Proceedings Seventh Workshop Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford, December 1981. SGP-TR-55.

GEOTHERMAL WELL LOGGING AND ITS INTEXPRETdTION

S e i i c h i Hirakawa and S h i n j i Yamaguchi

The U n i v e r s i t y of Tokyo, Facul t y of Engineering

AF3STRACT For Japanese geothermal d e v e l o p e r s of p r i v a t e companies, some conventional l o g s , such as temperature l o g , SP l o g and r e s i s t i v i t y l o g , are a v a i l a b l e i n geothermal f i e l d s . On t h e o t h e r hand, improvement i s b e i n g made i n w e l l l o g g i n g techniques on geothermal w e l l s i n t h e " National Sunshine P r o j e c t . " The purpose of this paper i s (1) t o e x p l a i n t h e h i g h temperature well l o g g i n g developed on t h e Sunshine P r o j e c t , and ( 2 ) t o p r e s e n t a l g o r i t h m which can e s t i m a t e p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s and d e t e c t f r a c t u r e d zones from conventional geothermal w e l l logging.

HIGH TFiKPERATURE LOGGING TOOL High temperature l o g g i n g t o o l s must be developed f o r geothermal r e s e r v o i r p o t e n t i a l e v a l u a t i o n . The p l a n f o r developing l o g g i n g t o o l s f o r geothermal wells s t a r t e d i n 1974 as a p a r t of t h e " National Sunshine P r o j e c t " . E i g h t b a s i c l o g g i n g t o o l s had been developed by 1979. They are 1) Multi- Spacing E l e c t r i c a l Log 2) P-S Acoustic Log/Caliper Log 3) Micro- Spherically Focused Log/Caliper Log 4) Temperature Log 5) P r e s s u r e Log 6) Flowmeter 7) Bottom Hole Sampler 8) Borehole Televiewer. Table 1 shows t h e l o g g i n g t o o l s i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r o j e c t and t h e i r endurance a b i l i t y . These l o g g i n g t o o l s were chosen a f t e r wide r e s e a r ches on t h e n e c e s s i t y of new t o o l s . The developing p l a n i n t h e Sunshine P r o j e c t i s d i v i d e d i n t o two s t e p s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e maxim u m temperature which l o g g i n g t o o l s can endure. The maximum temperature limits of t h e l o g g i n g t o o l s were 275OC i n t h e f i r s t s t e p (1976-1979). The l o g g i n g t o o l s developed were t e s t e d i n geothermal r e s e r v o i r s and good r e s u l t s were obtained. Now many d a t a a r e being g a t h e r e d . I n t h e second s t e p (1930*), t h e g o a l s of the maximum temperature were f i x e d a t 350.C.
INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES Some conventional l o g s , such as temperature l o g , SP l o g and r e s i s t i v i t y l o g , are a v a i l a b l e i n Japanese geothermal f i e l d s . Algorithm i s shown w i t h which p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n a f r a c t u r e d geothermal r e s e r v o i r can be e s t i m a t e d from conventional geothermal w e l l l o g g i n g s . I n t h e

