Ideal Tesla Magnifier System

Ideal Tesla Magnifier System

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Ideal Tesla Magnifier System Spiral & Solenoid Combination Coil Flat Spiral Secondary and Longitudinal Waves Trifilar Wye Secondary Coil Tesla Magnifier Experiment Magnetic Quenching Experiment Bilfilar Electromagnet Experiment Bucking Magnet Experiment Fluorescent Tube Battery Electrolytic Rectifier Tesla Propulsion QADI Lab Periodic Tables
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In the above pulse graphic, two radiating circles expanding outward and toward each other and then contract while moving away from each other. The movement scans an area representing the pulse. Visualize the area between opposing pairs of circles as the surface of an imaginary cylinder (not shown, but inferred.) The area of the cylinder is equal to the total power of the field in a Tesla coil. We visualize this mathematically by looking at the electric and magnetic fields of the electromagnetic pulse for the case of a flat spiral coil. Electric field strength is = E / d Volts per meter E is the potential in Volts and d is the distance between two potentials. Similarly, magnetic field strength is H = F m / l Ampere turns per meter
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where l is the length of the field line and magnetomotive force Fm is F m = I N Ampere-turns
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The formula for calculating the length of wire in a flat spiral coil is l = 2 x R avg x N Where l is the length of wire, R avg is the average radius of the coil, and N is the number of turns. Thus N / l = 1 / (2 x R avg) and H = I / 2 x R avg To get the total field power P f = x H or P f = V x I / 2 x R avg x d Watts per cylinder Where 2 x R avg x d is a cylinder as inferred in the diagram above.
From this, the nature of longitudinal waves in a flat spiral coil can be understood. The longitudinal wave is represented by current and circumference of the radius. It is clear the longitudinal component of the flat spiral coil remains in the coil at all times. In actuality, the full length of the flat spiral secondary fills up with charge much like a hose fills up with water. The "crest" of the water wave in the hose corresponds with the longitudinal "head" of the wave. Each time the head of the wave makes one full circle, it would appear from a radius perspective that a beat had occurred in the expansion of the wave from its center toward the outer winding. The sum of all circumferences of the radii of the coil (same as total wire length of coil) is what I call the "stroke". curr = coulomb 2 / sec stroke = meter / coulomb2 velc = meter / sec velc = curr x stroke Where velc is the velocity of the total electron magnetic charge. As the current flows through the flat spiral coil, the energy of each successive winding adds in the direction of the propagation of the pulse. This is seen in the pulse model as the x axis and the units are in meters per second which is equal to the current times stroke. The potential in a flat spiral coil is not linear. Just as the magnetic field is equal to current divided by 2 times average radius, the electric field is equal to potential divided by vertical distance between two opposite charges. In a flat spiral coil oriented parallel to the surface of the earth, a negative charge builds under the coil and a positive charge builds above the coil. It is the free distance above and below the coil that increases the energy potential and allows the energy to penetrate the permeability of the surrounding space. But since the flat spiral coil is a closed system of copper atoms, the charge reaches the end of the wire, and since the charge is practically incompressible, the charge momentum immediately reverses direction and heads for the center of the flat spiral coil. At the maximum outer windings of the flat spiral coil the cylinder defined by total power of the electromagnetic field is spread out, but as the coil radius becomes minimum the cylinder representing the total power would like to expand along the z axis. In a flat spiral coil, the z axis is only one winding high. This causes the power at the center to have high current and relatively
low potential compared to a solenoid coil. Due to the nature of the expanding cylinder of total field power, it can be seen that a flat spiral coil wound completely to the center of the coil will have the greatest effect on the voltage as the stroke will be the shortest and hence the current will be in its most dense state. From the point of view of the total power output in the coil, the power will be mostly transferred to potential if the flat spiral coil is wound to the center. But a flat spiral coil wound completely to the center, of itself, can only produce a high rate of current because there is no distance along the z axis for the voltage to travel in. So to effect the most efficient and most complete transfer of power between current and voltage a coil must be wound with both a flat spiral secondary and tall solenoid secondary connected to each other. This configuration happens to be the ideal "magnifier" setup used by Nikola Tesla in his World Transmitter System. By placing a coil of small radius and tall height in the center of the flat spiral coil, the optimum condition for transferring the energy of declining radius is presented to the charge. Now as the charge declines in radius and tends to increase in distance from the coil, the distance of the charge will expand along the tall solenoid and each successive turn will add to the potential thus allowing the charge to penetrate the surrounding permeability with great force. The momentum of the expanding potential is such that it has the force to electrostatically induce movement into surrounding charged particles. This can cause radio waves. Per the Aether Physics Model, the rotational component of the flat spiral coil's current occurs as the head of the charge moves from the center winding to the outer winding and back. There is also a rotational component radiating from the wire's circumference. The rotational component is further maintained by the solenoid between the top winding and lower winding. In effect, the cylinder defined by the total field power rotates as a single unit in one direction when the potential is declining and in the opposite direction when the potential is increasing. It would follow that in certain cases a spiral effect would be noticeable in the discharge of the upper solenoid terminal. Such rotational effects have been noticed by several coilers. In Tesla's Wardencliffe magnifier, the frequency of the flat spiral coil was tuned to the resonant frequency of the earth. The solenoid was wound to oscillate at many times the frequency of the earth such that it would generate high potential. The high potential of the solenoid helped drive the current in the flat spiral coil just as the current in the flat spiral coil helped drive the solenoid. The high potential creates a strong electrostatic charge at the top of the coil and away from the ground. When the coil system is slightly detuned, the electrostatic charge begins
to oscillate up and down the coil and acts like an electrostotatic pump. When the frequency of the rising and falling electrostatic field is equal to the Earth's resonant frequency (Schumann resonance), the Earth's electrostatic field comes into resonance. It was this resonance of the electrostatic field that made wireless power transmission possible. Today, this wireless power transmission scheme is being applied to computers, cell phones, and other devices with low power requirements. tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Flat Spiral and Solenoid Combination Coil
Journal for Combination Flat Spiral and Solenoid Secondary Coil

