STRONG - STOUFFER

G r eek i n a N u t s hel l
An Outline of GREEK GRAMMAR with BRIEF READING LESSONS Designed for Beginners in the New Testament ORIGINALLY BY

JAMES STRONG, S.T.D.,

Professor of Exegetical Theology in Drew Theological Seminary
NEW YORK: PHILLIPS & HUNT CINCINNATI: CRANSTON & STOWE Copyright 1878 by NELSON & PHILLIPS New York

FORMAT AND PRONUNCIATION ENHANCEMENTS BY

TIMOTHY STOUFFER Bible Truth Lion

www.bibletruthlion.org

opyright 2008 Timothy Stouffer Bible Truth Lion.org - All Rights Reserved

PREFACE
This little Manual was originally prepared for the NORMAL CLASS, at the request of the editor of that Journal, and was at the same time expected to form an instruction book at the Sunday-School Assembly annually held at Chautauqua. This accounts for its form in twelve series of two pages each. The reading lessons, however, have been made sufficiently full for subsequent study. Of course the simplest elements only of the Greek language can be comprised in such narrow limits; nor can a full vocabulary or ready facility be acquired in so short a course. Nevertheless, a good beginning may be made, and that is half the battle in any enterprise. It is believed that a thorough mastery of this small volume will prove a conquest over all the real difficulties of the original tongue of the New Testament. J. S.

Editors Forward
Dr. James Strongs work in the field of Biblical Linguistics has been an invaluable contribution to successive generations of Bible students. I believe, as did he, that mastery of this small Greek study volume will provide adequate resources to further education in the Koine Greek dialect and invariably further understanding of the New Testament Christian Scriptures overall, while even affording insight into the Old Testament Scriptures as well; both of which sometimes have Truth masked behind a veil of a second generation translational language such as English, or any other language for that matter. This small volume has been enhanced through interpreting the shortcut abbreviations which were so often deemed necessary in times past as space saving devices for printing of the text, yet left much confusion for the beginning English reader who has undertaken the task of learning New Testament Greek to further his or her understanding in their walk with GOD. That has hopefully been alleviated through this enhanced edition of "Strong - Stouffer Greek in a Nutshell Nutshell". Strong

GREEK IN A NUTSHELL
LESSON I
1. READING 1. 1. THE KOINE (NT) GREEK ALPHABET The New Testament Greek (koinh - Koine (koy-nayh') = common as we common), know it, has evolved from earlier forms with the following alphabet: Characters 24 Koine Characters Name and Pronunciation Transliterated Sound al' A Alpha - [al'-fah al fah] a - as in man, [arm1] a a bay' Beta - [bay'-tah bay tah] b gam' Gamma - [gam'-mah gam mah] g - as in go, [king2] ng del' Delta - [del'-tah del tah] d ep' E Epsilon - [ep'-see-lahn ep see-lahn] e - as in met e dzay' Zeta - [dzay'-tah dzay tah] dze dz - as in adz 3 dz , , or , , or k L , , or final U F ay' Eta - [ay'-tah ay tah] thay' Theta - [thay'-tah thay tah] eeIota - [ee-oh'-tah ee oh' tah] cap' Kappa - [cap'-pah cap pah] lamb' Lambda - [lamb'-dah lamb dah] Mu - [moo moo] moo noo] Nu - [noo noo ksee] Xi - [ksee ksee Omic om' Omicron - [om'-ee-krahn om ee-krahn] pee] Pi - [pee pee Rho - [hroh hroh] hroh sig' Sigma - [sig'-mah sig mah] Tau - [tow - pronounced like now] tow uh' Upsilon - [uh'-psee-lahn uh psee-lahn] fee] Phi - [fee fee khee] Chi - [khee khee psee] Psi - [psee psee oh' Omega - [oh'-meg-ah oh meg-ah] e - as in they ey thin th - as in th 4 i - as in tin, [machine5] i k l m n ks) x (ks ks - as in not o p r s - as in this s t - as in it6 t u - as in full u ph) f (ph) kh - as German ch7 ps - as in no o

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

2. 2. Notes on the Alphabet

1

(alpha) sounds broad, like a in arm at the end of a word and before (rho) final or followed by a different (gamma) has the nasal sound like ng in king when followed by (gamma), (kappa), (chi - [khee] ), or (xi adze. (zeta) always sounds like dz in adze. this (theta) never has the guttural sound, like th in this. ee, machine), (iota) has the long sound of ee (like i in machine when it ends an accented syllable; in other situations a more

consonant. Otherwise it sounds like a in man. . man.

2

[ksee] ). Otherwise it sounds like g in go. go. .

3 4 5

obscure sound, like i in amiable or imbecile. imbecile.

6 7

nature. (tau) never has a sibilant sound, like t in nation or nature.

(chi) from the difficulty of producing the true sound of , it is generally sounded like k. Every letter is sounded, and with the above exceptions, invariably the same.
2. ACCENT 3. Atonics 3. Each word, (except a very few monosyllables - called Atonics - unaccented), has one of the following accents written over a vowel in it, which marks the place of the spoken tone. A few small words, called Enclitics nclitics, generally throw their accent, as an acute, on the last syllable of the preceding word (in addition to its own accent, which still has the principal stress), wherever possible. 4. acute, 4. The acute ( ), which is the foundation of all the accents, stands on one of the last three syllables. In verbs, with the exception of certain forms, it stands as far toward the beginning of the word as the rules below allow. In other parts of speech it stands on the same syllable as in the ground-form, (that given in the lexicon), except as required by these rules. When the last syllable has a long vowel or diphthong it stands on the syllable before the last. 5. 5. The grave accent, ( ` ), is only written in place of the acute on the last syllable when not before a pause, or when unemphatic. It is understood to belong to all other syllables. 6. circumflex, 6. The circumflex ( or ), is placed on a syllable formed by the combination of two, the first of which had an acute and the second a grave; hence only on the last, or next to the last syllable, and only on a long vowel or a diphthong. When the last syllable has a short vowel, such a penult (next to last syllable), if accented, takes the circumflex. BREATHINGS, DIPHTHONGS, 3. BREATHINGS, VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, ETC. 7. A vowel beginning a word takes either the rough breathing, ( ) , which is pronounced like the English h, or breathing else, to show the absence of that, the smooth breathing ( ), which has no appreciable sound. Initial (rho) and breathing, (upsilon) always take the rough breathing; and double (rho) in the middle of a word takes the smooth breathing ( ) on the first, and the rough breathing ( ) on the second.

8. 8. The vowels are short, (epsilon) and (omicron), long, (eta) and (omega), or doubtful, (alpha), (iota), and (upsilon), which last, although naturally short, are sometimes lengthened by derivation. 9. 9. The diphthongs are as follows: Proper With Iota Subscript [ahhee] sounds like [ (ah) + (ee) ] = (spoken as one syllable = ay ay) sounds like eye = = sounds like oy (as in oil) et) sounds like we (as in sweet sounds like ow (as in now) sounds like you (or eu as in feud) gh) sounds like oo (or ou as in through 10. 10. In diphthongs the breathing and accent are written over the second vowel. A capital (initial) letter in other cases takes them before it. 11. The punctuation marks are the comma, ( , ), the semicolon, ( ), the period, ( . ), and the interrogation point, ( ). Improper = and = and

LESSON II
EUPHONIC CHANGES 12. When two consonants come together the first is made homogeneous with the second, as follows: 13. 13. Mutes of a different class must have the same degree of hardness according to the following classification: Smooth Kappamutes Pi-mutes Tau-mutes (kappa) [cappah] (pi) - [pee] (tau) - [tow] Middle (gamma) - [gammah] (beta) - [bay-tah] (delta) Rough (chi) - [khee] Sibilant (with s) (xi) - [ksee]

(phi) - [fee] (psi) - [psee] (theta) [thay (zeta) - [dzay-tah] tah]

14. 14. A smooth final mute is roughened before a vowel with the rough breathing. A rough mute is not doubled, nor can successive syllables begin with an aspirate (a consonant pronounced with aspiration). A tau-mute is sometimes dropped before (sigma), and always before (kappa); before a different tau-mute it is changed into . 15. Before (mu) a kappa-mute is changed into (gamma), a pi-mute into (mu), and a tau-mute into (sigma).

