN,
L.
J?
pa/m^aTex,
leota, w
opyw,
?co-
etpaAoc ^wypcdpy/Ti.
-roaA;!',
Kiiva.
j. c.
lipoypupfjictTfcc. rs
XCL~J)!' &'Jto/ji.6V3t yoa.if-M'j
tsp-.fy'mriVi
oc.(-%r,v y
w S't-
Cjiwj'Pxfsa'jj'.
L.
I. c.
39. p. 52.
i
ancient
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
333
ancient hieroglyphics the figure of a dog occurs. The meaning ot this hiftory, I think, may be with a little attention
made
above
out.
all
Egyptians were refined in their fuperftitions, the nations in the world and conferred the names
:
The
and
of their Deities upon vegetables, and animals of and not only upon thefe, but alfo upon the every fpecies parts of the human body ; and the very paflions of the mind.
titles
:
or of great value, they diftinguifhcd by the title of Sacred, and confecrated it to fotne D God. This will appear from, words borrowed from
falutary,
Egypt.
:
The
the
berry was termed bacca from Bacchus from Ham-Ourah Cafia from Chus.
:
called
the Wolf,,
Asw;',
Twxof, a*A30$.
The
;
balfam,
Camphire, Cham-phour, ^appafa ofGreece The fweet reed of Egypt was opium, Ophion. named ^Canah, and Conah by way of eminence alfo I2 CanCinnamon was denominated from Chan-Amon Oliris. the facred beetle,. Cinnabar, wvaSetgis, from Chan-Abor
;
:
baal-famen
ftyled
Cin-
T&S
AiyjTmus,
cnrsp xo
y.opv ET.^-^'ueras'
a^zfoti
yag rx
p, 166.
-usX^.^a.
EA OTPANOT
Sokbant aiuem vEgyptii fibi fuifque Deorum patriortim nomina plerumque imhunc gens ilia fervare perrexir, poftquam falutari luce Evanponere. Moremque
gelu:a diu fruita ellet.
t
Jablonf!<y. v. i. L. i. c. 5. p. 105. alluded to in i-'ialm So. v. io. and in Jeremiah, poflibly Pliuarch. Ifis ct Ofiris. p. 365. Xerocifi;,
s
c.
6. v. 20.
334
T HE
nor, and was iuppofed to have been found out by Cinyras 'which terms are compounded of Chan-Or, and Chan-Arez
and relate to the Sun or Apollo, the fuppofed inventor of Priefts and magiftrates were the lyre. particularly honoured
with the additional
arofe the errour
title
of Cahen
it
in
their compofition.
Hence
formed,
things,
that
of Horus Apollo ; who having been inthe ancient Egyptians diftinguifhed many
which were efteemed holy, by this facred title, referred the whole to hieroglyphics ; and gave out that they were
reprefented under the figure of a dog. And it is pofTible, that in later times the Grecian artifts, and the mixed tribes
all
have exprefied them in this manner ; for they were led by the ear ; and did not inquire into the latent purport of the From theology tranfmitted to them.
of Egypt,
may
'
hence we
may
perceive,
how
little in
later times
even the
native Egyptians
knew of
I
their rites
and
hiftory.
He
By their afliftance the Egyptians wonderfully endowed. found out the particular periods of the Sun and Moon. Thefe
The purport of the term They changed it to xc, and
15
unknown
in Greece.
now;
but
dill
fuppofed
it
to fignify a pried.
KOHT,
tepsvs
KaCaowj',
x.etvaupeafJt.evos (povsce..
It
was
Ti'Aw.
Mofcopulus.
p. 5.
Hefychius. of the Deity. Koia?, c ^-/joJj-oAos A<9os; fcilicet BX.IThe Bsetulus was the molt ancient reprefentation of the
i. v.
KOHX.TO.I' leiarcct.
Ibid.
Deity,
919.
did
THE ANALYSIS
<lid
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
335
io that
by piece-meal ; one half of the animal was oftentimes buried, while the other half u furvived. He moreover affures us, that they
:
duced into the facred apartments for probation, the prieft 1S tablet, and with a pen and ink, and prefented him with a
by
could immediately find out, if he were of the true intelligent breed. Thefe animals are faid to have been
his writing
of infinite ufe to the ancient Egyptians in determining times and feafons for, it feems, they were in fome particular functions the mofl accurate, and punctual of any creatures upon
:
earth.
dere, et in nocte
ititio fervato, '
'
decim partes sequales. Such is the hiftory of thefe wonderful That Apes and Baboons were among the Egypanimals. tians held in veneration is facred very certain. The Ape was
18
to the
God Apis
lot.
hot-ret
aAAa
<*?oc:-
-fifs.fpz,:'
1'fngu/u.gvov
UTTO T&OV
Ifpi-uv
x.rA.
Ews J
rapollo.
Ei5
,
a.v 0.1
tofj.mt,v'rat.
14. p. 2.
KO.I <fuo
7rAw^&j6a'<r/i'
-fifj.fpctt,
Ho-
L.
i. c.
Hjv
c-j
ft
KO.I
I
-x.a.1
ypaqei.
Horapollo. L.
i.
c. 14. p.
28.
Horapollo. L. i. c. 16. p. 30. AwcfsjcaT;? T>K 'fi[s.fcxs xa6 aura XM rats Suai iv^i -vrsiei. x.rA. Speaking of che two Equinoxes.
7
Hoffman
Cunocephalus. 2. L. 3.
c.
78.
attributes to the
Cunocephalus, Damaicius
c.
Photii Bibliotheca.
242. p. 1049.
and
336
and
10
'
THE ANALYSIS
9
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
th$ Deity
Ceipis. Babon, to
whom
was equally
facred.
thefe to
ing to the Grecian interpretation is an animal with the head of a dog ? This characteriftic does not properly belong to any fpecies of Apes ; but feems to have been unduly appropriated
to them.
tian
The term Cunocephalus, Kw/o#s<paAo, is an Egypcompound and this ftrange hiftory relates to the priefts
:
of the country, ftyled Cahen ; alfo to the novices in their temples ; and to the examinations, which they were obliged to undergo, before they could be admitted to the priefthood.
To
explain this
built their temples upon eminences, for many reafons ; but obfervations. The Egypefpecially for the fake of celeftial
tians
addicted to the ftudy of aftronomy; and they ufed to found their colleges in upper Egypt upon rocks and
were
much
hills, called
Thefe, as they were facred to by them Caph. the Sun, were further denominated Caph-El, and fometimes Caph-Aur, and Caph-Arez. The term Caph-El, which often
19
By Strabo
expreflfed KSITTO?,
who
fays, that
at
17. p.
Babun,
Bti
an>,
Bw,
of Hellanicus Lefbius.
Plutarch.
Ifis
:
bon,
by Manethon.
thought to have been the fame as Typhon wife of that perfqnage. Plutarch, ibid.
p.
371.
The Ape
and
Monkey
in
Egypt
Diodorus Sicul. L. 20. p. 795. Mafivus mentions likewife in a part of Africa. Hiftoria Ind, a noble Pagoda in India, which was called the monkeys Pagoda.
L.
i,
p.
25
relle-,
in
and Balbus takes notice of Peguan temples, called by the natives Vawhich monkeys were kept out of a religious principle. See Balbi
:
Itinerarium.
occurs
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
337
occurs in hiftory, the Greeks uniformly changed to and from Cahen-Caph-El, the facred rock Cephale
:
of
Orus, they formed KwozetpcihY), and Kyj/o#<paAo ; which they fuppofed to relate to an animal with the head of a dog.
Cahen-Caph-El was certainly feme royal feminary in upper Egypt ; from whence they drafted novices to fupThefe young perfons were ply their colleges and temples. before their introduction examined by fome fuperior prieft ; and accordingly, as they anfwered upon their trial, they were admitted or refufed. They were denominated CaphEl, and Cahen-Caph-El, from the academy, where they reBut
this
ceived their
firft
inftruction
and
this place,
though facred,
It yet feems to have been of a clafs fubordinate to others. was a kind of inferior cloiiler and temple, fuch as Capella in the Romifh church ; which, as well as was de-
rived from
Egypt
That there was fome particular place of this fort fituated upon a rock, or eminence, may, I think, be proved from Martianus Capella and moreover that it was a feminary well known, where the youth of
largely
rowed
For in defcribing the fciences under different perfonages, he gives this remarkable account of Dialectica upon introducing her before his audience.
educatam dicebat in JEgyptiorum Rtipe ; atque in Parmenidis exinde gymnaiium, atque Atticam demearTe.
fe
;I
Hsc
1
Martianus Capella. L. 4. fub initio. Aftronomia is made to fpeak to the lame purpofe. Per immenfa fpatia feculorum, ne profana loquacitate vulgarer, yEgyptiorum claufa adytis occulebar. Martianus
Capella. L. 8.
VOL.
I.
And
338
THE ANALYSIS
Johannes
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
Parmenicies obtained his knowledge from the fame quarter, when " in he mentions Rupe vitam egiffe. In this {hort detail we
Sarifburienfis feems to intimate, that
And
have no unpleafing account of the birth of fcience in Egypt ^ and of its progrefs from thence to Attica. It is plain, that this rupes .ZEgyptiaca could be nothing elfe but a feminary,b
either the fame, or at lean; fimilar to that,
which
have before
the Cunocephali are faid to have been facred to Hermes, this college and temple were probably in the
been defcribing.
As
nome
of Hermopolis.
Science, and
certainly there reverenced: and this hiftory points out very plainly the particular fpot alluded to. Hermopolis Thebais and there was in was in the upper region ftyled
They were
*5
mentioned.
It
was in
aftertimes
tribute.
ufe of for a repository, where they laid This may have been the rupes ^gyptiaca, fo
;
made
up the famed
feat
of the Chance-
phalim, or Cunocephalians.
11
Johannes Sarifburienfis Metalogic. L. 2. p. 787. Editio Lugd. Bat. anno 1639,. He fpeaks of Parmenides, as if he were a native of Egypt and feems to have un:
Et
licet
vitam
ut
ei
*'
egerit.,
ut rationem Logices inveniret, tot et tantos ftudii habuit fucceflbres, the fame as
<^'
Hermes was
criSiis'
Anubis Latrator.
Jablonfky. L.
5. c. i.
Kvvu
TLITTTW
eyu.
L.
7. p. 300..
Kuict.
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris.
e (Tifnu(riv)
EpwoToA<ra(.
'Hp/>i(37roA!Ti3t>! <?uA<xx;;.
Strabo ibid.
It
THE ANALYSIS
It is faid
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
339
when one
furvived.
a con-
tinual decrement, yet part flill remains; and the whole is kept up by fucceflion. It is an enigma, which particularly relates
to the priefthood in Egypt for the facred office there was hereditary, being veftcd in certain families ; and when part z6 was dead, a refidue ftill furvived, who admitted others in the
:
room of
fathers
the deceafed.
*7
T8T8
'Wang
ara-
*a&raTttf.
:
kept up
fupplied the place of their hence the body itfelf never became extinct, being by a regular fucceilion. As to the Cunocephali givfons,
The
we
find
ing to Hermes the firft hint of dividing the day into twelve 2S evaparts from the exactnefs, which was obferved in their
cuations,
I
a furmife almoft too trifling to be difcuffed. have fhewn, that the Cunocephali were a facred college,
it
is
:
and
their
They
;
and
But the term Ouran the Greeks by a ftrange mifconception changed to zgBiv; of which miftake they have afforded other inftances and from this abufe of terms the filly figment took
:
16
Analogous
ficiencies
to this we read in Herodotus, that the Perfian brigade, whofe dewere fupplied by continual recruits, was ftyled aOewaTos, immortalis. He7. c.
rodotus. L.
83.
It confifted
iy
Herodotus. L.
37.
AwJexa-ns
c.
1 6.
/*;
xa6'
Jxafw
wg<x.v
OTPEI
x 2
Kin'OJt^aAjs.
Horapollo. L.
i.
its
34-O
its rife.
THE ANALYSIS
The term
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
*.
mingere, was by the Dorians liteouran. rally exprefTed oy^ay, The Cunocephali are not to be found in Egypt only, but
xgsiv,
to
U-o,
,-
in India likewife
dotus
*9
Hereand in other parts of the world. mentions a nation of this name in Lybia and fpeaks
;
_
...
3
the heads of dogs. Hard by in the neighbourhood of this people he places the A^s^aAot, men with no heads at all to whom out of humanity, and
of them,
as a race
of
men with
:
fome very natural diftrefTes, he gives eyes in the But he feems to have forgot mouth and ears, and breaft. makes no mention of a nofe he only fays A^stpaTvoi, 01 sv
to obviate
:
Both thefe and the Cunocephali were denominated from their place of refidence, and from their worfhip the one from Cahen-Caph-El, the other from
Styfofftt o<p$atyt.B
scons';.
Ac-Caph-El
fttu./,^.
19
each of which appellations is of the fame pur3I rock of the Sun. port, the right noble, or facred
:
Herodot. L.
the
4. c. 191.
Upon
p.
1 1
Mare Erythrasum,
6. c.
20.
Alfo Pliny. L.
India.
30
31
Herodot. L.
4. 191.
Many
places
all
which
will be
to
have been eminences, or buildings fituated on high, agreeably to this etymo<7<7A<as. Koyoff xe^aAn, AO4OS TK Stephanus Byzant. from Polybius. logy.
L.
17-
AO<K1N
TSTVKVUV
sra/;aAAAwj'
AKPAI. Plutarch
Thofe who fpeak
Megafthenes per
c.
in Flaminino, of the fame place. The citadel at Thebes was called Kuro0-JtgpaA
by Xenophon.
Mountaineers,
of the Cunocephali
diverfos Indise
as a people, defcribe
them
as
montes
Solinus.
52.
A
L.
promontory of
27,
this
name upon
Red
from Strabo.
3. c.
in Corcyra.
Procopius. Goth.
5-
Similar
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
341
Similar to the hiftory of the Cimocephali, and Acephali, is that of the Cunodontes. They are a people mentioned by
Solinus and Ifidorus,
and by them are fuppofed to have had Yet they were probably denominated,
from the object of their worfhip, the Deity Chan-Adon; which the Greeks exprefied KvrsoW, and flylecL 3I Cunodontes. his votaries
they had the ufe of the the zodiac, and its afterfphere, and were acquainted with But it is plain from their miftakes, that ifms very early.
The Greeks
pretended,
that
they received the knowledge of thefe things very late ; at a time when the terms were obfolete, and the true purport of them not to be obtained. They borrowed all the fchemes
comprehended, from the Egyptians ; who had formed them of old, and named them from circumftances in their own religion and mythology. They
ftars
are
had particularly conferred the titles of their Deities upon thofe ftars, which appeared the brighteft in their hemifphere. One of the moft remarkable and brilliant they called Caheu Sehor ; another they termed Purcahen ; a third Cahen Ourah,
or
Cun Ourah.
;
Thefe were
to
Cunofoura, the
In refpect to this laft name I think, from the apwe may be aflured, that it plication of it in other inftances, could not be in acceptation what the Greeks would perfuade
us
51
:
nor had
Solinus.
it
c. 4.
and
L.
9.
de Portentis.
jnit
342
THE ANALYSIS
hill in
;
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
this
35
mit of a
in in
34
Arcadia of
in
"
name
alfo a
promontory
it
Attica
and another
Euboea.
How
could
poffibly
?
its
common
And
it
as a constellation if
how came
was a term
to be a
name given
5fi
It
brought from Sidon, and Egypt and the purport was to be fought for from the language of the Amonians.
ancient Helladians ufed upon every promontory to raife the pillars and altars to the God of light, Can-Our,
The
Chan-Orus of Egypt.
changed to
this
But Can-Our, and Can-Ourah, they as I have fhewn yet notwithftanding ^ywcroi^a,
:
name
is
often to be difcovered.
his
The
place which
Icarome-
nippus, is called Cunoura by Stephanus Byzant. and by 37 Paufanias. Cunoura is alfo ufed by Lycophron, who underftood ancient terms full well, for any high rock or headland.
38
Ev dun
iirgot; xvvisga,
Scholiaft. ibid.
We find
"
to us concerning the
Steph. Byzantinus.
54
35
difcovery of purple.
The
ancients
Ptolemy. L.
3. c. 15.
:
and Cunofouroi, Alfo a family at Lacedasmon, 3>uXn ActxwvtM Hefychius. the name of a family at Megara. See Alexander ab Alexandra. L. i. c. 17.
36
quarum Cynofura
petatur
Ovid. Faftor. L.
3. v.
107.
L.
3.
p. 207.
38
V. 99-
veI
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
343
very gratefully gave the merit of every ufeful and falutary invention to the Gods. Ceres was fuppofed to have difcovered
to
men
Ofiris
:
Vefta taught them to build. Cinyras of the harp Every Deity was looked up to as the caufe of fome bleffing. The Tyrians and Sidonians were famous for the manufacture
plough
of purple covery of
the die of which was very exquifite, and the difit was attributed to Hercules of Tyre ; the fame
is
who by
ftyled Hercules
this
him
honour
39
For accidentally feeding upon the Murex, with which the coaft abounded, the dog ftained his mouth with the ichor of the fim ; and from hence
of Hercules was the difcoverer.
the
firft
taken.
<rsc<.w t*rog<pvgct. Nonproverbial expreffion, 'Evgqpa, nus mentions the particular circumftance of the dog's ftainY\
Mm
his
mouth
Such
is
the ftory,
It is
which
at firft fight
is
of credit.
9
Palasphatus srapi etptupyyeius xoy%vfaK. p. 124. Cafliodorus of the purple. Cum fame canis avida
conchylia impreffis mandibulis contudiflet,
fluentia ora ejus mirabili colore tinxerunt
ilia
:
in
Tyrio
littore
projeila
dif-
naturaliter
humorem fanguineum
et ut ell
mos hominibus
occafiones re-
talia
L.
L.
9. c. 36.
See
i.
allo
c. 4.
Chronicon Palchale.
Achilles Tatius. L.
3.
Julius Pollux.
p. 30. Ed. Amltel. Pliny. L. g. c. 36. Cyrus Prodromus e^ri <x.7roJyu>.? T <p<A:a.
Nonni Dionyfiaca. L.
40. p. 1034.
fim:
344rifli
:
T HE
and
if this
is
murex
having ftrong and fharp protuberances, with which a dog would hardly engage. The ftory is founded upon the fame
mifconception, of which fo many inftances have been produced. Hercules of Tyre, like all other oriental divinities,
as
Toy 'H^a^A/^
<pacr<
XHNA
Asystr^af.
We
are
told^
of the Egyptians is called Chon. This intelligence however they could not abide by; but changed this facred title to 4 * mof,
a dog, which they defcribed as an attendant upon the Deity. The Grecians tells us, that the Egyptians ftyled Hermes a dog but they feem to have been aware, that they were guilty
:
of an undue reprefentation. Hence Plutarch tries to foften and qualify what is mentioned, by faying, 4S Oy y xvgiw
rov
Atyw7tti).:
it
by which
fo
this learned
was not
much
the
name of
a dog, as the qualities of that animal, to which the Egyptians alluded. Plutarch thought by this refinement to take off the
impropriety of conferring fo bafe a name upon a Deity. But the truth is, that the Egyptians neither beftowed it nominally; nor alluded to it in any degree. The title, which they gave to Hermes, was the fame, that they beftowed upon Her*'
Etymologicum Magnum.
Johannes Antiochcnus, who difcovery -H.UVO-, -ra-ojfiswjca, which
herd king.
45
44
tells
the ftory at large, fays, that purple was the in the original hiftory was undoubtedly a Ihep-
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris. p.
355.
cules
THE ANALYSIS
cules
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
;
345
Cahen, and Cohen and it was very properly reprefented above by the Greek term Xwz/, Chon. It is faid of Socrates, that he fometimes made ufe of an unthey expreffed
it
mon
his
oath,
at
|U.a
which
flrft
and
the
But we are informed by Porphyry, that was not done by way of ridicule for Socrates efteemed
charader.
:
this
it
very ferious and religious mode of atteftation ; and under thefe terms made a folemn appeal to the fon of 46 Zeus. The purport of the words is obvious and whatever hidden mean:
ing there may have been, the oath was made ridiculous by the abfurdity of the terms. Befides, what poilible connection could there have fubfifted between a dog and a Deity ; a
goofe and the fon of Jove ? There was certainly none yet like the reft of his an antipathy Socrates, fraternity, having
:
medium
cation was
5
loft.
by which means the very efTence of his invoThe fon of Zeus, to whom he appealed,
TCI'
Ovft
Si'xpxTiij
xvr a KXI
TO-,'
pfWa
oy.rjs
ITTM^V.
Porphyry de Abilinentia.
Ex?A:!,'5-3 f'P%-
L.
3. p.
2S6.
It
is
faid to
have been
v/.'vs-",
firft
inftituted
by Rhadamanthus of Crete
ov.rjrx.1.
xaj;
y.'jro'-j
xxt
xpy
See Ariftophan. OfiOf. Scholia, v. .^21. Ofju-nrxi xsteucrixi (Pix.fa/j.s.i^v} xai ^ui'a, XT/., from Socrates. L. 12. de Rebus Creticis.
%: z 3
The
TwrJ
called in :iftertimes
Census.
There was
Steph. Byzant.
M.-re Hercules
promontory of the fame name: Kcaicr axcii-rw-iiy (Aa.vwas fuppofed to have facrificed after his conf.icra
ot CEchalia. quefi:
paraSat
9. v.
ota Jovi
in
Ovid. Metamorph. L.
v.
r^6.
Sophocles
Trachin.
KVXM
_'K;.
VOL.
I.
was
346
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
was the Egyptian Cahen abovementioned ; but this facred title was idly changed to ttvvct, mi %/^a, a dog and a goofe, That he referred to the Egypfrom a Similitude in found. tian Deity is manifeft from Plato, who acknowledges, that he fvvore 47 |U,a TOV xwct TOV AiyuTTTiuv $sw. By which we
are to underftand a
fays,
48
that
it
Cahen of Egypt. Porphyry exprefly was the God Hermes the fon of Zeus, and Maia:
Kara
I
TOV 78 A<O
KM Maiag
tffvufioi
STTOISLTO TOV
ogzov.
cannot account upon any other principle than that, upon which I have proceeded, for the ftrange reprefentation of
Apollo, and Bacchus, gaping with open mouths. So it feems Clemens of Alexandria they were in fome places defcribed.
Qifev ayaA/xa. KS^IVOTOS ATrohXwvog 5 Bacchus was particularly are told, that a gaping
HohefJLM
Jg
And we
wormiped
at
Samos.
the fame
as the
who was
Jot.
Cahen-On, Rex,
confequence of
it,
vel
w hich Cahen-On
Xouvuv
:
word
re-
and
in
hence it is that we fometimes changed to KOIVQS, communis fo often meet with .xoim 0OJ, and mvoi fiwpoi, upon coins
and marbles
puted
alfo
wmq
'E^pj?.
And
as
Hermes was
the re-
God
or
common.
'
4"
40
50
c.
i.
p. 10.
dementis Cohortatio.
Pliny. L.
8.
p. 32.
p.
446.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
347
51
Notwithfbnding
notion
fo
univerfally
xoii/cn;
received,
yet
among
title
was an ancient
of eminence.
Koivog,
o ASCTTTOTJK.
lord
the inftances
which might be brought of this nature. Of this, I think, I am affured, that whoever will confider the uncouth names both of Deities, and men, as well as of places, in the light recommended ; and attend to the mythology tranfmitted concerning them, will be able by thefe helps to trace them to their original meaning. It is, I think, plain, that what the
Grecians fo often interpreted yjuns, was an ancient Amonian When therefore I read of the brazen dog of Vulcan, title.
of the dog of Erigone, of Orion, of Geryon, of Orus, of Hercules, of Amphilocus, of Hecate, I cannot but fuppofe, that they were the titles of fo many Deities ; or elfe of their
priefts,
their office.
In ihort
the
of dogs, than the Paterae Amon were bafons and though Diodorus does fay, that at the grand celebrity of ss Iris the whole was preceded by dogs, yet I cannot help being perfuaded, that they were the priefts
of the Goddefs.
1
5*
5!
Hefychius.
*
Ifiaca.
L.
p. 78.
By
348
THE ANALYSIS
this clue
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
By
u>
we may
unravel
many
Jon.utd.otU jnjtvtu^niitted
i^^'it,
mount
In the temple of Vulcan near JEtna there are faid to have been a breed of dogs,
from
different parts.
to the
bad. " Inde etiam perpetuus ignis a Siculis alebatur in JEtnaso Vulcani templo, cui cuftodes adhibiti funt facri canes, blandientes piis hominibus, in impios ferocientes. In the celebrated gardens of Eleclra there was a golden dog, which me wed the
as inveterate to others.
Xgvveog
odcumn
avuv
What
more remarkable, there were many gaping dogs in this temple ; which are reprefented as fo many ftatues, yet were endowed with life.
is
37
Xao"pm
defcribes fomething of the fame nature in the gardens
Homer
of Alcinous.
'Ovg 'Hpcus-o?
Tsv%sv
xcu
OI/TO.S,
55
A
5
Huetius. Prsp. Evang. p. 86. from Cornutus de Natura Deorum. like hiftory is given of ferpents in Syria by Ariftotle, ^eoi 3-uftacr/wv
in the iflands
of Diomedes.
57
'
Ibid.
Homer. OdylT. L.
8. v.
92.
All
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
349
All this relates to the Cufean priefts of Vulcan or Hephaiftos and to the priefthood eftablifhcd in his temple: which prieft-
hood was kept up by fucceflion, and never became extincl. What was Cufean, the Greeks often rendered Xgvvsiw, as I
{hall hereafter
(hew.
The lame
likewife
priefts
Cu-
thim
gold
;
:
and
this
word
among
:
were
find the like hiftory in Crete dog, which Zeus had appointed to be the guardian of his temple 59 By comparing thefe hiftories I think we cannot fail of arriv.
We
of light among other but the term titles was ftyled Cahen, or Chan-Ades being fame acceptation here, as in the inftances above, taken in the
ing at the latent meaning.
:
The God
the Deity was changed to a dog, and faid to refide in the infernal regions. From hence he was fuppofed to have been
dragged to light by Hercules of Thebes. The notion both of Cerberus and Hades being fubterraneous Deities took its rife
from the temples of old being fituated near vaft caverns, which were efteemed pafTages to the realms below. Such were in Meffenia, in Argolis, in Bithynia, and at Enna in Sicily; not
to mention divers other places. named Kir-Abor ; and the Deity
Thefe temples were often Chan-Ades ; out of which terms the Greeks formed Toy Ksg^egov K.VVCK, et<Js and fabled, that he was forced into the upper air by Hercules through
;
temples fimilar in name and fituation were built in various parts, the like hiftory was told
thefe infernal inlets.
as
And
of them
TOP
all.
among; O
Anto-
Kvvce.
(o
ninus Liberalis.
35. p. iSo.
other
35
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
6l>
other places, being afcribed to the cavern at Taenarus ; as 6l 6z well as to one at Troezen, and to a third near the city Hermione. The Poet Dionyiius fpeaks of the feat being per-
KOU M.acgieut$ww
'
fOfjiaTuv fi&hzziv
may
have been
(tod.
ol
tKfc;
degraded to the regions of darknefs, yet he was the God of nt > Kw-afe ; and fuch was the purport of that name. He lig
as Apollo, as
the
Cu-
apart for his fervice. KwmJca, ysvo? A^^o*^, zfc ov o isgsvg rx Kvvvtx ATTOAA&I/O?. The Cunnidai are a family at Athens ; out of which Hefychius.
nidse at Athens,
the prieft of Apollo Cunnius
is
who were
a family
chofen.
He
ftyleV
him Apollo
Cunnius
but the Cunidai were more properly denominated from Apollo Cunides, the fame as Cun-Ades. Pofeidon was
:
exprefly flyled
Cun-Ades
as
Apollo
have fhewn.
Kv~
mfa
A^VJjrw STI^OLTQ. Hefychius. Pofeidon was the title of Cun-Ades. worfoiped at Athens under Though I have endeavoured to fliew, that the term, of
nocrsf^uy
60
"
6t 6'
Paufanias of Taenarus. L.
3. p.
275.
185.
2. p. 2.
p. 196.
This temple flood, according to Diodorus Siculus 791. Dionyf. Uepmym. and Arrian, in the country of the Cimmerians near the Acherufian Cheribnefe. See
v.
which
THE ANALYSIS
which
I
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
351
have been treating, was greatly mifapplied in being fo uniformly referred to dogs ; yet I do not mean to infinudid not fometimes relate to them.
ate, that it
They were
diftinguiflied
by
and were held in fome debut how far they were reverenced is
Herodotus
6s
fpeaking of the fanclity of fome animals in Egypt, fays, that the people in every faand he mily, where a dog died, fhaved themfelves all over
:
mentions
Plutarch
it
67
as a
cuftom
ftill
fubiifting
in
his
own
time.
differs
from him.
He
were
one time efteemed holy ; but it was before the time of Cambyfes from the asra of his reign they were held in
at
:
another light
for
king killed the facred Apis, a liberally upon his entrails without making
this
It
is
when
proper diftindion, that they loft all their fanclity. little confequence, whichever account be the trueft.
of
They
were certainly of old looked upon as facred ; and efteemed emblems of the Deity. And it was perhaps with a view to
and to prevent the Ifraelites retaining any notion of this nature, that a dog was not fuffered to come within the preIn the Mofaic law the cincls of the temple at 6; Jerufalem.
this,
the price of a dog, and the hire of a harlot are put upon s fame level. Thou fialt not bring the hire of a whore^ or the
'*
Oppida
tota
canem venerantur.
p. 16.
2. c.
v. 8.
Diodorus. L.
65
i.
Herodotus. L.
Plutarch.
;
66.
66
'
among
the Jews.
Deuteronomy,
c.
23. v. iS.
price
352
THE ANALYSIS
OP
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
vow
:
into the houfe of the Lord thy God for any price of a dog^ for both thefe are an abomination to the Lord thy God,
To
conclude
The Dog
in
Cahen, and Cohen ; a title and even vegetables were honoured, on account of their being confccrated to fome Deity. The Greeks did not confider,
that this was a borrowed appellation,
Priefts
many
which belonged to the and was from them extended to Hence they have continually re:
by which means they have mifreprefented many curious pieces of hiftory and a number of idle fables have been devifed to the difparagement
ferred this term to one object only
;
of
all
O F
353
O F
S,
STYLED
X
P
T 2 O
2,
and
T 2 A
12
P.
AMONG
Chus
the different branches of the great Amonian themfelves abroad, the fons of family, which fpread were the moft confiderable ; and at the fame time the
mod
enterprising.
;
diftant
countries widely
different
denomiThis
nations, but
family particularly by to have rendered Chufos, and we might expecl: the Greeks But by a fatal to have named the Xycrato;, Chufsei.
title.
people
thefe terms to
them
I
X^y<ro?,
had a reference
to gold.
the various parts of the world, where the this branch of that family. and
efpecially fiderable colonies
Amonians
weftward were in Ionia, and Hellas ; and about Cuma, and Liguria in Italy ; and upon the coaft of Z z Iberia VOL. I.
354
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Iberia in Spain. They were likewife to be found in. Cyrene ; and ftill farther in Mauritania, and in the iflands oppofite to
In the north they were to be met with at Colrechis, towards the foot of Mount Caucafus, and in mofl In the hiftories of of the Euxine fea. gions upon the coaft thefe countries the Grecians have conftantly changed Chuthat coaft.
fos,
and Chus-Or,
and in confequence of this Chuforus, to Xgvorwgy Chrufor alteration they have introduced in their accounts of thefe
places
Hence we read of
;
a golden
'
fleece at Colchis
teflus a
at
Tar-
golden cup
and
at
Cuma
in
Campania
a golden
branch
Aureus
Something fimilar is obfervable in the hiftory of Cyrene. The natives were not remarkable for either mines, or merchandife
:
Kara ysvo;
yet Palasphatus having mentioned that they were AI&OTIK, Ethiopians by extraction, that is, Cuz
:
feans, fubjoins
Eun
$e <r<po$a. ftgwoi.
Pindar in celebrat-
ing each happy circumftance of the Infulas Fortunatae men3 tions, that there were trees with branches of gold : AvOspct. The river Phafis in Colchis was fuppofed <jg
v^y(T8 <pAsys<.