March 25, 2002 Today I tested a combination flat spiral and solenoid coil consisting of a flat spiral: My Research
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Diameter - 25.25" Wire Gage - 12 Turns - 144 (counted) Center Post - 1/4" brass threaded rod Coating - 3 layers polyurethane and 2 layers Envirotex Lite polymer coating Inductance - 4.42mH (measured)
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And a solenoid coil:

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Diameter - 1.3125" Length - 27.5" Wire Gage - 21 Turns - 947 (calculated at 98%) Coating - 3 layers polyurethane and top half covered with one layer of Envirotex Lite Inductance - 2.03mH (measured)
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The total inductance measured with the solenoid coil connected to the center winding of the flat spiral coil was 6.93mH. The frequency was measured with a frequency generator, voltmeter, and oscilloscope at 428KHz. While measuring the frequency I noticed many unusual wave patterns. Most of the wave forms did not look like a sine wave at all. There would be a sudden peak followed by a partial gradual decline and then a sudden drop to the opposite polarity peak. It was more like a sharp pulse than a sine wave.
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Total secondary capacitance was back-calculated at 19.95pF. This included the 4" diameter copper ball seen below. The primary capacitor is .009uFand the primary coil can be tapped from 7uH to 22uH and was tapped at 15uH for this test run. The primary capacitance and inductance were measured. The spark gap is an air cooled 8 point series gap with only two gaps used. Beyond the coating on the flat spiral coil there are also to 1/4" thick Plexiglas disks between the primary and flat spiral coils. This was found to be necessary due to arcing through the Plexiglas. Now there is no arcing directly between the flat spiral and primary coils. The bottom lead of the solenoid coil is connected to the center lead of the flat spiral coil. The outer lead of the flat spiral coil is connected to ground. Below is a picture of the secondary setup...
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The solenoid coil was wound specifically to be 3 times the wire length of the flat spiral coil. It wasn't clear to me before starting the winding whether the resonance would be two separate waves or one continuous wave. Also, my goal was to have the flat spiral be the main resonator and then hopefully there would be 3 of the flat spiral waves in the solenoid coil. During the calculation and tuning process, however, I decided to start with the resonance of the total system. Before doing more exotic tests, I felt it important to apply standard Tesla coil operating techniques to get a benchmark. Using the above parameters and tuning for 428KHz, I got output as seen below...
There was nothing particularly striking with the output of this setup other than the pattern of electric jets (I incorrectly called these streamers at first) from the copper ball. The electric jets were straight and occurred consistently from the same positions. They did not dance around like streamers on a solenoid-only coil behaves. In fact, the output of the flat spiral / solenoid combination resembled that of a plasma ball under high pressure but without the rarefied gas effect. The electric jets were not particularly long and varied from 2 to 4 inches. One other interesting observation is that even though the spark gap ran continuously, the length of the electric jet output varied. After making a few adjustments for closer resonance the electric jets dropped back to less than an inch in length and expanded out to 5" in length. There was no particular rhythm to this expansion and contraction effect. It almost seemed as though the coil was responding to the electric field in the ground connection or surrounding atmosphere, or both. In the section of the solenoid covered with polymer coating, there were no corona discharges. But in the lower part of the solenoid coil, specific locations emitted a jet of ions and generally glowed with corona. I was shocked (literally) to find out that a solenoid coil could hold a substantial charge for several minutes after the coil was turned off and even removed from the system. In one case I stroked my fingers along the coil and received a shock about midway down. Another time I removed the solenoid from the flat spiral to make an adjustment. The connection between the two is via a copper alligator clip. When I touched the alligator clip I received a shock while removing the coil. About 30 seconds later after receiving the shock and with the coil disconnected I touched the alligator clip again and received another shock. Not being amused I moved the alligator clip in contact with a ground wire to drain any remaining energy. After touching the alligator
clip to the ground wire for a couple seconds I touched the clip with my hand again and received yet another shock. All three shocks were of considerable charge. After running the above tests, I connected a 30" flat disk to the bottom of the flat spiral coil center lead. The rest of the coil remained in the same configuration. The lower disk did not diminish performance much. But there were ion leaks around the disk which did slightly reduce the output at the copper ball. With the copper ball removed there was still discharge in the same pattern but emanating from the 1/4" brass threaded rod. I'm going to disassemble the coil tonight and coat the disks, copper ball and solenoid coil with another layer of polymer coating. I'll also try to find something to use for immersing the capacitors in oil. When I start the coil up again tomorrow night I'll try to tune to the resonant frequency of the flat spiral coil alone and see if I can get four wavelengths in the combination system. [I never got around to this experiment as I began looking into the physics involved.] tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Flat Spiral Secondary and Longitudinal Wave Experiments
Flat Spiral Secondary and Longitudinal Waves Experiment

