TheCosmicMicrowaveBackgroundRadiation

Introductionandexperimentaltechniques/challenges Scienceandfutureexperiments

DorotheaSamtleben,ESTRELAWorkshop,Bonn,April2008

Developmentofonemode

AnimationbyWayneHu, http://background.uchicago.edu/~whu/

Descriptionofanisotropies
StatisticalpropertiesofCMBpredictable RepresentationbysphericalharmonicsYlm

Temperature:

T ,= alm Y lm ,
C l =< a lm a * lm

Definitionforcoefficients:

Variance(observable):

l l1 T = Cl 2
2

WMAPTemperaturepowerspectrum

Horizonscaleatlastscattering andcurvaturedetermine positionoffirstpeak

Accousticoscillations

Initialconditions

DifferentPolarizationpatterns
DivisionofPolarizationintogradient(Emode)and curlcomponent(Bmode)

DensityfluctuationsEmodes GravitywavesEandBmodes, amplitudedeterminedby energyscaleofinflation (oftenlinkedtoGUTscale) GravitationallensingEmodesappearasBmodes

DifferentPolarizationpatterns
DivisionofPolarizationintogradient(Emode)and EMode BMode curlcomponent(Bmode) (curlcomponent) (gradientcomponent)

DensityfluctuationsEmodes GravitywavesEandBmodes, amplitudedeterminedby energyscaleofinflation (oftenlinkedtoGUTscale) GravitationallensingEmodesappearasBmodes

PolarizationPowerspectraexpectation

TT

Polarizationspectra

Lambdawebsite,WMAPpictures

Mostparametersalreadywell measuredfromTT. EEspectrumisafundamental checkonourunderstanding EEisalsosensitivetonon standardmodeleffects(eg. isocurvature)

(FromMCMC) K.Vanderlinde

EE

BBcantellusalotofnew things(eg.energyscaleof inflation,neutrinomass)

BBPowerSpectrumUncertainty
(fromMCMC,K.Vanderlinde)

Lensing Tensors

BBstillveryuncertain. (Evenifourmodeliscorrect&complete.)

EEPowerSpectrumMeasurements

EEPowerSpectrumMeasurements
Sofar,EEspectrumis consistentwithstandard CDMmodel.

EEPowerSpectrumMeasurements
Sofar,EEspectrumis consistentwithstandard CDMmodel. Butitsalsoconsistent withalotofothers.

CAPMAPResults
EEspectrum BBlimits(95%)

NewEEmeasurementsatsmallangularscales OneofthebestlimitsforBB

SimulatedCMBskywithT/S=0

SimulatedCMBskywithT/S=0.2
(bestupperlimitbyWMAP+externaldata)

Cosmologicalparameters
11basicparameters: AS(T) r=T/S ns(T) b=b h2 m=m h2 =h2 k H0 w
Amplitudeofprimordialscalar(tensor)spectrum Ratiooftensortoscalarfluctuations Tiltofscalar(tensor)spectrum Baryondensity Matterdensity Darkenergydensity Curvature,m++ Hubbleconstant DarkEnergyequationofstate

k=1

CosmologicalparameterestimationfromCMBmeasurements
TemperatureAnisotropies (WMAP+others)

Temperature Polarization Correlation(WMAP)

Galaxysurvey(SDDS)

AnimationbyM.Tegmark

CosmologicalparameterestimationfromCMBmeasurements
TemperatureAnisotropies (WMAP+others)

Temperature Polarization Correlation(WMAP)

Galaxysurvey(SDDS)

AnimationbyM.Tegmark

CMBconfirmsCDM
Shapeofpowerspectradeterminedby contentanddevelopmentoftheUniverse =>Extractinformationoncosmologicalparameters

BaryonContentconsistentwithBBNresults DarkEnergyconsistentwithSupernovaeresults HubbleconstantconsistentwithHSTresults AgeoftheUniverseconsistentwithglobularclustersresults

CMBpowerspectrumconsistentwith inflationarypredictionsofflatnessandgaussian adiabaticscaleinvariantfluctuations

CMBconfirmsCDM

Degeneraciesdontallowacompletelyautonomous determinationofallparameters CMBdatacomplementarytoother cosmologicalobservations

WMAPCMBalsoconsistentwithNOdarkenergy butHubbleconstantwouldhavetobe30km/s/Mpc!