16. 16. (nu) before a kappa-mute becomes (gamma), before a pi-mute (mu), before a liquid (lambda), (mu), (nu), or (rho), it is changed into the same liquid, before (sigma) or (zeta) it is dropped. 17. 17. (nu) is appended to certain endings in [see] or (epsilon) before a pause or a vowel. 18. 18. There are several other less important rules, and some exceptions to most of the above. 19. 19. A long vowel or diphthong is used as an equivalent for two (usually short) vowels in immediate succession, or as a compensation for the omission of a consonant, sometimes for both. 20. 20. The changes in the union of two vowels are various, depending upon their comparative strength, position, and relation to the long vowels, or diphthongs respectively. They are readily learned by practice. 21. Compensation is not always thus made for the omission of a consonant. Sometimes the omission occurs too far back in the derivation to be easily traced. 22. 22. A final vowel is sometimes elided (omitted) before another vowel, and its place indicated by the apostrophe, ( ' o r ). dialects, 23. There are several dialects which chiefly affect the vowels, (like provincial pronunciation); but in later Greek (koinh - Koine - (koy-nayh') = common to which the New Testament Greek belongs) they were merged in common, common that common Greek dialect, the Attic being the pre-dominating dialect. common common NOUNS Nouns are of three declensions (descents), three genders, three numbers, and five cases, all indicated by changes of termination (suffix). 24. The three declensions (descents), (numbered 1, 2, and 3), are only different modes of inflection (deviated suffixes). 25. masculine; 25. Names and designations of males, nations, the months, rivers, and winds, are almost invariably masculine those of females, countries, islands, cities, trees, and plants, are usually feminine of the neuter gender are most feminine; names of fruits and diminutives, and always the names of the letters, infinitives, clauses, indeclinable words, and words used as the symbol of a sound. In the third declension (descent) especially the (grammatical) gender in many instances is arbitrary. 26. The singular and plural are used as in English. The dual denotes two or a pair; it is comparatively rare, and never occurs in the New Testament. 27. 27. The cases express the relations of words to each other in a sentence, as follows: Names CASE Names Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Use Subject of a finite verb Origin or Ownership Position or Manner Direction or Object Address Equivalent (Simple form) From, of, etc. In, by, for, to, etc. Toward, into, etc. O!

28. 28. The following are the terminations (suffixes / endings) of the First Declension (descent):
CASES Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Masc. and Fem. Nominative or or Genitive or or Dative Accusative or Vocative or DualDual- Nom., Acc., Voc., ~ Gen., Dat.,

29. 29. The (alpha) in the terminations (suffixes) of the singular is mostly used when (rho), (epsilon), or (iota) precedes it; and in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative when (lambda) or (sigma), and frequently when (nu), precedes it. A few nouns have in the Genitive singular.

LESSON III
NOUNS NOUNSContinued 30. Declension: 30. The following are the terminations of the Second Declension
CASES Singular Plural Masc. Neut. Masc. Neut. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative DualDual- Nom., Acc., Voc., ~ Gen., Dat.,

31. 31. The few feminine nouns of this declension take the masculine terminations. The Vocative masculine singular is occasionally . 32. The following are the terminations of the Third Declension: 32. Declension
CASES Singular Plural Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Nominative (or long vowel before final letter) (naked stem) Genitive Dative ( ) (naked stem) Accusative or (like Nom. or Neut.) (naked stem) Vocative DualDual- Nom., Acc., Voc., ~ Gen., Dat.,

Neut.

33. 33. The Nominative singular is so often changed by the euphonic rules that the stem of the noun is best seen in the Genitive case. Nouns in , , and take the (earlier Attic Greek) Genitive , ( - omega regarded as short). short The (alpha) of the Accusative singular is usually after a consonant. Many irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be learned from the lexicon. ADJECTIVES 34. These are declined (descended) like nouns, having sometimes three sets of terminations (suffixes) for the 34. respective genders, sometimes two, (masculine and feminine alike), rarely but one, (all genders alike). The masculine and neuter are always of the same declension, (second or third), and the feminine, when different, always of the first. Participles are declined like adjectives. 35. 35. Adjectives are compared either by using an adverb expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the positive the syllables or for the comparative, and or for the superlative. Some euphonic changes occur in making these additions, which then take the regular declensional endings. NUMERALS 36. 36. The cardinal numbers are either simple, (the units, tens, and a few others), or compound, (intermediate numbers). Those from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon. 37. The ordinals are mostly formed from the cardinals by adjective endings. PRONOUNS 38. 38. Of the personal pronouns, those of the 1st and 2nd persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns irregularly:
CASES

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative

I or Me () () ()

We or Us

Thou or Thee

Ye or You

39. 39. The rest are declined as adjectivesmasculine , feminine (eta), neuter (omicron); often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, with the exception of , (interrogative , indefinite ), neuter , Genitive , of the third declension, the article (definite only) and the demonstrative alone are very peculiar in declension, as follows: Singular The Plural CASES Masc. Neut. Fem. Masc. Neut. Fem. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative - Dual Dual- Nom., Acc., Voc., , ~ Gen., Dat., ,

Plural CASES Masc. Neut. Fem. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Dual Dual- Nom., Acc., Voc., , ~ Gen., Dat., , This, This, These

Singular Masc. Neut. Fem. -

LESSON IV
VERBS 40. Active, Middle, Passive, 40. There are three VOICES, Active Middle and Passive generally distinguished by the termination (suffix / ending). The Middle is properly reflexive Some of its tenses have an active meaning. A few verbs, called deponent are reflexive. deponent, throughout passive in form, but active or middle in meaning. 41. There are five MOODS in each voice, the Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, and Infinitive, to which 41. Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Optative Infinitive may be added the Participles they are mostly known by means of the union-vowel Participles; union-vowelthat which immediately precedes the termination. 42. 42. The Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive, and Participles correspond to the English, and have a short unionvowel, (epsilon), (omicron), or (alpha), except the Perfect and Pluperfect passive, which have no unionvowel; the Pluperfect active and middle voices, which have [eye]; and the two Aorist (see 45 below) tenses passive voices, which have (eta) or its equivalent. 43. The Imperative has but two persons, 2nd and 3rd. The Infinitive has but one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as a neuter noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction as a verb. 44. 44. The Subjunctive and Optative Moods are used in certain dependent relations, like the English subjunctive and potential; the former has a long union-vowel, ( or ), and the latter a diphthong, (, , or ). The former generally represents an act as contingent upon outward circumstances, and the latter upon a will will. nine, Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, Aorists, 45. The TENSES are nine the Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect two Aorists (1st and 2nd, equivalent in sense), and three Futures (1st and 2nd, equivalent to each other, and 3rd, very rarely used); they are distinguished by Futures, certain letters prefixed, inserted, or added to the stem or root of the verb. They represent time as compared with the present and never date from that of a preceding verb. present, 46. The Present, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future tenses answer very nearly to the same tenses in English. 47. 47. The Imperfect denotes an act as going on, but incomplete or habitual at some time past: was doing etc. was doing, 48. 48. The Aorist tenses indicate a single act at a definite time, (past in the Indicative, but undetermined in the others moods).