Reflecting on the nature of longitudinal waves, it occurred to me that a flat spiral secondary coil produces most of its power in the outer windings of the coil. This prevents a peak of high potential on the terminal capacitance. Using the schematic below with a 13" single wound coil, 3.5 turns of RG59 coax as the primary, two .054F capacitors, a magnetically quenched static spark gap, and 15KV 60mA NST, I setup a flat spiral Tesla coil.
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Here are the parts used in this experiment. In the background and on the pedestal in the image below is the single wound coil as I started with. In the foreground is a 30" aluminum disk encased in acrylic resin. There is an insulated wire leading out from the bottom of the aluminum disk. This disk is electrostatically sealed to prevent electrons from leaking out. The purpose of this disk is to act like a jug full of air, except that it will fill up with an alternating density of electrons. The plasma ball on the disk is sometimes used with it's own power on, sometimes used with the single wound coil power through it, and sometimes with both, as will be indicated. I used my handy flat plate capacitor stand to hold the copper ball in some experiments.
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A couple years ago, when experimenting with plasma balls, I noticed they appeared to produce longitudinal waves out the side of the glass. I supposed the waves were longitudinal due to their nature in lighting fluorescent tubes. The tubes, when lit by the plasma ball, showed signs of pulses or standing waves in the light pattern. Also, the voltage coming out of the fluorescent tube was obviously potent and of high frequency, but I could not get it to induce into a stepdown transformer. So when I started this experiment I thought perhaps the plasma ball will help me to identify longitudinal waves. Now these experiments are just for exploration of concepts and ideas. As I discover real effects that warrant further study, then I will propose more scientific experiments aimed at getting answers. In this setup below I have the plasma ball powered by its wall transformer and positioned between two flat aluminum disks. The aluminum disks capture electrical waves from the plasma ball. The the leads from each flat plate go to the flat spiral secondary on the stand in the back. There is no power from the the Tesla coil in this exhibit. The 1" fluorescent tube is laid over the diameter of the flat spiral. Although at first, the photo makes it appear as the tube was fully lit, in reality the tube was much darker in the middle. This photo was taken in the dark,
so the camera over exposed the dark area on the 1" tube. This is significant because the tube was brightest over the outer windings of the coil, where the potential is expected to be greater. One might think that because the potential is higher in the outer windings it would explain why the light was dim in the middle. However...
As can be seen below, when the tube is placed from the center of the coil along any radius, the tube is fully illuminated from the inside of the coil outward.
This suggests that longitudinal waves are developed in the fluorescent tube. In the first photo the longitudinal waves were produced in opposite directions, causing the center of the tube to dim where the longitudinal waves neutralized each other. In the second photo, it is clear that the tube will fully illuminate from the center of the coil outward as all the longitudinal waves are in the same direction. Before doing this experiment, I was reflecting on the nature of longitudinal waves. It would appear from my earlier research that longitudinal waves do not have an electromotive force. The potential component of the pulse is in the transverse portion of the wave. The transverse portion of the wave damps out rather quickly, yet the longitudinal component remains until the energy of the pulse is absorbed by matter or another field. So if the potential component of the wave is unimportant and the design of the coil is such as to encourage longitudinal waves, then the secondary ground would not be important to the operation of the coil. This proved to be true. I was able to get the same results whether the secondary ground was connected or not. I
found I could get approximately 40% better results if I ran the coil in bipolar fashion, with the outer lead turned toward the terminal lead. This is what I got below...
The spark in the photo above is about 3.5" long. It appeared to be producing discharges mostly in the ultraviolet range. If the wire were held back further a purple glow would develop and there would be lots of hissing. A corona in the form of a cone would emanate from both the wire and the terminal post.
Connecting a copper ball to the terminal does not increase the spark length. But it does cause sharper sparks and a broader pattern of discharge from the outer lead.
Adding a copper ball to the outer lead really defines the arc between the inner and outer leads. This coil lends itself well to bipolar operation. Next I wanted to see if each ball was radiating the same amount and type of energy. When I brought the fluorescent tube to the outer lead ball, there was little to no action in terms of sparks...
When the tube was brought near the terminal ball, all kinds of sparks shot out...
The ball on the outer lead is the ball I would expect longitudinal waves to emit from, the ball on the terminal is the ball I would expect strong electrostatic charges to emit from. This warrants further measurements. I will need to hook up an oscilloscope to these balls and attempt to get a waveform for each. The plasma ball exhibits and conclusion are on page 2.
tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Flat Spiral Secondary Trifilar Wind (Wye Coil)
Journal for Trifilar (Wye Coil) High Voltage Oscillator Experiments