1
<roi>
In this golden cup Hercules was fuppofed to have patted over the ocean. XpApollodorus. L. 2. p. 100. J"7ra<, fv w TOP ux.ia.vov &S7repx.(rti' Hpa>cA>;.
likcwiic in the
5. p.
There was
1
fame place
a ftory
about a golden
belt.
Philoftratus.
Vita Apoilon. L.
212.
o-tyoSpa
-zsrAacr/o/,.
tut
J
term
xpviroi,
though
J~.
fcarce fenfe.
Ode
2. ai'Ti^po^.
p. 25.
to
THE ANALYSIS
to have
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
355
and the
like
was pretended of
the Poets, but
Ionia.
Not only
:
of the graver 4 hiftorians fpeak of their golden fands. Yet there is reafon to doubt of the fact for not one of them
many
for what they fuppofe. They produces any good voucher do not mention any trade carried on, nor riches accruing from this lucky circumftance fo that there is no reafon to
:
think, that one grain of gold was gathered from thefe celebrated ftreams. Among the feveral iflands occupied by this
and Delos. In the former the chief people were Rhodes, have been blefTed with fhowers of gold. city is faid to
trots figzys
At
ftgwoug vi$%$s<r<ri Delos every thing was golden, even the flippers of the
|U,sya?
$v
BacnAgy?
God.
6
Xgvtrsct
uro7^v^v<j'og
ya
A^roAAwi/.
And
this
when
riched with offerings from different nations, but even at the birth of the God ; by which is meant the foundation of his
rites.
'
1
ex.
Td
Kcfjx.a.<rti
uroAAat
Mithridat. p. 242. Salauces, an ancient king of Colchis, was faid with gold. Arrian fuppofes that they put fleeces Pliny. L. 33. c. 15. p. 614. into the rivers to intercept (47'H* a<petvei) this imperceptible mineral ; and that
from hence
1
Pindar.
Olymp. Ode
7. p.
Callimachus.
Hymn
to Apollo, v. 34.
mower of gold
lithm.
at
Thebes
7. p.
in Bceotia.
Pindar fpeaks
of Jupiter Xpcru
f*.eaoi>ux.Ttcv vKpovrcc.
Ode
476.
z 2
56
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
|U,/Aja ygicaro,
gppss
Ev
$'
and foundations of the iiland were golden the lake floated with golden waves the olive and the river Inopus, deep tree vegetated with golden fruit as it was, fwelled with gold. Homer in a Hymn to the fame perfonage reprefents the whole more compendiously by fayfind, that the very
:
We
foil
treafure
aa
Ai^Ao?
have before mentioned, that the Amonians fettled in Liand in confequence of it the Heliadce are reprefented guria
I
:
as
gold.
7
*
Callim.
Homer.
TIsuxiK
fiSo<,
trepov'
AgiS'scrOaf
v>
a/^ar;, 3da6a7r>
TCO-
%pu?u vnv
HAictS/x.
;-
5'g^oK.
Philoftratus. L. 5. p. 211.
a golden flreain
;
as living
upon
O; ^pU(ropfUTO
}>a.[*.a,
nAanwj'35 zrap.
Prometheus, p. 49.
Chus
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
357
Chus by the Egyptians and Canaanites was ftyled OrI0 Chus-Or ; the latter of which was exprefled Chus, and
by the Greeks, analogous to the examples above, X^IKTW^, and we learn in Eufebius from Philo, that ChruChrufor
:
was one of the principal Deities of the Phenicians, a to have great benefactor to mankind ; and by fome fuppofed
for
Both the Tyrians and Sidonians were undoubtedly a mixed race ; and preferved the memory of Ham, and Chus, equally with that of Canaan. This name fo often rendered Chrufos, and Chrufor, was
been the fame as Hephaftus.
fometimes changed toX^turaw^, Chrufaor; and occurs in many where the Cuthites were known to have fettled. We places,
have been (hewn, that they were a long time in Egypt ; and we read of a Chrufaor in thofe parts, who is faid to have arifen
Xgwaug
rs ^eyas,
mi
IIioya<ro
of Aiia Minor, the Carians. In thefe parts he was partiefpecially among deified morcularly worfhiped, and faid to have been the firft
in the regions
fame Chrufaor
Divan of that nation was called Chrufaorium; " Chrufoaris ; and a temple of the fame and there was a city
tal.
The
great
10
Hence
Egypt had
the
name of Cerchufora.
Some
traces
of Orcus may be found in Zeus Hircius, and Orcius, mentioned by Paufanias. L. 5. He fuppofes the name to be from opxos, an oath, and mentions a legend p. 442.
to that purpofe.
"
Hefiod.
-
Theo.
-
v. 281.
~
Si
(,-..71).
Steph. Byzant.
name.
358
name.
ff.7ra.vrwv
THE ANALYSIS
13
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
TO rz
Eyyvg
Kaguv,
$s
TI\$
tvohsw
sis o
<rvvia,<ri
Swai/Tsg TS %ou
in
This city was properly called Chus-Or; and built of the fame perfon, as the city Chufora, called
memory
H Cer-
alfo
It was chufora, in Egypt. undoubtedly founded by fome of the fame family, who in aftertimes worshiped their chief an-
and Syrians did likewife. For this we have the teftimony of Sanchoniathon ; who having mentioned the various benefits beftowed upon mankind by Chruceftor
;
as the Sidonians
conclufion,
15
JUSTO,
$a-
s<r&VQY\<T&V For which reafon after his death they worThe firft king of Iberia was named him as a God. JJjiped
Chrufaor, the reputed father of Geryon ; and he is faid to have been 'sroAy^ycro^ a perfon of great wealth all which is an Egyptian hiftory transferred from the Nile to the Bcetis.
:
I<5
srexe
Geryon of Spain was, according to this mythology of the Poet, the fon of Chrufaor ; and Chrufaor was confefTedly of Egyptian original
:
fo that
may
allude to,
it
Zeus was
Alfo
a title conferred
family.
14
Herodotus. L.
1 1
2.
c.
15.
c. 17.
L.
17. p.
15
5
60.
35.
17
287.
Euripides. Hercules Furens. v. 42 3.
/2oTp' EpuQeiois.
of
THE ANALYSIS
of the Tons of Chus.
applied
it
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
359
The
;
to Apollo
and from
Chrufaor, he
was denominated the God of the golden fword. Homer acl8 and fpeaking of AtfoAAwi/a Xgwaogot, cordingly ftyles him
:
'
Oy<T
~
VL
AffoAAaw
Xgv<ra.og<x,
SijfOW
and Diana
This
for
it
is
termed
AvToza.tn'yvrw Xgv<rot.ogo;
A^oA-
cannot poflibly relate to the implement fuppofed: would be idle to flyle an infant the God of the golden
title
fword.
him
for
was a weapon, which at not time was afcribed to nor do I believe, that he is ever reprefented with one
It
either
upon
He
is
defcribed as wifhing
rs
And
his
mother
is
faid to
duced him
vioy
fpecified
but
do not
recollect
any mention made of a fword, nor was the term Chrufaor of Grecian etymology.
Since then
18
we may
O.
v.
19
Homer. Homer.
is
Iliad.
256.
Hymn
to Apollo, v. 123.
to Diana, v. 3.
ftyled Xpu<raogos in
Orpheus deLapid.
c. 15, v.
41,
Homer.
"
Hymn
to Apollo, v. 131.
Ibid. v. 126.
hided
360
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
luded to under the name of Chrufos, Chrufor, and Chrufaor; we need not wonder that his fubftitute Apollo is fo often
and Xgv<roXvgo$ that the harp, called by n the Amonians Chan-Or, and Cuth-Or, from the fuppofed inventor, fhould by the Grecians be denominated Xgvcsct (pogftyled Xd<TO#djttlj,
:
where Apollo was parbe called Chrufe, and Chrufoticularly worfhiped, fhould was of no fmall 25 amount. Nor polis ; the number of which
fjuyt;
24
AflroAAwz/os
that fo
many
cities,
is
this
named
names.
obfervable in cities only, but in rivers, which were in the fame manner. For it was ufual in the firft ages
them
after their
X^woppoc^ and from this miftake they were fuppofed to abound with gold. The l6 which had no pretensions to Nile was called Chruforrhoas
''
and there was a river of this name at 7 Damafcus. gold Others too might be produced, none of which had any claim to that mineral. There was a ftream Chruforroas near the
:
Amazonian
tolus
city
Themifcura
fo' called,
in
l8
Pontus
and the
river
Pac-
was of old
called among the oriental Apollo was reprefented as the author of the lyre, from the latter of which came juGaw?, and cithara in nations Kinor, and Cuthar
:
11
the weft.
z*
*5
Pindar. Pyth.
"XpVffV,
51
Ode
i.
gJ^-KS AvfJLl'U
tTOAlS
TH ATTcAA&Ji'OS
V.O.I T\OLVi\-
K&.I tv
B<6uwa,
KCC.I
BV
Tvj'AAixapraen^/ T5 Ivif'iwis sv Js T
p. 12.
Awpuv
3C7o;
'zrtPiw'
Far^H
IvStKTf.
Stcphanus Byzant.
Cedrcnus.
7 3
Hoffman Lexic.
of
THE ANALYSIS
of
its
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
59
361
#aAsiTo $s -wgorsgov Xfy0*oppoa$. It was named Chruforrhoas firft, and in aftertimes Paclolus : whence we may
^iag
nctxTuho; ^oroi^og
s?i
TW Av-
conclude in
refpecl:
apparent that
this
from the term Chufus and Chrufus being fimilar whence the latter was eafily convertible into the former
fure
which
more
intelligible,
and
at
the fame time a more fplendid, title. another obvious reafon for this change.
ftill
of the eaftern nations expreffed Cuth ; and his posterity the Cuthim. This term in the ancient Chaldaic, and other Amonian languages, fignified 3 gold hence many cities and
:
countries,
fettled,
were defcribed
as
the terms Chrufos and golden, and were reprefented by Chrufe. Thefe, as I have fhewn, had no relation to gold, but to Chus, who was reverenced as the Sun, or Apollo; as Dionufus ; but may more truly be and was looked
upon
efteemed Bacchus.
tions
Hence, when the poet Dionyfius men3I the ifland Chrufe in India, his commentator obferves ;
vqros, hsyopevri
KTW,
ha
TO ^V<TQV <pegeiv
The original name was Chrufaor, which Plutarch de fluminibus. p. 1151. had no relation to a golden ftream at leaft that part of it was fo named which ran
19
:
See Stephanus Byzarit. throuprh the city Maftaura. CDD3 of the Hebrews.
'
Dionyfius Tsefwyw.
v.
589.
Scholia ibidem.
VOL.
I.
a a
362
*
THE ANALYSIS
and
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
^
at laft concludes,
Xgwas
sitou
tvus Sonet o
In a former differtation concerning the Shepherd Kings in Egypt, I have fhewn that they were the fons of Chus, who
came
They
fet-
tled in a province
at
the upper part of Delta ; and in after times called Nomos It was in the vicinity of Memphis, and Arabicus. Aphrodi-
which places they likewife " occupied. I have mentioned that Chufos was often expreiTed Chrufos, and the
topolis,
If country of the Cuthim rendered the golden country. then there be that uniformity in errour which I maintain, it
may
this
be expected that in the hiftory of thefe places there It is remarkable that all fhould be fome reference to gold.
to what I have faid, was part of Egypt, conformably Here was the campus aureus, and called X^ycn], Chrufe.
Aphrodite Aurea of the Romans and all the country about To this Diodorus, among Memphis was ftyled golden.
:
others,
bears witnefs
34
:
TW
rs
AQgo
EK IIAAAIA2
SIVOLl
v>
KOLtefJiSVOV
gVVYlS
^oT)^
'WSgL
rr\V
When
came
into
Egypt,
" r
The
alio Orus ; but, as a title, was beftpwed upon properly Cham, ftyled more perfons than one. 31 the firft Shepherd King-, 'Ouros sv T>I M?//(pi^ xccTejutTo. Jofephus of Salatis,
14.
i, p.
88.
they
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
:
363
3S residence and hard they made Memphis the feat of royal by was the nome of Aphrodite, and the Arabian nome,
which they
of
it
particularly pofTefTed and which in confequencc were both ftyled the regions of the Cuthim. Hence
:
came the
Aphrodite Chrufe and hence the counThe ifland at the try had the name of the Golden diftricT:. point of Delta, where ftood the city Cercufora, is called
title
:
of
3<i
Eddahib, or the Golden Ifland, at this day. Diodorus mentions, that this appellation of Chrufe was derived
Gieferat
37
from a very
This tradition undoubtedly related to the {hepherds, thofe fons of Chus, who were fo long in poffeflion of the country ; and whofe hiftory was of
ancie?it
tradition.
the higheft antiquity. The Cuthites in the weft occupied only fome particular but from Babylonia eaftward the greateft part of that fpots
:
In the hiftory of thefe parts there is often fome allufion to gold, as may be feen in the ifland Chrufe, above mentioned ;
and
beyond the Ganges and not only of gold, but fometimes a reference to brafs and For as Chufus was changed to this from a Similar miftake. Chrufus, Xgv<ro$, gold ; fo was Cal-Chus, the hill, or place
lay
:
which
Colchis was
alfo
Jofephus contra Apion. L. i. r. 14. Juftin Martyr mentions this Eyru yaoKtui
:
Tf/ifv-cX/Jora-:
A^sf JT;-<
ei
KOU
'zzif'iQv
Xft'(7$ A<p0'JiT5
QvofJLaJ^tjfj.vov.
Cohort, p. 28.
AQ-JTChruie
Aphrodite is plainly the Cuthite Venus-, the Deity of the Cuthim. Pocock's and Norden's Travels, and maps of the country about Cairo.
a 2
taia.
364
taia.
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
But what was Colchian being fometimes rendered Chalcion, Xotfuiiov, gave rife to the fable of brazen bulls ; which were only Colchic Tor, or towers. There was a region
tled,
named Colchis
in
38
India
for
fet-
they continually kept up the memory of their foreThis being a fefathers, and called places by their names. cret to Philoftratus has led him into a deal of myfterious errour.
It is
well
and
Auritce,
59
known, that this people were both in Egypt and in other parts.
ftyled Oreitae,
Philoftratus
Apollonius came to a fettlement of the Oreitas upon the Indian Ocean. He alfo vifited the Pegadas ; and, what is remarkable, he met with a people, whofe very rocks the rivers conveyed were brazen ; their fand was brazen
fays that
:
down
efteemed their land golden on account of the plenty of brafs.. Now what is this detail, but an abufe of terms, ill underftood,
Philoftratus
had heard
fain ren-
of a region in India
der marvellous.
the hiftory of
which he would
country, whither Apollonius is fuppofed to go, was a province of the Indo-Cuthites, who were to be met with in various parts under the title of Oreitas.
The
worfhipers of
;
and came originally from the The Pegadae of the and hence had that name.
fire,
i.
P- 339
Karaa^fiv
^ctAtiai
7/Bcr<.
fj.ev
<?
fyavi
0.1
V.OLI
YlyyctPox
<ft
THIS
reav
QpeiTcav XppoK.
'Orfe fyeiTxi,
01 -zc-ora/uo;
O.UIOK
TffSTpa.i }
^Ax>i
^tot.
^ajbtftofj
^A^sr
ra
$t
^-ny^.a.
Xpva-triv yyuvrou
3. p.
iw yw
TAV euyfveictv
^ocA'/ce.
Philoftratus.
Vita
Apollon. L.
155.
country
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
365
country are what we now call Pagodas ; and which are too There were in this part of well known to need defcribing.
and temples, dedicated to the memory of Chus. Some of thefe are famous at this day, though denominated after the Babylonifti dialed Cutha, and Cuta ;
the world feveral
cities,
The
latter
feems to have
This
was more truly exprefled Cal-Chus ; which Philoftratus hasmiftaken for XaAtfo?, brafs ; and made the very 4 rocks and rivers abound with that mineral. And yet, that the old
miftake about gold
be omitted, he concludes with a ftrange antithefis, by faying, that the natives efteemed their ** brafs. country Chrufitis, or golden, from the quantity of It has been my endeavour to prove that what the Grecians
may not
Amon
in
Egypt
the perfon fo denominated have been, according to the more ancient mythology, the find accordingly that it was fo. fon of Helius, and Dios.
mud
We
The
Scholiaft
4i
fays,
AJO
wan;
Xgwos.
And
40
41
in another place
faid
to.
The
both names for temples. fly led the region of the Cuthim.
*'
Ode
4. p.
259.
Helios,
366
Helios,
PIOVQS
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
who was no
$e
other than
o
Cham.
*3
EK
&SIOL?
mi
>f
'HA<0, SK
'HA<
among
his fons
hence
it is
faid
by Sancho-
Toy X^txr^ AoyB c/LVMtfv.i KM eTf&iasg, xau pMTSiag. He was however efteemed a great benefactor ; and many falutary inventions were afcribed to him. He had particularly
niathon,
41
"
firft,
who
of Chus himfelf, is uncertain it agrees full well with the hiftory of his fons; who, as we have the greateft reafon to be afTured, were the firft great navigators in the wor
faid truly
1
.
+!
Scholia
44
41
upon Pindar. Ifth. Ode 5. p. 462. Sanchoniachon. apud Eufcb. Pra.:p. Evang. L.
ibid.
i. c.
to, p. 35.
Sanchoniath.
367
O F
CANAAN, CNAAN,
And
of the Derivative
and
XNA2:
K T K N O 2.
upon the account given
of Phaethon, who fell thunderftruck into the Eridanus, and of his lifters, who were changed to poplars, weeping amber, he took a refolution, if he fhould ever be near the
fcene of thefe wonderful tran factions, to inquire among the natives concerning the truth of the ftory. It fo happened,
'
LUC
AN
tells us,
that reflecting
above mentioned
nor poplar.
he was obliged to go up the river and he fays, that he looked about very
amazement he faw
neither amber,
took the liberty to afk the people, fhould arrive at the amber-dropdifficulty that
but
it
he could
make them
them
of the Sun
He
then explained
the chariot
how he borrowed
and being an awkward charioteer, tumbled headlong into the Eridanus that his fifters pined away with grief; and at laft were transformed to trees, the fame of
:
1
2. p.
which
368
THE ANALYSIS
OF
:
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
which he had juft fpoken and he allured them, that thefe trees were to be found fomewhere upon the banks, weeping
the deuce, fays one of the boatmen, could never heard of any chariotell you fuch an idle ftory ? teer tumbling into the river; nor have we, that I know of,
amber.
Who
We
a fingle poplar in the country. If there were any trees hereabouts dropping amber, do you think, mafter, that we
would
here day after day, tugging againft the ftream for a dry groat, when we might ftep afliore, and make our fortunes fo eafily ? This affected Lucian a good deal : for he
fit
had formed fome hopes of obtaining a little of this precious commodity ; and began to think that he muft have been im-
However as Cycnus, the brother of Phaethon, pofed upon. was here changed to a fwan, he took it for granted that he fhould find a number of thofe birds, failing up and down
the ftream, and
their melody.
But not perceiving any in a great fpace, he took the liberty, as he parTed onward, to put the queftion again to the boatmen; and to make enquiry about thefe birds. Pray, gentle-
men,
fays he, at
what
particular feafon
?
is it
It is faid, that
merly men, and always at Apollo's fide ; being in a manner of his privy council. Their /kill in mufick muft have been
very great
and though they have been changed into birds, they retain that faculty, and, I am told, fing moft melodinot help fmiling at this account. oufly. The watermen could
:
Why,
one of them, what ftrange ftories you have picked up about our country, and this river ? We have plied here, men and boys, for years and to be fure we cannot fay,
fir,
fays
that
THE ANALYSIS
that
OF ANCIENT
:
MYTHOLOGY.
369
we
there are
but as for any harmony, a rook or a jackdaw in comparifon of them may be looked upon as a nightingale.
Such are the witty ftrictures of Lucian upon the ftory of WhatPhaethon, and Cycnus, as deicribed by the poets. ever may have been the 'grounds upon which this fiction is
founded, they were certainly unknown to the Greeks ; who have misinterpreted what little came to their hands, and
fables.
The
ftory,
not uniformly told. Some, like Lucian, fpeak of fvvans in the plural; and fuppofe them to have been the minifters, and attendants of Apollo, who aflifted at his
it,
we have
is
concerts.
who
Others mention one perfon only, called Cycnus ; was the reputed brother of Phaethon, and at his death
to the bird of that
it
was transformed
name.
The
fable
is
the
it
may be
There
related,
is
ftory,
which
muft
may be
of fome
is
Phaethon
re-
of the Sun, prefented by many of the poets as the offspring * or Apollo : But this was a miftake, Sole fatus Phaethon.
and
Phaethon found chiefly among the Roman poets. was the Sun. It was a title of Apollo ; and was given to
to be
him
as the
God
ufes
1
of light. &
it
This
is
mony
Homer, who
Ovid. Metamorph. L.
751.
VOL.
I,
B b b
370
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Stftfegjtei'cu
In refpect to Cycnus and his brotherhood, thofe vocal minifters of Apollo, the is told of them, undoubtftory, which
edly alludes to Canaan the fon of ites his pofterity. They fent out
lonies, there
is
Ham
many
and
to the
;
Canaan-
colonies
which co-
where thefe legends about fwans particularly prevailed. The name of Canaan was by different nations greatly varied, and ill and this mifconftru&ion among the Greeks exprefled
:
gave
rife
to the fable.
To
{hew
this
it
will be proper to
give an account of the rites and cuftoms of the Canaanites, as well as of their extenfive traffick. Among the many
in various family, which fettled and carried on an early correfpondence, parts of the world, the Canaanites were not the leaft refpectable. They traded
branches of the
Amonian
from Sidon
Afcalon
J
and upon
their
Phaethon was univerfally allowed to be the Sun the by the ancient mythologifts of Greece , to whom we mull appeal, and not to
Homer. OdyfT. L. A.
poets.
v. 15.
Roman
Orpheus
lays,
HeA<cc 4>ag6ocTa
ffy aff^atcrt
;
-nrwAoz ayeat.
de Lapid. v. 90.
And
in
another place
ex.
Eu6i# or'
Tviponcav
yaw
as
He
ofos.
is
fomething very myfterious in his noturoyovos QatQcav -srep;reprefented as the firft-born of heaven
Phanes
and there
is
H>C$
Hunc
ait
(Orpheus)
efie
quorum
communem
Ex.Ti<rev AGavctTOJs
^O^QV ct$iTov>
c. 5. p. 15.
they
THE ANALYSIS
*
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
371
they
removed
it
This place
which was very memoThe Canaanites, as they were a filler tribe rable in its day. of the Mizraim, fo were they extremely like them in their rites and religion. They held a heifer, or cow, in high
was foon improved
mighty
city,
5 cuftoms of Egypt. Their agreeably to the chief Deity was the Sun, whom they worfhiped together with the Baalim, under the titles of Ourchol, Adonis, Tha-
veneration,
was a cuftom among the Grecians at the celebration of their religious festivals to crown the whole with hymns of praife, and the moft joyful exclamations. But the
muz.
It
which infected Egyptians were of a gloomy turn of mind, Their hymns were always comthe whole of their worfhip.
of lamenpofed in melancholy affe&ing airs, and confided tations for the lofs of Ofiris, the myftic flight of Bacchus, the wanderings of Iris, and the fufferings of the Gods- Apuleius takes notice
rites
and worfhip
JEgyptiaca
numinum
goribus : Graeca plerumque choreis. the Orphic Argonautica, fpeaking of the initiations in Egypt,
mentions,
7
mi
fftjiis
IS^CK,
The
4
Phoenices poft tnultos deinde annos, a Rege Afcaloniorum expugnati, navibus 18. c. 3. appulfi, Tyron urbem ante annum Trojanae cladis condiderunt. Juftin. L.
before enlarged Tyre: but it was a city mentioned Jofhua. c. 19. v. 29. as the ftrong city Tyre. 5 Porphyry de Abftinentia. L. 2. p. 158.
See Ifaiah.
c.
23. v. 12.
They
for
it is
6
7
B b b
Tyre,
THE ANALYSIS
Tyre, ufed Adonis, or
Ofiris in
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
for
as
particularly
Thamuz
The
the
lofs
of
Thamas, and
Cretans had the like mournful hymns, in which they commemorated the grief of Apollo for the lofs of Atymnius.
Egypt.
'Oict.
sTuyKivsv
fang in fweet, but melancholy, drains, Such as were warbled by the Delian God,
They
When
The
in the
Woods
of Ida he bewailed
The
meafures and harmony of the Canaanites feem to have been very affecting, and to have made a wonderful impreflion
on the minds of
their audience.
The
infectious
mode of
worfhip prevailed fo far, that the children of Ifrael were forbidden to weep, and make lamentation upon a feftival :
9
Eivcti
And
awry tihousiv, 3 yctg et;eu/ocr. Nehemiah gives the people a caution to the fame purI0 : This day is holy unto toe Lord your God : mourn ?wt y
yag
eo^Tijv,
xcu
feiv sv
And
is
This day
Lord :
bs not forrowful.
lz
It is like-
Hold your
19. p. 520.
c. 5.
peace,
for
the
day
is
holy
neither
Nonni Dionyfiaca. L.
Jofeph. Antiq. L. u. Nehemiah. c. 8. v. 9.
i
9
10
'
p. 563.
Efdras.
c. 9. v.
52, 53^
11
Nehemiah.
c. 8, v.
n.
ie
THE ANALYSIS
be ye grieved.
ites
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
373
Such was the prohibition given to the Ifraelbut among the Canaanites this fhew of forrow was en-
couraged, and
made
n part of their
rites.
father of this people is reprefented in the Mofaic hifbut there is reafon tory, according to our verfion, Canaan and other neighbouring nato think that the
:
The
Egyptians This by the Greeks was rentions it was expreffed Cnaan. '* dered Xfaa?, and Xvotg ; and in later times Xz/a> Cna. X^tx,
by
8T&,'
1}
QoiviKri
2#aAgiTo
TO
^viUQV
is
Xz'ao?.
We
are told
by
liiris the Egyptian, who Philo from Sanchoniathon, that found out three letters, was the brother of Cna by which
:
is
meant that Mizraini was the brother of Canaan. I have taken notice more than once of a particular term, T#, Uc ;
mod
writers
;
yet
to be
01
fuch as are of
Amonian
original.
before the paffage was depraved, T##o0ftyled by Manethon, <TO. Uch, fays this author, in the facred language of Egypt
fignifies
'
king.
Hence
it
was conferred
infer
the
J7
God
Sehor, who, as
we may
as a title
Icfiris
Sanchoniathon alludes to the fongs of Canaan, and their great fweetnefs, when he is in an allegorical manner fpeaking of Sidon whom he makes a perfon, 5ca9' and the inventrefs of harmony. ATTO Ss Hc/m* yivircii 2<JW, VTr.ff&oh.w
,
ft
eutpct)vnx.s
TzrpwTM
'jf/.voi' Cfif-iK
woiv.
Apud
Eufeb. P. E. Lib.
i. c.
10. p. 38.
'*
15
r. c.
10. p. 39.
16
x6'
:. c. 13.
P- 44-517
Ofiris, Tetpi-,
according to Hellanicus.
Greeks
374
THE ANALYSIS
God
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Ifiris
and Onris.
And
not
Sehor, or Sehoris was fo expreffed ; but Cnas, or Canaan, had the fame title, and was flyled Uc-Cnas, and the Gentile name or porTeflive was Uc-cnaos, Yx.-zvaos : TO
sQviKOV
ya Xyao,
it
as
we
learn
from Stephanus.
whofe cuftom
was
thing fimilar in
y
Uc Cnaus
Some
and may
Cucneus
and from T#
ftill
Kms
formed
traces of this
effaced
word
Ichnaia.
Inftead of
this
Uc-Cnaan
the fon of
Ham,
the Greeks
perfonage in the feminine, whom they have reprefented as the daughter of the Sun. She is menl8 tioned in this light by Lycophron Tr\$ 'HA<8 &0yT9ff
have fubftituted
Indicts fy<x.V<;.
mas of Canaan
likewife changed Thamuz and Thaand Egypt to Themis a feminine ; and called
They
She
sou <T
is
fo ftyled
by Homer.
serai/
svfoQi ifftur(u y
'Pg/>j
Aiwyjj
T,
re,
mi
l%youct
is
I^m/a
sps
fignifies
The-
mis, or
18
*'
Thamuz, of
Hymn
Canaan.
Verfe 129.
Homer's
TO-oA(s
to Apollo, v. 92.
A^yeu
itiflj
g<n
xa.i -z7oA
EOIUTHX.S.
is
Apct%.ictv
Ar-Achnaion
mount.
There
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
375
There was another circumftance, which probably aflifted to carry on the miftake a Canaanitifli temple was called
:
both Ca-Cnas, and Cu-Cnas ; and adjc&ively il Cu-Cnaios ; which terms there is reafon to think, were rendered Kvxvos, and Kvxvew. Befides all this, the fwan was undoubtedly the infigne of Canaan, as the eagle and vulture were of Egypt,
and the dove of Babylonia. It was certainly the hieroglyThefe were the caufes which contriphic of the country. buted to the framing many idle legends ; fuch as the poets
improved upon greatly.
ever
Hence
it is
from Canaan to have fettled and to have founded temples, there is fome ftory about fwans and the Greeks in alluding to their hymns, inftead of Ttmvctov ac^a, the mufick of Canaan, have introduced
colonies
:
KVXVSIOV
the ringing of thefe birds and inftead of the death of Thamuz lamented by the Cucnaans, or priefts, they
a(T|Ua,
:
have made the fwans fing their own dirge, and foretell their own funeral. Wherever the Canaanites came they introduced
part of which, as I have fhewn, confifted in chanting hymns to the honour of their country God.
their national worfriip
:
He was
on which account the fame as Apollo of Greece Lucian, in compliance with the current notion, fays, that the Cycni were formerly the afTefTors, and minifters of that Deity.
:
are to underftand, that people of this denomination were in ancient times his priefts. One part of the world, where this notion about fwans prevailed, was in Liguria upon
By
this
we
Here Phaethon was fuppofed to downfall and here his brother Cycnus
:
underwent
376
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
underwent the metamorphons, of which we have fpoken. In thefe parts fome Amonians fettled very early; among whom
it
appears, that there v/ere many from Canaan. They be traced by the mighty works, which they carried on
its
may
:
for
mouth
"
Tartarurri vocant
omnia ex
Philiftinse fofTae
were undoubtedly the work of the Canaanites, and particuof the Caphtorim, who came from Philiftim larly of fome
:
river
The
name
for
it
has
no
terms, of which
it is
made up
;
for
compounded of Ur-
Adon,
name.
five
Orus Adonis
and
and was facred to the God of that and out of compoHtion was Adon,
is
The
:
river {imply,
it is
or Adonis
the
name of
one of the principal rivers in Canaan. It ran near the city Biblus, where the death of Thamuz was particularly lamented. It is a circumftance taken notice of by many authors ; and
jnoft pathetically defcribed
13
by Milton.
next behind,
Thammuz came
Whofe annual wound in Lebanon allur'd The Syrian damfels to lament his fate
1
Pliny. L. 3. p. 173.
*3
i. v.
445.
c. 8, v.
14.
In
THE ANALYSIS
In amorous ditties
OF
all
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
377
While
the fea
yearly wounded.
firft
by
^
Pherecy-
des Syrus
and that
my etymology
*s
is
true,
may
in great
mea-
Scholiaft upon Aratus. He fliews, fure be proved from the that the name was of Egyptian original, at leaft confonant to the language of Egypt ; for it was the fame as the Nile.
occurred in the ancient fphere of Egypt, from whence the Grecians received it. The great effufion of
It is certain, that it
water in the
is ftill
celeftial fphere,
:
which Aratus fays was the Nile, and as the name was of oriental
rnuft be
original, the
purport of
it
looked for
among
:
the
The river Strymon in Thrace was fuppeople of thofe parts. with fwans, as much as the Eridanus and pofed to abound the ancient name of this river was Palaeftinus. It was fo called
from the Amonians, who fettled here under the name of Adonians, and who founded the city Adonis. They were by the
later
Greeks ftyled
Ergvpuv
'urorafjiog
TW (dgaKw
KOLTIX,
HJwwJa, '5ro<r)yoyTo de urgoTsgov YloLAc/.i^ivcx;. The Strymon is a river of Thrace^ which runs by the city Edonis : it In thefe places, and in ivas of old called the river Paleeftinus.