49. 49. All the tenses with respect to form may be classed thus: Primary, I. Primary, or Absolute Secondary, II. Secondary, or Historical Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect Futures Aorists

Table of Verb Endings These classes usually have the following endings respectively: Active Form II Perfect ( () ) 2nd person - 3rd person - ( ) Optative Persons I Singular Singular 1st 2nd 3rd Plural Plural 1st 2nd 3rd Dual 1st person - 2nd person - 3rd person - () Middle and Passive II

I Pres. and Fut.

Notes Notes on the Table of Verb Endings 50. In the Present and Future tenses, the (omicron) of the 1st person singular active voice is contracted (with the union-vowel) into (omega), and the of the 2nd person singular passive voice into (eta) or [eye]. 51. 51. Signification limits the primary terminations to the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, and the secondary to the Indicative and Optative Moods: likewise the Imperfect and Pluperfect tenses to the Indicative Mood, and the Imperative Mood to the Present, Aorists and (rarely) the Perfect tenses. 52. 52. The active voice terminations are assumed throughout by the Perfect and Pluperfect tense - middle voice, and the Aorists tenses passive voice. 53. 53. The terminations of the Imperative Mood are analogous to the secondary in the active voice, and in the middle and passive voices they are merely the same, strengthened, thus: Singular Singular 2nd person, [Aorist passive, , 1st Aorist active ()ov (passive [1st Aorist - middle voice, ] or ); 3rd person, (passive ). Plural 2nd person, (passive ); 3rd person, [or contracted ] (passive [Dual 2nd Plural person, (); 3rd person, () ].

54. 54. The Infinitive Mood in the active voice form, ends in , [contracted with union-vowel into ] (Present, Future, and 2nd Aorist tenses), , (1st Aorist tense), or , (Perfect active and middle voice and both Aorist passive voices): elsewhere in . 55. 55. In the Participles the stem ends in in the active voice forms, (except the Perfect active and middle voices, which have ); the rest take , (Perfect passive voice = ). These latter are [masc. and neut.] of the second declension, the others of the third declension. 56. Verbs in [mee] insert (sigma) before the final (iota) of the 3rd person singular Present tense Indicative mood - active voice, and vary in a few other terminations, chiefly by contraction.

LESSON V
VERBSContinued VERBS 57. 57. The root of every primitive verb is a monosyllable, consisting of a short vowel (, , , , or ) between two (usually simple) consonants. Sometimes one or the other of the latter has been dropped far back in the etymology. This root is most readily found in the 1st Future tense, subject only to euphonic changes. The 2nd Aorist tense always has a monosyllabic root, with a single vowel never long; but this may be somewhat different from the true root. Primitive verbs only have a 2nd Aorist tense. 58. 58. The Present and Imperfect tenses commonly strengthen the root, either by adding a hard consonant, (sometimes more than one), or (oftener) by changing the root vowel into the corresponding long one or into a diphthong. 59. 59. The following tenses add certain characteristic letters to the root: 1st Future and 1st Aorist tenses' Active and Middle voices, (of verbs not liquid), and 3rd Future tense 1st Aorist tense - Passive voice 1st Future tense - Passive voice 2nd Future tense - Passive voice 2nd (in liquid verbs 1st) Future tense - Active and Middle voices Perfect and Pluperfect tenses - Active voice of pure and liquid verbs Perfect and Pluperfect tenses - Active voice ending in a pi- or kappa-mute ( )

60. 60. Tenses expressing past time (Imperfect and Aorists tenses Indicative mood) prefix (syllabic augment to syllabic augment) the root; this coalesces with an initial vowel (temporal augment into the corresponding long vowel or temporal augment) diphthong. The Perfect, Pluperfect, and 3rd Future tenses not only do the same throughout the moods, but also prefix to the syllabic augment the initial consonant of the root (reduplication when this is a simple consonant reduplication) reduplication or a mute followed by a liquid. The Pluperfect tense prefixes a second syllabic augment to the reduplication. 61. 61. Initial (rho), (which is doubled after the syllabic augment), , , and , do not, except in a few cases, allow the reduplication. Verbs compounded with a preposition generally take the augment, etc., between it and the primitive. A few other irregularities occur.

62. 62. Verbs are classified in conjugation (the inflection of verbs) according to the radical letter following the root vowel, or diphthong, in the 1st person singular Present tense - Indicative mood - active voice, lexicon form: in liquid verbs (not derivatives in , which is merely strengthened for ) this is a liquid; in pure verbs it is liquid liquid pure liquid pure absent, so that the root appears to end in a vowel, etc. Very many verbs seem to be anomalous in some of their forms in consequence of deriving these from an obsolete kindred root. The lexicon gives most of these peculiarities. 63. 63. Liquid verbs almost always strengthen their root in the Present and Imperfect tenses; they lengthen it in the 1st Aorist tenses active and middle voices by changing the root vowel, if (alpha) into (eta), if (epsilon) into [eye], while (iota) and (upsilon) merely become long. as a root vowel is generally changed into in the 1st Aorist and 1st Future tenses passive voice, the Perfect and Pluperfect tenses active and passive voices, and the 2nd Aorist and 2nd Future tenses throughout, and again into in the Perfect and Pluperfect tenses middle voice. 64. 64. The above strengthening in the Present and Imperfect tenses consists in doubling (lambda), annexing (nu) to (mu); or, in case of or (rho), in adding to a preceding (alpha) or (epsilon), or lengthening or . The radical is often dropped in Perfect and Pluperfect tenses. 65. pi- kappa 65. Verbs with followed by a pi- or kappa-mute in the root frequently neglect to strengthen it in the Present and Imperfect tenses; and verbs with in the root, preceded by a liquid, usually change it into and (omicron) in the same tenses as liquid verbs, except in the 1st Aorist tense and the Future tenses passive voice. 66. 66. Pure verbs lengthen the root vowel before a tense characteristic, also in the Perfect tense and Pluperfect tenses passive voice. A few occasionally neglect this, and some insert (sigma) instead. 67. 67. Verbs in mee (lexicon form instead of - omega) are but another mode of conjugating pure verbs (being the only primitives of that class whose root ends in - alpha, - epsilon, or o - omicron) in the Present, Imperfect, and 2nd Aorist tenses; in all which tenses the union-vowel coalesces with the root vowel. They have a peculiar inflection, chiefly by reason of the Imperfect tense and 2nd Aorist tenses active voice taking throughout the terminations of the Aorists tenses passive voice. The Present and Imperfect tenses reduplicate with the initial consonant, (prefixing simply (iota) if that cannot be done, and sometimes adopting other modes of strengthening), and in the active voice they lengthen the root in the Indicative mood, or into (eta), and into (omega). The 2nd Aorist tense (those in being factitious have not this tense) has in the active voice a long vowel or diphthong throughout, except the Imperative mood or o, and the Participle. Notes on Certain Verbs ending in 68. 68. The verb (tithemi [tee-thay-mee] ) = [to put has, in the Active voice, 1st Aorist tense (etheka tithemi to put] etheka [eth-ay-kah] ), Perfect tense (tetheika [teth-eye-kah] ); (didomi [dee-doh-mee] ) = [to give has, tetheika d to give] 1st Aorist tense, (edoka [eh-doh-kah] ). edoka 69. eimi 69. (eimi [eye-mee] ) = [to be] is inflected thus: to be (ei [eye] ) = [thou art ei thou art] esti(n is] () (esti n) [ess-tee(n) ] ) = [is esti is (esmen [ess-mehn] ) = [we are esmen we are] (esti [ess-tee] ) = [ye are esti ye are] () (eisi n) [eye-see(n) ] ) = [they are] eisi(n they are eisi (isthi [iss-thee] ) = [be thou] isthi be thou

being], (on [ohn] ) = [being etc.; the rest mostly regular. See the lexicon for these, and for (hiemi [hee-ay-mee]) o being h = [to send and (eimi [eye-mee] ) = [to go to send], eimi to go]. 70. 70. Several verbs annex , , (), etc., instead of , etc., in the Present and Imperfect tenses.