1/23/02 5:35 PM Inspired by Nikola Teslas high voltage oscillators built with flat spirals, I have been practicing construction techniques for making them. To date I have built single wound, 2 wire parallel wound flat spiral coils, and a three wire wye wound coil. It is with this 3 wire wye coil that I made a significant discovery. Below is the schematic for the coil
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Here is a picture of the wye coil
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There are three wires wound in parallel on this coil. Three wires form separate ground leads at the perimeter of the coil and are joined at the center for a single terminal lead. The inspiration for this coil came from an old J.L. Naudin web page. A picture of the coil is below:
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My purpose for winding this coil was to produce a rotating magnetic field in my alternative energy experiments; similar to the vortex J.L. Naudin was working with. After not having any luck with the pulsed trigger in the schematics above I sought to trigger the wye coil with a Tesla primary coil. My thought was that by connecting the three wires from the wye coil to the ends and middle of the primary I might get an oscillating magnetic field in the wye coil. As seen in the photo below, I made the connections for a standard Tesla coil using a single thoriated tungsten spark gap, 15KV NST, six .324 mica caps connected in series and 3.75 turns of copper tubing for my
primary circuit. I tapped the primary at both extremes of the tubing to start with. The secondary winding was connected to the same extreme points as the primary plus the third wire was connected to the calculated middle of the primary tubing. The terminal was allowed to operate with no load and then with a copper ball. Before assembling the coil in this manner, I tested the wye coil for its resonating frequency using a digital 20MHz oscilloscope and an audio frequency generator. The resonant peak for this coil extended from 50KHz to 100KHz, a very wide range. I checked this several times and the results were the same each time. I measured the inductance of each coil at 6.20mH, 6.23mH, and 6.25mH. The resistance of each coil was about 5.1Ohms. The diameter of the coil is 13.75 and is wound with three strands of 21-gage wire, joined at the center of the coil. I assumed that if the resonant frequency range were correct, then it would be easy to oscillate this coil. It did seem plausible that the wye coil configuration was responsible for the wide resonance frequency range. So when choosing the values for the primary capacitor and primary inductance, I used what was readily available and figured I could tune later.
When the system was powered up I saw the spark across the spark gap, but something seemed amiss. It almost appeared as though I wasnt getting anything other than a short circuit across the gap. After a few moments it occurred to me why I thought this. The spark gap was only barely audible in contrast to the loud hissing noise usually accompanying a disruptive spark gap. I brought a neon tube near the bare terminal of the coil and there were sparks. The sparks were up to 1.5 in length. I thought this pretty good for a system not tuned.
This is when the gravity of my experiment started setting in. I just realized that I have produced perhaps the very first multiphase Tesla coil in the world and not only did it resonate easily, but the spark gap was very quiet. I had just invented a more efficient high voltage, high potential transformer. Below is a photo of this setup in action
I then placed the copper ball on top for a load
The above pictures were taken with such lighting that the sparks could not be seen. This picture below was taken under more favorable conditions for capturing the spark in the image, but the overall quality is a bit fuzzy
Here is a close-up of the thoriated tungsten spark gap. Notice how simple the design and how smooth and light the spark is
Another great advantage of this coil arrangement was that the transformer, capacitors, spark gap and secondary all worked at cool temperatures. There was no usual heating to any of the components even after several minutes of continuous operation. This alone is sufficient evidence of the efficiency of this coil design. Im beginning to see its potential as a power supply for lasers, MRIs, ultrasonic cleaners, and other devices requiring high voltages. More experiments with this coil will follow in the coming days. I will attempt to fine tune and try to get larger sparks. I will also continue to look for the vortex I originally sought. 1/24/02 3:37 PM Today I calculated the capacitance necessary to ring the primary circuit at between 50KHz and 100KHz. The primary inductance on just the copper coil was 12.0H and for the copper coil with wires to the capacitors the inductance was 15.3H. Using one capacitor bank of six .324F to make .054F capacitance and connecting this in parallel
with a .051F capacitor to get .105F this would put the primary resonance at around 125KHz. On trying the system, I could not get enough energy to ignite the spark gap. In an attempt at finding out whether or not my measurement of the resonant frequency was correct, I connected all the capacitors in series to come up with .026F and thus increased the resonant frequency to 252KHz. This produced sparks of about 1.5 inches. Then, noticing I had two capacitors of very similar capacitance, I rearranged the circuit such that the spark gap was parallel to the NST and split the capacitance between the two lines feeding the primary coil. I also placed a strong magnetic field around the spark gap using two large NIB magnets. The ground was connected to one side of the spark gap. The coil put out about 3 to 4 inches of spark between the terminal capacitor and a fluorescent tube I was holding. Unlike previous experiments, I could clearly feel the high frequency electricity flowing through my hand and arm. Also, unlike previous experiments my computer speakers output a tremendous amount of noise, even though the spark gap was quiet. I tried connecting the ground to the center tap of the secondary coil, but the spark gap wouldnt ignite under this condition. When connecting a ground in proximity to the terminal capacitance to obtain a spark, I get a fairly good spark (about 5) but then the feedback shuts down the spark gap. If the ground is removed, the oscillations will eventually startup again. Continuing with the split capacitor layout and getting 3 sparks to the fluorescent tube I brought the tube a little too close to the terminal capacitance and the spark gap extinguished again. I decided to try the experiment again without the terminal capacitance to see the effect. The spark gap was still extinguished when I brought the power up so I touched the center of the secondary coil with the fluorescent tube a few times. On the third touch the spark gap happened to come to life and a high frequency current went through my body with enough energy to noticeably burn the left side of my left foot (furthest away from the coil) as it sought a ground through my bare wood floor. I could only feel the current in my hand and as it exited my foot and there was no noticeable sensation in between. Im now curious just how much power is coming out of the center of the secondary. I need to find a way to measure this. As an afterthought, I decided to run the coil with the magnetically quenched spark gap and then with exact same spacing but without the magnets. Not only did the coil produce brighter and stronger sparks with
the magnetically quenched gap, but the spark length and intensity of secondary output actually increased over time. The further I brought the tube away from the center of the secondary, the more energy would build up to reach the tube. And the sparks would continue to shoot out at that distance. Further, the intensity of the charge between the tube and the secondary appeared to increase with time as well. 1/25/02 2:06 PM Today I drew a schematic of the most recent coil above
Noting that the direct coupling might be preventing the resonant rise I would like to see, I wound another primary, parallel to the copper tubing. I wound this coil out of RG 59/U coax cable. The setup is represented by this schematic
Even though the secondary was not grounded and the leads were not connected to each other, I was seeing 2.5 sparks between the terminal capacitance and a fluorescent tube. At this point, the extra primary winding was not connected to anything. When the system was allowed to run with no load on the terminal for about 30 seconds and then the fluorescent tube was brought near a spark of 5 would shoot across. Both during the loading of the terminal with the fluorescent tube and without, occasional sparks were seen jumping from the extra primary coil to the terminal across the top of the Plexiglas. These sparks appeared to build in intensity the longer the coil operated. Next I connected the three wye coil wires together, still isolated from ground and not connected to either of the primaries. The schematic was like this
The results were not much different from the previous experiment. It is important to remember that in all these experiments there is inductive coupling between the primary and secondary. The schematics only show the nature of the direct connection, but not of the coupling. Next I connected the secondary to ground as here
The sparks gained in intensity and length.