Hyginus. Fab. 154. p. 266. not. 7. SwKioTKTGv ouiTuv tivo.1 'ETipot <f <pc7i,
15
14
N-:(Aoi'.
Katetrcci
<fe
UTTO
TOW
sy^capicav Rv%epvos.
p'.
x.arr.c-tiota-^vor.
6
Scholia in Aratum.
48.
2. p.
1154.
VOL. L
c c
all
378
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
where any of the Canaanites fettled, the Grecians have introduced fome ftory about fwans.
all others,
as feem* to have gained accefs at Delphi did like wife others from Egypt and by fuch was that oracle
: :
Some of them
founded.
iirft
called Ait,
EK^Y)
$e
AETIA.
The
;
natives in confequence of
it
were called
which was interpreted eagles. Hence we are told by Plutarch, that fome of the feathered kind, either came from the remote parts of the earth, eagles or fwans,
AST/O/,
and Aerca
and
TIOLVS
fettled at Delphi.
ABTQVS Tim?,
CX.7TQ
YI
K.v%v3$,
w TsgsvTO
[JLSVQV
UglTZS, ^jOoXoydTiV
Big
TOOV
OUCgWV
'uregi
TY\$
J^
S7TI
(psgofjievzi;
ravTo
vv{JLKe<TBiv
YLvOoi
Thefe eagles and fwans undoubtedly relate to colonies from Egypt and Canaan. I recollect but one philofopher ftyled Cygnus and, what is remarkable, he was of Canaan. An:
tiochus the Academic, mentioned by Cicero in his philofophical works, and alfo
leftine,
a9 Strabo, was of Afcalon in Paby which and he was furnamed Cygnus, the fwan
:
name,
as it
is
fo
circumstanced, muft,
Euftathius
Plutarch
Dionyfium. v. 239. See Steph. Byzant. At TUV x.Xs\oijroruv ^pw^wpyc. Vol. I. p. 409. -wtgi
in
There was fuppofed to have been a perfon in ThefStrabo. L. 16. p. 1101. He lived upon a lake Uria ; which was fo the fon of Apollo. faly named Cycnus,
called
29
from
his
mother.
Inde lacus Hyries videt, et Cycneia Tempe, Ovid. Metam. L. Qiice fubitus celebravit olor.
7. v.
371.
Uria was
Cycnus,
laid to
fon of Pofeidon.
6
As
THE ANALYSIS
As
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
379
went by the name of the Deity, whom they worfhiped ; or by the name of the iniigne, and hieroglyphic, under which their country was denoted ; every depredation made by fuch people was placed to the account
in early times colonies
which poets defcribed things and in thofe days all wrote in meafure. Hence, inftead of faying that the Egyptians, or Canaanites, or Tyrians, landed and carried off fuch and fuch
was done by Jupiter in the fliape of an eagle, or a fwan, or a bull fubftituting an eagle for Egypt, a fwan for Canaan, and a bull for the city of Tyre.
perfons
;
they
faid, that it
of the Telchines, who were Amonian priefts, that they came to Attica under the conduct of Jupiter in the fliape of an eagle.
It
is
faid
31
AJSTOJ jiygjuoygys
is
Ji'
By which
and an
as eagle was probably the device in their ftandard, as well the infigne of their nation.
Some of
of fwans.
among
the At-
lantes of Mauritania
commifiion,
and are reprefented as having the fhape Prometheus in JEfchylus fpeaks of them in the ^ Tou which he to he, as
gives
lo,
far
30
Egcca-Qei'Ta.
<f
na.a-Kptx.tK
Taoo/
Ssti
rjv
$t ae-rov
xi
xioew. Por-
p. 285.
;
-STS
S on
o K'jKvos
Tsra
avTss
o Zs'j?
Clemens. Alex.
Nonni Dionyfiaca. L.
1
24. p. 626.
ivcc.
jcu^cofto^a/,
xotvov
0//./X.'
ex-Tn^evcd.
c c 2
'At
380 far
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
'where the three
Phorcides refide, thofe ancient venerable ladies, who are in the fiape of fwans , and have but one eye ; of which they make ufe in common. This hiftory relates to an Amonian temple founded
in the
priefteiTes
The
one eye among them took its rife from an hieroglyphic very common in Egypt, and probably in Canaan this was the
:
reprefentation of an eye, which was faid to be engraved upon the pediment of their 33 temples. As the land of Canaan lay
opportunely for traffic, and the emigrants from mofl parts went under their conduct, their hiftory was well known'.
fo
They
quainted with foreign regions ; to which they muft at one time have betaken themfelves in great numbers, when they
fled before the fons of Ifrael.
fettled,
In
all
all they were famous for their hymns and mufick which the Greeks have transferred to birds ; and fuppofed,
that they were fwans, who were gifted with this harmony. Yet, fvveet as their notes are faid to have been, there is not,
I believe,
''
a perfon
rgeis
upon
eiypv
otf'f
record,
KUX.VUV.
who was
ever a witnefs to
it.
Ai
^v
^>ooKiS'K
YIV
ftf'os
Scholia ibidem.
fyooKuv
ctrnp
Kugwouos'
KvpyvatiGi
KCLTO. yero;
IAW ttmv
AiQioTris.
Palasphatus..
ot
f'nfjuygytivTfS
% ufas
imx.vT.ct.
Qeois
ctva.T-ivev.Tes eis
(x.ivicro-ofj.tvoi)
MS
&eos opa> }
KO.I
axag<.
Cle-
mens Alexand. L.
See Diodorus L.
671.
This may have been one reafon among others, why 3. p. 145. TOV /JM'UTra. q-f-aTcv the Cyclopians and Arimalpians are represented with one eye The Arimafpian hiftory was written by ^Elchylus Prometh. p. 49. Apifj-ciTTToi'.
:
Aptfj.cta-7rttat STry,.
It
THE ANALYSIS
It is
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
38:1
When
that Apollo was pleafed with the mufick ot fwans, ^'dtfiKH} rs r^srcLi, K.OU ttvzwv (puvoug ; and when ^Efchylus mentions
their tinging their
own
Egyp-
tian
and Canaanitifli
Oiiris.
:
who
could not be entirely a fecret for they feem often to refer to fome fuch to the Grecians Socrates termed fwans his fellow-fervants in doing notion.
Adon, and
And
this
which he alluded
were
fame
to the ancient priefts, ftyled Cycni, They in the temples of the people of the choir, and officiated Deities ; whofe fervant he profefled himfelf to be..
aflures us,
3S
Hence Porphyry
Oy
izaLiZuv
ysv TX$ %vzm$ (S&t^aTJ^) ; that Socrates be mentioned fwans as his fellow-fervants. When therefore Delian and Pythian fwans, they Ariftophanes fpeaks of the
3<5
are the priefts of thofe places, to whom he alludes. And when it is faid by Plato, that the foul ot Orpheus out of difo-uft to
womankind
led the
life
of a
37
fwan
the meaning O
certainly is, that he retired from the world to fome cloifter, and lived a life of celibacy, like a prieft. For the priefts of
but particularly of Egypt, were reclufes ; and devoted themfelves to 38 celibacy hence monkery came
many
countries,
Lycophron,
ftyles
2. p.
387.
p. 286.
Kuwu
FIt/0/w
Porph. deAbftin. L.
4. p.
^64,
Apollo,.
382
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Thefe epifwan. 39 MoAom* nvTTS^g KQITX KVMOV. Apollo, a thets, the Scholiaft tells us, belong to Apollo ; and Galenas is called a fwan, <J*a TO yqgouQV, Kcti [JLOLVTMQV becaufe he was
:
Hence
is
termed the birth of the Deity, that many fwans came from the coaft of
ifland for the fpace of feven days
Aria
Kvxm
Moviov ITa^TwAo!/
szv%.hw<ra.vTo hnrovreg
*
STTHISKTOLV
The whole
They
41
priefts,
who came
over
to fettle at Delos,
erected temple. circled the ifland feven times, becaufe feven of old was
ferve in the
as a rnyfterious
siv
and to
new
looked upon
aya^oi^, KCU
'WgbOToi<n,
J]
01
sf
sv
aoLi
sfJbp] s?i
izrayra TSTVKTCU.
TsTsAscTjU-sya
'ETTTCX. Js
'zzrcc^ra
The
which were
faid to
have
been originally companions of that hero, were undoubtedly and of the fame race as thofe, of whom I have been priefts,
treating.
are reprefented as gentle to good men, averfe to thofe who are bad. Ovid defcribes their fhape,
They
and
and
39
Lycophron.
40
v.
426.
Scholia ibidem.
Callimach.
Hymn
to Delos. v. 249.
41
JFragmenta Lini.
Ex Ariftobulo,
H.
Step'h. p. 112.
appearance,
THE ANALYSIS
4i
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
383
;
appearance.
which,
after
Ut non cygnorum, fie albis proxima cygnis what has been faid, may I think be eafily unharmony of fwans, when fpoken
of,
derftood.
not only related to fomething quite foreign, but in reality did not of itfelf exift, it appear wonderful that the ancients fKould
If then the
may
but
43
Plato,
Plutarch,
Cicero,
Pliny, with
many
others of
But high rank, fpeak of it as a circumftance well known. it is to be obferved, that none of them fpeak from their own
experience
:
they
fay.
Some mention
Yv'hich
was exerted
at all times
feafons,
it
Ariftotle feems to confine and to particular places. ** to the feas of Africa 4S Aldrovandus fays, that it may be
:
Thames
near London.
He fays, that mariners, whofe very remarkable. courfe lay through the Lybian fea, have often met with fwans, and heard them finging in a melancholy ftrain : and upon a nearer approach, they could perceive that fome of them were
dying, from
'*
proceeded.
Who would
have
4!
509.
Plutarch, in
Et.
p. 84.
V.
2. p.
387.
Pliny. L. 10. c. 23. c. 321. L. jo. c. 36. Vita Apollon. L. 3. c. 23. Philoftratus. 44 De Animalibus. L. 9. Ka/ TLVK J -sjAfoym tc-apa
9-aAa.TTfl 'srcAAoij
TW
A<W
??ifitTwxpv
tv
TTI
afuvi
ol. 2.
p. 42345
3. c.
27.
expe&ed
384
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
expelled to have found fwans fwimming in the fait fea, in the mid ft of the Mediterranean ? There is nothing that a Grecian would not devife in fupport of a favourite errour. The le-
and though moft fpeak of the inufick of fwans as exquifite; yet fome abfolutely 46 deny the whole of it ; and others are more moderate in their
is
groundlefs
Lucian give the preference to a jackdaw but Antipater in fome degree difTents, and thinks that the fwan has the advantage.
in
:
commendations.
The watermen
And
is
not
quite fo pleafing
48
Parvus ut
eft,
ille
gruum quam
Clamor
paying them no great compliment. To thefe refpedlable perfonages I muft add the evidence of a modern ; one too of no fmall repute, even the great Scaliger.
Which however
is
He
fays, that
;
in Italy
rariae
fcrutiny about this affair, when and the refult of his obfervations was this 49 Ferftricl
:
he made a
multos (cygnos) vidimus, fed cantores fane malos, neque melius anfere canere.
46
'C St MvvSio;
r.
<p<r<j'
UK,
axscrai
Athenseus.
in
L,. 9. c.
u.
3. p.
47
Epigram,
48
Erinnam. L.
280.
H.
Steph.
Lucretius. L. 4. v. 182.
49
2.
L.
3. c. 88. p.
254.
O F
3*5
O F
TEMPLE SCIENCE.
^
HE
Egyptians
:
knowledge
very famous for geometrical and as all the flat part of their country
were
it is
made ufe of this fcience to determine their lands, and to make out their feveral claims, at the retreat of the waters.
Many
'
indeed have thought, that the confuiion of property, which muft for a while have prevailed, gave birth to practical
:
and in confegeometry, in order to remedy the evil quence of it, that charts and maps were firft delineated in this country. Thefe, we may imagine, did not relate only
to private demefnes : but included alfo the courfe of the Nile in its various branches ; and all the fea coaft, and its inlets,
colony
the people of Colchis, who were a very certain, that from Egypt, had charts of this fort, with written de-
whitherfoever they traded : fcriptions of the feas and fhores, and they at one time carried on a moil extenfive commerce.
We
1
Colchians
Herod. L.
L.
retain
upon Apollonius, that the the laws and cuftoms of their foreScholiaft
Clemens. Strom. L.
2. c. 109.
a.<j
rewneTpia.s re
:
vjpttw yeyorctciv
fo
Aiyimrrwi).
i.
p. 361.
4. v.
279.
VOL.
I.
d d
fathers
386
fathers
:
THE ANALYSIS
and they have
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
of ftone, upon which are engraved maps of the continent, and of the ocean <Jg,
pillars
:
En
poet, upon whom the above writer has commented, calls thefe pillars, K&psi : which, we are told, were of a fquare figure, like obelifks :
tccu
9-aA.a<r<n]
avay>a<paj
gn.
The
and on
fea
;
he fays, were delineated all the palTages of the and the boundaries of every country upon the earth*
thefe,
3
'O;
<jj]
TO;
'nrzcou
oJ'of,
KOU
ureigxr
i
eoLtriv
7rivzi
r<ro[jLVQL<riv.
Thefe delineations had been made of old, and tranfmitted to the Colchians by their forefathers ; which forefathers were
from
4
this fcience,
we may
prefume:
mother country pofTefled it ia as eminent a degree and we are affured, that they were very knowing in this arClemens Alexandrinus 3 mentions, that there were ticle.
that their
charts of the Nile very early. And we that Sefoftris (by which is meant the Se-
drew upon boards fchemes of all the countries, which 6 he had traverfed and copies of thefe were given both to the.
:
5 1
Xct-
<pao"/i', o
AiyvTTTio^ nrzhh.w
uvctyi>a.(petf
.
zzrf^isA)?Ay9&
TUV Tzrifaxwc
iwcrgi'.
BX.-Ai-}U7mois /JLWor y
aAAa
KOLI
2xw9a
tit
Egyptians,
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
387
Egyptians, and to the Scythians, who held them in high This is a curious account of the firft delineaestimation.
tion of countries,
7
upon enigma concerning Atlas, who is faid to have fupThis took its rife ported the heavens upon his fhoulders. from fome verfes in Homer, which have been ftrangely mifconftrued. The paflage is in the OdyfTey where the poet is
folve the
;
fcribed
and origin of Maps ; which were firft deWe may from hence be enabled to pillars.
fpeaking of Calypfo, who is faid to be the daughter of Atlas, ohooQgovoe, a perfon of deep and recondite knowledge
:
o$ re
TS
oil
KIONA2
a.
Tccicnv
TS %ou' Oug&vov
It
is
to be obferved, that
the ancients fpeak of the feats are to underftand the Herculeans ; under the
is
when
meant the Cadmians ; under that of Atlas, the Atlantians. With this allowance how plain are the words
Homer
;
tania
Atlantians fettled in Phrygia and Mauriand, like the Colchians, were of the family of Ham.
!
The
and the poet great experience in fea affairs us, that they knew all the foundings in the great deep.
:
They had
tells
vEgyptios primos
omnium
tarn
ccelum
quam
terram
efle
dimenfos
ejufque
rei
r.
Petavii Uranalogia. p. 12
Homer.
The
The
3. p.
head of the
193.
fa-
Diodorus. L.
d d
388
THE ANALYSIS
E^s<
MoMg&i;,
ai
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Jg rs KtovoLg
fea ; and upon which was delineated the whole fy em both of heaven and ft both QJI the front of the obelijk^ and on earth ; aa<p{, all around^
alfo long pillars^
They had
which referred
to the
Kioys? Ko(T|U.8 were certainly maps, and hiftories of the univerfe ; in the knowledge of which the Atlantians
The
feem to have inftrudted their brethren the Herculeans, Grecians in their accounts, by putting one perfon for a
;
which otherwife
would be very intelligible. There is a paffage in Eufebius, which may be rendered very plain, and to the purpofe, if
we make
roy
'H^a^Aea
(JUMTIV
mi QWMOV
This may be paraphrafed in the following manner ; and with fuch latitude will be found perfectly confonant to the truth.
Herculeans were a people much given to divination, and fa the ftudy Great part of their knowledge they-, are. of nature. thought to have had. tranjmited to them from thofe Atlantians^
"The
who
fettled in Phrygia,
;
heavens
of the earth a?id for all fuch knowledge the Atlantians had of old conin that country : and pillars and obelifks from them it
cfpecially
t& the
the hiftory
The
Atlantians were efteemed by the Grecians as barbarous but of the fame family. Their chief anthey were in reality
Eufcb.
'l^-ofi'jiv
crurxyvyy. p. 374.
c. 2.
ceftoc
THE ANALYSIS
ceftor
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
lonim
;
389
Peleiadae, or
:
of
whom
much to fay and was the fuppofed broThe Hellenes, though they did not always ther of Saturn. allow it, were undoubtedly of his race. This may be proved from Diodorus Siculus, who gives this curious hiftory of the
fhall hereafter
"
Peleiadae, his offspring.
K.CU
0soj
&'X/iyxg
?
KctTctfinvcu
ft
agsTw
TOO;
s&;
mi
'
$s
xou
sv
aAAa
rzs
ATAamJag
c5e
ysvvYireu
uv
TV/;
eQnwi/ 3
ci^(ouor.ruv
TO ysvo/;.
"TJoefe
^wwv
sis
ra^ra?
and
marriages
looked
and
divinities^
up
to
them proceeded
who upon account of their eminence were And having fpoken in aftertimes ejleemed Gods and Heroes. of Maia, and her offspring, the author proceeds to tell us,
that the other Atlantides in
noble
like
manner gave
birth to
a moft
;
race
and
but even of the Helladians, claimed their anccftry from them.. And they received not only their anceftry, but their know-
ledge allb, T8
%o<TfJt,x
ZIO.VCK;
all
phenomena, which had been entrufted to the facred pillars of the Atlantes, a/ youw TS aou zgowov appis j(%<nVj which
L.
3
.
194-
contained:
390
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Trom
Phrygia they came at laft to Hellas, where they were introduced by Anaximander, who is faid, Bfft&$vU 'UT^rov
tsnvoLKZ, to
:
ystiygVLQMM
graphical chart
T]
tffsgifjLSTgoVj
have been the firft who introduced a geoI3 or, as Laertius exprefTes it, F] xou aAarof the terraqueous globe de-
the circumference
lineated.
the origin of maps may be deduced from Egypt ; yet they were not the native Egyptians, by whom they were firft conftructed. Delineations of this nature were the con-
Though
and from them both aftronomy and geometry were introduced in thofe parts. They with irnother
titles
ftyled Saitae
inenfe labour drained the lower provinces, erected ftupendous and raifed towers at the mouths of the river, which buildings,
were opportunely fituated for navigation. For though the Mizraim were not addi&ed to commerce, yet it was followed
by other
there
families
The
title
who
and were
fame time
Canoph, Caneph, Cneph, alfo Perfes, Proteus, Phanes, and Canobus. They were on both accounts much reforted to Here were deby mariners, and enriched with offerings.
pofited charts of the coaft, and of the navigation of the Nile, which were engraved on pillars, and in aftertimes fketched
There
is
likewife reafon to
Strabo. L.
i.
p. 13.
"
think,
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
391
think, that they were fometimcs delineated upon walls. This leads me to take notice of a pafiage from Pherecydes Syrus,
which feems
to allude to fomething of this nature : though, I believe, in his fhort detail that he has mifreprefented the
author, from
'*
whom
Tr\<;
he copied.
He
$v<TeW(;,
ton 00)j/,
is
faid
been the firft who wrote for the benefit of his countrymen about Suidas 1S mentions, that he compofed nature a?id the Gods.
a theogony
all
is
which knowledge we
certain, that he
are aflured
came from
6
Egypt.
It
ftudied in
that
country
that the following hiftory is EgypHe fays, that Zas, or Jupiter, compofed a large and tian. curious robe, upon which he defcribed the earth, and the I7 Zct 'Wotst ocean, and the habitations upon the ocean.
ju-gya,
TW, mi
Qyw
ra lyr\m fotfMf&t. Now was the Dorian title of Amon. was the moil ancient name of the Nile, from whence the 'Ot Grecians borrowed their Oceanus. ya^ AiyvKTioi j/opZas, or as
it
The Egypz<nv OMZOLVOV sivai TOV tjT&g O.VTOIS ^Tora^ov Ns/Aov. tians the term Oceanus underftand their own river Nilus.
by
The fame
<5g
Oceames
'
9
.
14
15
1
Laertius. L.
i.
p. 74.
In Fheacyde.
Jofephus cont. Apion. L. i.e. .2.. Clemens. Strom. L. 6. p. 741.. Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 12.
Diodorus. L.
i.
19
p. 17.
39 2
THE ANALYSIS
UIKSOLVOI;.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
term, Ogenus, from whence the Greeks borrowed their Oceanus, was a compound of OcIt originally rendered Ogehonus. fignifies the noble Gehon, and is a name taken from one of the rivers
.of
The former
as
z
we
Ey(si
Nile was fometimes called fimply Gehon, learn from the author of the Chronicon Pafchale.
$e
(*i
The
was
will
It Nsihov Kcthupsvov. AjyyflTOf) ttromfjiov Tr\m probably a name given by the Cuthites, from whom, as
name of
Nsihog
o
Phifon.
KOLI
TloTdfJioi
ovopu.g-01,
Ii/fos,
o %cti
surwv t
The two moft celebrated rivers are the Indus^ the fame as the Phifon^ and the Nile^ which is called the Gehon. The river alfo of Colchis, rendered Phafis, and Phafin, was
YY\WV.
The
hon, and having many branches, or arms, gave rife to the fable of the fea monfter /Egeon, whom Ovid reprefents as himfelf upon the whales of the ocean,
{upportiiig
**
Balaenarumque prementera
j^gsona
fuis
immania
terga lacertis.
The
river
it
Scholiaft
had three
upon Lycophron informs us further, that the names ; and imagines, that upon this account
23
Tgirw
Ns;Ao;, OTI'TI$
P. 30.
11
Zonaras. p. 16.
c.
35.
concerning Ogen.
and
16.
2. v. 9.
Metamorph. L.
V. 119.
THE ANALYSIS
/
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
393
TO Jg Ne<-
Let
it
fuffice, that
by
others,
are affured both by this author, and that the Nile was called Oceanus and what is
:
we
alluded to by Pherecydes is certainly a large map or chart. The robe, of which he fpeaks, was indeed a Pharos, Oa^o? ; but a Pharus of a different nature from that which he de-
was a building, a temple, which was not conftructed by the Deity, but dedicated to him. It was one of thofe towers, of which I have before treated in which were defcribed upon the walls, and otherwife delineated, Oyj^of,
fcribes.
It
;
the courfe of the Gehon, or Nile the towns, and houfes upon that river.
KOil
Qywx
jffijttafg,
and
imagine that the {hield of Achilles in Homer was copied from fomething of this fort, which the Poet had feen in Egypt. For Homer is continually alluding to the cufI
toms,
as well as to the
hiftory, of that
kingdom.
And
it is
evident, that
fhield,
is
on the central part of the a map of the earth, and of the celeftial appeardefcribes
what he
ances.
YOLIOLV
[JLSV
ersv%,
sv <T
Ovgavov
sv $e
Ev
<F
srifa
nOTAMOIO
ctga &SVQS
aKEANOIO.
in
myftery and fable: they have therefore defcribed Hercules alfo with a robe of this fort
The
ancients loved to
14
Iliad.
L.
8. v.
483. and
v.
606.
VOL.
I,
e e
394
5
THE ANALYSIS
'
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
AiQegog, eixova. Kotr^B
:
IIoMiXov
eifjut
<f>egui> 9
TUTTov
was invefted with a robe^ which was a and a representation of the whole world.
He
of Thetis, which the poets mention as given her upon her fuppofed marriage with Peleus, was a Pharos of the fame kind, as that defcribed above. We may learn
The garment
from Catullus, who copied the ftory, that the whole alluded to an hiilorical and that it picture preferved in fome tower
:
referred to matters of great antiquity ; though applied by the Greeks to later times, and afcribed to people of their own nation.
6
Pulvinar vero Divae geniale locator Sedibus in mediis ; Indo quod dente politum Tincla tegit rofeo conchylis purpura fuco.
Haec
veftis
prifcis
hominum
variata figuris
Heroum mira
It
contained a defcription of fome notable achievements in the firft ages : and a particular account of the Apotheofis of
Ariadne
of
it,
who
is
defcribed, whatever
becaufe
it
was deto
lineated
upon a Pharos
that
be taken in either
fenfe*
And
him
Nonni Dionys. L.
Catull.
40. p. 1040.
v. 47.
with
THE ANALYSIS
with Ariadne.
If
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
credit Plutarch
i7
,
395
Thefeus, as foon as he was advanced towards manhood, went by the advice of his mother .flithra from Troezen in queft of his father JEgeus at Athens. This was fome years after the Argonautic expedition ; when Medea had left Jafon, and put herfelf
we may
fame ^Egeus. After having father, Thefeus went upon his exthis
is
have carried her away. All this, I fay, was done, after Jafon had married Medea, and had children by her: and after fhe had left him, and was come to Athens. But the ftory
to
and
is
mentioned
as a fa6l
of far
was prior
to the arrival of
Medea
in Greece,
and even to the Argonautic expedition. It is fpoken of as a circumfhmce of the higheft antiquity: confequently 2S Thefeus could not any ways be concerned in it. There is an account in Nonnus of a Robe or Pharos, which Harmonia is fuppofed to have worn, when fhe was vifited by
the Goddefs of beauty. There was delineated here, as in fome abovementioned, the earth, and the heavens, with all the
ftars.
The
fea too,
whole was
17
at
and the
and the
Add
to this,
what
the
:
the Grecian
Argo
firft
which
failed
upon
a.
the feas
Ilia
imbuit Amphitriten when the Poet at the fame inftant is defcribing Thefeus previous to the Argo in a Jbip, and attended with fleet ofjhips.
Namque
Thefea cedentem
Indomitos
in
cum
cloffe
tuetur,
corde gerens Ariadna furores. Catulli. Epithal. Pel. et Thet.. v. 52. See Famiani Stradas Prolus. L.
3. p.
285.
e e 2
396
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Ovgoim
<r<pougwtrs
TVTTU
fc
<rv
vyi Fcwij,
Ka<
QKS&vog ^y^Awtre
All this relates to a painting either at Sidon or Berytus; which was delineated in a tower or temple, facred to Hermon.
Orpheus alludes to a Pharos of this fort, and to the painthis defcription of the Robes, with ings and furniture of it, in
is
inverted.
He
fpeaks of
them
Tavr/x. $
Qomtcsoy,
VTTSgQs
VS
sucshov,
TtTClVOUOhti
SVgV
Ssfciov
Kara
iegx
J"
rs sroAo;o
<
VTTS^S
y
pogssiv,
10
c. 18. p.
202.
THE ANALYSIS
ov
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
397
the Poet has thus adorned the Deity, we find towards the conclufion, that thefe imaginary robes never fhew to fuch
When
advantage
as
in the
morning.
When
and
rifes
from
is
enlightens
Deity
then they appear in great fplendour, 'which All this inveftiture of the dew. increafed by the morning relates to the earth and the heavens, which were de-
lineated
upon a
3I
(kin, <Js|U,a
tzrsTrAoj'.
This
31
is
iega
TB troAoiO:
as
fkins, called
5.
<f
iq,
0?^<.
Herodot. L.
c. 58.
X^Mcrgos
given by Homer to Hercules. OdyfT. L. A. v. 609. TfAay.wP, (fa S-cr>cgA e^Q a TiivKio.
is
A remarkable
^p
TO
>;o-gc,
jotoi
by Clemens Alexandrin,
e<fiv
Jo)cg(
LIT>I
[JiMaaxriy TI
g?r'
ic-g7ro<x<A/*g!'o'
4>APO2).
aA
deviation.
:
Aa^wr
aTTo
ri
TS Xa^c
a
izro2(p))Te*a;.
Strom. L.
fee the
6. p.
767.
Nonnus we may
garment
;
method of
Pharos
after all,
and
this altered to
X<TWP
and
notvvithftanding the veil, which is fpread over The author fays, that at the bottom guxAw -'o XITWPOS, of the well woven garit. This is certainly a ment, flowed from the Ocean, which furrounded the world. mifmterpretation of the term $ a^os and in the original writings, whence thefe verfes
difcernible,
: :
were copied, the hiftory related to a tower and it was at the foot that the ocean beat, by which the earth was encircled.
$APOT ET-
KAT5TOIO
a copy
398
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY,
a copy and imitation of all the celeftial appearances. The whole was deposited in a Pharos upon the fea-fhore, upon which the fun at his rifing darted his early rays ; and whofe turrets
dew: 'TVo fsgwv OLfj&TgqTw Qouvsr OL MKSOLW KUKhog from the upper ftory of the tower, which was of an unmeafurable height, there was an unlimited view of the
glittered with the
:
element furrounded the edifice like a zonej and afforded a wonderful phenomenon. Such, I imagine, is,
ocean.
vaft
This
TA
R,
399
TAR, TOR, T
I
;
A R
T.
Have taken notice of the fears and apprehcnlions, under which the fir ft navigators mufl neceffarily have been, when they traverfed unknown Teas and were liable to be
entangled
among
and
mentioned the expedients, of which they made ufe, to obviate fuch difficulties, and to render the coaft lefs dangerous.
upon every hill, and promontory, where they had either commerce or fettlement, obelifks, and towers, which they confecrated to fome Deity. Thefe ferved in a
They
built
as
by night.
And
as
made only
voyages, they continually went order to gain the afliftance of the God, whoever there prefor thefe towers were temples, and oftentimes richly fided
:
They were
built
fometimes on ar-
mounds
they might be feen at a great diftance. by the Amonians, who firft erected them,
They were
called
;
p. 57.4,
of Tin. hill
4-OO
hill
THE ANALYSIS
and tower.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
oftentimes compounded, and on account of the light, which
They were
:
they exhibited, and the fires, which were preferved in them. Hence came the turns of the Romans ; and the TVgig
y
Tvppig,
Tvgvig, Tvgros,
of the Greeks.
The
latter,
when
the
word
Tor occurred
a bull
of
this
;
in ancient hiftory,
confequence
:
change. was by the Amonians ftyled Oph-El, and Ode -El and there was upon the Sinus Perficus a city Opis, where his rites were obferved. There feems likewife to have been a temple
facred to him,
named Tor-Opel
Tay07roAc.
fays, that it
mouth of
sv ai'tyj,
the Tigris
ATroAAwvos ctyw
KM
Here, inftead of Ofiris, or Mithras, the ferpent Deity, the author prefents us with Apollo, the manager of bulls.
fJL&nsiov
Tay^OToAy.
of the principal, and mofl ancient fettlements of the Amonians upon the ocean was at Gades ; where a prince was
luppofed to have reigned, Gades was a very fine one
:
One
named Geryon.
j
The harbour
at
and had
feveral
Tor, or Towers
to direct ihipping and as it was ufual to imagine the Deity, to whom the temple was erected, to have been the builder,
this
temple was
faid to
All
took to themfelves
:
Strabo. L. 16. p.
iuo,
conquer
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
401
conquer wherever he came, they made him fubdue Gcryon ; and changing the Tor, or Towers, into fo many head of cat3
tle,
they
defcribe
him
as leading
them
off in
the Pyranees and Alpes, to Hetruria, and fo From thence, for what reafon we know not, he fwims them
:
over to MefTana in Sicily and after fome flay he fwims with them through the fea back again, all the while holding by one of their horns.. The bulls of Colchis with which Jafon
was fuppofed to have engaged, were probably of the fame nature and original. The people of this country were Amonians,
mighty trade
which they erected at the entrance of the Phafis towers. Thefe ferved both as light-houfes, and temples ; and were
facred to Adorns.
dor,
They were on
this
whence the Greeks formed Tyndarus, Tyndaris, and Tyndaridte. They were built after fome, which ftood near the city Panetonium of Egypt and they are alluded to by
5
Hag
$s
pwfcov IIovTOL,
Colchis was ftyled Cutaia, and had been early occupied by the fons of Chus. The chief city, whence the country has
its
fituation called
Diodorus Siculus. L.