LESSON VI
SYNTAXConcordance SYNTAX Concordance Concord 71. 71. All words placed under the same construction agree together in all the accidents which they possess in common. 72. Apposition Apposition 72. Apposition occurs as in English. 73. 73. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case. 74. The noun is often understood, especially if neut., (things 74. things). things 75. attracted 75. Sometimes a relative is attracted into the case of the omitted antecedent (that which is previous or past). attracted 76. 76. A verb agrees with its subject nominative in number and person. 77. The case of the subject of the Infinitive mood depends upon other relations. 78. 78. Neuters plural generally have a singular verb. GOVERNMENT 79. Any word may govern another (or others) which in sense is dependent upon it in the case appropriate for expressing such relation either with or without a preposition.

|----->
Genitive

>>>----|----->
Dative

>>>---|
Accusative

ENITIVE, origin, Whence? from. 80. GENITIVE denoting origin answering to Whence? and expressed by from 81. Local Local, 81. Local involving external relations of space, either in a literal or a figurative sense. This includes actual apo, ek, separa paration motion from an object, generally with a preposition, ( apo ek or para [pa-ra'] ); separation from it, usually with verbs compounded with a preposition; and commencement commencement. 82. Causal Causal, 82. Causal denoting a more internal relation, as if the outgoing of some agency or property, as follows: 83. Active, 83. Active either direct, inferential, or metaphysical. This includes relations of source, (e.g., derivation, [commonly with (ek sometimes (apo [ap-ah] ), direct authorship with (upo [oo-pah] ), possession, ek), ek apo upo property, [often with an Infinitive] ) partitive use, (e.g., a class, material, partial relations), and the Genitive of time, (in the course of which), especially the Genitive Absolute with a Participle, as affording occasion. bsolute,

Passive, 84. Passive that is, indirect, the act being for the sake of the Genitive. This includes verbs implying a mental Passive operation, skill, purpose, operation adjectives, and other words denoting skill and the Genitive of crime or purpose (the last mostly an Infinitive with the article). 85. Mutual Mutual, penalty. 85. Mutual e.g., comparison and price or penalty 86. Genitive 86. The Attributive Genitive is a comprehensive relation, arising under several of the above heads, between A two nouns designating different objects, which may be thus expressed: When two nouns are connected with each other, that one which completes the idea of the other and defines it more fully is put in the Genitive Genitive Genitive. ATIVE, position, at. 87. DATIVE denoting position answering to Where? and expressed by at 88. Local Local, place, 88. Local involving the more palpable relations of position. This includes the place (i.e., at, by, near, in the en), epi), para), association, accompaniment, midst of ; generally with (en (epi (para etc.), association accompaniment (frequently with ), en epi para and the time (as a date) or circumstances of a transaction. Causal, 89. Causal denoting the object upon which the act or state appears, thus conceived as sharing in producing it, Causal as follows: Personal, 90. Personal either actually or so imagined. This includes words expressing a correlative idea, as community, (in varied relations), likeness, possession, agency, reference, etc. . 91. Instrumental, 91. Instrumental as the mediate cause, e.g., the ground or reason, the means, the instrument, manner, and the measure of excess or deficiency. 92. Dative ive 92. In comprehensive phrase the Attributive Dative expresses many indirect relations of an object to or for A which an act is performed or a condition sustained. 93. ACCUSATIVE, denoting direction, answering to Whither? and expressed by toward. CCUSATIVE direction toward 94. Local Local, 94. Local involving the boundary, place, or object of motion, especially with . Causal, 95. Causal involving an influence, change, or result, as impressed upon the object, as follows: Causal 96. effect, 96. The effect either the thing effected, an attribute of the effect, or the effect intended. 97. upon, 97. The object acted upon e.g., with directly transitive verbs, those expressing a good or bad influence, patience, swearing, sometimes a mental affection, etc.; also the space or way after a verb of motion; the time, (throughout throughout which), measure, and weight; and finally (Attributive Accusative with any verb or adjective (sometimes other Attributive Accusative) words) to define its application more closely, especially if of kindred signification. ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE 98. thought; 98. This is usually not, as in English, that of grammatical dependence, but rather the order of thought important or emphatic words come first, after the connecting particles; prepositions and the article precede their nouns; and qualifying terms are grouped in a harmonious balance (euphony around the principal ones. euphony) euphony

LESSON VII
1Exercise on John 1: 1-5

Directions:Spell the Greek, giving the English equivalents of the consonants, (as in 1), and the exact phonetic Directions value or sound of the vowels. Call the rough breathing h. Be careful to put the spoken accent where it is written. Continue this practice through all the passages given in the following lessons, until the words can be pronounced readily and accurately. Familiarize yourself with the forms of the letters by writing them. Let the pupil do this while learning the foregoing grammatical lessons, and after the recitation of each of them let the teacher direct attention, while the passage at the head of the reading lessons is pronounced, to the examples illustrating each point, as they occurby way of paradigm. When viewing the various word forms - stems, roots, etc., in the notes following each lesson of Scripture passages, one must refer back to the actual words which are used in the Scripture lesson sections, such as below, whereby all references in the following notes are based thereon. Confusion can result by not doing so. These hyperlinks are provided to take you back and forth easily should you so choose. The links are designed to put the cursor in the proper place so you will remember what section you came from. 1John 1: 1-5

1 1

2 3 4 5, 6 4 5 3 7
Word, and The Word Word. by was with

In [the] beginning was The [The] GOD, and GOD [The] Him In

8 9, 6 10 3 4
was The GOD.

5. 2 11

3 1
in [the]

This [One] was Him

7 8 9. 3 12
All [things]

13 A14 15,
were made,

beginning with and without

6 16 A14 15
was made Him men. . Life And it

17

18

19

not even one [thing] which was, and The The not Light Life in the was The

20. 4 1 A21 22 3, 6 23 22 3 24
has been made.

F25 26
Light shines, of [the] and

27. 5 6 24 23
the

F25 1 28 34.
admitted. .

29

darkness

30, 6

31 A32 33
darkness

1Notes on the above Scriptures from John 1: 1-5 1. (En [ehn] )preposition atonic (unaccented), 3; stands first, 98. E

arche 2. (arche [ar-khay] )noun, from nominative (arche [ar-khay] ), 1st declension feminine, 28; arche circumflex, 6; local dative, 88; emphatic position, 98.
3. (en [ane] )verb, irregular in (mi [mee] ), 69; 3rd person singular imperfect tense - indicative mood en mi active voice, 47; (nu) appended irregularly as ending, 49; long vowel, 67. 4. (Ho [Hah] )article, nominative masculine sing., 39; agrees with its noun, 73; following, 98. H