Now I connected the three flat spiral 3 wire parallel wound wye secondary coil leads to the extra primary coil; tapping the extra primary at both ends and in the middle. There is no ground to earth in this setup as seen here
The number of streamers is still abundant, but the length is shorter than last time. When connecting the center tapped secondary lead to ground, however, the streamers are even longer than before and more intense. The spark length is just over 3 as seen below
Not only are the streamers longer, but now there are streamers breaking out across the top of the coil from the extra primary (copper tube) to the center of the secondary. One such streamer can barely be seen in the above photo just below the fluorescent tube and at the top corner of the black tape. The streamers were much brighter and appeared to cross the full radius of the secondary in actuality. Also there was a noticeable shock coming through the fluorescent tube into my hand. The ground was also connected to the ends of the extra primary as seen here
The sparks were similar in appearance to the center tapped ground as seen in the previous arrangement, but the sparks through my arm were negligible. When the secondary was connected with all three leads to one side of the extra primary, as below, the results were negative. The spark gap would not stay lit and the extra primary shorted to the secondary.
I also connected the secondary ground to the opposite side of the spark gap from the primary ground as shown below
The above configuration worked just as well as the previous configuration where both grounds were connected to the same side. All the above experiments were conducted on a circuit that was not properly tuned for maximum resonance. It is assumed that a properly tuned circuit with a more efficient spark gap would produce greater spark lengths. But the above circuits to show how the configuration affects performance. 1/26/02 11:16 PM I needed a reference point for figuring the coil resonance. So I calculated the total wire length of the coil at 434.6ft. This is based on a 13.75 total diameter coil with a machine screw as the inside diameter. The quarterwave resonance for this length of wire is 565.571Khz. Using the primary inductance of the copper tubing at 15.5H I calculated the total primary capacitance at .005F. When replacing the .05F capacitors from above with .01F capacitors, I get the .005F capacitance. When I fired up the coil I only got about 1/8 spark from the secondary when the fluorescent tube was held to it. Connecting to .01F capacitors in parallel and then using these two sets of capacitors in series to end up with .01F, I received about sparks from the secondary terminal. It is apparent that the coil resonates at a fairly low frequency, probably close to the measurements taken with the oscilloscope and frequency generator.
When I connected two .324F capacitors in the circuit to get .162F, the 15KV 60mA NST could not push the circuit. Ill have to look into more power or set the gaps tighter. 1/26/02 11:35 PM Tightening the gap didnt help. Tomorrow Ill check to see if I have a stronger transformer. 1/27/02 3:59:18 PM I couldnt find my power transformer so I continued working with the 15KV NST. Today I experimented by connecting the center tapped secondary wire straight to ground, without center tapping the extra primary. The sparks were the same either way, indicating that there was no action taking place in the center tapped wire. This makes perfect sense, as the voltage in the center of the primary is zero. So I removed the black coax cable and returned to the copper tube as the sole primary for the coil. All three secondary leads were connected strait to ground as below.
This is the same plan I used near the beginning. It works fine; puts out a strong electrostatic charge. Using this layout I was able to test tune the primary by changing the taps. About one and three quarters turns of the primary (4.3H) seemed to work best. With the two capacitors having a combined capacitance of .026F, the resonant frequency of the coil is about 476KHz.
Tesla Magnifier Flat Spiral and Solenoid Combination Coil

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In an effort to better understand Nikola Tesla's view of physics, I built a Tesla magnifier coil modeled after his Wardencliffe project. I would like to give special thanks to Floyd Purcell who helped make the components for this coil. My Research
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The tall solenoid coil has a winding length of 48.125" on 3.5" OD PVC pipe and wound with 21 gage wire. A jacket of 4.5" OD PVC pipe was then placed over the windings and sealed at both ends. The space between the jacket and the windings was then filled with transformer oil. This jacketed coil has absolutely no corona. An interesting side effect is that a very strong static charge develops on the outside of the jacketed coil for the full length of the PVC. The flat spiral coil is the Chiron flat spiral coil mentioned on other pages in this site. It is 25.25" OD with a .25" ID radius. A .25" threaded brass rod is molded into the center of the coil and provides the connecting point for the tall solenoid coil above. The flat spiral coil is wound with 12 gage magnet wire and is covered with several coats of polyurethane and two coats of polymer coating. Over the top of this coating are two .25" layers of Plexiglas that separate the flat spiral from the conical primary winding.
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The primary winding is 8.25 turns of .25" OD copper tubing on a Plexiglas stand. There is about .375" between windings. The capacitor is two sets of multiple caps wired for .04F and arranged in series for a total of .02F. The multiple cap assemblies are immersed in Plexiglas tanks of transformer oil to reduce corona. The transformer is a 15KV 60mA NST with no protection circuits. When this coil is tuned to resonance, the transformer operates for hours without the least bit of heating. This coil was setup with an eight point static gap with compressed air quenching but only utilizing three of the gaps. It works just as well with a single static gap that is magnetically quenched. During the coil testing an oscilloscope, signal generator and voltmeter were used to determine the resonant frequency. In this setup the ground of the oscilloscope and the ground of the signal generator were connected to earth ground. The positive leads of the oscilloscope and signal generator were connected to the outer lead of the flat spiral coil. The voltmeter was connected with the ground lead to the outer lead of the flat spiral coil and the positive lead to the terminal of the tall solenoid (the copper capacitance ball was removed.) Unlike either solenoid coils or flat coils alone, a combination coil has a single tune point and it registers as a dip in voltage sharply between two voltage peaks. This coil combination registered clearly at 145KHz. There was no other resonance for this coil in the range of 1Hz to 1.1MHz. The primary coil was designed to have resonance at between 6 and 7 turns. When the coil was fired up, the tuning point was where it was calculated to be. What was unusual about this arrangement was that when the primary was set at less than 6 turns, streamers would emit from the terminal. And when the primary was set for more than 6 turns, streamers would emit from the terminal. But when the primary was set for exact tune, a few sparks would at first emit but then the coil would run continuously without emitting any sparks from the terminal. All the power remained fully inside the resonator. When fluorescent tubes were held in my hand they lit, and they lit quite bright when touched to metal surfaces in the surrounding area. The larger the metal surface, the brighter the bulb would be. During the coil testing, the inductance was measured from the top of the
solenoid to the outside of the flat spiral. The BK Precision 875A LCR meter was giving a wide range of rapidly changing inductance readings. The readings varied from 4mH to 30mH. The individual coils did not have this problem. The flat spiral coil measured 4.75mH from the outer lead to the center of the flat spiral coil. The solenoid coil measured 16.68mH from the bottom to the top of the coil (no capacitance or any other connections were made to the coils during the test.) This gave a total added inductance of 21.43mH. During a recent thunderstorm the power went off in my lab. So I measured the inductance from the outside of the flat spiral to the top of the solenoid. This time the inductance measured a steady 21.9mH. When the power came back on I measured the inductance again for the combination, and this time the inductance reading was everywhere from 8mH to 18mH. With the meter still connected I shut off the power to the house. The reading was steady at 21.9mH. When I turned the power back on the reading was once again between 8mH and 18mH. It is apparent that this coil combination is very sensitive to EM radiation. tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Magnetic Quenching
Magnetic Quenching Experiment

