Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

Mark Hindmarsh
Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Sussex University

m.b.hindmarsh@sussex.ac.uk
Collaborators:
N. Bevis, M. Kunz, J. Urrestilla [astro-ph/0605018,astro-ph/0702223,0704.3800] + A. Liddle [0711.1842] S. Borsanyi [0712.0300], P. Safn [hep-th/0605014], P. Salmi [0712.0614] G. Vincent & N.Antunes, [hep-ph/9708427] G. Vincent & M. Sakellariadou [astro-ph/9612135]

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Introduction

Mass per unit length , tension T . Normally = T c2 Dynamics: acceleration curvature: wave equation, In theories of high energy physics they may be
Fundamental (string theory): zero width Solitonic (eld theory): non-zero width

Cosmic stringsa are linear distributions of mass-energy in the universe.

Made in the early universe?b t 1036 s, 1020 kg/m, w 1030 m If formed, still here: O(1) innite string, unknown distribution of closed loops
a

Hindmarsh & Kibble (1994); Vilenkin & Shellard (1994); Kibble (2004) b Kibble (1976); Zurek (1996); Rajantie (2002); Yokoyama (1989); Kofman, Linde, Starobinski (1996); Jones, Stoica, Tye (2002); Sarangi & Tye (2003); Copeland, Myers, Polchinski (2003); Dvali & Vilenkin (2003)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Two models of a universe lled with string

Small-scale string dynamics not understood: Signicant uncertainty in predictions

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Observational signals from strings Small theoretical disagreement (factor 10)

Cosmic Microwave Background, density perturbations a

Large theoretical disagreement (factor 10lots )

Gravitational radiationb Cosmic raysc Gravitational lensingd

a

Zeldovich (1980); Vilenkin (1981); Kaiser & Stebbins (1984); Landriau & Shellard (2004); Wyman et al (2005); Bevis et al (2006,2007) b Vachaspati & Vilenkin (1985); Hindmarsh (1990); Damour & Vilenkin (2000,2001,2005) c Bhattarcharjee (1990); Sigl (1996); Protheroe (1996); Berezhinksi (1997); Vincent, M.H., Sakellariadou (1998); Wichowski, MacGibbon, Brandenberger (1998) d Vilenkin (1984); Hindmarsh (1989); de Laix & Vachaspati (1996,1997)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Danger! Natural Units

= c = kB = 1

[Mass] [Length] [Time] [Temperature] Planck mass:

GeV GeV1 GeV1 GeV

1027 kg 1015 m 1024 s 1013 K

proton mass proton size proton light crossing time proton pair creation temperature

Reduced Planck mass: Grand Unication (GUT) scale : Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy :

MP = 1/ G mP = 1/ 8G MGUT ELHC

1019 GeV 1016 GeV 104 GeV

2 1018 GeV

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell Quantum elds can behave either like particles or classical waves. E.g. electromagnetic eld can behave either as a photon or a radio wave:
e e

Quantum
Low occupation number

1111 1 0000 0 1111 0000 1111 1111111 0000 0000000 1 1111111111 0 0000000000 111111111 000000000 1111111111 0000000000 111111111 000000000 1111111111 0000000000 111111111 000000000 1111111111 0000000000 111111111 000000000 1111111111 0000000000 111111111 000000000 11 00 11 Classical 00
High occupation number

Classical behaviour possible only for bosons (spin 0, 1, 2 ...).

Spin 0: scalar eld (e.g. Higgs eld) Spin 2: gravitational eld g

Spin 1: gauge eld A (e.g. electromagnetic eld)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

Cosmic string zoo: eld theory

Gauge/local string Nearest living relative: Type II superconductor ux tube

Global string Nearest living relative: superuid vortex

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

10

String theory in a nutshell

Fundamental object is a string. Strings may be open or closed. Particles are tiny strings. Different particles - different vibration modes. Strings may also be macroscopic. Superstrings have supersymmetry: fermions bosons. Superstrings live in 10 spacetime dimensions.
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Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