5. (Logos [Lahg-ahss] )noun, 2nd declension nominative sing. masculine, 30; subject of (en [ane] ), L en 76; balances clause, 98. 6. (kai [ka-hee] )conjunction, changed accent, 5; position, 98. kai towards; 7. (pros [prahss] )preposition, literal, towards government accusative case, 27; accent, 5. pros 8. (Ton [Tahn] )article, accusative case sing. masculine, 39; agreement, 73. T deity; 9. (Theon [Theh-ahn] )noun, literal, [the] deity 2nd declension masculine, 25; accusative case - sing., Theon 30; government, 94; position, 98. deity; 10. (Theos [Theh-ahss] )noun, literal, [the] deity nominative case agreeing with the subject, 71; without Theos the article because the predicate; emphatic position, 98. 11. (Houtos [Hoo-tahss] )pronoun, 39; agrees with L (Logos [Lahg-ahss] ), understood ( 73) as Houtos Logos subject of sentence; first as connective; accent, 6; and breathing, 10. pant); 12. (Panta [Pan-tah] )adjective pronoun, from (pas [pahss] ), (stem, - (pant 3rd declension P p pant nominative case plur. neut., 32; indefinite without noun expressed, 74; subject of sentence; emphatic position, 98.

di di-[a dia), 13. (di a] - [dee-[ah] )preposition for (dia with final letter elided (omitted), 22. dia A 14. A (Autou [Ow-too] )adjective pronoun used as a personal pronoun; genitive case masculine sing., 30; causal, 82. Genitive and dative cases of 1st and 2nd declension are always circumflex when accented on the last syllable.
be, born; 15. (egeneto [eh-ghehn-et-ah] )verb (aorist tense), came to be literal, was born from (ginomai egeneto ginomai [ghin-ahm-ahee] ), (for - gignomai [ghee-gnahm-ahee], strengthened [ 63] by reduplication, [ 67], and then contracted for - gigen [ghee-ghehn] ); deponent, 40; true root (gen [ghehn] ), [our kin kin], gen 57, here appearing in 2nd aorist tense - middle voice, 48; (epsilon) is simple augment, (hence the verb is in the indicative mood, 60); third is mood-vowel, 42; [tah] is 3rd person sing. middle voice, 49; agreement with the subject, 78. apart; 16. (choris [khoh-rhiss] )preposition, literal, apart accent, 5; case after, 81. c 17. (oude [oo-deh] )compound negative particle, from (ou [oo] ) and (de [deh] ). oude ou de 18. v (en [hehn] )numeral adjective, 36; indefinite, 74; 3rd declension nominative case sing. neut., 32; en subject of (egeneto [eh-ghehn-et-ah] ). egeneto egene 19. (ho [hah] )relative adjective, 39; 2nd declension nominative case sing. neuter, 34; agreement, 73; ho subject of (gegone [ge-gah-neh] ). gegone 20. (gegonen [ge-gahn-ehn] )verb, same as 15 above; root-vowel changed in perfect tense - middle gegonen gegone voice, 63; (ge [geh] ) is reduplication, 60; last (epsilon) is mood-vowel of indicative mood, 42; no ge additional ending, 44; hence 3rd person sing. (perfect tense) active voice, 52; final (nu) added before pause, 17.

21. A (Auto [Ow-toh] )pronoun, same as 14 above; dative case sing. masculine, 30; government, as 2 A above. 22. (Zoe [Dzoh-ay] )noun, 1st declension fem. nominative case sing., 28; subject of verb following. Z 23. (He [Hay] )article, fem. nominative case sing., 39; agrees with (Zoe [Dzoh-ay] ), 73; atonic H Z (unaccented), 3. 24. (To [Tah] )article, neut. nominative case sing., 39; agrees with F (Phos [Foce] ). T P 25. F (Phos [Foce] )noun, 3rd declension nominative case sing. neut., (stem - phot [foht] for P phaot [fah-aht] ); (sigma final) here added (as some neut. nouns have) and (tau) dropped, 14; predicate nominative, 71. 26. (ton [tone] )article, genitive plur. masc., 39; agreement, 73. ton 27. (anthropon [an-throh-pone] )noun, from (anthropos [anth-roh-pahss] ); 2nd anthropon anthropos declension genitive case plur. masc., 32; government, 86; accent, 4. 28. 28. (te [tay] )article, dative case sing. fem., 39; agreement, 73. te

skotia skot skotia 29. (skotia [skah-tee-ah] )noun from (skotia [skah-tee-ah] ); 1st declension dative case sing. fem., 29; final (alpha), 29; (iota) subscript, 9; government, 88.
30. (phainei [fahee-ni] )verb, from (phaino [fahee-noh] ); root, (phan [fan] ), strengthened, phainei phaino phan 64; (epsilon) is mood-vowel of indicative mood, 42; final (iota) is tense-ending of present tense 3rd person sing. - active voice, 49; agrees with (phos [foce] ), 76. phos 31. (skotia [skah-tee-ah] )noun, as 29 above; nominative sing., subject of the clause. skotia 32. A (Auto [Ow-tah] )pronoun, as 21 above; accusative neut. sing., 39; object of (katelabe [kahA katelabe teh-lab-eh] ), 97. 33. (ou [oo] )simple negative adverb; atonic (unaccented), 3. ou katalambano 34. (katelaben [kah-teh-lab-ehn] )verb, from (katalambano [kat-a-lam-ban-oh] ); katelaben kata compound of , (kata [kat-ah] ) = down and (lambano [lam-ban-oh] ), = I receive the root of the down, receive; kata lambano simple verb is (lab here appearing in the 2nd Aorist tense, 57; augment, 60, excluding final (alpha) of lab), lab preposition, 61; last likewise shows indicative, 42; no tense-ending in 3rd person sing. active voice secondary, 49 (nu) appended. 17. The tense expresses the act of the Jews in rejecting Christ.

Lesson VIII
6Exercise on John 1: 6-11

6 1 2 3 4 5,
[There] was a man John. sent This [one] The was came from for GOD,

[the] name that [he]

7
to him [was] might testify

.8 7 9 10 11 12, 13
testimony, all Light,

14 20
through

15
concerning Not

16 17, 13 18 19
Light, that [one] Light. every world and the that The might believe but The coming that [he]

A21. 8 22 23 24 25 26, '27 13

Him.

14
might testify

15 29

16 17. 9

23

25 26
Light into

concerning The which In lights the

[There] was man,

28,
True [one], the world. Him the not

30 31 32, 33 11 v23, 39 40
the

34 35. 10 36 37 38 20
through To Him

41

[He] was, world and the

and Him

world not knew.

A21 1, 39
was made, own [things] received.

40 41 A42 22 43.

11 11 44 45 A42 22 48.

10, 39 46 47
[He] came, own [persons]

Notes on the above Scriptures from John 1: 6-11 61. (egeneto [eg-ehn-et-ah] )See vii, 15. egeneto 2. (anthropos [anth-roh-pahss] )See vii, 27; subject of sentence. anthropos 3. (apestalmenos [ap-es-tal-men-ahss] )participle from (apostello [ap-os-tel-loh] apestalmenos apostello ), literal, I send away compound of the preposition, (apo [ap-ah] ), = off and (stello [stel-loh] ), = I away; off, apo stello send; stel), send root (stel vowel changed, 63; the augment cuts off the final (omicron) of the preposition, 61; no stel reduplication, 60; perfect tense because the augment is beyond the indicative mood, 60; and no union-vowel, 42; passive participle ending (men [mehn] ), ( 55), accent; (os is nominative masc. sing., 34, 30; os) men os agrees with (anthropos [anth-roh-pahss] ), 73. anthropos near; near. 4. (para [pa-ra] )preposition, literal, near with genitive case, = from near para 5. (Theou [Theh-oo] )See vii, 9, vii, 10; here genitive case, 81. Theou

o onom onomat 6. (onoma [ahn-ah-mah] )noun; neut, 3rd declension nominative sing.; (stem, o? (onomat [ahnonoma ahm-at] ), final mute always dropped for euphony); subjunctive to was understood, (copula may freely be supplied.)
7. (auto [ow-toh] )personal adjective pronoun; dative sing. masc. from (autos [ow-tahss] ), vii, 14; auto autos governed, 92. 8. (Ioannes [EE-oh-an-nace] )proper noun; 1st declension masc. nominative sing., 28; predicate Ioannes after neut. verb, (understood), agreeing with subject, 71. 9. (Houtos [Hoo-tahss] )See vii, 11. 10. (elthen [ayl-thehn] )verb, assigned to (erchomai [ehr-khahm-ahee] ), but really from elthen erchomai defective (eleutho [el-yoo-thoh] ); root, (elth temporal augment, [+=], 60; hence indicative eleutho elth elth); mood, as union-vowel () following also shows, 42; simple root 2nd aorist tense, 57; hence no tense ending in 3rd person sing. active voice, 49; (nu) appended, 17; accent, 6. to, of; 11. (eis [ice] )preposition, literal, to that is, here, for the purpose of atonic (unaccented), 3. eis