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Due to the lack of a gauss meter to test the magnetic flux of the magnets used in this experiment, I will only attempt to show a general proof for magnetic quenching of spark gaps. The configuration of the spark gap is as shown in figure 1. My Research
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Figure 1. Spark Gap Click image to see a closer view
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There are actually four magnets on the top. There are the three visible 1" diameter x 3/8" thick NIB magnets plus a 1" diameter x 3/8" NIB directly under the stack. Underneath the pine board base are two 1" x 1" x 3/8" square NIB magnets. These magnets were purchased from Forcefield. The rods are thoriated tungsten and are ground flat at the gap. The gap between the rods for this experiment is set for ". The six fiber blocks used to support the magnets are about 3/8" thick each. The whole setup is held together by the attractive pull of the magnets.
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In addition to the above spark gap, a 15kV, 30mA neon sign transformer (NST), 120 volt variac and test leads are used to assemble the circuit. The high potential terminals of the NST are connected to the spark gap terminal rods.
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The first experiment uses the magnets for quenching the spark, as seen in the photo above. The spark begins to jump the gap at 68 volt on the variac. This means the potential from the transformer is about 8.505kV to start the spark. The second experiment involves only the tungsten rods. The magnets are completely removed from the spark gap. In the second experiment the spark begins to jump the gap at about 73 volt on the variac. This means the potential from the transformer is about 9.12kV to start the spark without the magnets. Another observation is made in that the spark gap made a louder noise when the magnets were present than when the magnets were not present. With the magnets the spark gap made loud "popping" noises while the spark gap without the magnets ran fairly smooth with little noise. The equation I use to understand this is:
(Units are Quantum Units from the Aether Physics Model.)
The magnetic flux is unknown in this experiment because I don't have a

Magnetic Quenching
gauss meter. But the equation shows that as the potential decreases the time increases. The time in this case is the quench time of the spark gap. By adding magnetic flux to the spark gap the potential decreases and thus the quench time increases. As the quench time increases, the overall system frequency would decrease. When I get the proper tools, I'll do a more exhaustive study of magnetic quenching and quantify its relationship to the overall operation of a Tesla coil. tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Bifilar Electromagnet
This easy experiment demonstrates the extra power in Nikola Tesla's patent for electromagnets.
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Things you'll need:

q q
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q q
2 - 16 penny nails about 3 feet of magnet wire - (20 to 28 gage) 1 - D Cell battery 4 - Paper Clips
Wind the first nail with 100 turns of magnet wire. Leave about 3 inches of wire on both ends of the winding. Wind the second nail with 100 turns of magnet wire, but in the following way. Cut two equal length wires about 12" long each. Holding the two wires together, begin turning 50 parallel turns of magnet wire around the nail. When you have finished winding the coil trim off the excess wire so that there are 3" of wire on both ends of the coil. Take the two inside leads from each end and twist them together. Remember to clean the ends of the magnet wire so they can make an electrical connection. This is what they should look like: (click on the image for a closer view)
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Two Electromagnets
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Now connect the battery to the end leads of the single wound nail. This will energize the coil and cause the nail to become magnetic. Now pick up as many paper clips with the nail as you can. OK, connect the battery to the ends of the bifilar wound coil. Now pick up as many paper clips as you can with this electromagnet. The same amount of voltage, from the same battery, produces twice as much energy in the bifilar wound coil as in the single wound coil. This is just one of the many techniques Nikola Tesla used to make his inventions highly efficient.
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Bucking Magnets
Bucking Magnets
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This experiment is based on John Bedini's bucking magnets experiment. In the original experiment, this device is called a Scalarbeamer. It is said to generate a scalar beam. For more information on these experiments visit Bill Beatty's scalar experiment page and this New Millennium page. My Research
Here is what my bucking magnet ended up looking like. You can click on the image for a closer look.
It is made with two 1.5" 1.5" 5/16" neodymium ceramic magnets. The magnets are so strong I had to make a mold to hold the two magnets into place before I could get them close enough to glue them with super glue. After gluing the north poles together, I wrapped about four layers of wide electrical tape. The coil is wound from #24 magnet wire wound in bifilar form with a total of 66 turns. The two center wires are twisted together and covered with electrical tape as seen in the photo. The measured capacitance between the leads is 8 pF and there is no reading for inductance. I cannot get a resistance reading between the leads. Below is the general setup I used. The large cylinder in the background is an aluminum sheet covered with many layers of polyurethane. This is part of my radiant energy experiments using Nikola Tesla's Radiant Energy patent. The copper pipe poking through the well cover is my ground. It is 17 feet deep inside of a well and covered with 16 feet of water. The bucking magnet is resting in an inverted glass insulator on top of four rolls of packing tape. The instrument is a standard radio shack digital voltmeter.
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When I wired the bucking magnet to ground and antenna, I received a .095 Volt potential across the bucking magnet.
Bucking Magnets
When I disconnected the antenna, I got zero volts.
Bucking Magnets
As time went on during the day, the voltage reading dropped.
Bucking Magnets
When I connected a 4.5mH bifilar wound coil across the bucking magnet the voltage disappeared.
When I touched the connection with my hand on the antenna side of the bucking magnet it registered .532 Volts.
Bucking Magnets
After removing the coil and touching the antenna side of the bucking magnet the voltage dropped to .062 Volts.
Bucking Magnets
I didn't get a picture of touching the ground side of the bucking magnet, but touching the ground side resulted in zero volts. After about an hour, the voltage readings dropped considerably for the various configurations. I will attempt these experiments again on different days at different times to see of there are fluctuations in the voltage. tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Fluorescent Tube Battery