i d e a l i z e d model of a f r a c t u r e d geothermal r e s e r v o i r considered i n this s t u d y , i t is assumed that t h e s p a c i n g between p a r a l l e l e pipeds r e p r e s e n t s t h e fractures. T h i s model c o n s i d e r s b o t h f r a c t u r e d p o r o s i t y and matrix p o r o s i t y . T h i s a l g o r i t h m c o n s i s t s of t h e b a s i c e q u a t i o n s i n formation e v a l u a t i o n , empir i c a l e q u a t i o n s o f t e n used i n o i l r e s e r v o i r e v a l u a t i o n and e q u a t i o n s d e r i v e d from doublep o r o s i t y model theory. To show t h e v a l i d i t y of this algorithm, one example was chosen from w e l l loggings. The t o t a l p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e f r a c t i o n of t o t a l pore volume made up of f r a c t u r e s t o t h e t o t a l pore volume of t h e system were obtained. The f r a c t u r e d %ones e s t i m a t e d from t h e s e r e s u l t s agreed approximately w i t h t h e f r a c t u r e d zones e s t i m a t e d from d r i l l i n g c h a r t s . T h i s a l g o r i t h m may be one of e f f e c t i v e methods f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n of p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n a f r a c t u r e d geothermal r e s e r v o i r . Theorv The i d e a l i z e d model considered i n this s t u d y i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1. I n this model i t i s assumed that t h e s p a c i n g between parallelepipeds represents the fractures. I t i s s i m i l a r t o t h e one p r e s e n t e d by Warren and Root t o analyze p r e s s u r e behavior i n f r a c t u r e d r e s e r v o i r s and t o t h e one p r e s e n t e d by Towle t o study the r e l a t i o n s h i p between formation r e s i s t i v i t y f a c t o r and p o r o s i t y . I t i s also s i m i l a r t o t h e one p r e s e n t e d by Aguilera t o analyze n a t u r a l l y f r a c t u r e d o i l r e s e r v o i r s from well l o g s . The d i f f e r e n c e between Aguilera's model and this model i s t h a t t h e former c o n s i d e r s only f r a c t u r e p o r o s i t y and t h e l a t t e r considers both f r a c t u r e porosity and m a t r i x p o r o s i t y . For t h e b a s i s of this s t u d y , the f o l l o w i n g b a s i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n formation e v a l u a t i o n are assumed t o be a p p l i c a b l e t o both t h e system and t h e matrix.

If.=-=Ff

Rft

Rft
Rfo

R,

Ff

=+

-115-

(3) where

c a l c u l a t e d by t h e following equation.

= r e s i s t i v i t y index f o r t h e system

where

Rft = t r u e r e s i s t i v i t y f o r t h e system Rfo = r e s i s t i v i t y f o r the system a t 100percent formation water s a t u r a t i o n Ff = formation f a c t o r f o r the system

Rmf

= r e s i s t i v i t y of f l u s h e d zone a t 24%, ohm-m R,,, = r e s i s t i v i t y of d r i l l i n g muds a t 24*C, ohmm K,, = c o e f f i c i e n t

= t o t a l porosity, f r a c t i o n

m = double- porosity system exponent

F = matrix formation f a c t o r = matrix p o r o s i t y , f r a c t i o n

ab

Rmf a t any tempeltature can be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g Arp' s equation.

mb

= matrix p o r o s i t y exponent

Rw = connate water r e s i s t i v i t y
The following equations can be derived on t h e b a s i s of t h e double- porosity model. r e s i s t i v i t y of t h e f l u s h e d zone a t

T2, ohmm
r e s i s t i v i t y of t h e f l u r h e d zone a t T 1 , ohmm

6
f,

= 1-

x3

+ x36

(4)

1-~3 1-x3+x36

T i = temperature, 'C

(5)
)

T2 = temperature, 'C
Temperature i n above equations can be obtained .by a temperature l o g . R,, can be c a l c u l a t e d as: (11) I n s t e p 6 , l a b o r a t o r y experimental d a t a a r e r e q u i r e d t o determine matrix p r o p e r t i e s . I n t h e c a s e where l a b o r a t o r y experimental d a t a cannot be obtained, conventional formula (e.g. Humble's formula) may be used. T o t a l p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s and f r a c t i o n of t o t a l pore volume made up of f r a c t u r e s t o t h e t o t a l pore volume of t h e system can be estimated with this algorithm. Example And Discussion To show t h e v a l i d i t y of this algorithm, one example i s presented here with t h e well d a t a . A geothermal well was chosen among t h e w e l l s , because i t provided t h e b e s t suite of l o g s . T h i s example u s e s a temperature l o g , spontaneous p o t e n t i a l l o g and an e l e c t r i c a l log. The e l e c t r i c a l l o g c o n t a i n s a long normal ( e l e c t r o d e spacing = 100cm) and a s h o r t normal ( e l e c t r o d e spacing = 25cm). The l o g s were run i n 1975. Four hundred meters were examined, beginning a t a depth of 12OOm. From a temper a t u r e l o g , t h e temperature around t h e depth of i n t e r e s t is 130%. T h i s temperature i s lower than 175"C, which i s t h e maximum temper a t u r e limit of conventional logging t o o l s used i n o i l f i e l d s . So, conventional logging was p o s s i b l e i n this w e l l i n 1975. I n s t e p 4, R,, i s c a l c u l a t e d t o be 1.5 ohm-m. From g e o l o g i c a l s e c t i o n of this well, t h e l i t h o l o g y

