7AnalogMultipliers (4p)

Dr.
Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

http://www.electronics.dit.ie/staff/ypanarin/DT021-notes.htm
5.1
DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 1
7. Gilbert cell &
Analog Multipliers
Recommended Text: Gray, P.R. & Meyer. R.G.,
Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits (3
rd
Edition), Wiley (1992) pp. 667-681
Introduction
Nonlinear operations on continuous-valued analog signals are often required in
instrumentation, communication, and control-system design.
These operations include
rectification,
Modulation - demodulation,
frequency translation,
multiplication, and division.
In this chapter we analyze the most commonly used techniques for performing
multiplication and division within a monolithic integrated circuit
In analog-signal processing the need often arises for a circuit that takes two
analog inputs and produces an output proportional to their product.
Such circuits are termed analog multipliers.
In the following sections we examine several analog multipliers that depend on
the exponential transfer function of bipolar transistors .
The Emitter-Coupled Pair
The emitter-coupled pair, was shown in to
produce output currents that were related to
the differential input voltage by :
0
2 2 1 1
= +
i be be i
V V V V
( )
1 1 1
/ ln
S c T be
I I V V =
( )
2 2 2
/ ln
S c T be
I I V V =
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
i1
+
-
V
i2
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
( )
T be S c
V V I I / exp
1 1 1
=
( )
T be S c
V V I I / exp
2 2 2
=

=
T
id
T
be be
S
S
c
c
V
V
V
V V
I
I
I
I
exp exp
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1 2 1
/ ) ( ) (
c c F c c e e EE
I I I I I I I + + = + =
) / exp( ) ( ) / exp(
1 2 1 T id c EE T id c c
V V I I V V I I = =
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
) / exp( 1
1
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
2
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
i1
+
-
V
i2
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
) / exp( ) ( ) / exp(
1 2 1 T id c EE T id c c
V V I I V V I I = =
) / exp( )) / exp( 1 (
1 T id EE T id c
V V I V V I = +
) / exp( 1 ) / exp( 1
) / exp(
1
T id
EE
T id
T id EE
c
V V
I
V V
V V I
I
+
=
+
=
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics
5.2
This relationship is plotted => and
shows that the emitter-coupled pair
by itself can be used as a primitive
multiplier.
) / exp( 1
1
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
2
T id
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) 2 / tanh(
2 1 T id EE c c c
V V I I I I = =
) 2 / ( , 1 ) 2 / ( assuming or
T id EE c T id
V V I I V V = <<
Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
x + + = .... 3 / x x tanh(x)
3
Notes

Simple Multiplier
The current I
EE
is actually the bias current
for the emitter-coupled pair.
With the addition of more circuitry, we
can make I
EE
proportional to a second
input signal.
Thus we have
The differential output current of the
emitter-coupled pair can be calculated to
give
) (
) ( 2 on BE i o EE
V V K I
T
on BE i id o
c
V
V V V K
I
2
) (

) ( 2

Q
1
Q
2
I
EE
V
id
-
I
c2
+
-
I
c1
Q
3
Q
4
V
i2
R
+
-
Notes

5.3
Two-Quadrant restriction
Thus we have produced a circuit that functions as a multiplier
under the assumption that Vid is small, and that Vi2 is greater
than V
BE(on)
.
The latter restriction means that the multiplier functions in
only two quadrants of the Vid - Vi2 plane, and this type of
circuit is termed a two-quadrant multiplier.
The restriction to two quadrants of operation is a severe one
for many communications applications, and most practical
multipliers allow four-quadrant operation.
The Gilbert multiplier cell, shown, is a modification of the
emitter-coupled cell, which allows four-quadrant
multiplication.
Notes

Gilbert multiplier cell
The Gilbert multiplier cell is
the basis for most integrated-
circuit balanced multiplier
systems.
The series connection of an
emitter-coupled pair with two
cross-coupled, emitter-coupled
pairs produces a particularly
useful transfer characteristic,.
) / exp( 1
1
1
3
T
c
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
1
1
4
T
c
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
1
2
5
T
c
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
1
2
6
T
c
c
V V
I
I
+
=
I
3
Q
1
Q
5
Q
6
Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
I
4
I
5
I
6
I
35
I
46
I
EE
I
2
I
1
V
1
V
2
I
O
=I
35
- I
46
Notes