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Fluorescent tubes are made from mercury vapor and an inert gas such as argon. When a tube is approached by high voltage AC current, the electromagnetic energy from the AC causes the tube to fluoresce. This in turn causes AC voltage to flow between the electrodes of the tube. This experiment was built to see if there were enough ambient radiations to generate a meaningful voltage potential.
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. I took a 24" fluorescent tube and connected 24 gauge wire to either end, wrapping several turns around the tube. The wire was connected to the AC portion of a full wave bridge rectifier. The DC portion of the full wave bridge rectifier was connected to terminals and the whole unit was installed in a PVC tube and filled with transformer oil.
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The fluorescent tube battery produced .152 VDC with no measurable current. This device is therefore only useful for generating a weak electrostatic charge. I noticed during assembly that there was little gain in surrounding the tube with transformer oil. However, there are some useful properties to this type of electrostatic generator. When I have the digital voltmeter (shown) connected to the device, I can change the voltage reading merely by walking around the room. If I put my hand on the insulated portion of the test cable, the meter shows a .5 VDC potential. If I firmly touch the positive terminal of the fluorescent battery it generates a potential of .65 VDC whereas if I touch the negative terminal it registers a reading of .45 VDC. Although the fluorescent battery does not directly produce any meaningful current, it does produce a definite difference of potential between the terminals. It may prove to be useful in a Col. Bearden type of dipole energy device. tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
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Electrolytic Cell Rectifier
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Electrolytic Rectifier Schematic
by Aether Wizard
A kind of electrical one-way valve is formed by a cell having its electrodes made from iron and from aluminum or zinc-aluminum alloy and having its electrolyte made of a solution of ammonium phosphate. In actual practice, four of these cells are used to form the rectifier so that both waves of the alternating current may be used. The connections are shown in the figure at the right. Current is able to flow from the iron to the aluminum without resistance. Upon a reversal of the direction, when current attempts to pass from the aluminum to the iron, the aluminum electrode immediately becomes covered with a film of aluminum hydroxide and this compound is an electrical insulator which prevents passage of the electricity in this direction. As soon as current again flows from the iron to the aluminum, the hydroxide film is broken down so that the resistance vanishes.
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Electrolytic Cell Rectifier
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Considering the diagram of connections, the alternating current supply is at the top, while the direct current leads are at the bottom. The direction of the current waves used for the positive side of the direct current is shown in full line arrows, while the waves used for the negative of the direct current are shown in dotted arrows. It will be seen that the arrows of the alternating current supply line run in both directions which is, of course, the actual case with the current impulses. It will be seen that one side of the alternating circuit is connected with two of the cells in such a manner that it reaches one aluminum and one iron electrode, while the other side of the alternating supply is similarly connected with the remaining two cells. Current impulses from an alternating current line will pass to the iron electrode, thence to the aluminum and, as both aluminum electrodes are connected with the positive side of the direct circuit, the current will always flow from this positive line. Returning from the negative side of the direct current line, as shown by dotted arrows, the flow passes to the two iron electrodes, thence to the two aluminum electrodes. One of these aluminum electrodes is connected with one side of the alternating supply, while the other electrode is connected with the other alternating current wire. The current then returns to the side of the alternating lines that is opposite the side from which that particular impulse started. Upon a reversal of the alternating impulse direction, the remaining two cells will be used, but the flow will take place in the same manner as just described.
The above text is copied from Automobile Battery Care and Repair by Harold P. Manly, 1920.
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Tesla Electrostatic Propulsion
Electrostatic Propulsion
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Based on Tesla's Wardencliffe Technology