WMAP3yearpublications

Curvature
constantw=1assumed

Komatsuetal. WMAP5yearresults

wallowedtobedifferentfrom1

Curvaturedegeneratewithdarkenergycontent Othercosmologicalprobessolvedegeneracy AssumingDarkEnergywithconstantw=1

Tensortoscalarratior=T/S

Gravitationalwavescreatetensorcontribution SizeofsignalparametrizedbyT/S

SpectraltiltnS

2 1n s =M Pl

[ ]
V' V '' 3 2 V V
2 2

WMAP

WMAP +BAO+SN

WMAP
072 1. 0870 .. 073 0

Tiltofspectrumcontainsinformation aboutslope/curvatureof inflationpotential

nS r dn S / d ln k

0 . 9860 . 02 < 0 . 43

0 . 9680 . 015 <0.2

< 0 . 58 0 . 0500 . 034

Inflationarymodels
Singlefieldmodels RelationbetweenT/S=randns andinflationarypotentialV()

16 M Pl V '' 8 r = 1n S 3 3 V
Smallrhardtomeasure, sofarconstraintsmainly forpositivecurvaturemodels(V>0)

ContoursshowWMAP+BAO+SN, (norunningindex)

Neutrinomass

for w=11

m 1. 31. 5eV m 0 . 61 0 . 66 eV
IncludingBAO+SN

CMBscienceofthefuture
Temperaturehighl inflationaryphysics
clusterphysics/darkenergyfromSunyaevZeldovicheffect

Polarization

breakparameterdegeneracies
primordialgravitywaves neutrinomass/darkenergyparametersfromlensing cosmicstrings primordialmagneticfields

Challengesofthefuture
Highprecisionmeasurementsoftemperatureandpolarizationpowerspectra Highsensitivity receiversoperateclosetofundamentallimits
=>largereceiverarrays

Exquisiteforegroundremoval littleisknownaboutmicrowave(polarization)
foregrounds =>multiplefrequenciesforremovalrequired =>specificforegroundstudiescrucial

Unprecedentedcontrolofsystematics =>instrumentalandenvironmentaleffects
havetobeminimizedandwellcontrolled

RewardsoftheBmodes
T/Srelatedtoenergyscaleofinflation:

V1/4=3.3*1016(T/S)1/4GeV

UNIQUEACCESSTOPOSSIBLYNEW PHYSICSATPLANCKSCALE!

FutureExperiments
Significantincreaseofsensitivityonlyachievablewithmultiplereceivers =>Arraysmit101000receiversatonetelescope!

QUAD(SouthPole) Running!31pixels,2frequencies

APEXSZ 330pixels SouthPoleTelescope,10m

Futuredirection

>1000receivers

Bolometerarrays

Polarizationsensitivebolometers weresuccessfullyusedforCMB Polarizationmeasurementsby Boomerang,willalsobeused byPlanckHFI TransitionEdgeSensitive(TES) BolometersallowmultiplexedSQUID readoutandeasymassproduction (photolithography) AntennacoupledTESbolometers willenableeasilyscalablearrays withoutfeedhorns (Spider,Polarbear)
3 cm 5 mm

APEXSZ,TESBolometerArray(330Pixels)

AdrianLee,Berkeley

Newapproach:InterferometricBolometry
Combinethebenefitsofinterferometerswiththesensitivityofbolometers: Principleofaddinginterferometer: Measure(A+B)and(AB)=>differencegivescorrelationAB
MBIprototypeinlab,goingto PineBluffObservatory 64elementsplannedat90GHz Brown,Cardiff,LLNL,Northwestern, UCSanDiego,Richmond,Wisconsin

BRAINpathfinderatDomeC 2x256elementsplannedat90and150GHz Rome,Milano,Cardiff,APCParis, CESRToulouse,CSNSMOrsay,IASOrsay

Futuregroundbased/balloonCMBexperiments
Bolometricarrays ACT,APEX,BICEP,ClOVER, EBEX,OLIMPO,PAPPA, Polarbear,QUAD,Spider,SPT Pseudocorrelationreceivers QUIEt,BarSport Interferometers AMI,AMIBA,SZA,VSA Bolometricinterferometers
MBI,BRAIN

Alreadytakingdata Fundedandunderdevelopment Fundingpending Italics:SZ

Futuregroundbased/balloonCMBexperiments
CBIsiteatAtacamaDesert,5000maltitude

Bolometricarrays ACT,APEX,BICEP,ClOVER, EBEX,OLIMPO,PAPPA, Polarbear,QUAD,Spider,SPT Pseudocorrelationreceiver QUIEt,BarSport Interferometers AMI,AMIBA,SZA,VSA Bolometricinterferometers MBI,BRAIN
QUADatSouthPole

AtacamaDesertChile SouthPole/DomeC Balloon

Spacebased:Planck
Launchendof2008 Multifrequencycoverageinoneinstrument PseudoCorrelationreceiversforlowfrequencies 30,44,70GHz Bolometricreceiversathighfrequencies 100,143,217,353GHz

LowFrequency Instrument(LFI)

HighFrequency Instrument(HFI)

FutureCMBexperiments
(nointerferometers)

SZ SZ

SZ

SZ

*:Balloon X:Funding pending

Beware:sqrt(2)s Plotted:NEQwithNET=NEQ(Q=(TxTy)/2)

Veryfewlowfrequencyexperiments underway!