12. (marturian [mar-too-ree-an] )noun; 1st declension fem. accusative sing., from marturian (marturia [mar-too-ree-ah] ), 28; governed, 96. marturia
that; 13. (hina [hee-nah] )conjunction, meaning, in order that introducing dependent clause. hina

marturese 14. (marturese [mar-too-ray-say] )verb, from (martureo [mar-too-reh-oh] ); first is martureo root-vowel, lengthened before tense-sign, ( 66), which is (sigma) of 1st future tense, 59; (eta [ pronounced: ay] ) is union-vowel of the subjunctive mood, ( 44), the subscribed (iota) being 3rd person sing. active voice, 49; accent, 4. peri around; 15. (peri [peh-ree] )preposition, literal, around governs genitive case, 82.
16. (Tou [Too] )article; genitive case - sing. neut., 39. T 17. (Photos [Foh-tahss] )noun, see vii, 25. Genitive case (sing.) and dative case (sing. and plur.) of Photos monosyllables of 3rd declension accent the ultimate. allSee vii, 12; nominative case - masc. plur., all [men] being understood, 74; 18. (pantes [pan-tehss] ), = all pantes subject of the clause. 19. (pisteusosi [pis-tyoo-soh-see] )verb, from (pisteuo [pis-tyoo-oh] ); second (sigma) pisteusosi pisteuo is sign of 1st future tense, 59; (omega) sign of subjunctive mood, 44; (si [see] ) 3rd person plur. active s voice, 49. 20. (di [dee] )See vii, 13. di

A 21. A (Autou [Ow-too] )See vii, 14.

22. (Ouk [Ook] )negative adverb, same as (ou [oo] ), (see vii, 33), with euphonic (kappa) before a vowel. Ouk ou

23. (en [ane] )See vii, 3. en

24. (ekeinos [ek-eye-nahss] )demonstrative, adjective pronoun, 39; = He, nominative case - masc. ekeinos sing., subject of sentence, 27; accent, 6.
25. (To [Tah] )See vii, 24. T 26. (Phos [Foce] )See vii, 25. Phos

' 27. 'conjunction for (alla [al-lah] ), final vowel elided (omitted), 22. alla 28. (alethinon [al-ay-thee-non] )adjective, from (alethinos [al-ay-thee-nahss] ); neut. 2nd alethinon alethinos declension, 34; nominative case - sing., 30; agreeing with (Phos [Foce] ), 73. P
29. (ho [hah] )See vii, 19. ho photiz 30. (photizei [foh-teedz-eye] )verb, from (photizo [foh-teedz-oh] ); strengthened root, 58; photizei photizo (epsilon) union vowel of indicative mood, 42; final (iota) indicates 3rd person sing. (present tense) - active voice, 49. 31. (panta [pan-tah] )indefinite adjective, see 18 above; accusative case - sing. masc. agreeing with panta (anthropon [anth-roh-pahn] ), 73. anthropon 32. (anthropon [anth-roh-pahn] )noun, see 2 above; accusative case - sing., 30; governed, 97. anthropon erchomenon 33. (erchomenon [er-khah-men-ahn] )participle from (erchomai [er-khahm-ahee] ), see erchomen erchomai 10 above; deponent, 40; present tense - passive voice, 55; sing., 30; either accusative case masc., (and then agreeing with ), or, as is better, (see John iii, 19,) nominative case neut., (and then agreeing with (phos [foce] ). phos 34. (ton [than] )See vii, 8. ton 35. (kosmon [kahss-mahn] )noun, from (kosmos [kahss-mahss] ); accusative case - sing. 2nd kosmon kosmos declension, 30; governed, 94. 36. (En [Ehn] )See vii, 1. E

37. (to [toh] )article, dative case sing. masc., 39; agrees with , 73. to kosmo 38. (kosmo [kahss-moh] )noun, see 35 above; dative case sing., 8.
39. (kai [ka-hee] )See vii, 6. kai 40. (ho [hah] )See vii, 4. ho

kosmos 41. (kosmos [kahss-mahss] )noun, see 35 above; subject of the sentence, 27.
42. A (Auton [Ow-tahn] )pronoun, see 7 above; accusative case - sing. masc., 97. A

43. (egno [ehg-noh] )verb, from (gignosko [gee-gnoh-skoh] ), (strengthened [ 70] from root egno gignosko know, us); gno), (gno [ 67], = our know or known of us 2nd aorist tense, 57; (epsilon) is augment of indicative mood, gno 60; (omega) is root and union-vowel, 67; no other ending, hence 3rd person sing. - active voice, 49. 44. (to [tah] )article, plur. neut. accusative case, 39. to 45. (idia [id-ee-ah] )adjective, from (idios [id-ee-ahss] ); plur. neut. accusative case, 30; agreement, idia idios 74; meaning home here, (literal, the own things of him); government, 44. 46. (oi [oyh] )article, nominative case - plur. masc., 39. oi 47. (idioi [id-ee-oy] )adjective, see 45 above; nominative case - plur. masc., 30; meaning family here, 74; idioi the subject of the clause, 27. paralam 48. (parelabon [pah-reh-lab-ahn] )verb from (paralam-bano [pah-rah-lam-bahnparelabon paralamoh] ), compounded with (para [pa-ra] ) = near (see 4 above), as in vii, 34; 2nd aorist tense, 57; indicative near, para mood, 42; 3rd person plur., 49.

LESSON IX
John 12Exercise on John 1: 12-18

12 1

3 A4, 5 6 7
Him, He gave to them privilege to out out The of will

Whoever, however, received children of GOD Name of flesh, of Him: nor out to become, who

8 9 10, 11
to the [ones] not of will Word The out

12 13 14
believing nor but became, of Him, of Grace

15 A16 13 17 18 19 20, 21 19 22
of bloods, of man, flesh

23, 21 19 22 24, '25 19 9

of GOD tented as Truth. This before

26. 14
were born.

14 27 28 29, 30
and

And The (and

31
among

32, ( 33 14 34 A16, 34 35
us, we beheld Glory full Glory and saying:

36
of [an] only-born John

37
near from

38), 39 40 41.
[a] Father), Him,

15 42 43 44 A16, 45, 46 47
testifies about and has cried, me

48

49 50,
I said,

14

51 52 53, 54
coming,

was [He] whom

The [one] behind

52 55;
me has become;

56
because we

57 52
first all of me

48. 16
And

19
out

14

He was. and

of the for

58 A16 59 60 61, 62 63 64
fullness
compare 63

of Him

received,

Grace

17 56
Grace: because

14
the Truth ever;

65
law

66 67;
Moses Christ Son, was given; became. The

14

through

63
Grace no-one into the and

14
The

41

68 69 70. 18 71
GOD

through Jesus The only-born

72 73 74; 14
has seen bosom

75 76,

14

77

The [One] being explained [Him].

