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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal’s
Chemistry 12 Lab Book
Course: SCH4U
2008/2009
MACLACHLAN COLLEGE
Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
Table of Contents
(Click on the lab you want go to and it will take you directly there. While viewing the lab, click on its title to go back to the table of contents)
Page No.
Lab One - Determining the Chemical Formula for a Copper Chloride Hydrate Compound .............................................................. 3
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
n = number of moles
m = mass of substance
Mr = molar mass of substance
If those highlighted coefficients were not there, the original reaction would have lost two atoms
of hydrogen and gained one atom of oxygen. Balancing equations are very important in stoichiometry
because not only does it follow the laws of conservation of mass, it also reveals to the chemist the
number of moles needed to create such a reaction. This also shows the mole ratio of each element to
another in the reaction.
Physical properties of a substance are characteristics that do not change the chemical nature of
matter. They can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Subsequently,
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
chemical properties of a substance are characteristics that change the chemical nature of matter. Some
examples of physical properties are appearance, texture, color, odour, melting point, boiling point,
density, solubility, and polarity. Some examples of chemical properties include electronegativity,
ionization potential, pH balance, reactivity against other chemical substances, heat of combustion,
enthalpy of formation, toxicity, chemical stability, flammability, preferred oxidation state(s),
coordination number, and malleability.
It is important to know in this experiment when determining the empirical formula, the values
being calculated will follow the skeleton of: CuxCly · zH2O. In this case x, y, and z are integers which,
when known, establish the formula of the compound. When expressing the formula of a compound like
this one, where water molecules remain intact within the compound, it is imperative that the formula of
the whole H2O be retained. It will just be a coefficient determining the number of water molecules
copper chloride combines with.
Safety Precautions
Since it was unknown which form of copper chloride was used, the MSDS information for both copper (I)
chloride and copper (II) chloride are provided.
Copper (I) Chloride: Copper (I) Chloride (CuCl) is harmful when swallowed and should not common in
contact with eyes, skin, or clothing. It should be kept in a tightly closed
container. Hands should also be washed thoroughly after handling. Copper (I)
Chloride may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It may also
cause gastrointestinal discomfort. The one precaution to be taken when
handling or storing Copper (I) Chloride is to keep the container it is in tight
closed. It is also suitable for any general chemical storage area. This compound
should be disposed in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local
regulations.
Copper (II) Chloride: Copper (II) Chloride (CuCl2) is harmful when swallowed and should not common
in contact with eyes, skin, or clothing. It should be kept in a tightly closed
container. Hands should also be washed thoroughly after handling. Copper (II)
Chloride may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It may also
cause gastrointestinal discomfort. The one precaution to be taken when
handling or storing Copper (II) Chloride is to keep the container it is in tight
closed. It is also suitable for any general chemical storage area. This compound
should be disposed in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local
regulations.
Ethanol: Exposure to ethanol 95% (C2H5OH) in concentrations below 1000 ppm usually
produces no signs of intoxication. Exposure to concentrations over 1000 ppm
may cause headaches, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and if continued
for an hour, drowsiness and lassitude, loss of appetite and inability to
concentrate. This material should be kept in an area suitable for the storage of
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
Hydrochloric Acid: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) causes severe burns and may be fatal if inhaled or
swallowed. The vapor is extremely irritating. Hydrochloric acid may cause
damage to the respiratory passages and lungs, irritation to the eyes, skin,
respiratory tract, and can cause gastrointestinal discomfort. This compound
should be kept in a container that is tightly closed, in a cool, well ventilated area
away from incompatible materials. Hydrochloric acid should be disposed in
accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations.
When carrying out this experiment, goggles and aprons must be worn at all times. Rubber gloves should
also be worn when handling certain chemicals. Long hair should be tied back because an open flame is
being used.
Aim
To review a large a number of chemistry 11 techniques and concepts including: molar stoichiometry,
writing chemical equations, balancing, writing formula, and determining empirical formula.
Purpose
Determine the formula for a copper chloride hydrate compound. Include the moles of the hydrate.
Method
1. Massed a clean, dry crucible, without a cover, accurately on the analytical balance and recorded
the mass (in grams) in the data table.
2. Placed 1.00 gram of unknown hydrated copper chloride in the crucible. Broke up any sizable
crystal particles by pressing them against the wall of the crucible. Then massed the crucible and
its contents accurately. Recorded the results in the data table.
3. Placed the uncovered crucible on the clay triangle supported by an iron ring.
4. Lit the Bunsen burner away from the crucible and then adjusted the flame so it was 5-10cm
away from the bottom of the crucible. See Figure 1.
5. Gently heated the crucible so that all the green crystals completely changed to a brown colour.
Heated the sample to a constant mass. See Figure 1.
6. Allowed the sample to cool for 10-15 minutes before massing it. Once cooled, recorded the
mass of the crucible (in grams) in the data table. The mass of the evaporated water was found
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
through simple subtraction. The lid of the crucible was put on while being cooled to minimize
rehydration, but ensured the lid was off when massing.
7. Transferred the brown crystals (anhydrous copper chloride) in the crucible to a 50 mL beaker.
Rinsed out the crucible with 16 mL of distilled water. The anhydrous copper chloride dissolved
in the distilled water.
8. Swirled the beaker around to completely dissolve the crystals.
9. Placed a strip of aluminum wire of 0.25 grams into the beaker so that it was completely
immersed.
10. Recorded qualitative observations of what occurred between the aluminum wire and solution
with the copper chloride in the data table.
11. Added a few drops of 6M of HCl to dissolve any insoluble aluminum salts and to clear up the
solution. This also helped to wash the metal deposits off the aluminum wire.
12. Set up a gravity filter by folding a piece of filter paper conically and placing it in a funnel, which
was then placed inside a beaker.
13. Allowed the solution to filter through into the beaker, leaving only and unknown mass of copper
in the filter paper.
14. Placed a few drops of 95% ethanol into the gravity filter to ensure that only copper was left in
the filter.
15. Removed the filter paper with the copper from the funnel and placed it on a glass disk inside the
incubator to dry for two days.
16. Massed the filter paper with the copper. Subtracted the mass of the filter paper and glass disk
from the total mass to obtain the mass of the copper in grams.
Iron ring
Retort stand
Flame
Bunsen burner
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
Materials
Data Collection
Table 2 – Table of Masses and Calculated Empirical Formula (quantitative) * Calculations shown in the section below
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
The values for Table 2 were calculated through simple subtraction. The mass of the water was
calculated by massing the crucible before and after dehydration and subtracting the two values. The
mass of copper was calculated through gravity filtering it through filter paper and the mass of the filter
paper was subtracted to determine the mass. Therefore, chlorine was determined through adding the
masses of copper and water and then subtracting it from the initial mass, which was 1.00g.
Hydrochloric acid was used to remove any remnant copper that was still on the aluminum
Removing Copper from Aluminum
foil. As the hydrochloric acid was dropped on the aluminum strip, it reacted immediately
Strip with Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
and was vigorous.
Table 3 – Qualitative Table of Observations
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
Mole Calculations
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
The evidence and calculations above demonstrate a very concise argument that shows the
empirical and chemical formula of the unknown copper chloride hydrate was:
The number of moles calculated is approximately exact to the number of moles calculated in
when determining the chemical formula. This is further proof that chemical formula for the unknown
copper chloride hydrate compound was: CuCl2 · 2H2O
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Sukhkaran Dhaliwal Chemistry 12 Lab Book 2008/2009
Cook Book
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