4. p. 231. Strabo. L. 11. p. 762. TwSaDioi a-x.o7rft.ot. Ptolemreus. p. 122. See Strabo. L. 17. p. 1150. Dionyfius. v. 6S8. Pliny ftyles them oppida. in ripa
Oppida
6. c. 4.
VOL.
I.
f f
Cal-
4-O2
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
This Cal-Chus, and Col-Chus, the hill, or place of Chus. but as travellers are by the Greeks was rendered Colchis
:
what was
have formed XaA#o, brafs. The Chalcian towers being moreover interpreted Tavgoi, bulls, a (lory took its rife about the brazen bulls of Colchis. Befides this there was in thefe
towers a conftant
nio-ht O
:
fire
whence the
bulls
were
however fometimes meet with facred towers, which were really denominated Tauri from the worfhip of the mythe fame as the Apis, and Mneuis of Egypt. Such was probably the temple of Minotaurus in Crete, where the
ftic bull,
We
Deity was reprefented under an emblematical figure ; which confifted of the body of a man with the head of a bull. In
7
was a promontory Taurus, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus ; which was called alfo Tauromenium. He acq.uaints
Sicily
us, that
iff
Hanno
the coaft Kg ante iv STU TOV Ao^oy #aAgjU.sw T&vgov, to fail along
to the
promontory named Taurus. This Taurus, he thinks, was afterwards named Tauromenium, from the people
Ta.vgO[Jt,VioVj
8
who
7
fettled,
and
remained there
as if this
ris
-,
The Minotaur was an emblematical who was alfo called Dionufus, the
as Atis
reprefentation of
Menes, the fame as OfiHe was alfo the chief Deity of Egypt.
in
fame
of Lydia, whofe
rites
were celebrated
ATTIDI M1NOTAURO.
Vol.
i.
nus.
*
p. xxviii. n. 6.
place
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
403
It place in the world where people fettled and remained. was an ancient compound, and no part of it of Grecian 'oriTauromenium is the fame as Menotaurium reverfed : ginal.
and the figure of the Deity was varied exa&ly in the fame manner; as is apparent from the coins and engravings, which have been found in Sicily. The Minotaur is figured as a man with the head of a bull the Tauromen as a bull with the
;
face of a
I0
man.
the
If
Among
and to have
fignified a city,
When
;
they fettled in Italy, they founded and are reputed to have been the
of fortification.
J
art
Tvgcwoi
lEgto-
Hence the word Tar, and Tur, epsvgov n,v rsi^(07roiioLV. often found in the compofition of names, which relate to
the Sun, ftyled Zan, and Zeen; whofe temples were called Tur-Zeen: and in confequence of it one of the principal names by which their country
They worfhiped
was diflinguimed, was Turzenia. The Scholiaft upon LycoI3 phron mentions it as Xwa!/ a/ro Ty^tnjys zhqQeurcui Ivgayyi&v, a region^ which from Tur-Seen was named Turfenia. The Poet
'
Meen was
the
moon
and Meno-Taurus
fignified
Taurus Lunaris.
It
was a
f.icred
faid hereafter.
Tu^is,
Trepi6o*.os
TH
Tfi^aj.
Hcfych.
infer, that
any
fortification
Tor
or Turris.
'urot.tt Stephan. Byzant. TuppiiHei;. Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 717. Scholia upon Lycophron. v. 1242.
The Poet
fays of ./Eneas,
FlaA^ -nTAaynTW
ft^eTcnTueani'iot:. v. 1239.
f f 2
above
404
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
above takes notice of two perfons by the names of Tarchon, and Turfeen. '* Tatffluv T, ttou Tvgtrwos, cu&uvss hvicoi. From
Tarchon there was a city and diftrict named Tarcunia ; from whence came the family of the Tarquins, or Tar5
'
quinii, fo well
known
in the hiftory of
l6
Rome.
The Amo;
and
and
as
of
called Aines, Agnes, Inis, Inefos, Nefos, Nees this will be found to obtain in many different countries
it
:
and and
languages.
coaft
;
Hetrurians occupied a large track of feaon which account they worshiped Pofeidon and one
:
The
of their principal cities was Pofeidonium. They erected upon their fhores towers and beacons for the fake of their navicalled Tor-ain : gation, which they iurther denomination of Tur-aini,
ftill
country was named Tur-ainia ; the Tttppjwa of the later Greeks. All thefe appellations are from the fame object, the edifices which
even Hetruria feems to have been a compound they erected of Ai-tur ; and to have iignified the land of Towers.
:
Another name
Tirit
;
which
that
fignified a
tower or
turret.
temples have been miftaken for Deities, and We have had an inftance of this above ; places for perfons. where Tarchon, and Turfcnus are fuppofed to have been
tioned,
founders of colonies.
"4
JJ
Torone was
a place in
Macedonia
Lycophron.
T~a.gx.vvia
v. 1248.
TyppjjvieTcs
-uToA.s
5. p.
16
Strabo L.
336.
Steph. Byzant.
and
THE ANALYSIS
and
the fignifies literally
it
'
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
the Sun.
405
Tower of
The
Poets have
a female perfonage ; and fuppofed her to So Amphi-Tirit is merely have been the wife of 7 Proteus. This too has by the Poets been changed an oracular tower.
formed out of
to a female, Amphitrite
and made the wife of Neptune. The name of Triton is a contraction of Tirit-On ; and figbut a Deity was nifies the tower of the Sun, like Torone
;
fuppofed to have had the appearance of a man upwards, but downwards to have been like a From this emblematical reprefentation we may judge fifh.
framed from
it,
who was
of the figure of the real Deity in thefe temples ; and be affured, that it could be no other than that of Atargatis and
Hetrurians were thought to have been the and in their towers upon the feainventors of trumpets
Dagon.
The
lS
coaft there
were people appointed to be continually upon the watch both by day and night ; and to give a proper fignal, This was done by a if any thing happened extraordinary.
blaft
trumpeter.
He
is
accordingly de~
Nonnus,
as
poffejfmg the
However
little
deep-toned trumpet of the Hetrurian main. in early times thefe brazen inftruments were but
:
known
to
make
ufe of,
what
Lycophron.
'H
Toowi'/j,
v. 116.
yum
HptoTgw?.
" L.
Tvppwa
<7a./\7n5ya..
17. p. 468.
10
was
4.06
was near
which every ftrand afforded. By founding thefe they gave fignals from the top and this is the imof the towers, when any fhip appeared
hand, the conchs of the
fea,
:
is more commonly furnifhed. plement, with which Triton The ancients divided the nights into different watches ; the
lafl
confequence of this they kept a cock in their Tirat, or Towers, to give noHence this bird was facred to the Sun, tice of the dawn. and named Ale&or, AheKTWg which feems to be a com:
and
in
pound out of
apart
for
his
the
titles
:
fervice
of that Deity, and of the tower fet for all thefe towers were temples.
Thofe
ftyled Tritonian
were oracular
as
we may
infer
from
at-
the application
Homer
'Op^w
xau 'cra^a
Hg/fotgu
who
;
ufed to moled
He
;
guilty of other acts of viowas at laft found upon the beach overpowered
and
who was
{lain.
with wine
and there
Tritonian, a prieft of one of thefe temples : for the priefts a Juratfa. appear to have been great tyrants, and oftentimes very bruThis perfon had ufed the natives ill ; who took advantal.
tage of him, death.
liquor,
in different parts of the world occurs fomeWhether this happened through miftimes a little varied.
10
"
take,
THE ANALYSIS
take, or
tain.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
is
4.0.7
was introduced
Trieres
uncer-
The temple
T^JJ^JJJ,
:
rendered
the promontory
in Cyprus,
Tor-Ope-On
:
in
Caria, Triopon
Tor-Hamath
:
Trimathus
Tor-
Hanes
tine,
in India, Trinefia
Tricomis.
Tor-Chom,
;
or
and
their
The
and there was an Heroiim at Sparta called AVOLKTOCQV, Anactoron ; where Caftor and Pollux had particular honours, who were peculiarly It was ftyled Ana&es.
Anacloria
:
Sicily
This
in
farther
changed
:
to Trinacria
which name was fuppofed to refer to the tri; But herein was a great miftake angular form of the ifland. for the more ancient name was Trinacia. Homer expreffes
it
Thrinacia.
'OTTTTOTS
<J]
'urgwrov
ursXarw
zvsgyect.
This name originally did not relate to the ifland in general, but to a part only ; and that a fmall diftricl near ^Etna.
This fpot had been occupied by the firft inhabitants, the and it had this name Cyclopians, Leftrygons, and Sicani
:
"
'
Paufanias. L.
<ft
7. p.
524.
Callimachus. Hymn to Apollo, v. 77. (MaAa KxAova.vKX.ropo>'. Homer. OdyfT. A. v. 105. Strabo fuppofes Trinacis to have been the modern name of the ifland-, forgetting that it was prior to the time of Homer. L. 6. p. 407 he alfo thinks, that it was called Trinacria from its figure which is a miftake.
: :
An l*t
101
from
408
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
built.
it
Callimachus
calls
and
Avs
J"
a.g
Airrn,
Avs $
The
ifland
:
Rhodes was
called
IS
Trinacia,
fo that the name had certainly fuffcred a variatriangular The city Trachin, tion ; and had no relation to any figure.
Tarchon
in
Hetruria.
Tov 'H^owAj]!/ peculiarly to belong to Hercules ac#aro. TW AiyvTrriuv JiaAs^Toy Kwz/a Asyscfra;.
:
We
:
cordingly find that this place was facred to Hercules that was fuppofed to have been 27 founded by him ; and that
it it
was called
I
28
Heraclea.
imagine that the trident of Pofeidon was a miftaken implement ; as it does not appear to have any relation to the Deity, to whom it has been by the Poets appropriated.
Both the towers on the fea-coaft, and the beacons, which This the Greftood above them, had the name of Tor-ain. cians changed to Triaina, T^/a^a, and fuppofed it to have been a three pronged fork. The beacon or Torain confifted
Hymn
16
to Diana, v. 56.
c.
make no
Pliny. L. 5.
17
31.
Etymolog. Magn.
Stephanus Byzant.
Hefych. or, as Athenaeus rcprefents more truly, 'H^axAs/ar, r)iT^^tnct,v xaAeojwffHJ'. L. 1 1. p. 462.
18
Tpa^w,
wv 'H^axAsfa xaAa^swj.
it
of
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
409
of an iron or brazen frame, wherein were three or four tines, which flood up upon a circular ban's of the fame metal.
either the figures of Dolphins, or elfe foliage in the intervals between them.
:
a hoop
and had
tines
and
a high pole, and hung floping fea-ward over the batwith this tlements of the tower, or from the ftern of a fhip
upon
they could maintain either a fmoke by day, or a blaze by * There was a place in Argos named 9 Triaina ; night.
which was fuppofed to be fo called from the trident of NepIt was undoubtedly a tower, and the true name Tortune. ain ; as may be ftiewn from the hiftory, with which it is attended.
For
it
a different nature from that, The waters of Amumone rofe here ing.
is
which
Amumone
The
a variation from
Amim-On,
ftream rofe clofe to the place ; which was from its vicinity to the fountain.
named Tor-ain
Cerberus was the name of a place, as well as Triton, and We are told by Torone, though efteemed the dog of hell.
but Eufebius from Plutarch, that Cerberus was the Sun the term properly fignified the temple, or place of the Sun.
30
:
The
19
A/aujUwi'Ji,
;.
xa: ti&w
xaT
etittvy
ufvp areGhwrev,
3. c.
1
o jca;
TW
eirix.b.y<riv
ta%ii> e^ A/xup.Go-
p Eufebius.
Evang. L.
1. p.
113.
VOL.
I.
g g
and
4io
THE ANALYSIS
;
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
the parent of light
:
and Abor
berus
is
that
is, light,
and
and Cer-
the place of that Deity. The properly Kir-Abor, had different names from the diverfity of the
who was
there worshiped.
It
CahenCaph-Hl ; which was changed to rguteQcthog, juft as Caph-El was rendered %vvo%eq>tt.hog and Cerberus was from It was alfo ftyled hence fuppofed to have had three heads. Tor-Keren, Turris Regia ; which fuffered a like change and Cahen with the word above, being expreffed rgimgwog Ades or Cerberus was from hence fuppofed to have been a
:
:
triple -headed
rife
monfter.
That
from names of places, ill expreffed, and mifinterpreted, may be proved from Palaephatus. He abundantly fhews,
that the miftake arofe from hence
;
Gewas ryon, who was fuppofed to have had three heads, and 3I Hi/ $s roiovfis TTO* itrohig s?iv sv thence ftyled Tj#<paAo.
out precifely the
deviation.
firft
mode of
He
fpeaks of
TW Et><wa
nus a
tzrovTw
Tgifcagqviot, xa.h%[jLVY}
is this.
:
and from
came the
hiftory
Tir^vova
T8 T^^a^va, of Geryon the Iricarenian^ which was inHe mentions the fame three heads. terpreted, a man with
3*
thing of Cerberus.
<J*]Ao!/
Asy<n
OTI
uregi Ke^Sg^a,
w KVUV
w,
fe
X.OLI
aro?
aTro
TM
tzroAsw?
They fay of Cerbertis, that he r^gvovw. was a dog with three heads : but it is plain that he was fo called from a city named Tricaren, or Tricarenia, as well as
o
Geryones.
31
Patephatus. p. 56.
31
Palasphatus. p. 96.
arofe
Hate VI.
'
A.,
' //<'
/ /
iltft'tt'tff
'
/
r '(>//<'
r
f
/
<i(
c
'(
B.
V/vvvv'/
/ /
'
( /i>j/((,i
m
'
'\
S'ft<U\ ftaftM
THE ANALYSIS
arofe
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
to ftate
411
from a
place.
But
more
of the miftake,
we muft
Caph-El
as
from Tor-
Keren, rendered Tricarenia, was formed the term TpucoLwvoq ; and thefe perfonages in confequence of it were defcribed with
three heads.
As
it
may be
:
He wrote early fay fomething concerning him. to have been a ferious, and fenfible perfon ; one,
who faw
the abfurdity of the fables, upon which the theology of his In the purport of his name is fignicountry was founded.
fied
an antiquarian
:
a perfon,
who
dealt
in
remote re-
fearches
and there
is
no
might
this
and writings. But, I think, it is hardly probable. wrote againft the mythology of his country, I fhould imagine that IIaAajaTO, Palasphatus, was an affumed name, which he took for a blind, in order to fcreen himfelf from
perfecution
to
:
name As he
made him
liable
much
is
Orion
ill will. One little treatife of " Palsephatus about 34 Homer, quoted verbatim by the Scholiaft upon
who
fpeaks of it as a quotation from Euphorion. therefore think, that Euphorion was the name
:
mould
of this
writer
many
learned
men
fo called, it
may
treatife.
Homer, who
"
'*
poem,
that was
g g
ever
412
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
ever framed, from the ftrangeft materials, abounds with alleHe often introduces ideal gory and myfterious defcription.
perfonages, his notions of which he borrowed from edifices, hills, and fountains ; and from whatever favoured of wonder
feems fometimes to blend together two different characters of the fame thing, a borrowed one, and a
real
;
and antiquity.
fo as to
He
make
truth at bottom, the more extraordinary, and entertaining. I cannot help thinking, that Otus and Ephialtes, thofe
gigantic youths, fo celebrated by the Poets, were two lofty 35 towers. They were building to Alohim, called Aloeus ;
but were probably overthrown by an earthquake. They the fons of Iphimedeia ; and are are fpoken of by Pindar as been ilain by Apollo in the iiland Naxos. fuppofed to have
36
Ev
$s
Najw
$a.Vii>
,
A/Tra^a Ipipsfeiou;
Tohpoisis
zou
erg,
E^iaAr
mentioned by Homer, who ftyles them or earthborn and his defcription is equally fine,
They
are alfo
37
Kou
&TOV T
K^VTOV ]W.Ta ye
y&g
Toiys,
KCU
svvsaTr^ss?
svvsogyvioi
ys ysvs&w
'
Diodorus Siculus. L.
Pindar. Pyth.
5. p.
324.
36
37
Ode
4. p. 243. v. 306.
Homer. OdyfT. A.
Homer
THE ANALYSIS
Homer
object,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
413
he men-
whom
tions elfewhere
his ideas
from a Similar
0rt/0n
fome tower or temple, that was facred to him. Orion was Nimrod, the great hunter in the Scriptures, called by the Greeks Nebrod. He was the founder of Babel, or Babylon;
and
The author of reprefented as a gigantic perfonage. 38 the Pafchal Chronicle fpeaks of him in this light. omw, Kahzviv rov rw B&v?\unoLV KTUTCUITCI
is
by Abydenus^ and Apollodorus ; which was often rendered with the Amonian prefix Pelorus. Homer and of an enormous ftature, defcribes him as a great hunter
He
To>
Jg
[AST
Zlguavtt.
Tlshwgiov
The Poet
and
is
ftyles
him
Pelorian;
vaft,
applicable to any towering perfonage, but particularly to Orion. For the term Pelorus is the name, by which the
Of thefe
one in Delos
and another of more note, to which Homer probably alluded, in Sicily; where Orion was particularly reverenced. The (freight of Rhegium was a dangerous pafs
:
and
this
edifice
was eredled
for the
it.
fecurity of thofe,
who
and
It flood
near Zancle
;,
* Homer.
OdyfT. A.
v.
571.
was
414
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
was called 4 Pelorus, becaufe it was facred to Alorus, the There was likewife a river named from fame as 41 Orion. 4Z Elorus. The tower is him, and rendered by Lycophron mentioned by Strabo; but more particularly by Diodorus
Siculus.
informs us, that, according to the tradition of the place, Orion there resided ; and that among other works, he raifed this very mound and promontory, called Pelorus
He
and
Pelorias, together with the temple, which was fituated 43 TO #aTa TJJP QgiuvcL nro<rp<wcraj IlgXw^acJ upon it.
<
aXgttTYlglGV,
VTTO TWJ/
K.OLI
TO
TSfJLSVOS
TS TLofSlSwog
mTOL<nteU(X.<rot.l,
from hence, that there was a tower of this fort, which belonged to Orion and that the word Pelorion was a term borrowed from thefe edifices,
gy^w^wy hcupegonw.
We find
and made ufe of metaphorically, to denote any thing ftupendous and large. The defcription in Homer is of a mixed
nature
perfon
I
:
wherein he retains the ancient tradition of a gigantic but borrows his ideas from the towers facred to him.
have taken notice before, that all temples of old were fuppofed to be oracular ; and by the Amonians were called Pator
.and Patara.
40
*'
Strabo. L.
259.
firft
rod.
41
'EAa />3S,
v
'PeiQpcov
'EAwpa -wpoa^v.
name;
Dec.
41
Fle^/ov 'EAw^sr.
'EAi^H. Diodorus.
Lycophron. v. 1033. Idem. v. 1 184. 'O sroTajuos o 'EA&wos f<r%e TO QVO/U.X Schol. ibid. There were in Sicily many places of this
L.
13. p. 148.
Elorus Caftellum.
Fazellus.
i.
L.
4. c. 2.
Via Helorina.
'EAwpos
-nroAjs.
i. c.
13. p. 186.
Diodorus Siculus. L.
4. p.
tO
THE ANALYSIS
to
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
415
the event of their voyage, and to make their offerings to the God. It was on this account ftyled Tor Pator ; which being by the Greeks exprefled
reforted to
g,
which mariners
know
tripator, gave
rife
to the
fathers.
Thefe towers near the fea were made ufe of to form a judgment of the weather, and to obferve the heavens and thofe,
:
which belonged
were generally in the Acropolis, or This by the Amonians was named higher part of the place. Bofrah ; and the citadel of Carthage, as well as of other cities,
to cities,
is
known
ikm
:
an unavoidable
a
and when
rendered
it
Sicily, finding
Ouran
or
Ou-
name of
that he muft have had three fathers, they immediately to work in order to reconcile thefe different ideas.
went
They
47 accordingly changed Ouran to ggeiv j and thinking the mifconftrued hide jSi^cra no improper utenfll for their purpofe, they made thefe three fathers cooperate in a moft wonderful manner for the production of this imaginary perfon; inventing
44
.-_.
Nonni Dionyfiaca. L.
tvara
(JLfar.v
13. p. 536.
-v
4t
TW
c
j
-aroA/v
a^oTroA:?,
exaAsf
"\
f)
ri
/OUP<T>',
:8. c. 5.
Za^/cAw
47
-c7sA(
2xA/a<
Stephan. Byzanr.
Oupfiv
the
416
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
*8
Tgsis
lgitn sysvero.
eft
(T<paysz>TO
|3oo
/3y^(Tj5
gyg^/jtrav,
mi
$, OLVTW
r'd
&fua\-
T5 $??
ev
xai
yevifffyau
aorcr.
Etymolog. Mag.
417
TIT
WHEN
m
in Greek.
and
H.
were by the Amonians called Tith very round, they in Hebrew, and to which anfwers to TirQiQ, and
mfc
denominated from their refemblance to a woman's breafl ; and were particularly facred to Orus, and Ofiris, the Deities of light, who by the Grecians
fo
:
They were
were reprefented under the title of Apollo. Hence the fum* and mit of ParnarTus was named Tithorea from Tith-Or hard by was a city, mentioned by Paufanias, of the fame
name
3
which was
and Apollo.
The
AflToAA&wos.
is
ofParthenia:
TIT@,
"
!
AjaSfO^oy
An
e^>
by Callimachus
Hefychius.
Qpoi
f'nTnvtiof oreuau^Sffty
/uwi',
Twr/xaura if
ex.sth.fiTo
Myor/sc. Paufan.
L.
*
2. p.
170.
Callimach.
Hymn
in
Delon.
v. 48.
notice of by
Xeno-za-g^-
phon.
v.vp.'.vi
Avcta.$. L. 4. p. 320.
hill at JLefbos.
Ev AetrSu
<^'
xAw
xat
E/reaa
MASTfi<.
p. 57.
Athenasus. L.
3. p.
in.
E^f;
ev OLVTC/J
fj.tx.f-or.
Polyb.
L.
i.
VOL.
I.
h h
this
4 8
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
by Paufanias, and Strabo, termed from their refemblance [jiMffosifeis. Tithonus, whofe longevity is fo much celebrated, was nothing more than one of thefe
5
Pharos facred to the fun, as the name plainly fhews. Tith-On is (laws >iAj8, the mount of the 6 Sun. As he fupplied the place of that luminary, he is faid to have
ftructures, a
been beloved by Aurora, and through her favour to have lived many ages. This indeed is the reverfe of that, which is fabled of the
fices.
7
They
Cyclopes, whofe hiftory equally relates to ediare faid to have raifed the jealoufy of Apollo,
ilain
and
to have
been
by
his arrows
yet
it
will be
found
at
The Cyclopian
eaft
:
turrets
upon
and
their lights
muft ne-
Sun.
have been extinguished by the rays of the rifinoThis, I imagine, is the meaning of Apollo's flaying
the Cyclopes with his arrows. Tethys, the ancient Goddefs of the fea, was nothing elfe but an old tower upon a mount ;
of the fame fhape, and erected for the fame purpofes, as On this account it was called Tith-Is, thofe above.
|U,aro
m>0.
name
the
;
Thetis feems to have been a tranfpofition of the fame and was probably a Pharos, or Firetower near
Thcfc mounts,
-zHrcAjs
K/X.I
opos
The
Circean promontory
is
in Italy
far the
TITKVIOV it %tvp-x- v. 1275. bay below ami feis were often denominated from places, near which they flowed.
Rivers
'
Of
the Cyclopes
treat at large.
but
THE ANALYSIS
but in Egypt, Syria, and
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
parts of the world.
;
419
mod
They
were generally formed by art being compofed of earth, raifcd very high which was Hoped gradually, and with great exadlnefs and the top of all was crowned with a fair tower.
;
:
The
as places
of great fafety and the reverence, in which they were held, added to the fecurity. On thefe accounts they were the repofitories of much wealth and treafure in times
:
were crowded with things of value. In AfTyria was a temple named Azara ; which the Parthian plundered, and is faid to have carried off ten thoufand talents 8 Kent
of peril they
:
The fame
towers of this fort in Judea, not far from Jericho, belonging to Ariftobulus and Alexander, and ftyled 9 Fo^bpaAflMMtt ruv
Tvg&vwv which were taken by Pompeius Magnus in his war with the Jews. There were often two of thefe mounds of
:
equal height in the fame inclofure ; fuch as are defcribed by Jofephus at Machaerus near fome warm fountains. He mentions here a cavern
and a rock
ffTrrihctiov
TJJ
-srsr^a 'sr^a-
TaU7J}
&0
aVS^SriVj CtAbreafts^
SstSffftitef
and above
it
two round
hills like
at no great diftance
from each other. To fuch as thefe Solomon alludes, when he makes his beloved fay, " 7 am a wall, and my breafts like towers. Though the word nain, Chumah,
or
8
Comah, be
9
yet
fhould think
fignified a treafure.
Jud. L.
c.
7. p.
417.
11
Canticles,
8. v. 10.
h h
that
4^o
Tn2 ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
that in this place it fignified the ground, which the wall furrounded an inclofure facred to Cham, the Sun, who was
:
The Mizraim called particularly worfhiped in fuch places. thefe hills Typhon, and the cities, where they were .eredted,
Typhonian.
But
as
This, I imagine, was they were alfo ftyled Choma. the meaning of the term in this place, and in fome others ; where the text alludes to a different nation, and to a foreign
Chom,
In thefe temples the Sun was worship. principally and the rites of fire celebrated : and this feems to adored,
mode of
why
the
judgment denounced
againft
them
we
fire
is
If uniformly, that they fhall be deftroyed by fire. fuppofe Comah to mean a mere wall, I do not fee why
is
fhould be fo particularly deftined againft a part, which The Deity fays, J1 / will kindle a the Icaft combuftible.
I4
I3 / will fend a fire on the wall Damafcus. 5 / will fend a fire on the wall of Tyrus. / will'
'
of Gaza.
kindle
Rabbah.
idolatry,
;
brought
all
down
this curfe,
is
was
in
thefe instances
to a temple of
related
his
Greeks
Ao<poj jU.as"bgf$5J$
and
Solomon
|U.afO<
certainly alludes,
when me
fays, gy<w
TSJ%O,
X.QLI
o<
Jeremiah,
''
c.
49. v. 27.
7.
4
15
c.
i. v.
c. i. v. 10.
c.
i. v.
14.
in
remarkable, that
many of
WS
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
421
This will appear from another pafTage in Solo7 We have a little mon, where he makes his beloved lay,
'
fifter^
breafts.
If fie
be a Cornah^
we
will build
palace cannot be fuppofed to be built upon a wall ; though it may be inclofed with one. The place for building was a Comah, or eminence. It is l8 on the wall of Ophel he faid of Jotham king of Judah, that
upo?i he?*
a palace of Jilver.
built
much.
Ophel
is
literally
Pytho
is
Sol,
What
Comah,
or high place,
fun by the Jebufites. This Jotham fortified, and turned it to advantage ; whereas before it was not ufed, or ufed for a bad purpofe. The ground fet apart for fuch ufe was geneone extremity of the long diameter, rally oval ; and towards
as
it
were
in the focus,
erected,-.
As they were
held facred
;
fame time. generally royal edifices, and at the they were termed' Tarchon> like Tarchonium ia
a corruption
was in later times rendered. Trachon, T^avwf. There were two hills of this denomination near Damafcus from whence undoubtedly the Regio
Hetruria
:
which by
Trachonitis received
p.a<JV8)
Svo
AgyO|U,g*'0<
its
name
I9
:
vTrsgKsurrcu
$s
OLVTYIS
Thefe were hills T^a^wve?. Solomon towers, and muft have been very fair to fee to. 20 takes notice of a hill of this fort Lebanon^ looking ta~ upon ward Damafcus ; which he fpeaks of as a beautiful ftructure.
"
8
(Aawith
Canticles,
c. 8. v. 8. c.
2 Chron.
27. v. 3.
19
The
422
THE ANALYSIS
O-F
AKCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
ftill
The
further fophifti:
We Dragons. and perides being under the prote&ion of a fleeplefs ferpent the golden fleece at Colchis was entrufted to fuch another
guarded by
:
from cated by the Greeks, and expreffed A^a^wv, Dracon whence in great meafure arofe the notion of treafures being Zl read of the gardens of the Hef-
guardian
lonius.
of which there
is
fine ,defcription in
Apol-
Kvrasog A/jjrao,
TS irxioev Agso<; y roQi %ua<; SK
gcuxwii,
Ts^cut;
cuvov
01
VfJLCtg,
OTTITTTSUSI
0/^jJLSl'Og'
QV$S
Ou Nonnus
Ja^aroti
Giro's.
watching while the damfelf Numbered, but fleeplefs itfelf: 13 'TTryaAg^ ot.'ygVTrvov oxiTTTSVTrigix, KQgtir\$ and in another place
:
he mentions
**
tygggov
syzis
ctTrsXzQgov
z$
O$iv.
Such a one
guarded the nymph Chalcomeda, HaLgtieiiiXW ayajU.o/0 /3oj]^OG^. The Goddefs Proferpine had two ** dragons to protect her, by the appointment of her mother Demeter.
" Pervenk ad
ukimam,
Phredrus. L.
4.
Fab. 19.
11
ls
See Macrobius. Saturn. L. i.e. 20. of dragons guarding treafures, Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 405.
14
15
Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 14. p. 408. Nonni Dionyf. L. 33- p- 840. Nonni Dionyf. L. 35. p. 876. Nonni Dionyf. L.
6. p.
16
186.
Such
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
423
Such are the poetical reprefentations but the hiftory at bottom relates to facred towers, dedicated to the fymbolical was a perpetual watch, worfhip of the ferpent where there The Titans, TiTweg, were proand a light ever burning.
;
perly Titanians
fhip,
are,
a people fo
and from the places, where it was celebrated. They as gigantic like Orion and the Cyclopians, reprefented
:
perfons
Anak.
and they were of the fame race, the children of The Titanian temples were (lately edifices, eredled in
as well as in
Chaldea,
Ao<po/
ftAfr&fteiG)
lower Egypt, upon mounds of earth, and facred to Hanes; TIT avis, and
fignify literally jua?o? the conical hill of Orus. They were by their fituation ftrong, made otherwife defenfible. and
are
In refpe6l to the legends about dragons, I am perfuaded that the ancients fometimes did wilfully mifreprefent things, in order to incrcafe the wonder. Iphicrates related, that in Mauritania there were dragons of fuch extent, that grafs grew upon 7 TS Asyci jitcyaAsff, their backs: f mi urocw BTTIAgsutMTOis
'"
reprefentation but a Dracontium, within whofc precincts they encouraged verdure ? It is faid of Taxilcs, a mighty prince in India, and a
TTSQvxsvcti.
What
this
rival
of Porus, that,
upon the
arrival of
he (hewed him every thing that was in his country curious, and which could win the attention of a foreigner. Among
other things he carried
17
l*
him
to fee a
*8
fa-
cred
Strabo L. 17. p. 1 183. Ev J TO;; f/f^ xat 'C,vov VTr-fQuX} Aiovvvii
.)
aAjua,
<u
Ivfoi
itiuov.
Apcixwv w,
fj.irx.ot
TUV
424-
THE ANALYSIS
;
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
efteemed a God.
It
cred to Dionufus
and
itfelf
was of a
being in extent, equal to five acres ; and refided in a low deep place, walled round to a great height.
ftupendous
iize,
The
it
;
them from
amazing
and herds
and
author fays, that it was treated rather as a tyrant, than a benevolent Deity. Two Dragons of the like nature are mentioned by a? Strabo; which are faid to
rate.
In
iliort
my
have reftded in the mountains of Abifares, or Abiofares in India: the one was eighty cubits in length, the other one hundred
and
the account given by Pofidonius of a ferpent, which he faw in the plains of Macra^ a reforty.
is
He
fays, that it
was about an
length
Each
at
its
fcale
was
as big as a fhield
ride in
fytttcuv
which
defcription allude to, this 'WZTrTuxut;, but the ruins of an ancient Ophite temple ; is reprefented in this enigmatical manner to raife adthis
tvi(>iihr,utt'o.'
y.a.1
mouth.
What
can
KrvXiaxt
T<Z
Maximus Tyr.
Difiert. 8. c. 6. p. 85.