78 14 79 14
of The

38, 80 81.
Father, that [one]

12Notes on the above Scriptures from John 1: 12-18 1. Compare (Hosos [Hahss-ahss] ), 39; nominative case - plur. masc., 30. H 2. Not first, 98. 3. (lambano [lam-bahn-oh] ), vii, 34; 3rd person plur. - 2nd aorist tense - active voice. lambano 4. See vii, 14; accusative case - sing. masc., 39; government, 97. 5. (didomi [dee-doh-mee] ), 68; 3rd person sing., 49; augment, 60; mood-vowel, 42; , 17. didomi 6. See 4 above; dative case - plur. masc., 92. 7. (exonsia [eks-ahn-see-ah] ), 28; accusative case sing., 97. e

genesth genesthai 8. (tekuon [teh-koo-ahn) ), 30; accusative case sing., after neut. verb (genesthai [gehn-esstekuon thahee] ), 72.
9. See vii, 9; genitive case sing. 86. 10. 10. See vii, 15; 2nd aorist tense - middle voice - infinitive mood, 54; accent peculiar. 11. 11. See vii, 4; dative case - plur. masc., 73. 12. onts) 12. (pisteuo [pis-tyoo-oh] ); strengthened present tense, 58; active voice participle, 55; (onts pisteuo onts ( 42) becomes (ous 14, 16, 19; 3rd declension, 55; dative case plur., 32; agrees with (autois ous), autois ous [ow-toyce] ), 72; as if a noun, 74. 13. union. 13. See viii, 9; denotes close union

14. 14. 39; agreement, 73. 15. 15. Neut. 3rd declension accusative case sing., 32; dropped in stem (mat 18; government, 94. mat), 16. 16. As 6 above; government, 86. 17. egennethesan 17. See vii, 19; nominative case - plur. masc., 30; subject of (egennethesan [eg-en-nay-thaysahn] ), 27. 18. 18. See viii, 8. 19. ek) 19. (ex [eks] ) substituted for (ek before a vowel, 18; atonic (unaccented), 3. e ek 20. 20. (aima [ahee-mah] ), neut. 3rd declension like 15 above; genitive case here, 81; plur. is Hebraistic, of aima natural descent; accent, 4. 21. 21. See vii, 17, used as a conjunction. 22. 22. (thelema [thel-ay-mah] ), like 15 above; government, 81. thelema 23. 23. (sarx [sarks] ), fem. 3rd declension, 32; government, 86; accent special. sarx 24. 24. (aner [an-ayer] ), irreg. 3rd declension; genitive case sing., 86. a 25. 25. See viii, 27. 26. beget; 26. (gennao [gehn-nah-oh] ), strictly, I beget same root as vii, 15; 2nd aorist tense - passive voice - 3rd gennao person plur., (analyze). 27. 27. See vii, 5. 28. 28. See 23 above; nominative case sing., 32; (xi [ksee] ), 13. xi 29. 29. See vii, 15. 30. skeno tent; 30. (skenoo [skay-nah-oh] ), from (skenos [skay-nahss] ), = a tent 1st aorist tense - active voice sken skenos - 3rd person sing., (analyze). 31. 31. See vii, 1. 32. 32. 38; government, 88. 33. 33. (theaomai [theh-ah-ahm-ahee] ), deponent, 40; 1st aorist tense - middle voice - 1st person plur., thea (analyze); subject (hemeis [hay-mice] ) understood, unemphatic hemeis unemphatic. 34. 34. (Doxa [Dah-ksah] ), 29; accusative case sing., 97. D 35. 35. atonic (unaccented), 3.

36. 36. (monogenes [mah-nah-gheh-nace] ), 3rd declension, two terminations, 34; genitive case sing. monogenes masc., 86; thusly becomes , 6. 37. 37. Takes the genitive, dative, or accusative case. 38. 38. (Pater [Pah-tayr] ), 3rd declension, contraction like 24 above; government, 81. P 39. 39. 3rd declension, like 36 above; nominative case sing. masc., 73. 40. 40. (Charis [Khah-reese] ), ( dropped, 14); 3rd declension fem. sing., 83. C 41. 41. (Aletheia [Al-ay-thigh-ah] ), 29; genitive case sing., 83; accent, 4. A 42. 42. 1st declension masc., 28. 43. 43. (martureo [mar-tuh-reh-oh] ), 62; present tense - indicative mood - active voice, 42; 3rd martureo person sing., 49; becomes , 20. 44. 44. Genitive case, as if from the center, 81. 45. krag), 45. (krazo [krah-dzoh] ), ( 58) for (krag 57; perfect tense - active voice, 60; irreg., 59; 3rd krazo krag person sing., 49. 46. 46. (lego [leh-goh] ), 65; present tense - participle - active voice, 55; nominative case masc. sing., 32; lego (on [ohn] ) for (onts [ahnts] ), 19, and on onts viii, 5. 47. 39. 47. 48. 48. See vii, 3. 49. 49. See vii, 19; accusative case sing. masc., Attributive Accusative 97. Attributive Accusative, 50. 50. Definitive verb; 2nd aorist tense - active voice - indicative mood, 3rd person sing. for , (analyze). 51. 51. Government genitive like 44 above. 52. 52. 38. 53. 53. (erchomai [ehr-khah-mahee] ), deponent, 40; present tense participle, 55; nominative case masc. erchomai sing., 30. 54. 54. See 51 above; accent from enclitic, 3. 55. 55. See vii, 20. 56. Conjunction. 56. 57. 57. For (protatos [prah-ta-tahss] ), 35; government genitive comparison, ( 85), or Attributive protatos Attributive Genitive, Genitive 86.

58. 58. (pleroma [play-roh-mah] ), like 22 above; government, 81. pleroma 59. 59. 38; emphatic, see 33 above. 60. 60. See vii, 12; nominative case plur. masc., 73. 61. 61. See 3 above; 1st person plur., 49. 62. Even. 62. Even 63. 63. See 40 above; accusative case sing., 32; depends upon (elabomen [eh-lab-ahm-ehn] ), 97; of elabomen stem dropped, 18. 64. 64. Government genitive, 85. 65. 65. 30. 66. Mouseos 66. (Mouseos [Mohoo-sace] ), 32; Attic Greek genitive, 33; government, 82. 67. 67. (didomi [dee-doh-mee] ), 67; regular in 1st aorist tense - passive voice, 59; irreg. short root vowel, didomi 66; long union-vowel, 42; 3rd person sing., 52. 68. Iesous 68. Irreg. genitive case sing. from (Iesous [EE-ay-soose] ), 30. 69. 69. (Christos [Khreess-tahss] ), 40. Christos 70. 70. See vii, 15. 71. 71. See vii, 9. 72. 72. Compound of (oude [oo-deh] ), vii, 17, and (eis [ice] ), numeral, irreg. oude eis 73. 73. (horao [hah-rah-oh] ), irreg. reduplication, 60; perfect tense - active voice, 59; 3rd person sing. horao 74. 74. Compound adverb. 75. 75. See 36 above. 76. 76. 30. 77. 77. (eimi [eye-mee] ), 69; like 46 above. eimi 78. 78. See 13 above. 79. 79. 30. 80. 80. See viii, 19. 81. 81. Deponent (exegeomai [eks-ay-gay-ahm-ahee] ), 40; 1st aorist tense - middle voice, 59; exegeomai augment merged in first , 61; indicative mood, 42; 3rd person sing., 49.

LESSON X
our Prayer, 92Exercise on our LORD'S Prayer, (Matthew 6: 9-13; Luke 11: 2-4) RemarkThe words below in parentheses are the variations in the passage of Luke. The concluding doxology in brackets is not found in the oldest manuscripts, and is probably spurious.