5.4
Gilbert cell - DC Analysis
The two currents I
c1
and I
c2
are related to V2
Substituting I
c1
and I
c2
in expressions for
I
c3
, I
c4
, I
c5
and I
c6
get :
) / exp( 1
2
1
T
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
) / exp( 1
2
2
T
EE
c
V V
I
I
+
=
[ ][ ] ) / exp( 1 ) / exp( 1
2 1
3
T T
EE
c
V V V V
I
I
+ +
=
[ ][ ] ) / exp( 1 ) / exp( 1
2 1
4
T T
EE
c
V V V V
I
I
+ +
=
[ ][ ] ) / exp( 1 ) / exp( 1
2 1
5
T T
EE
c
V V V V
I
I
+ +
=
[ ][ ] ) / exp( 1 ) / exp( 1
2 1
6
T T
EE
c
V V V V
I
I
+ +
=
I
3
Q
1
Q
5
Q
6
Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
I
4
I
5
I
6
I
35
I
46
I
EE
I
2
I
1
V
1
V
2
I
O
=I
35
- I
46
Notes

Gilbert cell
First show that
) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 -x/ x/ -x/ x/ -x x
- e e e e e e + =
-x x
-x x
e e
- e e
(x)
+
= tanh
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )
) 2 / tanh(

1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
2 / 2 / 2 / 2 /
2 / 2 / 2 / 2 /
2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 2 /
x
e e e e
e e e e
e e e e e e
e e
e e
e e
e e
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
=
+ +
+
=
=
+ +
=
=
+ +
+
=
+
) 2 / tanh(
1
1
1
1
x
e e
x x
=
+
+

) )( (
2 2
b a b a b a + =
x x x
x x x
x x
e e e
e e e
e e

=
=
=
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
2 / 2 /
1
Notes

5.5
Gilbert cell
The differential output current is then given by
Similar:
( ) ( ) ( )
5 4 6 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 3 c c c c c c c c c c
I I I I I I I I I I I = + + = =

( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
) 2 / tanh(
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
2 / / / /
/ / / / 6 3
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
T V V
EE
V V V V V V
EE
V V V V
EE
V V V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
e e e
I
e e
I
e e
I
I I
T T T T
T T T T

+
=
+ +
=
=
+ +
+ +
=
) 2 / tanh(
1
1
1
1
x
e e
x x
=
+
+

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
) 2 / tanh(
1 1 1 1 1
2 / / / / / 4 4
1 2 1 2 1
T V V
EE
V V V V
EE
V V V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
e e
I
e e
I
I I
T T T T T
+
=
+ +
+ +
=

Notes

Gilbert cell
The differential output current is then given by
Where
Finally
The dc transfer characteristic, then, is the product of the hyperbolic
tangent of the two input voltages. The are three main application of
Gilbert cell depending of the V1 an V2 range:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
) 2 / tanh( ) 2 / tanh( ) 2 / tanh(
1 1
) 2 / tanh(
1
) 2 / tanh(
1
2 1 2 / /
2 / 2 / 5 4 6 3
1 1
1 1
T T EE T V V
EE
V V
EE
T V V
EE
T V V
EE
c c c c
V V V V I V V
e
I
e
I
V V
e
I
V V
e
I
I I I I I
T T
T T
=
+
=
=
+
+
= =
( )
) 2 / tanh(
1

2 / 6 3
1
T V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
I I
T
+
=
( )
) 2 / tanh(
1
2 / 5 4
1
T V V
EE
c c
V V
e
I
I I
T
+
=
( ) ( ) ( )
5 4 6 3 6 4 5 3 6 4 5 3 c c c c c c c c c c
I I I I I I I I I I I = + + = =

) 2 / tanh( ) 2 / tanh(
2 1 T T EE
V V V V I I =
2 / ) 2 / tanh(
2 , 1 2 , 1 T T
V V V V
Notes

5.6
Gilbert cell Applications
and it woks as multiplier

(2) If one of the inputs of a signal that is large compared to V
T
, this
effectively multiplies the applied small signal by a square wave,
and acts as a modulator.
(3) If both inputs are large compared to V
T
, and all six transistors in
the circuit behave as nonsaturating switches. This is useful for the
detection of phase differences between two amplitude-limited
signals, as is required in phase-locked loops, and is sometimes
called the phase-detector mode.
: then and If (1)
2 1 T T
V V V V < <
) 2 / tanh( ) 2 / tanh(
2 1 T T EE
V V V V I I =
Notes

Gilbert cell as Multiplier
Thus for small-amplitude signals,
the circuit performs an analog
multiplication. Unfortunately, the
amplitudes of the input signals are
often much larger than V
T
,
An alternate approach is to
introduce a nonlinearity that
predictors the input signals to
compensate for the hyperbolic
tangent transfer characteristic of
the basic cell.
The required nonlinearity is an
inverse hyperbolic tangent
characteristic
x V V V V
T T
+ + = < < .... 3 / x x tanh(x) : then and If (1)
3
2 1
Notes