9
'
i'
TSTU
'c
oafiteno; i^oet
nv
J^affOau,
T>;S cTg ipo^.iJ'M
//.>)xo?
AAAys
!'
p.y
r
xaSofac'
%a.<jfjux.
Ss^
w~'
ttpi-n-irov
Ae-
uire
(x.if.v<ra.v
3-y^ga.
more
applicable.
-,
ground, which he goes over dragons with legs but I do not know that
:
1095. epithet OTJTTTWXWS but to a building decayed, and in ruins ferpent creeps upon its belly, and is even with the and cannot fall lower. The moderns indeed delineate
16. p.
:
Strabo. L.
The
this
miration
THE ANALYSIS
miration
?
OF ANCIENT
MYTHOLOGY.
425
The plains of Macra were not far from Mount and where the Hivites refided Lebanon, and Hermon where ferpent-worfhip particularly prevailed. The Indian
;
;
was probably a temple, and its environs ; where a who were maintained by the pubfociety of priefts rerided, lic ; and who worfhiped the Deity under the femblance of a
ferpent.
clafs.
this
He
as a
ftupendous Being,
an earthborn giant
acres.
31
Porrigitur.
a coa By which is meant, that he was tower, ereded upon nical mount of earth, which ftood in an enclofure of nine
He
;
or liver
hiftory
have a vulture preying upon his heart, The whole of which immortale jecur tondens.
is
faid to
is
Taw
595.
SjtKvfeos
VM,
KBITO
JanrgJw' o<T
6. v.
en smv.
31
Virgil,
51
^neis. L.
Odyfl".
Homer.
L. A.
v. 575.
L.
ye
3. V.
395.
T<Tuor
f*eycx.v t
ov
p'
erexgc
At
EAaovj,
^e4
fr
<? e
Apollon. Rhodius. L.
i.
v. 761.
VOL.
I.
i i
426
THE ANALYSIS
OF
f
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
ura.gr fjLsvoi jprccg ezstgov,
i
The fame
ftory
is
told of Prometheus,
who
is
faid to
have
been expofed upon Mount Caucafus near Colchis ; with this variation, that an eagle is placed over him, preying upon his Thefe ftrange hiftories are undoubtedly taken from heart.
the fymbols and devices, which were carved upon the front of the ancient Amonian temples ; and efpecially thofe of The eagle, and the vulture, were the inrignia of
:
Egypt.
whence it was called Ai-Gupt, and " Aetia^ from Ait and Gupt, which fignified an eagle and vulture. Ait was properly a title of the Deity, and fignified heat and the heart, the center of vital heat, was among the Egyptians.
that country
:
34
ftyled
Ait
hence
we
are told
3S
by
emblem of Egypt.
The
Amonians dealt much in hieroglyphical reprefentations. Nonnus mentions one of this fojt, which feems to have been It was engraved a curious emblem of the Sun, upon a jafand worn for a bracelet. Two ferpents entwined togeper,
ther, with their heads different ways,
were depicted in a
fe-
micircular
At
O.TTO
My<7#/>a
-*xou
A?^a,
xa;-
n&Tay.fm, x&t
ASTO. ^rA^
AETIA,
ASTU.
Stepbanus Byzant.
IiicTa
In Dionyfium.
v..
239. p. 42.
J+
Orus Apollo
AiyvTTTov
cTg
ftyles
it
in the
i. c.
7. p.
10.
Tofs H0
ypx<fiOv.rs.; t
^/X/CCTW^IOJ'
X./XH>[JI.SVOV
\,.
i,.
c.
22> p. 38,
It alfo fignified
aa
eagle.
the
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGV.
;
427
the top between their heads was an eagle facred carriage, called Cemus.
Aisros
t]i)
and beneath a
fcgvvsios,
drs 'WX&Tvy
YISCOL
and many other poetical perfonages, was certainly taken from hieroglyphics mifPrometheus was worunderftood, and badly explained.
hiftory of Tityus, Prometheus,
The
fhiped by the Colchians as a Deity ; and had a temple and " high place, called UsTga. Ty<paowa, upon Mount Caucafus : and the device upon the portal was Egyptian, an eagle over
a heart.
The magnitude
the extent of the The words, per tota temple inclofures. novem cui jugera corpus porrigitur, relate to a garden of fo
There were many fuch inclofures, as I have before taken notice fome of them were beautifully planted, and ornamented with pavilions and fountains, and called
many
acres.
Paradili.
38
One of
Typhon,
Hefperides,
36
flood in Syria upon the river Places of this nature called afterwards Orontes.
this fort
are alluded to
under the defcription of the gardens of the and Alcinous ; and the gardens of Adonis.
in
Nonnus. L.
5. p.
148.
It
machine, which K^o;, from Cham the Sun. chariot of the Sun, and horfes of the fame.
called
37 38
^ST^>I.
Apollonius Rhodius. L.
as a Giant,
2. v.
1214.
Strabo. L. 16.
Such
428
THE ANALYSIS
at
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
;
and thofe beautiful gardens of Daphne upon the Orontes abovementioned ; and Thofe of Daphne in the fhady parts of Mount Libanus.
Phaneas in Paleftine
are defcribed
by Strabo,
who
1
mentions,
59
Msya
TS KCU
There was a fine ATroAAwvos KCU Agre[JLi$o$. wide extended grove ^ which foeltered the whole place ; and which
mi
Vg
In was watered with numberlefs fountains. whole was a fanEtuary and ajfyfam, facred
Apollo.
Artemis and
The Groves
and the garden and temple at bottom were very * noble ; and are finely defcribed by Diodorus. I have taken notice that the word $gax(a 3 draco, was a
in Sicily,
Ta^wy
as
is
Da-
the Greeks underftood that in thefe temples people worfhiped a ferpent Deity, they concluded that Trachon was a ferpent and hence came the name of Draco to
mafcus.
When
imaginary Being, however afterwards accepted and underftood. This is manifeft from Servius, who diftributes the
ferpentine fpecies into three tribes
folely to
4l
;
Angues aquarum funt, ferpentes terraThat the notion of fuch anirum, Dracones templorum.
temples
:
9
mentions a place near the fountains of the river Me%pi xai ^uv ra Ogovra -zr>)^(yr, / mhria-iQv re TB A5.
He
ra
woc.pae.Ssiert!.
L. 16.
1096.
283.
Diodorus Siculus. L.
41
4. p.
Servii
Comment,
in Virgil. ^Eneid.
L.
2. v.
204.
mals
THE ANALYSIS
mals took
its rife
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
429
from the temples of the Syrians and Egyptians, and efpecially from the Trachones, Tf a^wi^, at Damafcus, feems highly probable from the accounts above and
:
it
more apparent from Damafenus, a from the city Damafene, fuppofed hero, who took his name
may be
rendered
still
or Damafcus.
who reprefented as an earthborn giant, * 4 Kcu y^ovog owteTov via, fycutovencountered two dragons
He
is
ropovov
AajU.ao'fli'a.
is
One
of the monsters,
f
with which he
fought,
o<pi$,
of fifty acres : which certainly, as I have before insinuated, muft have a reference to the grove and garden, wherein fuch Ophite temple flood at Damafcus. For the general measurement of all thefe wonderful beings
a ferpent
by
jugera or acres proves that fuch an estimate could not relate to any thing of folid contents ; but to an enclofure of
that superficies.
tic
43
Of
have been feen at Gades by Cleon perfonage, fuppofed to He made, it feems, no doubt of Tityus and Magnefius.
for being at Gades, he other fuch monfters having existed was ordered to go upon a certain expedition by Hercules : and upon his return to the ifland, he faw upon the fhore a
:
huge fea-man, who had been thunderstruck, and lay extended upon the ground 44 TOVTOV TffteQga, fJLSv
:
* Nonni
4J
Dionyf. L. 25.
p.
668.
Tot jugera
ventre prementem.
Parnafius. Met. L.
i.
v.
He
related
3 TlTUO!
44
'fis
$t eui&K
tTxrtiKfii' (Toy
KAswra)
fs rot.
Taffioa.^
ai'Jjcc
wctiv ^aAao-rr/oi-
EK-
nEDTfiKOTA
430
STTS'ysiv'
THE ANALYSIS
and
his
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Typhon,
So dimenfions were not lefs than Jive acres. Caanthus, Orion, are faid to have been killed by-
Orpheus too, who by fome is faid to have been lightning. torn to pieces by the Thracian women, by others is reprefented as {lain by the bolt of Jupiter
ports as
:
and
his epitaph
im-
much.
Ogpsa. Moycrai 'Ov
X.TQ.VBV
vAS$uy
Zsvg
;
which were praclifed withfhip of the ferpent, and rites of fire, 46 in them. Such an inclofure was by the Greeks ftyled T(JLSVO$,
and the mound or high place ra0 and rv^og which had often a tower upon it, efteemed a fanduary and afylum. Ly;
47
TTMBO2
In procefs of time both the word TV[JLO$, as well as ra0, were no longer taken in their original fenfe ; but fuppofed uniformly to have been places of fepulture. This has turned
tombs and the Deities, to whom they There were facred have been reprefented as there buried.
many temples
into
at Leibos
es
VTTO
T&
^-ga jwufierGat.
THV yw' TUTOV -srAgGpa p.iv "mure jWaA/fa Paufan. L. 10. p. 806.
5.
As
46
Qea.
Scholia in
Homer.
II.
L. F.
v.
696.
Kau Tfjivos
47
Kavu/So. Dionyfius. riegwym.v. 13. izregnrui^ov Afjont^auoto Ao-uAo^ Ttfjievos at Daphne upon the Orontcs. See abcve. p. 428.
Lycophron.
v. 613.
fuppofed
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
431
fuppofed to have been going to devour the remains of Orpheus: and this temple being of old ftyled Petra, it was fabled
of the ferpent that he was turned into (lone.
*8
Hie
ferus
Os
petit,
Tandem
Arcet
;
et in
;
lapidem
Congelat
All the poetical accounts of heroes engaging with dragons have arifen from a mifconception about thefe towers and temples ; which thofe perfons either founded, or elfe took in
the ftory is told ; thefe buildings were erected to their honour. But the Greeks made no diftinction. They were fond of Heroifm ; and inwar.
if
Or
whom
terpreted every ancient hiftory according to their own prejudices : and in the moft fimple narrative could find out a martial
colony could fettle any where, and build an Ophite temple, but there was fuppofed to have been a contention between a hero and a dragon. Cadmus, as I
achievement.
No
Thebes
ov
wyviifi
svi
or
48
49
Serpents,
432
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
s Serpehts are faid to have infefted Cyprus, when it was occupied by its firft inhabitants : and there was a fearful dra-
gon
in the iile of
'
Salamis.
The Python
of Parnaffus
{lain,
is
when
izrors
Ttrergcuy
dragon was a ferpent temple; a tumbos, formed of earth, and efteemed of old oracular. To this
After
all, this
Hy-
53 ginus bears witnefs. Python, Teme films, Draco ingens. Hie ante Apollinem ex oraculo in monte Parnaffo refponfa dare folitus eft. Plutarch fays, that the difpute between
Apollo and the Dragon was about the privilege of the place, 5* 'Oi AsApwy $goAoyo< vo[ju%<riv sncnvda. 'Wors TtTgog otpiv ru From hence we may ew 5Tj T8 XgYifyigM p<*-')(J\v ysvs^doLi.
of the temple ; perceive, that he was in reality the Deity though the Greeks made an idle diftin&ion : and he was
treated with divine honours.
KsvsTcu,
5S
Hvdoi
r t
[tev
3V o
Agoutw
mi
It is faid
Tz
Opsws
10
J''
f!r
tpa.v
A<a?
<f
euyuv
Parthenius, as correfted
1
by VofTius.
2. v.
Lycophron.
51
55
5*
v.
no.
707.
i.
p.
417.
55
p. 29.
pointed
THE ANALYSIS
pointed for a
Pasan to the
5G
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
43.;
feflival
in the temple,
ferpent.
often read of virgins, who were expofed to dragons, and fea-monfters ; and of dragons, which laid wafte whole
provinces,
till
We
encountered,
and
flaiii.
Thefe
hiftories
relate to
;
women,
who were immured in towers by the fea-fide and to Banditti, who got porYeflion of thefe places, from whence they infefted the The S7 author of the Chroniadjacent country.
con Pafchale fuppofes, that Andromeda, whom the Poets defcribe as chained to a rock, and expofed to a fea-monfter, was in reality confined in a temple of Neptune, a Petra of
another
fort.
becaufe in
Thefe dragons are reprefented as fleeplefs ; fuch places there were commonly lamps burning,
In
thofe
more
particularly fet
there was a
fire,
which never
went
out.
58
flammas.
The dragon
of Apollonius
is
ever watchful.
01
the Poet ftyles the eyes of the Dragon, were undoubtedly windows in the upper part of the building, through which the fire appeared. Plutarch takes notice, that in the
i&
What
"
3
L.
3. v.
29,
VOL.
I.
k k
temple
434
/
..
THE ANALYSIS
Amon,
there
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
59
temple of
was a
pi
The
like
was obfervable
Egyptians.
Polias at Athens, Paufanias mentions the lamp of Minerva which never went out the fame cuftom was kept up in mofl
:
of the
6l
Prutaneia.
;
on which they preferved a 6j perpetual fire. In the 6* temple of Apollo Carneus at Cyrene the fire upon the altar was never fuffered to be extinguished. A like account is
hearths
given by Said Ebn Batrick of the facred fire, which was pre6s Aderbain in Armenia. The ferved in the great temple at 66 Nubian Geographer mentions a nation in India, called Caimachitze,
who had
petual
fire.
large Puratheia, and maintained a perAccording to the Levitical law, a conftant fire
altar
of God.
be-
ever burning upon the altar : it floall never go out. From what has preceded, we may perceive,, that
many
And I cannot perfonages have been formed out of places. help fufpecting much more of ancient hiftory, than I dare
5
a,
venture to acknowledge. Of the mythic age I fuppofe almoil every circumftance to have been imported, and adopted; or elfe to be a fable. I imagine, that Chiron, fo celebrated
9
Av^iov aat?-oi>.
'i.
p. 410.
"
*
To
See
tie
Tw^yiov ivYlouTctvettp.
(pffj 05
Theoc.
Jlu^Oj
*'
64
5
Hyde Relig. Vet. Perfarum and Stanley upon the Chaldaic religion. An Je TOI afvaov TSVO. Callimach. to Apollo, v. 84. Vol. 2. p. 84.
Hymn
Clima.
4. p.
213.
Leviticus,
c. 6. v. 13.
Hence
a cuftom,
by which
the people
wood,
when decaying.
for
THE ANALYSIS
tor
his
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
435
knowledge, was a mere perfonage formed from a It ftocd in tower, or temple, of that name. ThefTaly ; and was inhabited by a fet of priefts, called Centauri. Thcv
were
denominated from the Deity they woriliiped, who was reprefented under a particular form. They ftyled him Cahen-Tatir and he was the fame as the Minotaur of Crete,
fo
:
and the Tauromen of Sicilia ; confequently of an emblematical and mixed The people, by whom this worfigure. fhip was introduced, were many of them Anakim ; and are
accordingly reprefented as of great ftrength and ftature. Such 6S perfons among the people of the eaft were ftyled Nephe-
lim
In confequence of this, they defcribed the Centaurs as born of a. cloud and not only the Centaurs, but Ixion, and others, were reputed of the fame original.
I/S$S*.YI,
:
The
Nephelim ftood
in Theflaly,
and
is
mentioned by 6? Palaephatus ; but through the mifconceptions of his countrymen it was expreffed NepsA)}, Nephele, a cloud. The Grecians in general were of this race ; as will
be abundantly {hewn.
ed Nephele,
x,
The
Scholiaft
whom
The
;
o
.
AjoA8 T8
en NstpzhYis yswq.
author has
made
a diftinclion
between
the former of
there
which he
defcribes in the
It
alfo
is
faid
were giants
in
and
69
*
The word
is
Nephelim.
C.
2. p. 6.
V. 22.
k k
feminine
436
THE ANALYSIS
By Phrixus
is
OF
ANCIENT MYTHLOOGY.
feminine.
meant
OD,
Phryx,
who
palled the
in Afia minor. However obfcured Hellefpont, and fettled the hiftory may be, I think the purport of it is plainly this, that the Hellenes, and Phrygians were of the Nephelim or
Chiron was a temp.le, probably at Nephele His in Theffalia, the mofl ancient feat of the Nephelim. name is a compound of Chir-Qn, in purport the fame as Kir-
Anakim
race.
the heavenly motions and they were people ufed to fludy made ufe of for feminaries, where young people were inftrucl-
ed
Hence on which account they were fly led 'STcaJoT^of oi. 7I Achilles was fuppofed to have been taught by Chiron, who
;
enumeThey reported to have had many difciples. rated by Xenophon in his treatife upon hunting, and amount to a large number. EysvouTQ COITW pa^Tou Kwt)'ys<nuv rs,
is
are
"
vg.
73
Jafon
is Oap ftountOLhuM Xeiby Pindar made to fay of himfelf, Pttvos QHTBIV, and the fame circumfiance is mentioned in ano-
Xsigwvi fatty (Ia<roj/a). Thefe hiflories could not be true of Chiron as a perfon : for, unlefs
ther place:
*K(wJa
Js
Tgcx.$ev
as the Poets would perfuade fuppofe him to have been, from the reft of mankind, it will be us, of a different fpecies
we
Ode
4. p. 244..
Ibid. p. 246.
'
found
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
437
found impoflible for him to have had pupils in fuch different For not only TEfculapius, mentioned in this lift, but ages. the medicinal arts. 75 Apollo likewife learnt of him
TCIOS
Xs^ww TW
Ksvrctvgu)
ict&ou
Xenophon
of
all,
indeed,
him
?6
:
'O XsigdMog
|3;o
TtTcifiv
sfcqflMi'
were we to fuppofe fuch a Being as Chiron, that he fhould 77 countries. Befides have had pupils from fo many different were manifeftly ideal For not to fpeak of Cephaltis and Carter, Apollo perfonages. ?8 was a Deity and /Efculapius was the like by fome indeed
many
of them,
who
are mentioned,
efteemed the
as
title,
of the former
Ariiiides ufes
it
as
79
Hercules
Iix\
HZIM, 'H^a^As?,
AvKtoiTris
and he
It of Jupiter .ffifculapius, AiO? Acr^AflflTia VZM. therefore in the Poets to fuppofe that thefe perfonages could have been pupils to Chiron. Thofe, that were inftruded,
Jiiftin.
70
Martyr ck Monarchia.
p. J.L
.Dc Venat.
77
Cephalus
is
faid to
have live!
;
in
Ibme
lay, in the
time of Ereftheus
many
who were at the fiege of Troy. the Sun. Eufeb. Prsp. Evaag. L.
i.
3. p.
n?.
p. 64.
education
438
THE ANALYSIS
;
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
and were taught in the fame kind of academy : but not by one perfon, nor probably in the fame place. For there were many of thefe towers, where they taught aftronomy, mufic, and other fciences. Thefe places were likeeducation
wife courts of judicature, where juftice
v,
7
as
adminiftered
faid to
have been
quhotpgovsuv,
mi
80
'O XsiM
Mv%
is
hxCUGTCLTOS
The
like character
given of
him by Hermippus of
81
Berytus.
rs
,
mwrvvTfV
TJJTWJ/
yevog qycfys,
mi
$y<nas /Agg?,
mi
Tffips
Right was probably more fairly determined in the Chironian temples, than in other. Yet the whole was certainly attended
with fome inftances of cruelty for human facrifices are mentioned as once common, efpecially at Pella in Theffaly; where
:
if
they could get a perfon, who was an Achean by birth, they 8l ufed to offer him at the altars of Peleus and Chiron.
There were many edifices denominated Chironian, and faCharon was of the fame purport, and etycred to the Sun.
One temple of mology; and was facred to the fame Deity. this name, and the moft remarkable of any, flood oppoiite to
80
1
Homer.
Iliad.
A. v. 831.
i.
p. 361.
<TUi>tx.yuyyy fv
Tin
TUV
Sra.ujAa.a'iuv
FlfAAri
T5
TTaA*ai
A%a.iov
etifyuTTov nAei
xa.t
Xeipwvi xaTaSugffSa*.
Memphis
THE ANALYSIS
Memphis on
fpot,
is
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
It
439
where moft people of confequence were buried. There a tower in this province, but at fome diftance from the place
here fpoken of, called 8s Kiroon at this day. As Charon was a temple near the catacombs, or place of burial ; all the perfons, who were brought to be there deposited, had an offering
account, upon being landed on this fhore. notion of the fee of Charon, and of the ferry-
This building ftood upon the banks of a but that, which canal, which communicated with the Nile is now called Kiroon, ftands at fome diftance to the weft,
:
man
of that name.
upon
the lake
8+
Mceris
where only the kings of Egypt had The region of the catacombs was called
; 8s
Acherufian plain, and likewife the and the ftream, which ran by it, had the name of
Acheron.
Poets,
They
when they treat of the region of departed fouls. The Amonians conferred thefe names upon other places, where
they fettled, in different parts of the world. R6 8? fore to be met with in Epirus, Phrygia,
" Pocock's Travels. V.
'"'
They
ss
are there*9
Hellas,
Apu-
i.
p. 65.
TW
JtaAaitfr/)!'
A^fp'Jcriy.i'.
Diodorus
S:c.
L.
r.
p. 86.
In Phrygia juxta fpecus eft Acherufia, ad manes, ut aiunt, pervnij. L. i. c. 19. p. 100.
1
Mela,
L.. 7.
8
Paufan. L.
i.
p.
40.
Strabo.
Near Corinth
A cherufia.
Strabo.
Paufan. L.
2. p.
196.
In Elis Acheron.
9
L.
8.
p. 530. Horat. L.
3.
Ode
4. v. 14.
lia,
44-O
9
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
lia,
in
91 Campania, and other countries. The libri Acherontii Italy, mentioned by Arnobius, were probably tranfcripts
from Tome hieroglyphical writings, which had been preThefe were fer ved in the Acherontian towers of the Nile.
carried by Tao-es to Hetruria O
.'
: '
he-Id in great
->
veneration.
As towers of this fort were feminaries of learning, Homer from one of them has formed the character of fage Mentor ;
under whofe refemblarice the Goddefs of vvildom was fuppofed to be concealed. By Mentor, I imagine, that the Poet
covertly alludes to a temple of Menes.
in an illnefs
It is faid, that
Homer
,
Mentor, the fon of AA/JjW.Of Alcimus. The perfon probably was a Mentorian prieft, who did him this kind office,, if there be any truth in the ftory.
*''
It
was from an oracular temple flyled Mentor ; and ManTor, that the facred cakes had the name ot Amphimantora.
93
$$8V[J.Wi Caftor, the fuppofed difciple of Chiron, was in reality the the fame as Chiron; being a facred tower, a Chironian ediAfJLQlfJLdVTOga,,
OLhtptTCX,
(JLShlTl
fice,
As thefe temple and Pharos. buildings for the mofl part flood on ftrands of the fea, and promontories ; Caftor was efteemed in confequence of it a
for a
In like manner there were -zzreJW Hhvaia in Egypt, MefTenia, and in the remoter parts of Iberia. See Plutarch in Sertorio, and Strabo. L. 3.
p. 223.
90
Near Avernus.
Alfo Libri Tarquitiani Arufpicum Hetrufcorum Cufhan. Marcellinus. L. 25. c. -2. p. 322.
9*
9!
91
fo
c. 3.
tutelary
THE ANALYSIS
tutelary Deity of that
OF
ANCIENT M/THOLOGY.
44.1
element.
The name
feems to be a
the temple or place of Aftor ; who was rendered at different times Afterius, Afterion, and Aftarte. C-Aftor was by the Greeks abbreviated to Caftor ;
compound of Ca-Aftor,
which
tower
:
in
a fireoriginal fenfe I fhould imagine betokened but the Greeks in this inftance, as well as in innuits
merable others, have miftaken the place and temple for the The whole hiftory ot Deity, to whom it was confecrated.
Caftor and Pollux, the two Diofcuri, is very flrange, and inconfiftent. Sometimes they are defcribed as two mortals of
Lacedzemon, who were guilty of violence and rapine, and At other times they are rewere flain for their wickednefs.
prefented as the two principal Deities Dii Maximi, Dii Potentes, Cabeiri.
;
and
ftyled Dii
is
Magni,
Mention
made by
Paufanias of the great regard paid to them, and particularly 9+ by the Cephalenfes. MgyaAoy^ ya cnpa? 01 rccvrrj zxg ovo(Jt,ot,$i<riv.
77ie people
Great Gods.
95
There
there jlyle them by way of eminence the are altars extant, which are infcribed
CASTORI ET POLLUCI
DIIS
MAGNIS.
In
9fi
Gruter
is
Fa/o?
But though Caftor was enfhrined, as a God, he was properly a Tarchon, fuch as I have before defcribed ; and had all the to be found in fuch buildings. They requifites, which are
were the great repofitories of treafure
'*
95
L.
i.
p. 77.
96
VOL.
1 1
entrufted,
442
THE ANALYSIS
as
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
entrusted,
from Juvenal
97
nummi.
The
/
^"
who was
:
name of
Caftor,
and he had
denomina-
tion in Laconia,
flrft
we may
and other parts of Greece. His rites were This introduced by people from Egypt, and Canaan. infer among other circumftances from the title of
Anac being fo particularly conferred on him and his brother Pollux: whence their temple was ftyled AVCK.KSIOV in Laconia; and their feftival at Athens cwaxs/a, anakeia. For Anac was
a Canaanitifli term of honour
to afaj
;
have before mentioned, that in thefe places were preferved the Archives of the cities, and and they were often made ftood provinces, in which they
and
9S
aj/a^rs^.
ufe of for courts of judicature, called tzr^To^a, and praetoria ; whither the ancient people of the place reforted, to deHence it is that Caftor and termine about right and wrong. Pollux, two names of the fame pqrfonage, were fuppofed to This department does but ill prefide over judicial affairs.
7
s
There was
It
is
Anakeion
Ava.-x.eiov'
Suidas.
laid
ty
Swa^ xai m
to have been
T$
AvctKeiip ygcttpats.
The
trealury
we may fuppofe
agree
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
443
agree with the general and abfurd character, under which for what has they are reprcfcnted horfemanfhip and
:
boxing
do with law and equity ? But thefe were miftaken attributes, which arofe from a mifapplication of hiftory. Within
to
the precincts of their temples was a parade for boxing and Hence arofe thefe wreftling ; and often an Hippodromus.
attributes,
9
mi
originally referred to,
The Deity
As he was
:
mud
necefiarily have
s^oa, mi 'Wan
account the fame province of fupreme judge was conferred on his fubftitute Caftor, in conjunction with his
this
On
and they were accordingly looked upon as the confervators of the rights of mankind. Cicero makes a
brother Pollux
:
noble appeal to them in his feventh oration againft Verres ; and enlarges upon the great department, of which they were
prefumed to be poflefTed at the fame time mentioning the Vos treafures, which were depofited in their temples.
:
forenfium, confiliorum maximorum, legum, judiciorumque arbitri, et teftes, celeberrimo in loco PR^E9
omnium rerum
TORII
444
THE ANALYSIS
locati, Caftor et
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
TORII
fibi ifte
Pollux;
(Verres) et praedam
maximam
ravit
victus,
dicuntur.
Thus we
their
and Libera
and fpoken of as the civilizers of the world and judicature. peculiar province was law
inftances to the
I
but
Many
Chiron and
Trophobeing com-
pounded of Tor-Oph-On,
Trophon, and Trophonius.
tuated near a vaft cavern
:
and the refponfes were given by dreams. Tirefias, that ancient prophet, was an edifice of and the name is a compound of Tor-Ees, the fame nature
:
and Tor-Afis
Tirefias.
generally efteemed a diviner, or foothfayer,. to whom people applied for advice but it was to the temple that they applied, and to the Deity, who. was there fuppofed to reiide. He was moreover faid to have lived nine ages
: :
He
till
taken by the Epigoni, when he died. The truth is, there was a tower of this name at Thebes, built by the Amonians, and facred to the God Orus. It ftood nine
he was
at laft
ages,
Amon.
'
rfeouQig $s
psT% T8
Paufanias. L. 9. p. 74^.
TQ
THE ANALYSIS
TO isgov QitoVQ<rx.Q7rmv
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
xot.tefjt.svQV.
445
rs Tsigsviz
Tirefias accord5
Evyigw, or, acing to Apollodorus was the fon of Eueres, cording to the true Dorian pronunciation, Euares, the fame
as
the Egyptian
*
Uc
;
ftyled
tor.
Eurimi films
He is by Hyginus Arez, the Sun. and in another place Eurii filius, Pafall
places facred to
him
not being underftood. Tireiias is additionally ftyled Paftor ; becaufe all the Amonian Deities, as well as their princes,
were called Shepherds and thofe, who came originally from Chaldea, were ftyled the children of Ur, or Urius.
:
By the fame analogy we may trace the true hiftory of Terambus, the Deity of Egypt, who was called the ShepThe name is a compound of Tor-Ambus, herd Terambus.
or
He
is
faid to
have been the fon of Eufires, s Evveigz T3 H<xr&i$iMO$ ; and to have come over, and fettled in Theffaly near mount
According to Antoninus Liberalis he was very rich in flocks ; and a great mufician, and particularly exOthrys.
they attributed the The meaning of the hiftory is, I invention of the pipe. think, too plain, after what has preceded to need a comIt is fabled of him, that he was at laft turned into ment.
a bird called Cerambis, or
bis are
To him
*
5
Anton. Liberalis
Mmmarph.
c. 2.2.
perly
44.6
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
;
this
fort
were the
and they were often confecrated to the Ophite Deity, called Opis and Oupis. It is the fame, which Callimachus addrefles by the title of 6 and oi whom Cicero fpeaks and flyles OVKI, Awr<r &VUTTI
repositories
much
treafure
Upis
quam
to
Graeci
Upim
:
temple was
abridged
hence called
TgUTrsg
temples in upon the frontal, they gave this name to the hieroglyphic. Hence, I imagine, arofe the notion of TgVTrs?, or Gryphons ;
and finding many of the Amonian the north, with the device of a winged ferpent
which, like the dragons abovementioned, were fuppofed to The real conbe guardians of treafure, and to never fleep.
fervators of the
priefts.
They kept up
in
perpetual
fire,
and an unextinguifhed
light
the night.
From Kir
isf'ufi?'*J
i
nam-
The Poets ed Grupis ; and from Kir-Uph-On, Gryphon. have reprefented the Grupes as animals of the ferpentine kind ; and fuppofed them to have been found in countries of the Arimafpians, Alazonians, Hyperboreans, and
other the moft northern regions, which the Amonians poffeffed. In fome of the temples women officiated, who were
ferved.
The
Scholiaft
Hymn,
She
is
3. 23.
fuppofed to be the
fi cTg
fame
as
Diana.
J'e
KaAeo-i fe
TV
Agre/j.tv
c.
Qg&y.&
Bev-
A<JtTurar, Aajcs/'aty/wjci
Oumv,
Palaephatus.
32. p. 78.
upon
THE ANALYSIS
upon Callimachus
her,
calls
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
them Upis
;
447
ftyles
the chief of
'
and
and her
aflbciates,
Kog&s
'Targ^fio^saf,
young women.
pians,
ftories
The Hyperboreans,
All the were Scythic nations of the fame family. about Prometheus, Chimaera, Medufa, Pegafus, Hy-
upon the
entablatures of
temples.
8
Scholia in Callimach.
v.a.1
Hymn,
in
Dianam.
feris
v.
204.
Paufan. L. 5. p. 392.
Metuenda
Hecaerge,
Stilic.
L.
3. v.
253.
HP
1
A
.ii.
T>
449
TA
P H,
TU
P H,
TA
HO
S.
THERE
was another name current among the Amonians, by which they called their Ao<po/, or high places This was Taph which at times was rendered Tuph, Toph, and Taphos. Lower Egypt being a Flat, and annually over:
flowed, the natives were forced to raife the foil on which to fecure them they built their principal edifices, in order and many of their facred towers were from the inundation
:
ereded upon conical mounds of earth. But there were often hills of the fame form conftrufted for religious purpofes,
upon which there was no building. Thefe were very common in Egypt. Hence we read of Taphanis, or TaphHanes, Taph-Ofiris, Taph-Ofiris parva, and contra Taphias, In other parts were Tain Antoninus ; all of this country.
phioufa,
phitis.