11

Cosmic string zoo: string theory

Fundamental strings F-strings Extended objects D-branes IIA (IIB): 2, 4, 6, 8 (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) dimensions F-strings end on D-branes, (D1 = D-string) Bound states, junctions: (p, q)-strings & morea Formation: D3-D3, tachyon eld theoryb Evolution: analytic & numerical modellingc
Copeland, Myers, Polchinski (2004); Firouzjahi, Leblond, Tye (2006); Dasgupta, Firouzjahi, Gwyn (2007); Leblond, Wyman (2007) b Sarangi & Tye (2002); Dvali & Vilenkin (2004); Barnaby, Berndsen, Cline, Stoica (2005) c Tye, Wasserman, Wyman (2005); Copeland & Safn (2006); Hindmarsh & Safn (2006)
a

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

12

Formation of strings (Kibble-Zurek) (2+1)D model Real scalar eld (x, t), symmetry

1 2 1 L = ()2 V (), 2 2 T (t) is a control parameter

(e.g. temperature, inaton)

. Lagrangian density:

1 2 1 4 2 V () = V0 (T ) + . 2 4!
V T T>T c T=T c

2 (T > Tc ) < 0, 2 (T < Tc ) > 0 Phase transition at T = Tc .

Field eqn. (Minkowski space)

T<T c

2 1 2 2 (T )+ 3 = 0 t2 3!
String solutions

+v 1/

Energy density

x0

= v tanh(x)
x

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

13

Formation of strings in 2D: numerical simulation

+ (t) 2 + (2 2 (t)) = 0
Initial conditions:

(x) Gaussian random variable on each lattice site

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Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

14

Gauge eld theories: Abelian Higgs model

S=

d4 x

D D + V () +

1 F F 4e2
V T T>T c T=T c T<T c 2 1

Complex scalar eld (x, t), vector eld A (x, t) Covariant derivative D

= + iA . 1 Potential V () = 2 (||2 v 2 )2 .
Relativistic Ginzburg-Landau

Temporal gauge (A0

= 0) eld equations
2 Di + (||2 v 2 )

= 0,

Ei + ijk j Bk ie( Di Di ) = 0, t

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

15

Vortex solutions in the Abelian Higgs model Static nite energy (2D) cylindrically symmetric:

= vf ()ei , A = a()
Energy density:

1 = |Di |2 + V + B 2 2
Magnetic eld:

B = a ()

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

16

Visualising Abelian Higgs string simulations

(Loading ...)

Isosurfaces of constant energy density. Size:

2563 , lattice spacing 0.5m1

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

17

Computing 1976 to 2008

Kibble, J. Phys A (1976): Topology of cosmic domains and strings

Best 1976: Cray 1 120 MHz 64-bit vector processor, 250 MFlops, 8 MB RAM

583 requires 7.8 MB

Our simulations on Cosmos 152 1.6GHz Itanium2, 790 GFlops, 456GB RAM

10243 requires 40 GB
Best 2008: Blue Gene/L 106,496 700MHz PowerPC, 478 TFlops, 74TB RAM

81923 requires 20 TB

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

18

COSMOS UK National Cosmology Computer 148 1.6Ghz Itanium II 444 Gb

Visualisation

COSMOS

SAN XFS server

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

19

Parallel simulations of eld theories: LATeld

Public C++ library of objects for parallel classical lattice eldsa Rewrite of MDP/FermiQCDb Objects:
Lattice: Takes care of boundary conditions and domain decomposition Field: Template - can have real, complex, user-dened object. Site: Accesses elements of eld

Parallelisation by compiler switch

a

Bevis & Hindmarsh http://www.lateld.org/ b Massimo di Pierro et al., http://www.fermiqcd.net/

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

20

Abelian Higgs model simulations: string length scale

L/V 2 Network scale: = (V /L) Hence

Scaling: Lattice spacing: Time step: Volume: Couplings: Masses:

Matter era
80 70 60 1024 data = 0.267t 45.3
3

x = 0.5

50 40 30 20 10

t = 0.1 10243 = 2, e = 1 ms = mv

50

100

150

200

250

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

21

String network scaling hypothesis

String network characteristic scale (= String energy density: s / 2 Total energy density: t 1/Gt2 : String density fraction: s G/x2 Grand Unication: G 106
Scaling: extrapolate from ti

V /L, i.e. average curvature radius)

Network scaling hypothesis: = x t (x constant O(1))