5.7
Pre-warping circuit -
inverse hyperbolic tangent
We assume for the time being that the circuitry within the box develops a
differential output current that is linearly related to the input voltage 7i. Thus
Here I
o1
is the dc current that flows in each output lead if V1 is equal to zero, and
K1 is the transconductance of the voltage-to-current converter
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
and V K I I V K I I
o o
= + =
The differential voltage developed across the
two diode-connected transistors is
Using the identity:
We get
And finally
+
=
+
=
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ln ln - ln
V K I
V K I
V
I
V K I
V
I
V K I
V V
o
o
T
s
o
T
s
o
T
( ) /2 x) - x)/(1 (1 ln x tanh
-1
+ =
=

1
1 1 1
tanh 2
o
T
I
V K
V V
=
2
2 2
1
1 1

o o
EE
I
V K
I
V K
I I
Notes

Complete Analog Multiplier
2 1 2 1
2
2
1
1
3
1 . 0 V V V V
I
K
I
K
K I V
o o
EE out
= =
Notes

5.8
Balanced Modulator
In communications systems, the need frequently arises for the multiplication of a
continuously varying signal by a square wave.
This is easily accomplished with the multiplier circuit by applying a sufficiently
large signal directly to the cross-coupled pair.
t V t V
m m m
cos ) ( =
4
/
2
sin where , cos ) (
1

n n
A t n A t V
n
n
c n c

= =
=
[ ]
( ) ( ) t t n t t n
V A
K
t n t V A K t V t V K t V
n c
n
n c
m n
c
n
m m n m c o

+ =
= = =
=
cos cos
2
cos cos ) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
Notes

Spectra for balanced modulator
The spectrum has components located at frequencies
m
above and below each
of the harmonics of
c
, but no component at the carrier frequency
c
or its
harmonics. The spectrum of the input signals and the resulting output signal is
shown below.
The lack of an output component at the carrier frequency is a very useful
property of balanced modulators. The signal is usually filtered following the
modulation process so that only the components near
c
. are retained
Notes

5.9
Phase Detector
If unmodulated signals of identical frequency coo are applied to the two inputs, the circuit
behaves as a phase detector and produces an output whose dc component is proportional
to the phase difference between the two inputs.
Notes

The output waveform that results is shown in Fig. and consists of a dc component and a
component at twice the incoming frequency. The dc component is given by:
where areas A1 and A2 are as indicated. Thus
[ ]
2 1
2
0
1
) ( ) (
2
1
A A t d t V V
o o average

= =
|
.
|
'
=
(
= 1
2

C EE C EE C EE average
R I R I R I V
If input signals are comparable to or
smaller than V
T
, the circuit still acts as
a phase detector.
However, the output voltage then
depends both on the phase difference
and on the amplitude of the two input
waveforms
Notes

5.10
Four-quadrant multiplier AD534
Figure shows the complete multiplier AD534.
Four-quadrant operation is achieved by using two transconductance pairs with the bases
driven in antiphase and the emitters driven by a second V-I converter.
) )( (
2 1 2 1 2 1
Y Y X X K Z Z =
x x y
z
I R R
R
K =
Notes

AD534 Basic Configuration
The basic connection for four-quadrant multiplication, is used in
amplitude modulation,
voltage-controlled amplification, and
instantaneous power measurements.
When one of the inputs is zero,
the output should also be zero,
regardless of the signal at the other input.
In practice, a small fraction of the other input will feed through to the output,
causing an error.
This can be minimized by applying an external voltage to the X2 or Y2 input.
This basic configuration has a number of useful variations.
For instance, tying the inputs together yields the squaring function.
Deriving Z1 from Vo via a voltage divider allows for scale factors other than 1/(10
V).
Applying a signal to the Z1 terminal will cause it to be summed to the output
Notes

5.11
AD534 Applications
) )( (
2 1 2 1 2 1
Y Y X X K Z Z =
) ( ) 10 / 1 (
o x z
V V V =
x z o
V V V / 10 =
) ( ) 10 / 1 (
o o z
V V V =
z o
V V = 10
Notes

Test
Show that ( ) 10 /
2 2
y x o
V V V = ) )( (
2 1 2 1 2 1
Y Y X X K Z Z =
4 k 30 k 10
k 10
1
O
O
V
V Z =
+
=
2
and
1 1
Y X
X
V V
Y V X
+
= =
4
1 . 0
2 2
1 . 0
2 2
1 . 0
4
2 2
Y X Y X Y X Y X Y X
X
O
V V V V V V V V V V
V
V
=
+
=
+

+
=
Notes

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Dr.

Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 7

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 11

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 15

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 19

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

and it woks as multiplier

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 23

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 27

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 31

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 35

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 39

Dr. Yuri Panarin, DT021/4, Electronics

DT021/4 Electronics 7 Analog Multipliers 43

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