All thefe names relate to high altars, upon which facrifices. Typhon they ufed oftentimes to offer human was one of thefe ; being a compound of Tuph-On, which
ficrnifies
Tophet, where the Ifraelites made their children pafs through fire to Moloch, And there feem to have been was a mount of this form.
the hill or altar of the Sun.
*
1
Kings
c.
23. v. 10.
2 Chron. c. 28. v. 3.
VOL.
I.
Mmm
more
450
THE ANALYSIS
this
*
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
denomination
have
as
we
learn
from the
of Tophet^
'They
of the fon of Hinnom, to burn their fons^ and their daughters in the fire. And in another place They have built alfo the high places of Baal, to burn their fons with
in the valley
:
fire
Thefe cruel operations v/ere generally performed upon mounts of this fort ; which from their conical figure were named Tuph, and Tupha. It The feems to have been a term current in many countries.
for burnt-offerings unto Baal,
:
3 name from its fhape and high Periian bonnet had the fame Bede mentions a particular kind of ftandard in his time ;
manner,
Tupha:
in a globular fhape, and called in vexilli genus, ex confertis plumarum tradition, that the calf,
globis.
wor-
in the wildernefs near Horeb, was fhiped by the Ifraelites for raifed upon a facred mound, like thofe defcribed above
:
Philo Judzeus fays, that it was exhibited after the model of 5 Ty8. This I an Egyptian Tuphos AiyvTmati'd do not take to have been a Grecian word ; but the name of
:
pp^a
to
a facred
Perfis.
orbicular mount,
analogous
the
Touphas of
they fettled in Greece, raifed many of thefe Tupha, or Tapha in different parts. Thefe, befide
1
C.
7. v.
c.
19.
v.
5.
There was
a place
near Paran
3
upon
the
2.
Red
Sea.
Deuteron.
c. i. v. i.
<f
Zonar. Vol.
p. 227.
Tvfyctv sco.A< c
2. c.
//.&>/;
KCC.I -zzroAu;
*
5
16.
make
fenfe,
as
intro-
their
THE ANALYSIS
their original
title of
OF
ftill
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
451
name were,
as
it
the Deity, to vvhofe honour they were erected. But was ufual in ancient times to bury perfons of diflindion
under heaps of earth formed in this falhion ; thefe Tapha came to lignify tombs: and almoft all the facred mounds,
raifed
for
religious
purpofes,
as
monu-
Taph-Ofiris was rendered ra0, or the burying-place of the God Ofiris and as there were many fuch places in Egypt and Arabia, facred to Ofiris and Dionufus ; they were all by the Greeks efteemed
Hence
places of fcpulture. Through this miftake many different nations had the honour attributed to them of thefe Deities
The tumulus of the Labeing interred in their country. tines was miftaken in the fame manner. It was originally a
iacred hillock
altar
j
an
fuch as
reprefented in
this light
7
by Virgil
Eft urbe egreffis tumulus, templumque vetuftum Defertas Cereris ; juxtaque antiqua cupreffus.
In procefs of time the word tumulus was in great meafurc looked upon as a tomb j and tumulo fignified to bury. The
Greeks fpeak of numberlefs fepulchral monuments, which They pretended to fhew the they have thus mifinterpreted.
tomb of
5
Dionufus
Ifis ct Ofiris.
at
Delphi
i.
alfo
of Deucalion, Pyrrha,
Plutarch.
V.
p.
359.
TOV "Kovtrav ATroAAwva. Cyril,
Virgil. JEn.
L.
2. v.
713.
<pairiii
S.
1 1
Aehfyois
Tyciotx.
Mmm
Orion,
452
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Orion, in other places. They imagined that Jupiter was buried in Crete which Callimachus fuppofes to have been a forgery of the natives.
:
sg asi
-evW
Kdi
<ru
yxg
Ta.<pov,
Am,
<rsio
ersxTYLVourro,
I
cT ov 9-aygff,
ecrm
y&g
ousi.
was fome high place in Crete, which the later Greeks, and efpecially thofe, who were not of the country, miftook for a tomb. But it certainly muft have been otherwife efteemed by thofe, who raifed it
that there
:
not credible, however blind idolatry may have been, that people fhould enfhrine pcrfons as immortal, where they had the plaineft evidences of their mortality. An infcription
for
it is
Viro immortali was in a ftyle of flattery too refined for the If divine honours were conferred , iimplicity of thofe ages.
1
they were the effects of time, and paid at fome diftance ; not upon the fpot, at the veftibule of the charnel-houfe. Bc-iides it is evident, that
exifted
of the Deity, the Sun ; as has been in great meafure proved by Macrobius. Nor was there ever any thing of fuch detriment to ancient hiftory, as the
;
fuppofing that the Gods of the Gentile world had been na*tives of the countries, where they were woriliiped. They
have by thefe means been admitted into the annals of times and it has been the chief ftudy of the learned to regifter the
:
legendary
9
ftories
concerning them
in
to conciliate abfurditi.es,
Callimach.
Hymn,
and
THE ANALYSIS
and
lefs
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
453
to arrange the
whole
in a chronological feries.
:
fruit-
fuch inconliftencies, and contradictions, as no art, nor inHence all, who have expended their duftry can remedy.
learning to this purpofe, are in oppofition to one another and often at variance with themfelves. Some of them
thefe
;
by
their works,
little
been of
of
world,
Mons
Voltaire.
The
and the
ftories
concerning their Gods and Heroes, were founded on terms milThus from the word Ta<f>0, taphos, interpreted and abufed.
in a limited fenfe, they formed a notion having been buried in every place, where there to their honour.
""
-
was a tumulus
This milled bifhop Cum1 with numberlefs/^^, berland, Uilicr, Pearfon, Petavius, Scaliger, other learned men and among the foremoft the great New- jTuni^
;
*-
v
j-ft^ji
ton.
This extraordinary genius has greatly impaired the excellent fyftem, upon which he proceeded, by admitting thefe
are fo imbued in our fancied beings into chronolgy. childhood with 'notions of Mars, Plercules, and the reft of
We
we
them
afide.
We
yet
and though we abfolutely argue upon Pagan principles cannot believe the fables, which have been tranfmitted'to us;
continually ; and make inferences from them, as if they were real. In fhort, till we recoiled: It gives one ourfelves, we are lemi- pagans. pain to fee men
forget
we
ourfelvcs
of learning, and principle, debating wlrch was the Jupiter, who lay with Semele ; and whether it was the fame, that
10
outwitted
4^4
T'
This is not, fays a critic, the Heroutwitted Amphitryon. mes, who cut off Argus's head; but one of later date, who
turned Battus into a frone.
fancy, fays another, that this turned into a cow. It is faid of JuI
that he
I0
made
as
11
three, or, as fome fay, as long as nine. The Abbe long as Banier with fome phlegm excepts to this coalition of
;
nights
But he is afterwards unwilling to allow it. more complying ; and feems to give it his fanclion, with this
is
and
be not thereby impeached. provifo, that chronological verity that there was no foundation for the / am opinion, fays he,
of
fable of "Jupiter
having made the night on which he lay with Alcmena, longer than others : at haft this event put nothing in nature out of order ; fence the day, which followed, was firopors
,
remarks.
Atque quanto nox fuifti longior hac proximo., Tanto brevior dies ut fiat, faciam ; ut aeque difparet, Et dies e nocle accedat.
We find,
Were
it
that at laft he abfolutely gives credence to the ftory. not invidious, I could fubjoin names to every article,
;
may
:
be
antiquity
that I run counter to the opinions of all that all the fathers, who treated of this fubject,
faid,
ftyled TpieaTrepos.
Lycoph.
v. 33.
i(T7reoa.<i
tic,
AAjcfWH.
Schol. ibid.
Abbe
Banier.
Mythology of
i.
S. 2.
and
THE ANALYSIS
or
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
455
fr
/
and many other learned men, fuppofed the Gods of the hea- /Cl> J^^^ Crf then to have been deified mortals, who were worshiped in
the countries, where they died.
It
mens, Eufebius, Cyril, Tertullian, Athenagoras, Epiphanius, La&antius, Arnobius, Julius Firmicus, and many others. What is more to the purpofe, it was the opinion of the heathen themfelves
:
the very people, by whom thefe gods were honoured yet ftill it is a miftake. In refpedt to the fathers, the whole of their argument turns upon this point, the con;
ceffions
of the Gentiles.
The more
early writers
of the
church were not making a ftricl: chronological inquiry ; but were labouring to convert the heathen they therefore ar:
gue with them upon their own principles ; and confute them The Romans had their Dii Imfrom their own testimony. J
niortales
;
men
0i
AQctvoiToi
Cicero owns
13
;
ab Euhemero
It
et mortes,
et
fepulturze de-
monftrantur deorum.
were true
the fathers very fairly make ufe of it. avail themfelves of thefe conceilions ; and prove from
;
They
them
the abfurdity of. the Gentile wormip, and the inconfiflency Even Maximus Tyrius, the Platonic, of their opinions. could not but fmile, at being fhewn in the fame place the
I+ sz. temple, and tomb of the Deity ; isgov @sa, KX.I rcupov Thefe fuppofed places of fepulture were fo numerous, that
Clemens Alexandrinus
5
tells us,
i. c.
42.
AAAa
14
<?etx.tuu(ri.
Lucian de
Sacrificih. v.
i.
p.
355.
Maximus
456
15
THE ANALYSIS
STTIOVTI
CLV
JULOI
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
AAAa yaf
oi><T o
[JLSV
'UTtx.g
ag%e<TYi
"}(govo$.
But
after all,
thefe
were not tombs, but Acxpof {JLOtfOSlSBlS, conical mounds of earth on which in the firft ages offerings were made by fire.
;
Hence rypw, tupho, lignified to make a fmoke, fuch as arofe from incenfe upon thefe Tupha, or eminences. Befides, if
men, who were buried under thefe hills ; how can we explain the difficulty of the fame perfon being buried in different places, and at different times ? To this
thefe were deified
it is
anfwered, that
it
piter.
Yet
this
ftill
for
it
is
hard to
conceive, that whoever in any country had the name of JupiAdd to this, that Homer and ter, fhould be made a God.
Hefiod, and the authors of the Orphic poetry, knew of no There is no hint of this fort among the fuch duplicates.
ancient writers of their nation.
It
was a refinement
in after
the difficulties, which arofe from ages ; introduced to obviate Arnobius juftly ridithe abfurdities in the pagan fyftem. cules the idle expedients, made ufe of to render a bafe theo-
logy plaufible.
multiplied to
make
be always one
gency.
ready at
that there
Hence no
l6
climes,
and
to
every age.
Aiunt Theologi veftri, et vetuftatis abfconditas conditores, tres in rerum natura Joves effe quinque Soles,
5
dementis Cohort,
p. 40.
4. p. 135.
p. 24.
et
THE ANALYSIS
ct
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
457
Aiunt iidem Theologi quatuor cile Mercuries quinquc. Vulcanos, et tres Dianas ; ./Efculapios totidem, ct Dionyfos quinque ; ter binos Hercules, et quatuor Veneres ; tria ge-
But Arnobius is too nera Caftorum, totidemque Mufarum. modeft. Other writers infift upon a greater variety. In reto Tertullian makes them fpecl to Jupiters, Varro according 7 Varro trecentos Joves, five Juin number three hundred.
'
/c <
piteres,
dicendum,
introducit.
The fame
;
writer
menvariety
name of Hercules
:
all
which
from the caufes above affigned and the like multiplimay be found both of kings and heroes ; ot kings, who
The fame may did not reign ; of heroes, who never exifted. be obferved in the accounts tranfmitted of their moft early
prophets, and poets
:
fcarce any of
them ftand
fingle
there
On this account it is are duplicates of every denomination. thefe perfonages to highly requifite for thofe, who fuppofe
have been men, and make inferences from the circumftances of their hiftory, to declare explicitly, which they mean ; and It is faid of to reafons for their determination.
give
good
and that he carried Jupiter, that he was the fon of Saturn ; away Europa, before the arrival of Cadmus. He had afterwards an amour with Semele, the fuppofed daughter of Cadmus and they mention his having a like intimacy with AlcAfter this he got acquainted or two later. mena an
: :
age and he had children at with Leda, the wife of Tyndarus If we may believe the poets, and all our the liege of Troy.
Tertullian. Apolog.
riaic-fl/wai
c.
14.
Se ax xa-) w }
ai'Spjrre,
Theoph. ad Autoycl.
L.
I. p.
344I.
VOL.
n n
intelligence
458
THE ANALYSIS
comes
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
intelligence
originally
perfonally
little
lefs
interested in
from the poets, Jupiter was that war. But this interval contains
Thefe therefore could than two hundred years. on which account I want to not be the 'actions of one man
:
know, why
Sir Ifaac
tations choofes
Newton
>8
The Europa, rather than by that of Jupiter and Leda. I9 learned Pezron has pitched upon a Jupiter above one thoufand years earlier,
who was
in like
manner the
fon of Saturn.
But Saturn, according to fome of the beft mythologifts, was but four generations incluflve before the aera of Troy. Latinus, the fon of
Faunus, was alive fome years after that city when jiEneas was fuppofed to have arrived
20
The
poet
tells us,
rentem Te, Saturne, refert ; Tu The feries amounts only to four, Latinus, Faunus, Picus,. Saturn. What authority has Pezron for the anticipation, of
which he
is
how
can
and
He
ought to have given fome good reafon for fetting alide the more common and accepted accounts ; and placing thefe 2I events fo Shall we fuppofe with the critics and early.
commentators, that
this
If he
were a dif-
Newton's Chronology,
p. 151.
c.
19
10
11
10,
u,
12.
Newton
fuppofes Jupiter to have lived after the divifion of the kingto the birth of
doms
in Ifrael;
ferent
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
459
fevent perfon, the circumftances of his life fhould be differbut the perfon, of whom he treats, is in all refpecls ent Similar to the Jupiter of Greece and Rome. He has a father
:
Saturn
and
his
and had wars with the Titans. who flies to Italy ; where he introduces an Age of Gold.
name by way of
fuppofe, that every perfon fo denominated had the fame relations and connexions, and the fame occurrences
in life
It is therefore, I impoflible. think, plain, that the Grecian Deities were not the perfons 1 It is fuppofed and that their imputed names were titles.
we can
reiterated
which
is
I3
Euhernerus, of
whom
is
faid,
:
have before made mention, thought otherwife. It that he could point out precifely, where each god de-
and could particularly fhew the burying-place of that it was Jupiter. Laclantius, who copied from him, fays,
parted
" Arnobius
Omr.es Diinonfunt:
eiTe
non
pofliint,
oveterorum, qui
hiftoriamque contfxuit ex
tile
titulis,
et in-
maximeque
in
fano
ab ipio Jovis titulus indicabat. Jovis Triphylii, ubi auream columnam poiitam Jn qui column a gefla fua perfcripfit, ut monumentum c'firt pofccris rerum fuarum.
Laftant. de Falfa Relig. L.
i.
c.
u.
i. c.
p. 50.
En-
42.
n n
at
460
THE ANALYSIS
~*
OF
ANCIENT MYTHLOOGY.
at Cnofius in
Crete.
vitam commutavit.
oppido Cnoflb
fepulchro
ejus
et
eft
Sepulchrum ejus eft in Creta, et in dicitur Vefta hanc urbem creavifle inque
:
infcriptio
antiquis
literis
Graecis,
Zf
Kgovw.
If Jupiter
would perfuade us, the accounts would be uniform about the place where he was deposited. Lactantius, we find, and fome others, fay, that it was in the city Cnofius. There are
writers
15
who mention it to have been in Mount Ida others upon Mount Jafius*
2
:
:
a cavern
upon
Had
the Cre-
they would certainly have been more confiftent in their accounts but we find no more
tans been authors of the notion,
Zsv,
He was
have been a native of Troas, ot Crete, of Thebes, of Arcadia, of Elis : but the whole arofc from the word Tapes being through length of time mifunderat times fuppofed to
:
would have been no legend about the birth It of Jupiter, had there been no miftake about his funeral. was a common notion of the Magnefians, that Jupiter was
ftood
for there
Mount
11. p. 52.
Sipylus.
Paufanias fays,
i. c.
c.
16.
16
Ancorato. p. 108.
See Scholia upon Lycophron. v.
1
194,
Callimach.
Hymn,
in
Jovem.
v. 6.
that
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
461
was well worthy of The tomb of z? Ifis in admiration. like manner was fuppofed to be at Memphis, and at Philre in upper Egypt Ofiris was faid to alfo at Nufa in Arabia.
:
likewife at Taphofiris,
its
which
caufe
is it
name
beis
The fame
and called
their
which was near the mouth of the Nile, But they each of them had Taphofiris parva.
the worfhip, and not from the interment This is plain from the account given of the-
name from
of the Deity.
Tacpos OcnguclW, or
high altar of
Ofiris,
whom we
Grecians, fays this author, have a notion^ that Bufiris in Egypt ufed to facrifae ftrangers : not that there was ever fuch a king.,
as Bufiris the
13 ;
language
but the Ta<0, or altar, of Ofiris had this name in In fhort Bufiris was only a variof the natives.
Paufan.
i.
2. p.
161.
Diodor. Sicul. L.
Ofiris buried at
Ta<pcai A?>e<7/ TW Icriv fv Mg,<f. Memphis, and at Nufa. Diodorus above. Alfo
p. 23.
01
at
Byblus
in
Phenicia.
Eiai
<fe
ivtoi
BoCA(&ji',
Xtywi
-nrctca
atyKri
TW
AtyinrTicv.
2.
p. 879.
Ta
L.
I.
30
ulv
ttr
tztft
T?
ra<p!j;
TUV Qiwv
wruv
Diodor^
p. 24.
6. c. i. p.
109.
Ifis
He
mentions
-ro-oAAas
ei
tv QoriptSiK Tot'pus
:
L,
'
i.
p.
79.
ritgt
7;
Bso-i/)To5
6X70wai
<arecpa,
aAAa Ty
xaxa iw
TOJV
fy%capMv
HX.X?H.TQV.
Strabo
that there
as Bufiris.
L.
17. p. 1154.
ation
463
THE ANALYSIS
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
both were compounded of the Egyptian term 31 Sehor, and related to the God of day, Hence the altars of the fame Deity were called indifferently the altars of
cuflom prevailed. I have in a former chapter taken notice ot the Tarchons and Dracontia in Syria, and other parts which confirmed of iacred ground inclofed with a wall, and an altar or two at
Oiirs, or Bufiris, according as
:
Such an inclofure is defcribed by Paufanias^ which muft have been of great antiquity hence the hiftory of it was very imperfectly known in his time. He is fpeaking
the upper part.
:
of
Nemea
in Argolis
33
;
mar
a grove of cyprefs ; in which there is a tradition that Opheltes was left by his nurfe upon -In the fame the grafs, and in her abfence kitted by a ferpent.
is
now fallen
in.
Round
the temple
is
place
tomb of Opheltes^ furrounded with a wall of ftone ; and within the inclofure altars. There is alfo a mound of earth
is
the
faid to be
Lycurthe Sun and gus is the fame as Lycus, Lycaon, Lycoreus, of the fame purport. To Opheltes, his fuppofed offspring, is
:
3f
Opheltes, or, as
fhould be exprefied, Opheland Ophel the Deity, Sol Pytho, whofe Ophel-tin was a Taphos with a 72it
:
inclofure
it
was a facred
mound
to the
fortified
by
Bou-Sehor andUch-Sehor are precifely of the fame purport, and great Lord of day. " Paufanias. L. 2.
p. 144.
J4
fignify the
title,
or
titles,
ot the Deity.
Manafieh
THE ANALYSIS
15
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
463
ManafTeh king of Judah ; and which had been previoufly made ufe of to the fame purpofe by 3& Jotham. A hiftory
fimilar to that of Opheltes is given of Archemorus faid to have been left in a his nurfe garden
;
who was
by
Hypfipyle, and
by a ferpent. Each of them had festivals fnftituted, together with facred games, in memorial of their misfortune. They are on this account by many fuppofed to
in her abfence flain
have been the fame perfon. But in reality they were not perfons, but places. They are however fo far alike, as they
are terms,
which
Opheltin
is
:
mentioned
the fame worfhip and Deity. the place, and altar of the Ophite God aboveand Archemorus was undoubtedly the ancient
relate
to
city.
who
is
ftyled Ophel.
In
many
It is a
an ancient tradition of fome perfon having been injured by a ferpent in the beginning of life ; which they have reprefbnted as the ftate of childhood.
this
occafion
is
different
for
and by the ferpent at other times they kill it there are inftances where both hiftories are told of the fame
arc killed
perfon.
hiftory
is
generally made to refer to a ftate of childhood. Hercules has accordingly a conflict with two ferpents in his cradle and Apollo, who was the fame as Python, was made
:
5
2 2
Chron.
Chron.
c. c.
33. v. 14.
27.
v. 3.
the
Comah,
or lacrcd
hill
On the wall (flDTTl) of Opbel he built much : or rather on of the Sun, called Oph-El, he built much.
to
464
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
name
at Parnaffus,
when he was
K0
swv,
ETI FTMNO2,
en
Near mount Cyllene in Arcadia was the facred Taphos of 38 ^Eputus, who was fuppofed to have been flung by a ferpent. kind.
jEputus was the fame as lapetus, the father of manIn the Dionufiaca the priefts ufed to be .crowned with
;
exclamations to cry out 39 Eva, Eva; and fometimes Evan, Evan.: all which related to fome hiftory of a ferpent. Apollo, who is fuppoied by moft to have been victor in his conflict with the Pytho, is by Porferpents
in their frantic
and
phyry
faid
by that ferpent
at Tripos in
4
Pythagoras
tomb
wrote there an epitaph to his honour. The is faid to have been given to the place, becaufe the daughters of Triopus ufed to lament there the fate of Apollo. But Apollo and the Python were the fame ; and Tripus, or Trio-
pus, .the fuppofed father of thefe humane fitters, was a variation for Tor-Opus, the ferpent-hill, or temple ; where neither Apollo, nor the Python were {lain, but where they
Apollon. Rhodii Argonaut. L.. 2. v. 709. Apollo &>. Apollon. L. i. v. 760. tyu$,.BH77-a/s 38 Toy Sz TH AfTuiTB TKtfov cnrad /*aA/9-a sOeaaa/xw
'
37
is
faid to
f<p
FJLSV
av yys j&>M a 8
Paufiin. L. 8. p. 632. fj-pyce, A<6a x.g>7n^; ev xuicAw ineoie%o[jLevov. AITTUTIOV TUf^Sov, celebrated by Homer. Iliad. B. v. 605.
Hermes.
Nacs
Ep/wa
in
Arcadia.
19
Paufan. L.
8. p.
696.
p.
n.
Ars^-ef^^i'ot TOI?
o<p *viv
6:roAoAt;oj'T?s Euac,
Euav
*
were
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
*'
465
a;
A^a^wy
o Tlv8iQ$ x^jjovzgUfiTou,
%au T
O^psoog q
Ily^a.
is
At
Dragon
ivorfoiped ;
##/
pent
daughters of Triopus were the prieftefles of the temple; whofe bujQnefs it was to chant hymns in memory of the ferpent and what is very remarkable, the
is
ftyled Pythian.
The
:
feftival
was originally obferved upon the feventh 4 day. The Greeks had innumerable monuments of the
I
fort,
which
have been defcribing. They were taken for the tombs of departed heroes, but were really confecrated places :
3
and the names by which they were diftinguifhed, fhew plainly their true hiftory. Such was the fuppofed tomb of * Orion
at Tanagra,
45
47
and of Phoroneus
;
:
Deucalion in Athens
44
of
Endymion
49
in Elis
in the ifland
Lade
To
4t 41
thefe
may be added
Mount
Sipylus,
Clement. Alexand. Cohort, p. 29. The Scholiaft upon Pindar feems to attribute the whole to Dionufus,
who
Ev
<a
firft
at this place,
feftival.
<x.7rox.Teiva.s
rov Otftv TOV Uv^cavx, ecyuvi^ercu rov Fluin Find. Pyth. p. 185.
t<f-ofj.vv tiftepa*.
Prolegomena
44
4J
46
47
Paufan. L.
43
49
50
At
Patras,
fjivvfjux.
Aiyvma
ra BAa.
Paufani L.
7. p.
578.
VOL.
I.
o o
Mount
466
THE ANALYSIS
lafius,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY,
?
Mount
the
and Ida
at
and thofe of
Ifis,
Near
Caecum
clofure planted with olive trees of great antiquity ; and at a fmall degree above the furface of the ground was an altar
facred to JEacus.
altar
To
The author feems, be an high profanation. therefore keeps them a fecret. Juft before this facred feptum was the fuppofed tomb of Phocus, confifting of a mound
would,
it
of raifed earth, fenced round with a border of ftone work : and a large rough ftone was placed upon the top of all.
Such were the rude monuments of Greece, which were but were looked upon as fo many receptacles of the dead high altars, with their facred Tspsiri, which had been eredled for divine worfhip in the moft early times. The Helladians, and the were of the fame ^ hence we find
:
Persians,
many
The
a long time.
51
which they maintained They erected the fame facred Tupha, as the
150. and L. 6.
'
Paufanias. L. 2. p. 179.
51
Herodotus. L.
7. c.
c.
54.
Plato in Alcibiad.
ma
i
.
Vol.
2. p.
120.
faid to
who was
the
E<n
Ajoxas, a<p' ou
But what
this
fjnxhwiv xctteovTcti. Oraculum apud Paufan. L. 8. p. 616. tomb really was, may be known from the fame author fuppofed
<P
ttrcutTSS
To
cTe
rapes <n ra
x.
Aj:jcaJo?,
Ibid.
Hefych.
Grecians
THE ANALYSIS
Grecians
:
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
467
and we may be affured of the original purpofe, for which thefe hills were raifed, from the ufe, to which They were dedicated to the great fountain they put them.
of by the Perfians, Anait : and were Puratheia for the celebration of the rites of fire.
light, called
fet
apart as
This peo-
ple,
after they
an immenfe
Comah
it
memorial
who
defcribes
very minutely,
;
where they reared a Petra, or high This they faa vaft mound of earth. place, by heaping up fliioned to a conical figure ; and then furrounded it with a
fpot in an
open plain
wall of ftone.
In this manner they founded a kind of temple in honour of Anait, Omanus, and Anandrates, the Deities of
their country.
hills
have mentioned that the Egyptians had of this nature : and from them the cuftom was tranfI
Typhon,
fuppofed to pound of Tuph-On, as I have before mentioned ; and figni54 mount of the fun. Thofe cities in Egypt, fied a facred which had a high place of this fort, and rites in confequence
who was
were ftyled Typhonian. Upon fuch as thefe they facrificed red haired men, or men with hair of a light colour ; For both the fons of Chus, and in other words ftrangers.
of
it,
fo that
Strabo. L.
eis
n.
p. 779.
EC fe TU
JtrA.
-sri-fiu
FIETPAN TINA
Filius.
TrAwcwcravTSS
54
favottfit
0-%4/J.a.
Typhon was originally called rryem, and by Hyginus Terrs Diodorus. L. i. p. 79. he is ftyled Fw ui e^xiatof. 152. p. 263.
Liberal,
c.
Fab.
Antoninus
25.
Oo
there
468
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
hair to diftinguim beThefe facrifices were offered
56
Idithia,
Abaris,
in confequence of thefe offerings were denominated Typhonian cities. Many writers fay, that thefe rites were
which
performed to Typhon
at the
58
tomb of
Ofiris.
Hence* he
was
in later times fuppofed to have been a perfon, one of immenfe fize : and he was alfo efteemed a S9 God. But this
miftake, by which places were fubftituted for the Deities there worfhiped. Typhon was the
arofe
from the
common
or altar, the fuppofed tomb of the offerings were made to the Sun, ftyled On
Tupha,
Ofiris,
God
;
and the
in
the fame as
and
parts,
Bufiris.
As
there were
Typhonian mounts
it
many
he was in confequence of
:
been buried in different places Colchis ; near the river Orontes in Syria
and under lake Serbonis. Typhon, or rather Typhonian worihip, was not 6 unknown in the region of " Troas, near which were the Scopuli
Phrygian of Ifaac or Theology Typhon was efteemed the grandfon and fays that he was fo fpoken of &v roig Ifaeac
Typhonis.
:
Plutarch mentions
that
in the
"
Ifis et Ofiris. p. 380. contra Apion. L. i. p. 460. Jofephus 57 Porphyry de Abflinen. L. 2. p. 223. There was Ut-rpa. Tixpctoviei in Caucafus.
56
Plutarch.
TuQctovtcc.
ffiv
J^wAw
v Ka.vx.ci.a'U.
Kaufcacrs ev
58
1214.
Diodorus Diodorus
Sicul.
L.
i.
p. 79.
Tfff,oLuvu<n
"
n<zfM-yopu<rt
*
S-ucr*a5 KO.I
(TO* Tvfunx.}.
Plutarch.
Ifis
et Ofiris. p. 362.
Sicul.
L.
5. p.
338.
10
THE ANALYSIS
1 .
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
469
But
all
The
The
altar
was termed
Ifiaca,
Tuphon
five
BwjCtoj
IviOMog,
which were performed upon it. The fame Ifaac or Ifaeac was fometimes rendered JEfacus, and fuppofed to have been
a fon of the river Granicus.
61
umbrofa furtim
fub
The
of
63
ancient Arcadians were faid to have been the offspring Typhon, and by fome the children of Atlas ; by which
was meant, that they were people of the Typhonian, and What they called his tombs were cerAtlantian religion.
tainly
mounds of
like thofe
which
only with this difference, that fome of thefe had lofty towers adorned with pinnacles, and battlements. They had alfo carved upon them vari-
ous fymbols ; and particularly ferpentine hieroglyphics, in In their memorial of the God, to whom they were facred.
upper ftory was a perpetual fire, which was plainly feen in the night. I have mentioned, that the poets formed their and the notions about Otus and Ephialtes from towers
:
The gigantic ftature of Typhon lorian edifice in Sicily. was borrowed from a like object : and his character was
1
Plutarch.
Ifis
etOfiris. p. 362.
la-a.ia.ica
TO 'JfyaxAgas
Tvtyuv*
6*
61
Ovid. Metamorph. L. n. v. 762. Evioi fe OTTO TS Tu<pooi>o? 3 UTTQ cTg AxAarTos SsvctyogcK eipwty.
Schol. Apollon.
L.
4. v. 264.
formed
470
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
formed from the hieroglyphical reprefentations in the temThis may be inferred from the alleples ftyled Typhoiiian.
by Hefiod. Typhon and Typhoeus, were the fame perfonage and the poet reprefents him of a mixed form, being partly a man, and partly
:
Ex, $e
01
there was a perpetual fire kept up in the upper flory, he defcribes it as filming through the apertures in the building.
65
As
Etc Jg
01
But the nobleft defcription of Typhon is given in fome very fine poetry by Nonnus. He has taken his ideas from fome
ancient tower fituated near the fea upon the fummit of an It was high mountain. probably the Typhonian temple of
wwoiua.*
&j.
Zeus upon mount Cafius near the famed Serbonian lake. He mentions fad noifes heard within, and defcribes the roaring
of the furge below: and fays that all the monfters of the fea ftabled in the cavities at the foot of the mountain, which was
64
all
of the fame
Ev
THE ANALYSIS
5
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
$s -srorrw
471
Ev
.i%QvoevTi
ragea -srswro,
KCX.I
qegi
piyvvro
m
sihvosm Asw^ smhVTrrero
We may
under
fice
is
perceive, that this is a mixed defcription, wherein, the character of a gigantic perfonage, a towering edialluded to ; which was fituated upon the fummit of a
fea.
Norm! Dionyf. L.
i.
p. 24,
473
OB,
O U
S
B,
I
P
D E
Y T H
O,
V E
OPHIOLATRIA.
TUV
KOU
popusiwy wag
Ufju
sw
Apolog.
Juftin. Martyr.
ITpent
and
it
may feem
mould
extraordinary, that the wormip of the ferhave ever been introduced into the world
:
muft appear
to moft univerfally have been ruined through the influence of this Being, we could little expect, that it would, of all other objects, have
al-
been adopted, as the moft facred and falutary fymbol ; and Yet fo we find it rendered the chief object of adoration.