1036 s to t0 3 1017 s today

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

22

Modelling cosmic superstrings Field theory model with junctionsa

SU (2) U (1) Z3
(global symmetry)
40 30 20 10 0 0 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

d/dt

0.5

0 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

time
a

Hindmarsh & Safn (2006)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

23

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

24

Strings and the Cosmic Microwave Background

200 < T < 200 K

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

25

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

26

Angular power spectrum C

Multipole moments:

alm = Cl =

dT (n)Ylm (n)

Angular power spectrum:

1 2l+1

|alm |2

Anisotropy power:

l(l + 1)Cl /(2)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

27

Explanation - Ination

Energy density of Universe dominated by homogeneous scalar eld (t) Scalar eld equation: + 3H + V () = 0 Friedmann equation: H 2 = 8G (V () + 1 2 )
3 2
V ( t,x) _ (t ) a(t)

Accelerated expansion: a(t) thuge , Quantum uctuations in eld: (x) = (t) + (t, x)

Slow roll || ||: overdamped evolution

Quantum uctuations in energy density: (t, x) = V ()(t, x)

(t,x )

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

28

Ination (Power-law CDM): just 6 numbers CMB angular power spectrum C Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hubble parameter Baryon density fraction Total matter density fraction Optical depth to last scattering Perturbation amplitude Perturbation tilt
inf = C (H0 , b , m , , As , ns )

CDM H0 (km/s/MPc) 100b 100m 1010 A2 s ns 4.2 0.2 74 3

0.093 0.029 0.961 0.017 22 2

24.0 1.7

NB Ination gives

dh

= 1 m NB Matter perturbations = A2 (dh /dh0 )1ns , dh = Horizon distance s

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

29

Ination + strings: just 7 (or 6) numbers

string inf C = C (H0 , b , m , , As , ns ) + C (G)

Parameter

CDM 73 4.2 24.0 0.092 22 0.958

+strings

HZ+strings

H0 (km/s/MPc) 100b m 1010 A2 s ns f10 2

Evidence

0 1

82 3.7 17.9 0.11 20 1.00 0.099 3.9 1.2 0.1

82 3.7 17.9 0.11 20 1 0.099 3.9 7.3 1.2 =1

NB HZ = Harrizon-Zeldovich model of scale-free perturbations ns NB f10

(G)2 , amplitude-squared of string-induced perturbations

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

30

Abelian Higgs string C s vs. WMAP3 and BOOMERanG

6000 5000 l(l+1) Cl / 2 [K2] 4000 3000 2000 1000 String contribution Inflation bestfit Inflation+strings WMAP (binned) BOOMERANG

Multipole moments:

alm =

dT (n)Ylm (n)

Angular power spectrum:

l X 1 |alm |2 Cl = 2l + 1 m=l
200 0 200

Anisotropy power:

10

100

500 l

1000

1500

l(l + 1)Cl /(2)

Top: Strings normalised to WMAP3 (

a

= 10)a

Bottom: Differences from best-t CDM

Bevis, Hindmarsh, Kunz, Urrestilla (2006)

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

31

Results slide for string-o-philes Fit to CMB data (WMAP3, Boomerang, CBI, ACBAR, VSA)a

G = (0.65 0.10) 106

Ingredients for a stringy universe:

Hubble parameter H0 = 82 km s1 Mpc1 Baryon fraction b = 3.7 102 Scale-invariant (Harrison-Zeldovich) power spectrum ns = 1
a

Classical Abelian Higgs model

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

32

Results slide for string-o-phobes Fit to CMB (7 parameters)a + Hubble Key Project (H0

= 72 8 km s1 Mpc1 ) = 2.14 0.20 102 )

+ D abundance & Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (b h2

G < 0.7 106 (95%)

a

Classical Abelian Higgs model

Is the Universe held together with cosmic string?

PMF, University of Ni , 29/8/08 s

Mark Hindmarsh (Sussex)

33

Conclusions

Strings are common in high energy physics theories If strings were every formed, they would still be here. Field theory calculations of string Cosmic Microwave Background signal Results:
(CMB only t) G

(CMB + Hubble + BBN) G <

= 0.65 0.10 106 (ns = 1, high b h2 , h) 0.7 106 (95% C.L.) < < 700:

Strings improve CMB in range 300

Technology spin-off: parallel N -dimensional eld theory simulations: LATeld Future: WMAP 5-year data, Planck CMB space mission launch 2008. Future: distinguishing between superstrings and eld theory strings?