At about the time Albert Einstein was telling the world about his photoelectric effect theory, Nikola Tesla was building Wardencliffe. Wardencliffe was to be a world wide power and communications transmission system. The theory behind Wardencliffe is to create a huge electron hammer that would ring the Earth's negatively charged electrostatic field. Through my years of research of Tesla's patents and writings, I pieced together his Wardencliffe design. One might think it is possible to simply build a working model of Wardencliffe straight from the patent schematics. But Tesla was becoming wise about giving out true to scale drawings after Marconi hijacked his radio invention. The schematics for the Wardencliffe tower are true to function, but the shapes of the coils in the schematics are only for illustrative purposes, not for actual construction purposes. After Tesla came back from Colorado Springs, Tesla filed a patent for the ideal shapes of secondary coils. In this patent he clearly extols the virtues of the flat spiral and conical coils. Even Tesla's later portraits were made in front of his large flat spiral coil. In his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla details his experiments with "extra coils". The secondary and extra coils Tesla used in Colorado Springs were all solenoid in shape. But after reading the patents carefully and contemplating the words and ignoring the pictures, I realized the Wardencliffe design most likely used a combination flat spiral and solenoid secondary coil. There were rumors to this effect as well. I experimented with these combination flat spiral and solenoid secondary coils myself. I found that with the combination coil I was setting up standing waves on the top capacitance of the coil. This manifested as a series of well organized spikes of electron jets flying off perpendicular to the surface of
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the top capacitance, as seen in figure 1.
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Figure 1.
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In Tesla's Wardencliffe design, the top capacitance was chosen such that it could contain the entire charge developed in the secondary. Instead of breaking out to produce lightning bolts, the entire charge was discharged back through the secondary and into the ground. The effect was that he was producing a controlled lightning strike on the Earth. This would cause a very large wave to propagate around the Earth to the antipode, and reflect back to the power station. When the wave came back to the power station another controlled lightning bolt was coming down the secondary to add energy to the first wave, and so on. Eventually Tesla would have created standing waves on the Earth much like the spikes seen in figure 1. These standing wave spikes would bring electrons very high into the
atmosphere, and likely cause lightning discharges to increase at the location of the standing waves. This in turn would have affected the weather and possibly the climate. Tesla further remarked that he could make these standing waves appear at any place on the Earth by building and controlling other power stations and using a type of triangulation system. In theory, Tesla could make the standing waves all peak in one particular place, causing who knows what kind of effects? These same principles can be applied at a local scale. For example, a 24ft diameter conductive sphere could be isolated from Earth ground. Three combination coils such as those I built could be placed at three locations around the sphere. When the three coils are tuned such that a single standing wave is focused at one point, there would be a huge electrostatic potential with a vector being maintained. This huge electrostatic potential, if pointed to the Earth, would repel the Earth since both are negative in charge. The repulsion could be strong enough to cause the sphere to remain levitated, or even lift away from the Earth. A sphere was chosen in the above example because it is easy to transfer the work Tesla did at Wardencliffe with the Earth, to a similar spherical shape. But there is no need for the shape to be spherical. It could be saucer shaped, cigar shaped, triangular with rounded corners, or any other shape with rounded corners. The strong electrostatic potential, pointing toward the Earth, is all there is to the propulsion system. Such a propulsion system would not have to be limited to Earth travel. Creating a charged standing wave on a spacecraft and pointing the charge at the solar wind could provide propulsion. The charge could be made to repel the solar wind to move away, or be attracted to slow down or move toward the Sun. The charge could also be pointed toward a planet or moon when close enough. Since the charge is maintained in a standing wave, it would take hardly any energy at all to maintain the standing wave. The energy could be gathered from a solar panel. It may not provide the sole power for the craft, but it would be a cheap and light auxiliary propulsion system for long distance solar system travel.
QADI Lab
I have started a group of interested researchers and incorporated the Quantum AetherDynamics Institute. The purpose of QADI is to develop the Aether Physics Model and explore its validity. Data is collected with our modest lab stocked with used equipment. Some of the equipment is shown below, but we have a larger stock of equipment and parts to select from. On the left is a Nicolet 110 digital storage oscilloscope. On the shelf are several copper and aluminum spheres. My Research
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The centerpiece for the lab is the HP Agilent 34970A DAQ Switch with 34901A module. A panel with 28 bnc receptacles was removed from an old reel to reel tape recorder and converted for use as a switchboard for the HP 34970A. Shown above the DAQ switch are an HP 465A amplifier, Fluke 1910A multicounter, and a Ballantine 6310A test oscillator.
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In the rack mount unit to the right is are 7 ComGeneral 2172 distribution amplifiers, 2 DataCheck 1880 scan/scopes, a Tektronix Type RM 503 oscilloscope, a Datapulse 110B pulse generator, an HP 5328A universal counter, an HP 3320B frequency synthesizer, a Power Ten variable power supply, and a Titan power conditioner for the rack.
QADI Lab
In the summer of 2009, I built the shell for the new lab. Hopefully, we will be able to finish the new lab and resume multiple experiments in progress.
tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011

QADI Lab
by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807
Vajra and Pauling Spheron Periodic Tables
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The Vajra Periodic Table lays out according to electron orbitals and thus gives insights into the electron structure surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus organizes with different rules and thus a different periodic table is needed to visualize the nuclear bindings. The Pauling Spheron Periodic Table was designed for visualizing the nucleus.
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Click on the images to see larger views. Print versions of these periodic tables can be ordered in various sizes at Zazzle. The image quality in the print versions is razor sharp. For more discussion about the Vajra Periodic Table, click here. For more discussion about the Pauling Spheron Periodic Table, click here.
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My Inductance Formula
As is explained in the Aether Physics Model, Coulomb's constant is equal to:
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(1.1) My Research
From this, inductance can be defined as:
(1.2)
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In equation (1.2) 1 meter equals 1 henry. .003 meter equals 3 mH, and so on. The relationship of length to inductance is clearly shown in reference to Coulomb's constant. Wheeler's formula (for the inductance of an air core solenoid coil) outputs inductance in terms of thousand inches.
by Aether Wizard
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(1.3) where N is the number of turns, R is the radius in inches, and H is the length of windings in inches. Equation (1.3) outputs in length, just what the Coulomb's constant formula requires. So if the units of Wheeler's formula are converted to meter and the two formulas are combined then:
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(1.4) and this can be simplified to:
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(1.5) The values and units generated in equation (1.5) are accurate to the same degree as Wheeler's formula for inductance since it incorporates Wheeler's formula unchanged. The exact value of Cd is equal to:
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(1.6) where the values are Coulomb's constant, light speed, permeability, and permittivity. A practical simplification of the formula (1.5) is:
(1.7) where the value N is a number, and R and H are in inches, and the result is in henry. If you use MathCAD or another program, which automatically converts inches to meters, then use equation (1.8):
(1.8) If you're looking for an inductance formula where the input is in meters instead of inches, you can use this formula:
(1.9) Formula (1.9) can be used for either solenoid or flat spiral coils. For flat spiral coils use the average radius for R and the width of the coil windings for H. Both R and H are in meters. N is the number of turns. tesla-coil-builder.com is copyrighted 2000-2011 by Volantis - David Thomson, Alma, IL 62807

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