- + F( l-X+X@b) (X2-X+1 1-X . .

where

X = l e n g t h of t h e block, f r a c t i o n f r = t h e f r a c t i o n of t o t a l pore volume made up of f r a c t u r e s t o t h e pore

volume of t h e system On t h e b a s i s of t h e f r a c t u r e d r e s e r v o i r model and equations 1-6, t h e algorithm shown i n Figure 2 has been developed. I n s t e p 4, Rw i s c a l c u l a t e d by t h e following method. The s t a t i c spontaneous p o t e n t i a l value, ESsp, i s r e l a t e d t o Rw by:

%f
EssP = -Kc log R W

+ 32)

(7)
(8)

Kc = 61
where

0.133(1.eT

ESsp = s t a t i c spontaneous p o t e n t i a l , mv

Kc = electrochemical SP c o e f f i c i e n t
Rmf = r e s i s t i v i t y of t h e f l u s h e d zone a t r e s e r v o i r temperature, ohm-m R,, = connate water r e s i s t i v i t y a t r e s e r v o i r temperature, ohmm T = r e s e r v o i r temperature, O C

Rmf can be found from t h e l o g heading or

-1 16-

i s determined t o be r h y o l i t e t u f f around t h e depth of i n t e r e s t . In s t e p 6 , l a b o r a t o r y

experiments with c o r e samples a r e r e q u i r e d t o determine matrix p r o p e r t i e s . I n t h e case where l a b o r a t o r y experimental d a t a connot be obtai n e d , conventional formula may be used. In this c a s e , Humble's formula i s assumed. Matrix formation f a c t o r F i s determined t o be 41 from e l e c t r i c a l l o g and matrix p o r o s i t y $, t i s c a l c u l a t e d t o be 0.14 using t h e Humble's formula. These values a r e s u b s t i t u t e d f o r F and i n equation 6 and t h e r e l a t i o n between Ff and X i s obtained. Figure 3 shows t h e p l o t of Ff v e r s u s X derived from equation 6. If Ff i s obtained from e l e c t r i c a l l o g i n each zone, X can be obtained from this r e l a t i o n and p o r o s i t y can be c a l c u l a t e d using equation 4 i n each zone. The t o t a l p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s and t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e f r a c t i o n of t o t a l pore volume made up of f r a c t u r e s t o t h e t o t a l pore volume o f t h e system, which were obtained w i t h this algorithm a r e presented i n Figure 4 and i n Figure 5 r e s p e c t i v e l y . These figures show that depths of 1300111, 1360m and 1440111are highly f r a c t u r e d zones. The f a c t that much f l u i d l o s s i s observed around t h e depth of 1400m on t h e d r i l l i n g c h a r t supports t h e abovementioned r e s u l t s . T h i s algorithm may be one of e f f e c t i v e methods f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n of p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n a f r a c t u r e d geothermal r e s e r v o i r . 4.