Thesearegoals/currentplansBUT:someexperimentsarenotyet(completely)funded andfuturetechnologiesarenotyetfullyestablished,donttakethenumberstooliterally! Also:SYSTEMATICS/FOREGROUNDSnottakenintoaccountinthesenumbers

FutureCMBexperiments
(nointerferometers)

Thesearegoals/currentplansBUT:someexperimentsarenotyet(completely)funded andfuturetechnologiesarenotyetfullyestablished,donttakethenumberstooliterally! Also:SYSTEMATICS/FOREGROUNDSnottakenintoaccountinthesenumbers

Reachatthetemperaturepowerspectrum

WMAP

Planck

EstimatesforPlanckandACT
Statisticaluncertaintiesonly!Resultswilldiffer!

DeOliveiraCosta

Q/UImagingExperimenTCollaboration
Chicago(KICP) Manchester Oxford Oslo MPIfRBonn

Stanford (KIPAC) Caltech JPL Columbia Princeton Miami

CAPMAP ObservationalSite

KEK

Chile(CBIsite)

AtacamaObservationalSite

5countries,12institutes,~30people

Q/UImagingExperimenT(QUIET)
InternationalCollaborationby:

Caltech(Readhead),Chicago(Winstein),Columbia(Miller),JPL(Gaier),
~1inch

Manchester(Piccirillo),Miami(Gundersen),MPIfRBonn(DS),Oslo(Eriksen), Oxford(Jones),Princeton(Staggs)

Radiometeronachip:
Automatedassembly andoptimization Largearrayof correlationpolarimeters Onlygroundbasedeffortusing coherentdetectors MeasuringQ/Usimultaneouslyin eachpixel Complementingfrequenciesfrom otherexperiments
ProducedbyJPL(basedondevelopments forPlanckLFI),ToddGaier

Window

PlansforQUIET
Installuptofournew1.4mtelescopes onCBIplatformintheAtacamaDesert(5000maltitude) Move7mtelescopetoChile

Hornarray

OrthoModeTransducers Modules,indewarelectronics

91Wbandelements 19Qbandelements

PhaseI, inChile2008 PhaseII 2009++

>500elements

Observationsatlargeandsmallscales! (resolution14/5for90GHz)

Cryostat

7mtelescopeatCrawfordHill,NJ

CBIplatform,AtacamaDesert,Chile

QUIETL/RCorrelator: SimultaneousQ/Umeasurements

Ey Ea Eb Ex

4kHz phase switching

Radiometeronachip

L=EX+iEY R=EXiEY
HEMTAmp. Phaseswitch 4kHz 180Coupler Det.Diode |LR|2+Q 90Coupler |LiR|2+U U Q

+1

Prototypearrays
QBand(44GHz) WBand(90GHz)

~2inch

~1inch

Differentialtotalpowerreceiver

Ex1+Ey2

Ex1Ey2
Phaseswitch+()

Ex1(Ey2)

Ey2(Ex1)

Ex12Ey22Ex22Ey12 Tx1Ty2Tx2Ty1

Demodulatedoutput: Ex12Ey22=Tx1Ty2

Differentialtotalpowerreceivers
10%ofthearrayspopulatedwithdifferentialtotalpowerreceivers MeasuringTbetweenneighbouredbeams, phaseswitchingreduces1/fofamplifiers Identification/characterizationofunpolarizedforegrounds CMBTTandTEmeasurements

Qband

Wband

Hornarrayandcryostat

Hornarraymade from100single plateletswhichare boundtogetherby diffusionbonding

Returnlossmeasurement

Backendwithdigitaldemodulation
Samplingat800kHz Monitorshighfrequencynoise 4kHzswitching,digitalblankinganddemodulation bymeansofanFPGA Quadrature(nulldemodulation)datasetproduced

Diodedifferencingremovesdrifts

Labmeasurements
Reflectionbymetalplate
Knownpolarization,~100mK

Metalplate (reflector)

Directmeasuresof
Responsivity Noiselevel

Cryogenic bucket

Receiver RMS~50mK (@100Hz)

sin2

~1K

Telescope/Optics
1.4mprimarymirror ResolutioninFWHM:
13arcmin(Wband) 28arcmin(Qband)

FocalPlane (Receiver)

Platelet Array

2ndMirror

Electronics Box PrimaryMirror

InheritCBImount

Mount

CBImount

~40cm

Mirrors&SupportStructure

Observationregions
Preliminarychoiceof4x400squaredegreepatches: lowforegroundregions (overlapwithQuad/EBEX/Polarbearplanned) elevationabove40degrees distributiontoallowcontinuousscanning
Kband(23GHz) WMAP5years,polarizationintensity

Mapprecisionon 1x1degreepixel:
Planck:1K(100GHz) QUIET:101K(90GHz)

CAPMAPfield

MethodologyfromHivonet.al.(2001)

PseudoClSimulation
Scanning

TOD

Recon.Map

NaveTODfilter
CMBsignal

Fast 1/fsuppression Possiblesyst. EBmix llcoupling

PseudoCl
Fast EBmix CMBpower

Detectornoise

Expectedresults forphaseI(phaseII)
EEspectrum BBspectrum(r=0.2)

50(500)Wbandreceiverswith~340Ksqrt(s)perelement 10(20)monthsobservingwith50%efficiency reachingr~102inphaseII