'
to have been.
rites
there
is
fome
al-
O??/;
T/ftaffkai
uryvpw-
Plii'archus
17.
c. 5.
VOL.
I.
P P P
lufion
474
THE ANALYSIS
*
OF ANCIENT
I
MYTHOLOGY.
have taken notice, that in the Orof the ceremony, gies of Bacchus the perfons, who partook nfed to carry ferpents in their hands, and with horrid fcreams
lufion to the
ferpent,
They were often crowned with upon Eva, Eva. the fame frantic exclamation. pents, and {till made
call
fer-
One
was to let a part of the myfterious rites of Jupiter Sabazius fnake flip down the bofom of the perfon to be initiated,
May
>*
;
cfcuj.
Thefe ceremonies, and this fons fymbolic worfhip began among the Magi, who were the O f chus and by them they were propagated in various parts.
related to Epiphanius thinks, that the invocation, Eva, Eva, the great 5 mother of mankind, who was deceived by the fer-
pent
He
and Clemens of Alexandria is of the fame opinion. 6 meant Evctv SKSIVW, $i fuppofes, that by this term was
:
that Eva W&^oA&y^crg. But I fliould think, was the fame as Eph, Epha, Opha, which the Greeks renClemens dered O<p/, Ophis, and by it denoted a ferpent. Eva properly afpirated had fuch acknowledges, that the term
-BrActM]
a fignification.
1
To
ovopct
TO
Evict.
Sjue/cv Opyuev Bax^xwr O/pii e<r re-reb.fcrn.erof. See Auguftinus de Civitate Dei. L. 3. c. 12. and L. 18. p. ii. ' Clemens above. A?e<r f W* ro/ T0/ * c(f eo""''
4
15.
In myfteriis, qtiibus Sabadiis nomen eft, aureus coluber in finum dimitittur Arnobius. L. 5. p. 171. confecratis, et eximitur rurius ab inferioribus partibus. TB xoATrw. x. A. See alfo Clemens. Cohort, p. 14. Apaxwi' ^sAxo^syos cum initiantur, per finum ducunt. Julius Sebazium colentes
Jovem anguem,
Firmicus. p, 2^.
5
S<x^a^(o=, eiruwfjiov
AIOIWB.
Hefych.
TB? O?f;5
s
argij-f^jw.j'oi,
rw
L.
EVCLV
3. p.
TI,
vw
10.
TB
cnronnQeiaav, eTrixaAou^ersi.
Epiphanius.
Tom.
2.
1092.
Cohortatio. p.
Cohortatio. p.
u. n.
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
8
475
Alexander, was very fond Pluof thefe Orgies, in which the ferpent was introduced. tarch mentions, that rites of this fort were practifed by the
in
Thrace
and carfol-
on to a degree ot madnefs.
lowed with many attendants, who had each a thyrfus with 9 twined round it. They had alfo fnakes in their ferpents wore ; fo that they hair, and in the chaplets, which they made a moft fearful appearance. Their cries were very
{hocking
:
Evoe, Saboe, Hues Attes, Attes He was peof the God Dionufus.
his priefts
were the Hyades, and " Evas. Eyas o Aiovvtrog. Hyantes. He was likewife flyled In Egypt was a ferpent named Thermuthis, which was
named
'T]
and
as
it
1Z
very facred
faid to
have
as a royal tiara,
Ifis.
the ftatues of
We
the kings of Egypt wore high bonnets, which terminated in and the whole was furrounded with figures of a round ball
:
8
O(pfK //.?7/AB5 ^gipo9g(S efpfihxlTo TOK S^ix-croii ( OAoftTTYaO, 01 -EroAAaxw ex. ra x.iTT8 KO.I TKV [tufiKcav hiKvuv Tz-ctpix.vc(.<PuofJi.tiiii, Kan ttTtoit^nlofj.tvyi 5ug<rois Ttav yv9
vaix&Ji'.
10
xai
TOIS q-ftyotrciS)
Plutarch, ibid.
euapior,
KO.I
Tas
-x.au
otpsis
TB?napia.f
iw xg!taA?
@ouy9 Euoi,
p. 516.
^<x,-
01,
"
11
'T?.
Demoft. Uspi
<?t<$y.vz.
Hefych.
Ts
lo-i/os ayxAf/.y.ry.
otva.fu<rt
./Elian.
Hift. Animal. L.
10. c. 31.
P p p
afps.
476
13
THE ANALYSIS
The
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
upon
their bonnets
afps.
priefts likewife
had the
re-
prefentation
when
ceived
fons,
The ancients had a notion, that own children, his wife Ops de-
him by fubftituting a large ftone in lieu of one of his which ftone was called Abadir. But Ops, and Opis,
and reprefented here as a feminine, was the ferpent Deity, Abadir is the fame perfonage under a different denomination.
I+
Abadir Deus
eft
et
hoc nomine
lapis ille,
quern
quem
Grasci
fiouTvXov
Abdir quoque
et
fiourvhos.
fignifies
Abadir feems
the ferpent
'
God
of thefe ftones, which Saturn was fuppofed to have fwallowed inftead of a child, ftood according to 5 PauOrus.
fanias at Delphi.
It
One
facred,
and ufed to
have libations of wine poured upon it daily ; and upon feftiThe purport of the above vals was otherwife honoured. It was for a long time hiftory I imagine to have been this.
a
cuftom to
of Saturn
in
its
but in pro-
room erected a before which thev made their vows, S"yAo, or ftone pillar J and offered facrifices of another nature. This ftone, which they thus fubftituted, was called Ab-Adar from the Deity
cefs
and
reprefented by
it.
The term Ab
l6
generally fignifies
father
but
v.ot.1
c(pe<7<, as x.txAucrit'
I+
15
acrw^a?. L.
3. p.
145.
Prifcian.
L.
5.
and L.
6.
Paufan. L. 10. p. 859. 16 Bochart fuppoles this term to fignify a father, and the purport of the name He has afterwards a fecondary derivation. Sed fallor, to be Pater magnifkm.
aut
THE ANALYSIS
but in
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
477
which
was
I take AbaOb. Ab, Aub, and don, or, as it is mentioned in the Revelation, Abaddon, to have been the name of the fame Ophite God, with whofe
7
indifferently ftyled
fo
long infected.
TQV
He
is
termed
by the Evangelift
l8
A$W,
oLyyzhw
TY}<;
ASW<T8, the
angel of the bottomlefs pit; that is, the prince of darknefs. In another place he is defcribed as the I? dragon, that old Hence I think, that ferpent, which is the devil, and Satan.
the learned Heiniius
very right in the opinion, which he has given upon this paffage ; when he makes Abaddon the fame as the ferpent Pytho. Non dubitandum eft, quin Pyis
thius Apollo, hoc eft fpurcus ille fpiritus, quern Hebrasi Ob, et Abaddon, Helleniftae ad verbum ATroAAywra, caeteri A^roA-
Awa,
It
humano
generi
of Zoroaftcr, the great expanfe of the heavens, and even nature itfelf, was defcribed unThe like was mentioned in der the fymbol of a ferpent ".
is
in Perils
and
autAbdir, vel Abadir, cum pro lapide fumitur, corruptum ex Phcenicio EbenDir, lapis fphasricus. Geog. Sac. L. 2. c. 2. p. 708.
7
c. 18. v. 11.
uinw
lov aJ^/gAoc
TJ;S
EC^aif L
Axf-
<f
&:,
19
iv
i j. fe T-fl 'EAfaviKy ovoy.ct eyei A?T3AAt;wf. Revelation c. 20. v. 2. Abaddon fignifies ferpens Dominus, vel ferpens Do-
Revelation
c. 9. v.
ininus Sol.
3
11
pent
478
*
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
honour, efleeming them
feftivals to their
sue T8? |U.y/s"8, xcf.i a^jfjyaj T&M oAwy,. the fupreme of all The worGods, and the fuper'mtendants of the whole world.
fhip began
city
among
Ophis upon 2 Inventi funt vination, and to the worfhip of the ferpent *. ex iis (Chaldeis) augures, et magi, divinatores, et fortilegi,
et inquirentes
the people of Chaldea. They built the the Z3 Tigris, and were greatly addided to di-
Ob,
et
Ideoni.
From Chaldea
the worfhip
called Canpaffed into Egypt, where the ferpent Deity was It had alfo the name of Ob, oph, Can-eph, and C'neph.
or
as
pent
15
and
in like
manner
The
is
can,
who was
Opas, as
we
learn
from
*6
Cicero.
He was
to
the fame as Ofiris, the Sun ; and hence was often called Ob-El, five Pytho Sol and there were pillars facred
:
him with
They were
parifon of their length ; to a pied from the Egyptians, every thing gradually tapering was ftyled Obelos, and Obelifcus. Ophel (Oph-El) was
in comvery lofty, and narrow hence among the Greeks, who co-
point
name of
"
*5
and
many
Herod. L.
2. c.
189.
in
alfo
14
M. Maimonides
o
more Nevochim.
p. 49.
15
MSS. by
J.
Corn.
De Pauw.
facred
/i r, >//(,>,
//,
>
(I'tjt
t/////<i<
vt,
t.cuni
>>i,-<-rtMt-
rt/t>itr< rt/t>i/tr<iit/'t*
THE ANALYSIS
facred
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
479
Tapha, were thus denominated from the were facred. ferpent Deity, to whom they Sanchoniathon makes mention of an hiftory, which he once
mounds,
or
wrote upon the wormip of the ferpent. The title of this work 2? Another according to Eufebius was, Ethothion, or Ethothia,
treatife
Syrus,
faid to
upon the fame fubjecl was written by Pherecydes which was probably a copy of the former for he is a8 Qoivucwv Aawf Ta a0^a, have compofed it, 'Era^a
;
The
title
of his
Ophioneus ; and of his worfhipers, called Ophionidas. Thoth, and Athoth, were and the certainly titles of the Deity in the Gentile world
:
book of Sanchoniathon might very pofiibly have been from But hence named Ethothion, or more truly Athothion. from the fubjeft, upon which it was written, as well as from
the treatife of Pherecydes, I fhould think, that Athothion, or Ethothion, was a miftake for Ath-ophion, a title which
more immediately related to that worfhip, of which the writer treated. Ath was a facred title, as I have iliewn and I ima:
of his votaries, the pentine Deity ; but contained accounts The the fons of Chus. Ophitas, the principal of whom were
worfhip of the Serpent began among them ; and they were from thence denominated Ethiopians, and Aithiopians, which It was a name, which they the Greeks rendered AiQioTrsg.
did not receive from their complexion, as has been comfurmifed ; for the branch of Phut, and the Lubim,
monly
17
Prasp. Evang. L.
i.
p. 41.
18
Euleb. fupra.
7 /,
were
480
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
were probably of a deeper die but they were fo called from Ath-Ope, and Ath-Opis, the God, which they worfhiped. This may be proved from Pliny. He fays that the country
(and confequently the people) had the name of 2? ^thiop from a perfonage who was a Deity ; ab ^Ethiope
./Ethiopia
Vulcani
Greece them,
35
JEthiopes brought thefe rites into and called the ifland, where they firfl eftablifhed It was the fame as Ellopia, Solis Serpentis infula.
filio.
;
The
name of the like purport in which ifland was a Eubcea is properly Oub-Aia region named /Ethiopium. and iignifies the Serpent-Ifland. The lame worihip prevailed among the Hyperboreans, as we may judge from the names of the facred women, who ufed to come annually to
Eubosa, a
;
Delos.
They were
31
priefteffes
titles.
Hercules was efteemed the chief God, the fame as Chronus ; and was faid to have produced the Mundane egg. He was
reprefented in the Orphic Theology under the mixed fym* bol of a 3 lion and a ferpent and fometimes of a 33 ferpent I have before mentioned, that the Cuthites under only.
:
the
title
" L.
v*
45 Strabo. L. 10.
p.
.q
.
6.
the
683.
It
its
name from
Sol.
Ellops,
H.
in
Delon.
v. 292.
Eua/ar,
Eva-On, Serpens
'
Athenagoras. Lcgatio. p. 294. 'HoaxAw X^ci-o?. Athenag. p. 295. 'HraxA>js Qtos ^axwy sA/xrc?.
Hivites
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
481
Hivites or Ophites, that the iiland in confequence of it was of old named Ophiuia. There was likewife a tradition,
that
it
3+
ferpents.
The
like notion
They prevailed almoft in every place, where they fettled. came under the more general titles of Leleges and Pelafgi
:
Afo-
pians, Inopians, Ophionians, and ^Ethiopes, as appears from the names, which they bequeathed ; and in moft places,
where they redded, there were handed down traditions, which alluded to their original title of Ophites. In Phrygia, and upon the Hellefpont, whither they fent out colonies very early, was a people flyled Otpioysvei?, or the ferpentbreed ; who were faid to retain an affinity and correfpondence with
hero,
to a
35
ferpents.
And
a notion
prevailed,
that
fome
In Colchis was a river Ophis ; another of the fame name in Arcadia. It was fo
named
from a body of people, who fettled upon its banks, and were faid to have been conducled by a ferpent 36 Tov qysThefe reptiles are feldom found ysvso'Qou fyoucoinw. (JLOva, in iflands, yet Tenos one of the Cyclades was fuppofed to have once fwarmed with them. 37 Ev T*J Trim, pa, TM KVK:
w,
o(psig
KCU
VMgxiot
dewot
synwro,
Thucydides
14
It is faid to
fcrpeTlt.
Bocharr. G. S. P. p. 369.
35
Errata
im
oipzis.
Strabo. L. 13.
p. 880.
38 37
Ophiogenre
in
Hellelpomo
circa
Parium.
Pliny. L.
7. p.
371.
Paufan. L.
8. p.
614.
VOL.
Q^q q
mentions
482
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
:
mentions a people of JEtolia called 3? Ophionians and the temple of Apollo at Patara in Lycia feems to have had of the fame 3? name. its firft inftitution from a prieftefs
Cyprus was ftyled Ophiufa, and Ophiodes>, from the ferpents, with which it was fuppofed to have
ifland of
The
no where mentioned ; excepting only that about Paphos there was faid to have been a 4I kind of ferpent with two legs. By this is meant the Ophite race, who came from Egypt, and from.
abounded.
fpecies they
40
Of what
were
is
and got footing in this 4 ifland. They fettled alfo in Crete, where they increafed greatly in numbers; fo that Minos was faid by an unfeemly allegory, 43 o<psi$ #^(ra<, ferSyria,
The ifland Seriphus was one vaft rock, by pentes minxiffe. the Romans called 4 * faxum Seriphium; and made ufe of as a
larger kind of prifon for baniihed perfons.
as
It
is
reprefented
ftyled
and
it is
by
Virgil ferpcntifera,
Scaliger.
45
happily corrected by
38
39
L.
96.
Strabo.
L.
10. p.
692.
Parthenius.
Steph. Byzant.
B?)
tT'
Ylat.-Ta.pa..
iTr
fgccv
Atas
<ptts}-uv
oq.-iusa, Kinrgcii'.
Pomp. Mela. L. i. c. 6. p. 391. Ovid. Metamorph. L. 10. v. 229. Cypri arva Ophiufia. 41 They were particularly to be found at Paphos. Apollon.
c.
Difcolus. MirabiL
39. Oft;
41
45
-tzrocTa? e%uv <Tuo. Herodotus. L. 7. 0.90. 'Qiea.7coA$io7rw$fUSa.UTBi K'JTrgiot A:-)s<7 o 'O ^0.0 M/i'Ais ?'?, y.a.i GKopTTitJf, v.cLi GKoAzTrtvtipo.', uperKtv 3cA. Antonin. Li;
beralis. c. 41. p.
44
*'
202.
Tacitus. Annal. L. 4.
21,
In Cciri.
It
THE ANALYSIS
It
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
483
on account of any real ferpcnts, but *5 Medufa's head, which was according to the Greeks from By this is meant the fcrpcnt brought hither by Pcrfeus.
had
Deity, whofe worfhip was here introduced by people called and the Medufa's head denoted divine wifdom Pereiians.
:
ifland
was facred
47
.
to the
ferpcnt,
as
is
apparent from
its
efteemed Serperrtigenas ; and the chief guardian of their Acrothey had a tradition, that 4S It is polis was a reported of the Goddeis Ceres, ferpent. that flie placed a dragon for a guardian to her temple at
name
pent been
and appointed another to attend upon Eredlheus. was of the 5 fer/Egeus of Athens according to Androtion and the firft king of the country is faid to have breed
49
Eleuris
SI
Afatfwy, a
Dragon.
is
who
reio-ned.
;
He
Others make Cecrops the firft a twofold faid to have been titytiifc, of
J
'~
nature
with the
labours to explain it by reprefentyet he and half a S3 brute ; becaufe he ing Cecrops, as half a man,
:
formed Diodoble?ided with that of a ferpent, body of a man that this was a circumftance deemed by the Athe<rv{J,$vs<;
KCJLI
fyaxovTOS, being
47
Strabo. L. 10. p. 746. What the Greeks rendered Sfifipo; was properly Sar-Iph
fame
*' 49
50
51
1
five Pythonis.
Strabo. L. 9. 603.
<r/ro
ruv
aSovrtav
ra
dgsatavros.
i. c. 6.
55
is
not
byname mentioned
what is faid, certainly relates to him, as appears cording to the prefent copies yet See Chron. the learned Marfham. by the context, and it is fo underftood by
Canon,
p. 108.
q 2
had
484
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Euftathius likewife
different communities.
nearly
like fuccefs.
Some
the fame principles, and with the had mentioned of Cecrops, that he un-
upon
ano otpzw. sig oLvtigtanov ehQsiv, derwent a metamorphofis, that he was changed from aferpent to a man. By this was figaccording to Euftathius, that Cecrops by coming into Hellas diverted himfelf of all the rudenefs, and barbarity of
nified,
55
5+
his country,
civilized
too high a compliment to be payed to Greece in its infant from the character of the Egypftate, and detracts greatly
is
tians.
The
:
learned
Marfham
therefore
animadverts with
s6 Eft veriiimilius- ilium ex ^gypto mores magreat juftice ms civiles in Graeciam induxiffe. It Is more probable^ that he
introduced into Greece, the urbanity of his own* country, than that In refpect he was beholden to Greece for any thing from thence.
to the
eafily
mixed chara&er of
account for
it.
this perfonage,
we may,
think,
Deity, who was mentioned of Triptolemus, and thing of the like nature 58 Eridhonius : and the like has been faid above of Hercules.
Cecrops was certainly a title of the Somewas worshiped under this 57 emblem.
The
natives of
Thebes
Athenians above,
ferpent
race.
The
Lacedae-
55
TOP @xptxpoi' AiyvTn to.? [toy a.q,eii:. tcr/\. See alfo Tzetzes upon Lycophron. v. 1 1 r 56 Chron. Canon, p. 109.
.
57
It
name of Cecrops
but thus
much
is
apparent,
55
compounded
character.
$a.xoi/7cti
Antigonus Caryftius.
c.
12.
Their
THE ANALYSIS
Their
city
is
is
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
59
485
faid faid
ferpents.
of the city Amyclas in Italy, which was of They came hither in fuch abundance, Spartan original.
inhabitants. was abandoned by the Argos was infefted in the fame manner, till Apis came and fettled in that He was a prophet, the reputed fon of Apollo, and a city. To him they attributed perfon of great fkill and fagacity.
The fame
it
that
6o
evil,
the Argives gave the credit to this imaginary perfonage of clearing their land of this grievance : but the brood came from the very quarter, from whence Apis was fup-
Thus
They were
is
from Egypt
is
ftory
reprefented as having been of old over-run with ferpents ; Diodorus and almoft depopulated through their numbers.
Siculus
6z
literally
but a region,
for fo long a
could not well be liable to fuch a calamity. They were ferpents of another nature, with which it was thus i life Aed
:
Ophitae,
59
who
tie
They
Ariftot.
Mirabilibus. Vol.
3. p.
2. p.
717.
to
1
Pliny. L.
153. L.
8.
p.
455.
L.
3. p-
184-
paflcd
486
paffed tion is
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
from Egypt to Syria, and to the Euphrates: and menmade of a particular breed of ferpents upon that river,
to the natives, but fatal to every
body
This,
The
wifdom of the
make
ferpent may be great ; but not fufficient to Thefe ferpents were of the fame thefe diftindions.
6+
Diomedcs, and the dogs in ,the temand thefe hiftories relate to Qphite priefts, ple of Vulcan who ufed to fpare their own people, and facrifice ftrangers,
nature as the
:
birds of
a cuftom which prevailed at one time in moft parts of the I have mentioned that the Cuthite priefts were world. very
they were Ophites, whoever had the advanwas faid to have been inftruded tage of their information,
learned
:
and
as
by ferpents. Hence there was a tradition, that Melampus was rendered prophetic from a communication with thefe
"^animals.
Something fimilar
is
faid
of Tireiias,
the worfhip of the ferpent was of old fo prevalent, many thence received their names. places, as well as people, from Thofe who fettled in Campania were called Opici; which fome
As
to Ophici
s
'Ch
<Ts
names of the fame purport, and denote the origin of the people. We meet with places called Opis, Ophis, Ophitrea, Ophionia, OphioeiTa, Ophiodes, and This laft was an ancient name, by which, ac-r Ophiufa.
in reality both
fl
Apollonius Difcolus.
c. 12.
2. p.
737.
6+ c. 7.
A;
6
advenas, &c.
Ifidorus Orig.
L.
12.
p. 37.
Stephanus Byzant.
OTTIKOI.
cording
THE ANALYSIS
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
487
cording to Stephanus, the iflands Rhodes, Cythnus, Befbicus, Tenos, and the whole continent of Africa, were diftin-
There were alfo cities fo called. Add to thefe, guimed. places denominated Oboth, Obona, and reverfed Onoba, from
Ob, which was of the fame purport. Clemens Alexandrinus The fame is faid fays that the term Eva fignified a ferpent. 6? by Epiphanius and we find that there were places of this
:
name.
<9
There was a city Eva in 68 Arcadia and another in There was al&> a mountain Eva, or Evan, Macedonia.
:
'
taken notice of by
He mentions alfo an lay the city MefTene. and fpeaks of it as a large 7I town. Another
pent, of Pitan.
which
have
as yet
Many
places in
from
this term.
Among
of /Eoiia.
fo
named from
ferpent,
and had probably Dracontia, where were to the religion, which prevailed. figures and devices relative Ovid mentions the latter city, and has fome allufions to its
Pitan
:
Medea
as
flying through
'EZpxtuv
o;
op.x^fft,
3,
torn. 2. p. 1092.
"*S:cph. Byzanr.
*''
71
'* 7!
i'nuian.
L.
3.
p. 249.
There was
a city
cf
this
name
in
Macedonia, and
in
Troas.
Alfo a river,
^Eoliam
488
7*
THE ANALYSIS
yEoliam Pitanem
OF
lasva
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
The
city
river
is
Eva
or Evan,
which the
Greeks rendered
Evenus.
It
who
denominated from ferments, had alfo the name of Pitanatas at leaft one part of tli.t family Pitanata; were fo called. Tivcig <Tg H.V.I ILrayara? hsyevQau.
are faid to have been
:
'
a term of the fame purport as Opici, and relates to the vothat taries of Pitan, the ferpent Deity, which was adored by
is
people.
77
flyled
it
Pitanates, as
from Hcfychius
ferby which was intimated one of the Hence he was reprefented with a pentigenae, or Ophites.
faid that a brigade, ferpent for a device upon his fhield. It is or portion of infantry, was among fome of the Greeks named
78
Pitanates
and the
foldiers in
:
confequence of
it
rmrft have
among
74
75
or ferpent, for their 79 ftandard. Analogous to this 8o Draconarii. other nations there were foldiers called
I
be-
Ovid. Metamorph. L.
7. v.
357.
It
is
fountain, or river
Strabo. L. 5. p. 383.
MscAo)',
05
r]travy,rr5.
PJefych.
eip}-a.(r[t.v!K.
ApcocwrfcTi
78
9
T>I ctGTri^i
(MswAay) Z^LV
Textilis Anguis
Difcurrit per
utramque aciem.
5. v.
409.
Stent
bd lattices
Ut
<-
v/v
//
L/nn,','<'
C/ evtce.
t/t,-
/l//ut,>
<>/ f
Va/u/
THE ANALYSIS
f
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
489
I believe,
have thrown fome j and have light upon the hiftory of this primitive idolatry moreover fhewn, that wherever any of thefe Ophite colonies
has been faid,
I
that in moft countries the military ftandard was an of the Deity there worfhiped.
hope, that
^ Q(u/?uu
fettled,
they
left
rites,
and
inftitutes,
as
well as from the names, which they bequeathed to places, ample memorials, by which they may be clearly traced out.
ages there fhould have been fuch an univerfal defection from the truth ; and above
It
may feem
ftrange,
that in the
firft
all
fhip,
to this particular mode of worthings fuch a propenftty What is this myfterious attachment to the ferpent.
it
fcarce credible,
obtained
8l
among
Chriftians
this fort,
by a
feet,
called by
Epiphanius Ophitae, by
Clemens of
Alexandria Ophiani. They are particularly defcribed by Tertullian, whofe account of them is well worth our notice.
qui Ophitae nuncupantur nam ferpentem magnificant in tantum, ut ilium etiam nobis Ipfe enim, inquiunt, fcientise ipfi Chrifto praeferant. boni et mali originem dedit. Hujus animadvertens potenilli,
:
83
et qui-
cunque
in
eum
Ipfe,
Ut primum
veftras
Aquilas Provincia
vidit,
2. v.
235.
!i
*'
Clemens. L.
7. p.
900.
c.
47. p. 221.
VOL.
aiunt,
49
aiunt,
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
poteftatem, dicendo, et ilcut Moyfes exaltavit ferpentem in deferto, ita exaltari oportet filium hominis. Ipfum intro-
fua.
In the above
we
human
wit,
which
deviates fo
induftriouily ; and is ever after employed in finding expedients to countenance errour, and render apoftafy plaufible. It would be a noble undertaking and very edifying in its
confequences,
fight
fome perfon of true learning, and a deep ininto antiquity, would go through with the hiftory of
if
the
8+
ferpent.
I
is
have adopted
it,
as far as it relates to
my
fyftem,
'
which
in
fome degree
illuftrated
by
it.
Voffius, Selden,
is
this fubjeft.
There
a treatife
rica,
of Philip Olearius de Ophiolatria. Alfo Difiertatio Theologico-Hifto&c. &c. de cuku ferpentunu Au&orc M. Johan. Chriftian. Kock. Lipfis.
1717,
CUCLOPES
491
CUCLOPES
KOU
or
CYCLOPES.
T^ y^gas
(rv\q
Q7TO&SV SHTlfaQoV,
CWS'fcUgrtfa.V.
TllU-
cydides. L, 6. p. 378.
THUCYDIDES
acquaints us concerning the Cyclopes and Laeftrygones, that they were the moft ancient in:
habitants of Sicily, but that he could not find out their race nor did he know from what part of the world they originally
in pretending to deter;
mine a
this
is
hiftory fo remote,
fe-
my
prefent purpofe
confidence, as I can plainly {hew, that we have many lights > with which the natives of Hellas were unacquainted ; befides
many
felves.
gigantic Cyclopes were originally Ophitas, who worfhiped the fymbolical ferpent. They have been reprefented
The
r r 2
by
492
THE ANALYSIS
as perfons
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
'
by the poets,
of an
enormous
ftature,
rude and
reft
of
mankind
in countenance.
;
which
is
They
the ufual fituation of that organ, in the middle of their foreheads. Their place of refidence was upon mount jtna,
and in the adjacent diftricl: at the foot of that * mountain,, which was the original region ftyled Trinacia. This is the common account, as it has been tranfmitted by the Poets, as
well as by the principal mythologifts of Greece : and in this we have been taught to acquiefce. But the real hiftory is
not fo obvious and fuperficial. There are accounts of them to be obtained, that differ much from the reprefentations,.
which
are
commonly
:
mixed defcription
Poets have given a and in lieu of the Deity of the place, have
exhibited.
The
edifices,
worfhiped. They were Petra, or temples of Coelus ; of the lame nature and form as the tower of Orion, which was at
no great diftance from them. Some of them had the name of Charon, and Tarchon and they were efteemed Pelorian, from the God Alorus, the fame as Coelus and Python. The
3
:
who
Strabo places
them neaz
Homer.
Hsec
O?
Cclyfl".
L.
9. v. 106..
a principle patria
Cyclopum
<?-ey<x.s
fuit.
4. c. 2.
o-j-sraJ p.ev
TV (tovoyhrivu
v.
Xa^wM?. Lycophron.
temple of the Sun.
659.
perfon,
but Char-On,
the
JEtna,
THE ANALYSIS
*
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
493
./Etna,
and Leontina
And it is certain that a people over that part of the ifland. 5 ftyled Cyclopians did poflefs that province. Polyphemus is and Euriimagined to have been the chief of this people
:
pides defcribes the place of his residence as towards the foot 6 ot the mountain Onceis VTT Am/?) TYJ vrugog-axry HzTgct.
:
They
prophefied by Caffandra, as a curfe upon Ulyffes, that he would one day be forced to feek for refuge in a Cyclopian 7 manfion. And
and
lawlefs,
and de-
when he
under the roof of Polyphemus, and makes inquiry about his hoft, and particularly upon what he fed ; he is told, that the Cyclops above all things efteemed the
arrives
flefh
of ftrangers.
as a delicious
this
but he
repaft.
made
a meal of;
and
it is
looked
upon
arofe
from the cruel cuftom of facrihcing ftrangers, whom fortune brought upon their coaft. This was praclifed in many parts of the world, but efpecially here, and upon the
coaft of the
tions
upon
Lamii
and among all the Scythic nainto all which regions it was inthis
troduced from Egypt and Canaan. But we muft not consider the Cyclopians in
light
:
partial
xi AeovTiiw Kvx,ATa^
(^vra.q'ejtrai') .
Strabo. L.
5. p.
i.
p. 38.
The
Diodorus. L.
391.
Cyclops,
7
297.
v.
Lycophron.
YXuy.ina.Ta.
Quoeis [to&av
6^9.
Gctcri TO,
q,
u'.
evo' 3
c<?KU
xctTetrtyctym.
tliev
494
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
Memorials of them they have been by the Poets confined. are to be found in many parts of Greece, where they were
recorded as far fuperior to the natives in fcience and ingeThe Grecians by not diftinguifhing between the nuity.
Deity, and the people, who were called by his titles, have The Cyclopians brought great confuiion upon this hiftory. were denominated from K&xTufffy, Cyclops, the fame as Coelus.
9 According to Parmeno Byzantinus he was the God Nilus of J0 Egypt, who was the fame as Zeus, and Ofiris. The hiftory
both of the Deity, and of the people, became in time obfoand it has been rendered more obfcure by the mixed lete manner, in which it has been reprefented by the Poets.
:
generally agreed by writers upon the fubjeft, that the Cyclopians were of a iize fuperior to the common race of mankind. Among the many tribes of the Amonians, which " went abroad were to be found people, who were ftyled Anakim, and were defcended from the fons of Anac fo that this
It is
:
hiftory,
9
excefs,
The
Nilus was called Triton, and afterwards Nilus. T8 KujcAwTos. Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 268.
river
Nilus
Deorum maximus.
Aiyvrme Zv, NgjA/. Vulcanus^Nilo nacus, Opas, ut ^Egyptii appellant. Cicero de Natura Deor. Hence Ns/Acs KuscAw^ muft have been the chief Deity and the CyL. 3. c. 22.
;
4. p.
in.
NftAsjo
T?fx.svos
Kponfu.
Pindar. Pyth.
Ode
4. p.
239.
He
been found
L.
i. c. 6.
in
THE ANALYSIS
in truth.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
495
particularly famous for architecture ; " which they introduced into Greece, as we are told by Heand in all parts, whither they came, they erected rodotus
They were
noble ftructures, which were remarkable for their height and and were often dedicated to the' chief Deity, the beauty Sun, under the name of Elorus, and P'elorus. People were
:
fo ftruck
And when they defcribed great and ftupendous, Pelorian. the Cyclopians as a lofty towering race, they came at laft to
borrow their ideas of
they alluded. They clouds ; and in bulk to equal the promontories, on which Homer fays of Polyphemus, they were founded.