5.
6.

rature on t h e Density and E l e c t r i c a l R e s i s t i v i t y of Sodium Chloride S o l u t i o n s , " Petroleum Transactions, AIHE, ~01.198,327330 P i r s o n , S J . (1957), LO^ I n t e r p r e t a t i o n . i n Rocks With Multiple P o r o s i t y TypesWater o r O i l Wet," World O i l , ~ 0 1 . 1 4 4 , June, 196-198 Schlumberger, (1977), "Log I n t e r p r e t a t i o n
Charts"
Towle, C. (1962), "An Analysis of t h e Formation R e s i s t i v i t y Factor P o r o s i t y R e l a t i o n s h i p of Some Assumed Pore Ceometries," paper presented a t Third Annual Meeti n g of SPWLA, Houston

Start Here

Data Required Resistivity Log Temperature Log s. P. Log

CONCLUDING REMARKS Various logging t o o l s for Japanese geothermal f i e l d s a r e being developed as a p a r t of t h e " N a t i o n a l Sunshine P r o j e c t " . On t h e o t h e r hand, some conventional l o g s , such as temperature l o g , SP l o g and r e s i s t i v i t y log, a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r Japanese geothermal developers of p r i v a t e companies. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n techniques of logging r e s u l t s obtained with t h e s e t o o l s have not y e t been p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e i n Japan. I n this paper, one of t h e algorithms f o r a geothermal f i e l d i s presented. With this algorithm p o r o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s i n a f r a c t u r e d geothermal r e s e r v o i r can be e s t i mated. The v a l i d i t y of this algorithm has been shown with f i e l d d a t a .

+
Step 3

Read logs and record data

s.
Step 5

Temperature Log P. Log

Geological Section

Step

Determine matrix properties F, Bbv mbr ab

ACKNOWLEDGMENT T h i s work has been c a r r i e d out by a grant- in- aid f o r developmental s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h of t h e Ministry of Education, t o which t h e a u t h o r s a r e very g r a t e f u l .
REFERENCES 1. Aguilera, R. (1974), "Analysis of N a t u r a l l y Fractured Reservoirs From Sonic and Resist i v i t y Logs," J. P e t . Tech., vo1.26, Nov., 1233-1238 2. Aguilera, R. (1976), "Analysis of Natural l y Fractured R e s e r v o i r s From Conventional Well Logs," J. Pet. Tech., vo1.28, J u l y , 764-772 3. Arps, J. J. (1953), "The E f f e c t of Tempe-

Calculate f Iron equation ( 4 ) . f 5 )

1
Algorithm

Fig. 2

-117-

0.0

Fig. 1

I d e a l i z e d Model

fr
120( 120c

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

124( 124C 12K 1280

132c 1320 1360 1360

h

x
H

1400

! w a 1440

PI

E 1400
8
1440

1480 1480

1520 1520
I

1560
I

1560

1600 1600

Fig.

6 vs

Depth

Fig. 5

f vs Depth ,

-118-

0
N

0
N

0
N

I O
I N

la

la
I

I O

I N

0 0

0
T -

0 0

0 0

r-

r-

0 0

I O I O

Ir-

I O I O

lr-

I O I O
ILn

0
Ln

I O I O I O
7

0
I n L

0
n L

0
n

s:
M

I O
I L n

I O
I M

ILn

I O
l L n

rN

Ln

I M

I N

I O ILn I M

0
N

0
CU

00
NN

* I

* I

I I

C U I

L
r

n
L

0
n

0
L

o
n

0 0
Ln

0
Ln

00
LnLn

00

0 0

1 1

L n l

0 1 M I

I
I I

0
0

1
1

Lnl

3
3 3 N a ,
L

r - r - r N N

L n r-

Ln

r-

r-rN N

LnLn

r-I
N I

Lnl

0 0

1 1

N I

I I I

Lnl

c l

r-I

c u I

(d c)
a

3 3 3
0

P
ri

h
0

K!

k
0
a

m
r

a , . -

r: 00
4

a ,

ri
(d

t3
0

4
a ,
P

k 3

a ,
a ,

rl

M
0

(d

k
a ,

5
01

e
0

a ,

22

a ,

a ,

E a ,

m
k

E, >
e
R
0

a ,
p1

T ? r-

.. .
F9H
0 0

L.7

-119-