13
people from the towers, to which fuppofed them in height to reach to the
this
Kou ya^
$ay|U,'
Avfyi ys (nTo<payw,
aAAa
pjw
vAqsm.
were oftentimes light-houfes, and had in their upper flory one round cafement, Argolici clypei, ant
As
thefe buildings
Phoebeae lampadis inftar, by which they a-fforded light in the of the night-feafon ; the Greeks made this a characteristic
people.
have been an eye, which was fiery, and glaring, and placed in the middle of their foreheads. Hence Callimachus defcribes them as a mon-
They fuppofed
this aperture to
flrous race
11
Herodotus. L.
OdyfT.
9. v.
5. c. 6.
He
alludes to
them under
the
name of Cadmians.
"
14
190.
3. v.
JEneid. L.
619.
sum
496
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
<T
VK
TCLKSI ivct
Grecians have fo confounded the Cyclopian Deity with his votaries, that it is difficult to fpeak precifely of either.
The
fame
as
At
other times they introduce a plurality, whom, they ftill reprefent as of the higheft antiquity, and make the brethren of
Cronus:
Aiog.
KvzXwTres
01
aJsA<fo<
Y}<TCW
TB Kgovs, T
sraT0
Proclus in Photius informs us, that, according to the ancient mythology of the Audores Cyclici, the giants with
an hundred hands, and the Cyclopes were the firft born of the I7 Earth and Coelus. But in thefe hiftories every degree of relation has been founded upon idle furmifes ; and is uniformly to be
fet afide.
l8
and the Cyclopians were his priefts whom had divine honours paid to them, and were efteemed as Gods. Upon the Ifthmus of Corinth was an ancient temple; which feems to have been little more than a ra<pO or high
:
15
Hymn,
in
Dian.
*
v. 51.
Mtros
Clemens Alexandrinus
16
7
Orphic poetry.
Strom. L.
6. p.
751.
p. 56.
YIS
auTCtj
(Oupctt'i?)
KOC.I
rpSK erfpu?
ftTroTittTBo-i
Proclus in Photio. C. ccxxxix. p. 982. makes them the fons of Oceanus. Euripides
Ic 01 [Jiovci)7r$ arov'na '&a.i't<,
KtixAwras.
ga
Cyclops.
V. 2 I.
altar,
THE ANALYSIS
altar,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
*
where
offerings
Deities.
People of
at
this
;
Camarina
family fettled upon the fouthern coaft of Sicily which fome have fuppofed to have been the
refidcd.
eugv^pgw
Ay^8 KvxhuTTM
But there
in Sicily
;
ctvfyw Qffsgwogswrtav.
is
to think, that the city Hupereia was or that the Pheacians came from that country.
no reafon
All the Greek, and Roman, Poets, and even Strabo with other refpectable writers, have taken it for granted, that the Cyclopians of Homer were near ./Etna in Sicily. Others except to their being near JEtna ; and iniift, that they were in the vicinity
miftake.
The
common
of Eryx upon the oppofite part of the ifland. But Homer does not once mention the ifland during his whole account
of the Cyclopes
:
Sicily,
till
after
That there were Cyclopians fubfequent adventures. near ./Etna is certain but thofe mentioned by Homer were
many
of another country, and are reprefented as natives of the continent, though his account is very indeterminate and obThere were probably people of this family in many fcure.
the city Camarina. They parts of Sicily, efpecially about feem to have been of the Anakim race, and wormipers of the
Sun.
ftyled
Koci
Sfv
5.
a.%%a.ioi',
ETT'
Paufanias. L. 2. p. 114.
OdyfT. 2. v.
'TTrsptiav,
ot p.tv
Schol. ibid.
VOL.
I.
S f f
Camarina,
498
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
from a
city
fo called
Chaldea, the Ur of the Scriptures. Polyphemus is mentioned as a mufician and a fhepherd ; but of a favage and
brutal difpofition : which character arofe from the cruel rites " pra&ifed by the Cyclopians. According to Bacchylides it was faid, that Galatus, Illyrius, and Celtus were the fons of
Polyphemus.
latce, Illyrii,
was certainly fignified, that the Gaand Celtse, were of Cyclopian original, and of
By
this
the
Anakim
race
all
equally Amonians.
cient temple
habitatio?i
and he calls it [JLQi/O'yhwis fsya Xa^wj/o? But here, of Charon^ a perfonage with one eye.
;
the
as I
is
the
Charon was the very place ; the ancient temple of the Sun. It was therefore ftyled Char-On from the God, who was there worfhiped ; and after the Egyptian cuftom an eye was engraved over its portal. Thefe ~* which is a temples were fometimes called Charis, Xc>.gi<; ; compound of Char-Is, and flgnifies a prutaneion, or place
temple for the Deity.
facred to Hephaftus.
As
the rites of
fire
EC wohfi
Polyhitl.
'
7)i5
BafuAwi'/a? KxpLatpivn,
Tivcts
hsyeiv
-araA/n QVDIO.V.-
Alexand.
9. p.
418.
By
meant
thofe of Iberia:
o-^i-
) ci'oi
!
Tnwes of Callimachus.
Lycoph.
v.
659.
Appian mentions
a.
who
The
liba
made
in
it
named
Charifia.
Hd'ych.
efpecially
THE ANALYSIS
*
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
499
5 Parthia, Babylonia, and Phrygia. efpecially in cians rendered Char-Is by Xa^/c, a term in their
guage, which fignified grace and elegance. witneffes their attachment to ancient terms more than their
to continually introducing them, though they were ftrangers The Arimafpians were Hyperborean their true meaning.
Charis, Charifia, Cyclopians ; and had temples the top of which were preferved a perpetual fire. They were 6 and had the fame of the fame family as thofe of Sicily,
or
in
rites
;
named
the
name of
;
hiftory
T si
How
could the front of a Cyclopian, one of the nioft hideous monfters that ever poetic fancy framed, be ftyled
of terms : and what this graceful ? The whole is a miftake writer had mifapplied, related to Charis, a tower ; and the was a cafement in the top of the edifice, where a light,
eye
and
:i
fire
What confirmed
Appian. Syriac.
ifland Cos, called
ctvS
go.;
p. 125.
fyvytca
14
Kapts.
Steph. Byzant.
Ibid.
Charifirt in Arcadia.
The
<5l
of old Caris.
Ibid.
Herodotus. L.
i.
4. c. 13.
ApJwaaTrss
y~xt
/^yoipSaA^B?.
.
Strabo. L.
p. 40.
Ta^
TiK ^KUJiMft
wo%ev
17
3
('Ofinpoi).
S'jxican
'EKMgyv. Callimacli. H. Calaubon. not. in Strabon. L. i. p. 40. ^fchyl. Prometh. p. 49. ITI>.TCV AoifActo-Trov.
in
Delon. v. 292.
S ff 2
reprefentation
500
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
of an eye, which, as I have mentioned, was reprefentation often engraved over the entrance of thefe temples. The chief Deity of Egypt was frequently reprefented under the fymbol I have obferved, that Orion was of an eye, 29 and a fcepter.
fuppofed to have had three fathers, merely becaufe a tower,
and called Tor-Pator, was altered to which change feemed to countenance fuch an TgiTt/ZTUig ; The Cyclopians were of the fame region in that opinion. and their towers had undoubtedly the fame name ifland for the Cyclopians were ftyled TgWWt'&Tegeg, and were fupthree in number. Some fuch miftake pofed to have been
facred to
him
in Sicily,
was made about the towers ftyled Charis whence the GreAs Charis was a cians formed their notion of the Graces. tower facred to fire ; fome of the Poets have fuppofed a
:
Homer of that name, who was beloved by Vulcan. 3I KaAfl, w UTTVIS TB'egMhvTQG fpeaks of her as his wife Xctgis But Nonnus makes her his miftrefs ; and fays, AfJLtpiyvYieis.
nymph
:
EK
$s
tiopwit
sS'iuxs
Xoigiv
faqpova.
vv{JL<pw.
19
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris.
30
Lycophron.
See Suidas.
TvciVTuv
ysyoi'&'tx.i -zzTPwras.
4>iAo^;opo5 TpiTOTrctTopxs
Etymolog. Mag.
See Meurfii
not. in
31
Lycophron.
2.
v.
v. 328.
'Puian
See Pauian. L. 9. p. 781. 382. and 3. v. 275. ^ Nonni Dionyfiaca. L. 29. p. 760. The Graces and the Furies (Charites et Furi'se) were equally denominated from
Iliad.
confequence of it had joint worfhip in Arcadia. Paufan. L. 8. p. 669. Charis, Xa^(s, of the Greeks was the fame perfonage as Ceres of the Romans. She was alfo called Damater, and elleemed one of the Furies. Paufan.
the Sun, and
fire-,
and
in
8, p.
649.
The
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
501
in
who was
:
fame as Vulcan.
the people of
and
But as Tor-Pator was temple was ftyled Tor-Chares. changed to Tripator ; fo Tor-Chares was rendered Trichares,
and from thence which the Greeks exprefled T^i^y^ig Cicero fays that they were formed a notion of three Graces. but Antimachus, more the daughters of night, and Erebus that they were the agreeably to this etymology, maintained, Sun and light ; 33 A<yA^ %cu 'HA< S'yyaT^a?. offspring of the
;
:
building.
Ao-amedes,
fion.
and particularly for their {kill in family were Trophonius, and his brother
They
reprefented as very great in the profefwere truly wonderful, fays 3+ Paufanias, for the
built for
which they
flately
archi-
contrived the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and the I make no doubt, treafury conftructed to Urius. They were,
So Coronis is faid to have been the daughter of PhleL. 2. p. 170: and Cronus the fon of Apollo. L. 2. p. 123. Chiron gyas. Paufan. The hero Charifius, the the fon of Saturn ; Charon the ion of Erebus and Night.
33
who
Paufanias. L.
9. p.
781.
fon of
than Apollo, the God of light. Thefe Lycaon, which Lycaon was no other were all places, but defcribed as perlbnagcs; and made the children of the Deity, to whom they were facred. 54 Aeivvs 0/o.> T lepa. xaTa<rx?'j<r7&a. , xxi /5ao-;A<a ai'O^MTTOis" xai yxp TU
f
ATroAAaw TOP
L.
9. p.
>'xov
uxoJWnaaPTO
3rr,a<x.-jov.
Paufan.
785.
Pliny. L. 7.
c.
56.
fome
502
THE ANALYSIS
thofe,
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
ftyled Cyclopians
far the
;
feme of
under
who were
were
as the
people-
way. When the Sibyl in Virgil fhews ^Eneas the place of torment in the {hades below, and leads him through many melancholy
recefles,
this appellation
mod
eminent in
this
we
The
Mamia
confpicio.
find that they were the reputed builders of the infernal manfions ; which notion arole from the real
From hence we
For all the ideas of the anbuildings, which they erected. cients about the infernal regions, and the torments of hell, were taken from the temples in each country; and from the
rites,
But the CycloThey founded pians were not merely imaginary operators. feveral cities in Greece ; and conftrudted many temples to
and
inquifition,
praclifed in
them.
the Gods, which were of old in high repute. They were fo much efteemed for their fldll, that, as the Scholiaft upon
every thing great and noble was looked 6 quicquid magnitudine fua nobile eft, upon as Cyclopian Cyclopum manu dicitur fabricatum. Nor was this a fidlion,
Statius obferves,
:
as
may
be furmifed
for
if
real architects.
And
they were in great meafure the in the room of thofe portentous be-
ings the Cyclopes, Ky^AwTrs?, we fubftitute a colony of people called Cyclopians, we {hall find the whole to be true, which
35
36
i.
p. 26.
is
THE ANALYSIS
is
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
field
503
attributed to
them
and a new
of hiftory will be
They were undoubtedly opened, that was before unknown. a part of the people ftyled Academians, who refided in Attica;
and.
introduced
human
facrifices.
Hence we
the Athenians in the time of a plague facrificed three virgin 37 Cyclops. daughters of Hyacinthus at the tomb GeraePcus, the
But Gerasftus was not a perfon, but a place. Tsgous-og is a fmall variation for Ker-Aftus ; and fignifies the temple of It was Aftus the God of fire. certainly the ancient name of
the place, where thefe facrifices were exhibited and the Taphos was a Cyclopian altar, upon which they were performed.
:
The
Cyclopians are faid to have built the ancient city cene, which Hercules in Seneca threatens to ruin.
38
My-
quid moror
majus mihi
Nonnus
39
STg^an
KvxhOOTTWV
KCLVOVSffffl.
The
gate of the city, and the chief tower were particularly 4 Ky^AwTwy Jg zzt TOLVTO. sgya. sivou afcribed to them :
Tas Tax^Ss
lodorus. L.
3S
'
xopas
STTI
TCH
Tipou^-'**
3. p.
205.
4. v.
996. p. 1068.
Qvpcti'tat
:
Euripides
*
of Argos
,
'[vx. Tii^tcf.
An,
Kt^Awm
uoai'icx. vey.zyra.1.
Troadcs. v. 1087.
Fauianias. L. 2. p. 146.
Thefe
504.
1'hsfe too
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
They likc-
Turres, labore
All thefe poetical hiftories were founded in original truths. Some of them built Hermione, one of the moft ancient cities
in Greece.
The
it
was
built
41
by
Her-
mion the
fon of Europs, or Europis, a defcendant of Phoroneus, and Niobe ; and was inhabited by Dorians, who
in
which
hiftory
The
the moft compendious where 43 Tt^i eig a^a KSfffH^affiv (rvvTopov. paflage to the mades below The lake was called the pool of Acheruiia ; near to which
cavern
at
firft
a deep
They
walls of
*s
44
pyramids of Egypt.
:
refided at Nauplia in
Argolis
a place in fituation not unlike Hermione abovementioned. Near this city were caverns in the earth, and
41
2. v.
406.
oix.i<?tiv <Pe
T
191.
a^a/aj
c
-zro-
teus
43
Paufan. L.
2. p.
Strabo. L.
the
8.
p. 573.
It
or
men of
+
lea-,
by Druops Areas.
Paufan. L.
2. p.
See Strabo. L.
45
572.
Tn^iaai
Sict.
KuxhuTruv.
S-a.vp.cnos
Ttgwh
fanias.
L.
9. p. 783.
fubterraneous
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
6
505
* fubterraneous paffagcs, confiding of labyrinths cut in the rock, like the fyringes in Upper Egypt, and the maze at the
lake Maoris
pians.
and thefe too were reputed the work of CycloPaufanias thinks very truly, that the Nauplians were
:
from Egypt.
47
HTU.V fe
01
Nay^A<Si?,
The Nauplians feem He fuppofes a colony from Egypt in the more early times. that they were fome of thofe emigrants, who came over
with Danaiis.
pians
The
executed,
nature of the works, which the Cycloand the lake, which they named Ache-
next city to Nauplia was Trcezen, where Orus was faid to have once reigned, from whom the country was called Oraia but Paufanias very juflly thinks, that it was an
came.
The
denominated from Egyptian hiflory ; and that the region was 48 Orus of Egypt, whofe worfhip undoubtedly had been here So that every circumftance witneffes the counintroduced.
try,
the walls of ancient Mycene, as built by the ripides fpeaks of after the Phenician rule and method : the Pheni-
Cyclopians cians alluded to were the Oom^ss of Egypt, to which country Thofe, who built Tiryns, they are primarily to be referred.
*6
Kf)cAcu7rg(a
47
<f
oroftayjcw.
txinois
oi'x.oS'o^Toi
Jy.
43
eu-eu
L.
2. p.
18
1.
49
KuxAwTrwc
/3a9fac
XOLVOH xa<
TI/JCOIS
^co-jusca.
v.
944.
VOL.
I.
are
506
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
is
are reprefented as feven in number ; and the whole fcribed by Strabo in the following manner. 5 TigvvQi
flfftriti6w&
[JiSV
de-
dozsi n^ojTos,
KOU
Ts%i<rou
<fta
Kvuhuvw'
SK
ovg
TgS(pO{JLSVOV$
Prestus feems
harbour
;
have been the fir Jl^ who made life ofTiryns, as an which place he -walled round by the ajjiftance of the
to
Cyckpians.
'They iverejeven in
they were called Ey%/>oyafS. The Grecians continually miftook places for perfons, as I Thefe feven Cyclopes were, I make no doubt, have fhewn.
ftrange
fays, that
name, and
feven Cyclopian towers built by the people, of whom I have Some of them flood towards the harbour to been treating. C*
afford light to fhips,
They were
caer,
facred to After, or
;
Aftarte
out
Ey^s^oyas"^
lies.
a ftrange medley
5*
made up of
into fo
TS^VY]?'
many
mafons, adds,
la&g&ye'ig&s, Tg<pofJLSV8$
fc
TYIS
They were honeft bellyhanded men, induftrious people, who got their livelihood by their art. Thefe towers were erected likewiie for Purait, or Puratheia, where the rites of
fire
were performed
Strabo. L.
J0
51
8. p.
572.
;
Many
Idem.
Aftrasa, Aftarte.
<na.
Aepiov,
wv
A<j-p;,
AwAo?,
KM
K^JIT^, gxaAs<To.
Hefychius.
AwAcs
Callimach.
5*
H.
in
Delon.
v. 37.
and 40.
L.
8. p.
572.
changed
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
507
changed to HgoiTOG ; and gave out that the towers were built " for Prcetus, whom they made a king of that country.
imagine, that not only the common idea of the Cyclopians was taken from towers and edifices ; but that the term
I
and Ky#A&m, Cuclops, and Cuclopis, fignified a building or temple ; and from thence the people had their name. They were of the fame family as the Cadmians, and
KyxA&tnJ/,
Phcenices
and
as the Hivites,
or Ophites,
Egypt, and fettled near Libanus and Baal Hermon, upon the confines of Canaan. They worfhiped the Sun under the
fymbol of a ferpent
parts,
hence they were ftyled in different where they in time fettled, Europians, Oropians, Ano:
pians, Inopians, Afopians, Elopians ; all which names relate What may be to the worfhip of the Pytho Ops, or Opis. the precife etymology of the term KwtAorvf/, Cuclops, I can-
which
Ouranus among the Amonians was often ftyled Coel, or Ccelus ; and was worfhiped under the forementioned emPaufanias mentions the apartments of the daughters of Prcetus. L. 2. p. 169. But the daughters of Prcetus were properly the virgins who officiated at the Pu5'
rait,
of the Deity. The Sicilian Cyclopes were three, becaufe there were three towers only erected the iflands called Cyclopum Scopuli , and that they were light-houfes is apthe
young
prieftefies
name which
ftill
for they are at this day ftyled Faraglioni, Cyclopes of Tiryns were fevcn, as we learn from
:
remains
in
number
ib
many.
From
this
circum-
we may prefume,
were taken from the buildings, which they erefted. 54 The Cyclopian buildings were alfo called Ouranian.
Kuripid. Eledtra. v. 1158.
t t
blem
508
THE ANALYSIS
ferpent.
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
blem of a
been originally called Cu-Coel-Ops, Domus Cceli Pythonis j But whatever may and the priefts and people Cucelopians. have been the purport of the name, the hiftory of thefe
perfonages
is
fufficiently determinate.
There was a place in Thrace called 55 Cuclops, where fome of the Cyclopian race had fettled for many of the Amonians came hither. Hence Thrace feems at one time to have been the feat of fcience ; and the Athenians acknow:
The natives ledged, that they borrowed largely from them. were very famous ; particularly the Pierians for their mufick, the Peonians for pharmacy, and the Edonians for their rites
Thofe, who went under the name of Cyclopes, probably introduced architecture ; for which art they There was a founfeem to have been every where noted.
and worfhip.
tain in thefe parts, of which Ariftotle takes notice, as of a wonderful nature. s6 Ev $e KiwAonJ/j TO/? ^a^f Kgqvdi
o g
TJJ
fjisy
o\J/i
M&agw, mi
/
h&QoLvsg,
KV.I
rots
% aura, 5ra^a^p/]|U.a $ta,<p@slgsT<x.f. In the region of the Cyclopians of Thrace is a fountain^ char to the eye, and pure^ and in no wife differing from commoji water : of which
uny
wov
it is
immediately poifoned.
;
There
Theopompus
who
fpeaks of the
Both Cuclops, and Cuclopes, was the name of a place. We may therefore, think, be pretty well afflired, that the Cyclopians were from hence denominated.
as facred places
And
it is
had
their
names from
the Deity, to
whom
named
for
have
people
THE ANALYSIS
people by the
for
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
509
name of
Charopcs.
57
He
the Chropes, which is a contraction fays, that even going into the water wa's
fatal.
ffOflrojdflros
Irogei
Kgww
sv
X^wvj/j
7% 0^a^?,
>
r,g
7%$
Theopompus mentions a jountain among the Cbaropes of Thrace, in 'which if a perfon attempts to bathe, he immediately lofes his life. I have taken notice
?v8cra.M.j/8
m^a^i^a
|USTa?\Aacr<re/}'.
of this hiftory, becaufe we find, that the perfons who are called s8 Cuclopes by one writer, are ftyled Char-opes by anfor the terms are nearly of the fame other, and very juftly
:
purport.
temple,
and place called Char-Ops, or Char-Qpis, locus Dei Pythonis: and the Cyclopes were, as I have before fuppofed, denominated from Cu- Coel-Ops, or Cu-Coel-Opis, the temple of the fame Deity. They were both equally named from the Ophite
God, the great objed: of their adoration, and from the temple, where he was worshiped.
of Medufa in Argolis is faid to have been the work of the S9 Cyclopians. This feems to have been an ancient hieroglyphical reprefentation upon the temple of CaIt was ufual with the Egyptians and other Amophifus.
The head
nians to defcribe
their
temples fome
emblem
This reprefenof the Deity, who there prefided. tation was often an eagle, or a vulture; a wolf, or a lion; alfo
an heart, or an eye.
57 58
The
laft,
as 1
In excerptis apud Sotionem. See not. Meurfii in Antigonum Caryftium. p. Of the Cyclopians of Thrace fee Scholia in Euripid. Oreft. v. 966.
th",f.
-.
G>pa.xiKw
59
Alib Scholia
I'.'^ov
in Statii
Theb. L.
2. p.
104.
FIpa
v.y.1
:
Je TO
TBTO egyw.
smroinu.ev,! Kftpctfa
KytpKrcrot,
,
Dorice
K.x<pia-<ro-,
vel
Ka-
mon
510
THE ANALYSIS
to the temples -of
6o
OF ANCIE.NT
Ofiris,
MYTHOLOGY.
fignify
mon
the fuperintendency of Providence, from whom nothing was hid. Among others the ferpent was efteemed a moft falutary
fkill,
emblem
and knowledge. A rounded with an affemblage of ferpents was made to denote divine wifdom, which they ftyled Meed, and Meet, the MjjT/f
they reprefented an heavenly perfonage, and joined her with Eros, or divine Love and by thefe two they fuppofed that the prefent mun:
of the Greeks.
Under
this characteriftic
Orpheus fpeaks of
this
Deity in
Ka;
KM E^w?
uroTwsgTrifis.
ancient temples were ornamented with this curious hieroglyphic : and among others the temple of
this
On
account
many
Caphifus
^ in
Argolis.
Caphifus
is
compound of Caph-Iris,
fame Deity
as
which
Metis.
fignifies
Petra
Ifidis,
and
relates to the
fexes,
pellations,
when we
164
HcLfTofvw, yeverug
I
have
6*
61
HgA/w,
-wavT eqoox
Homer. Odyff. L. A.
v. 108.
8. v. a
Orphic Fragment.
Schol. ibid.
Si
6. v.
19. the
fame
as
Frag.
Hence
:
KCC.I
A(/'
K'^mo-icTos
'
by
from
Ktx<p-I<rts.
Orphic
6*
Hymn.
Hymn.
10. v. 10.
as
Pan.
Aithoufa,
THE ANALYSIS
I
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
511
have taken notice that the Cyclopians of Thrace were fly led Charopes j which name they mull have received from their
rites,
It was facred to the Sun near a poifonous pool. and there were many temples of this name in 65 Egypt, and other coun-
The Sun was called Arez and the lion, which was an emblem of the Sun, had the fame denomination and there
tries.
;
:
is
was fometimes a
fome facred portal in Egypt ; to figure of this animal upon which he often alludes, when he fpeaks of a Charopian lion.
>
A .-...
j.'
apyQTgeQi TB
2^,
"YCifOTroi
T.
The
devices
and fuppofed
Lampadoufa,
:
Aithoufa, Alphioufa, Ampeloufa, Anthemoufa, Pithecoufa, Scotoufa, Arginoufa, Amathoufa, Ophioufa, Afteroufa, Acheroufa, Peloufa and fignifies
,
After-Ous was a remplc on Mount Cauthe temple of Metis, or Divine Wifdom. the lame in Cyprus cafus Amath-Ous, Ampel-Ous, a temple in Mauritania : in Elis Achor-Ous, in Egypt all dedicated to the Deity under dif:
Alphi-Ous,
ferent
65
titles.
. Itgtav S-upw/t/.aTa KOGjjJiaiv (01 Atyinrriot')
Plutarch.
Ifis et Ofiris. p.
64
commen-
tators.
XapoTToi, 7r<7rA3CTJxo/, <potpoi. nian term and the Poet alluded to a Charonian temple.
:
was certainly an
Amo-
TKS 3'
w T<<
3Cf(paAai,
(JUG.
i*.tv
XXPOTTSIO Agorros..
Hefiod.
Theogon.
v. 321.
Homer
As
v.
in
AVAM
a lion
Hymn,
is
ei;
Mmipa.
S-gwr. v. 4.
it
fiyled Charops, fo
was named
Charon.
Xapi>'
Achilles
which
512
THE ANALYSIS
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
which the building was preferred. In the temple of Minerva at Tegea was fome fculpture of Medufa, which the Goddefs was faid to have given, 6? cwaAwroj/ sg Tov 'STcwTa, %0wv
ivou
'war.
preferve the city from ever being taken in 68 It was Atheprobably from this opinion that the
(TW
Tffohtv)
to
walls of
their acropolis : and it was the infigne of many cities, as may find from ancient coins. The notion of the
we
Cyclopes
framing the thunder and lightning for Jupiter arofe chiefly from the Cyclopians engraving hieroglyphics of this fort
the Deity.
O/ Zjw jSoynjy
rs
The
Poets considered
fmiths,
them merely in the capacity of blackand condemned them to the anvil. This arofe from
the chief Cyclopian Deity being called Acmon, and Pyrac mon. He was worfhiped under the former title in Phrygia ;
where was a
Alexander
ference
*7 *3 69
:
city
and
diftridt called
Acmonium
Paufan. L.
8. p.
696.
Paufan. L. i. 9.49. Scholia. Apollon. L. i. v. 730. Hefiod. Theogon. v. 141. Ku5tAo7rs rare Aii' [AH cTj<5oao-< fcgoviw, KO.I aT^aTrwc, x.ai Kf^avvov.
i.
Appollo-
dorus. L.
70
p. 4.
He ftyles Acmon Ax/xora See Stephanus. A^^ovtcC -zzroA;s fypvyiou. xrA. Mavewi. Manes was the chief Deity of Lydia, Lycia, and Perfis ; and the fame TOV
as
in
Thrace.
Ptol.
L.
5. p.
138.
upon
n-jt.- 1\
MEDUSA
f
/<"})}
'
'
///
'^
THE ANALYSIS
upon the
7
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
in
513
great repute.
;
was by fome looked upon as the offspring of Heaven byothers worfhiped as Ouranus, and Coelus, the heaven itfelf : and Acmonides was fuppofed to haye been his 7 fon, whom
*
He
fome of the mythologifts made the ruling fpirit of the earth. Hence Simmias Rhodius introduces Divine Love difplaying
produced Acmonides, that mighty monarch of the earth, and at the fame time founded the fea, 73 Asv<r<rs TOV Fa? re AVOWT Axpovd&v, JJLS ficLgvfegVis
his influence,
and
faying, that he
7cw aAa
& sfyouraarrR.
feems to have been worfhiped of old at Tiryns, that ancient city of Greece, whofe towers were faid to have been built by the Cyciopians. For Acmon was the Cyclopian Deity ; and is reprefented by Callimachus as the tutelary God of the place, though the paffage has been otherwife interpreted.
Acmon
E<TI
V.CLI
AAo
Ax./ut.oviov
Steph. Byzant.
Apollonius to have
Acmonides
an
is
reprefented as a patronymic
it is
God
of
light, the
fame
as
Acmon
and Acmonides were certainly the fame perOugavos. different departments were given by the
AX^COI'/^M?, o
AxfJiui''
Kgoi'os, Onpa.ro?.
Hefych.
Xafwr, xa<
ibid.
was the Cyclopian God, to whom myCharon Cyclops is mentioned by Lycophron. v. 659. above quoted. thologifts. 7} Simmias Rhodii Hityuyia.. Theocritus. Heinfii. p. 214.
7*
He
Callimachi
I.
Hymn,
in
Dianam.
v. 146.
VOL.
u u
The
5.14
THE ANALYSIS
has
OF
ANCIENT MVTHOLOGT..
as
The term
an adjective
and the paffage has been rendered Tails Tirynthius indefefCallimachus was very knowing fus, which is fcarce fenfe. in mythology, and is here fpeaking of the Cyclopian God Acmon, whom he makes the $so$ itrgOTrvXoLiog, or guardian It was the fame God, that was afterDeity of the place.
wards called Hercules, and particularly ftyled Tirynthius, to whom Callimachus here alludes under a more ancient
name.
As
artifts,
:
famous
works
in brafs,
and iron
in their hiftory
The
Idsei
and they are faid to have firft 75 ufe ; forged metals, and to have reduced them to common the knowledge of which art they obtained from the fu&on
Whether this of minerals at the burning of mount ;6 Ida. was an eruption of fire from the internal part of the mountain, or
its
only a fire kindled among the forefts, which crowned It was an event of anfummit, cannot be determined.
ActK-ru^.Qi IJottoi Kpurafe^.
this
75
Apollonius Rhod. L. i. v. 1129. Poet takes notice of only three ; of which one was
TS jwe^/a?,
KSA///S-,
afAi/a.[j;et>v-,
v.a.1
O<
Es
tZT^WTO; Tg^-T/JC
v
EVPOV
iff'jp
upttyiri voc.7ra.ig
Thefe verfes are quoted from the ancient author, o THV Qopavifa, <rw8a?. Diodorus Siculus, L. i. p. 333. fays, that fome made the Idnsi Daftyli ten
in
number
others an hundred.
i.
p. 401.
cient
THE ANALYSIS
crent date
;
OF
ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
as
515
a remarkable epocha, in the From this event the Curemoft early feries of chronology. 77 Id ad Dactes, and Cory ban tes, who were the fame as the
tyli, are
and admitted,
From them it was propagated to many forging metals. countries weftvvard, particularly to the Pangcean mountains,
and the region Curetis, where the Cyclopians dwelt in Thrace alfo to the region Trinacia and Leontina near ^tna,
:
in Sicily.
Thus have
endeavoured to fhew the true hiftory 78 and anand we may learn from their works, people
held in high
:
efti-
They were denominated from their worfhip and their chief Deity among other titles was flyled Acmon, and Pyracmon. They feern to have been great in many fciences but the term Acmon fienifying among the Greeks an anvil, O O / D
ination.
: J
them
to one bafe
department, and
Strabo. L. 10. p. 715. They are by Tatianus Aflyrius fpoken of as the and the fame invention attributed tothem. . Xocf.xwtv KuxA7r (sJtCyclopes * / \ l
f|a).
p. 243.
ores
Ss O.VTW
ev
ry KapriJY MCLV fi
API^TOf
TEXN ITAI.
KuxTuuiruv.
Schol. in Euripid.
Oreft. v. 966.
Mention
is
afterwards
made T&T
ty.
T; Kugmifcs
The
Curetes vvor-
fhipcd Cronus : fo that Cronus and Cuclops were the fame. Abftin. L. 2. p. 225.
'
See Porphyry de
They
made
the altar
the Titans rebelled againft Jupiter. of this altar an Afterifm was formed
Scholiaft
in
upon Aratus.
p. 52.
In
memorial
/ioy-'-o?,
ara.
coniidered
516
THE ANALYSIS
them
as fo
OF ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY.
confidered
many blackfmiths. And as they re~ have made the burning mountain their
forge
*
membra Pyracmon
Virgil JEn.
L.
8. v.
424.
,.-.