Thus say):

therefore Father

1
pray ye:

2,
ye pray, let be Hallowed

(Whenever the Heavens,

3) 4 ,
of us, The [One] in

5, 6 ; 10
the

7
The Name

8 9

of Thee; let come the Kingdom Heaven, give

of Thee; let be done

11
Will

, O12, 13; 14
of Thee, as in needful, also upon the earth; to us the bread

, 15, 16 (17) 18;

of us, the by day); (give) to us the to the

(19

to-day; [as to] (the [time] (the sins)

20 21); 22 23 ( 24)
and forgive we forgive forgive us into debts debtors owing but is ages.

, 25 26 ; (,
of us, as also of us; (and [this do], to us); and not

for

27
ourselves [we]

28
to every [one] trial;

29 ); 32
us away

30
mayest Thou lead

31; [

deliver Thou

from the Power,

33
evil:

34 ,
the Kingdom, and the Amen.]

[because of Thee to the

35, 36 37. 38.]

and the Glory

Scriptures 92Notes on the above Scriptures from Matthew 6: 9-13; Luke 11: 2-4 towards; 1. (proseuchomai [prah-syoo-khahm-ahee] ), literal, pray towards deponent, 40; present tense, proseuchomai 58; indicative mood, 42; 2nd person plur. - middle voice, 49. 2. Subjunctive mood, 42; required by conditional particle preceding, 44.

3. (lego [leh-goh] ); present tense, 65; imperative mood, 42; 2nd person plur. - active voice, 49. lego 4. (Pater [Pat-ayr] ), (accent irregularly shifted); 3rd declension, 32; vocative case sing., 27. P 5. (Ouranos [Oo-ran-ahss] ), 30; dative case plur., 88. O 6. (Hagiazo [Hag-ee-adz-oh] ), root (hagiad [hag-ee-ad] ), from (hagios [hag-ee-ahss] ) = H hagiad holy; holy 1st aorist tense - passive voice, 59; for , 14; in imperative mood, 42; 3rd person sing., 53; as if active voice, 52. 7. See ix, 15; accent, 3. 8. See viii. 10; 2nd aorist tense, 48; imperative mood, 42; 3rd person sing. - active voice, 53. 9. Nominative case sing. fem., 29; cannot take the enclitic's accent ( 3) like 7 above, as another acute immediately precedes it. 10. 10. (ginomai [ghee-nah-mahee] ), vii, 15; 1st aorist tense - passive voice, as No. 6 above; first assumed ginomai irreg. as if a derivative. 11. See 3 for accent as 7 above. 11. 12. 12. See 5 above; dative case sing., 88. 13. over, 13. (ge [gay] ), 28; genitive case sing., of place all over like time, 83. ge 14. 14. (artos [ar-tahss] ), 30; accusative case sing. 97. artos 15. for, 15. (epiousios [eh-pee-oo-see-ahss] ), probably compound of (epi [ep-ee] ), = for and epiousios epi (ousia [oo-see-ah] ), = subsistence used only here; accusative case sing. masc., 34. subsistence; ousia 16. 16. From (didomi [dee-doh-mee] ), 67; irreg,, 2nd aorist tense - Imperative mood - 2nd person sing. didomi active voice. 17. 17. Same verb as 16 above; irreg. present tense - Imperative mood - 2nd person sing. - active voice. 18. 18. Compound adverb. 19. 19. Elliptical, 74; Attributive Accusative 97. Attributive Accusative 20. For (kata [kat-ah] ), 22, 14. kata 21. daily. 21. From (hemera [hay-meh-ra], 29; accusative case sing., of time, 97; here distributive, daily hemera 22. away; 22. From (aphiemi [ah-fee-ay-mee] ) = send away compound from (apo [ap-ah] ) and (hiemi apo hiemi [hee-ay-mee] ), 69; irreg. 2nd aorist tense - Imperative mood - 2nd person sing. - active voice, like 16 above. 23. 23. From (opheilema [ah-figh-lay-mah] ), compare / (suffixes) and case to opheilema 7 above (Lesson ix, 15 reference); only used here as accusative case plural. neut., 32.

24. hamartia 24. From (hamartia [ham-ar-tee-ah] ), 28. hama 25. 25. From same as 22 above; present tense indicative mood - 1st person plural - active voice, 49. 26. 26. From (opheiletes [ah-figh-leh-tace] ), 28; dative case plural, 92. opheiletes 27. 27. Definite adjective pronoun, 39; used as persons or all persons. 28. 28. From (pas [pahss] ), see vii, 12; dative case sing. masc., 32. pas 29. 29. Present participle (active voice) of (opheilo [ah-fi=loh] ), like ix, 12; dative case sing. masc., 92. opheilo 30. 30. Assigned to (eisphero [ice-feh-roh] ), but really belonging to the defective cognate, eisphero (eisenegka [eye-say-nehng-kah] ), irreg. reduplicate, 1st aorist tense, from (eis [ice] ), = into and an obsolete into, eisenegka eis enko), (egko [ehng-koh] ), (for (enko 16); subjunctive mood, 41, (dependent end upon an implied verb egko enko of wishing or deprecating 44); 2nd person sing. - active voice, 51. 31. 31. From (peirasmos [pie-rass-mahss] ), 30; accusative case sing., 94. peirasmos 32. 32. From (ruomai [hruh-ahm-ahee] ), 62; deponent, 40; 1st aorist tense, 59; imperative mood unionruomai vowel , 42; 2nd person sing. - middle voice, 53. 33. 33. Noun implied, 74; 2nd declension, 34; genitive case sing. neut., 81. 34. 34. From (eimi [i-mee] ), 69. eimi 35. 35. See 33. 36. 36. See ix, 34. 37. 37. From (aion [ahee-ohn] ), 32; accusative case plural, 94. aion 38. verily. 38. Adverb from the Hebrew, verily

LESSON XI
1Exercise on Luke 1: 1-4

1 1 2 3 4 5
Inasmuch as the many undertook among us to arrange transactions, a narrative just as about

6
fully believed

7 8, 2 9 12 13
eye-witnesses

10 14
ministers of The

'11

and

transmitted [them] to us the from [the] beginning

L15; 3 16
Word; It seemed [good]

17,
to me also,

18
having followed close

19
from [the] first

20
to all [things]

21, 22
carefully, regularly

23, 24
most excellent

to thee to write,

25,
Theophilus, words the

4
In order that certainty.

26
thou mayest recognize

27

28
thou wast instructed

about what

29.
1Notes on the above Scriptures from Luke 1: 1-4 since, upon, 1. Compound of (epei [ep-eye] ), = since (from (epi [ep- ee] ), = upon (ei [eye] ), = if ), (de [day] ), = epei epi ei de now, now and the intensive particle, (per [pehr] ). per 2. Irreg. from (polus [pahl-ooss] ), really an old (pollos [pahl-lahss] ); nominative case plur. polus pollos masc., 34; persons understood, 74.

upon, upon, 3. From (epicheireo [eh-pee-khi-reh-oh] ), = lay hand upon from (epi [ep- ee] ), = upon and epicheireo epi (cheir [khire] ), = a hand augment, 61; , 66; 1st aorist tense, 59; Indicative mood, 42; 3rd person plural hand; cheir active voice; 49.
up, 4. From (anatassomai [an-ah-tas-sam-ahee] ), (compound of (ana [an-ah] ), = up i.e., anatassomai ana thoroughly, arrange); tag), thoroughly and (tasso [tas-soh] ), = arrange deponent, 40; 1st aorist tense, (root, (tag tasso tag strengthened in present tense by , 58, which excludes the ), 59, ( = , 13); Infinitive mood - middle voice, 54; depends, like a nominative case, ( 25), in the accusative upon (epech [ep-ekh] ), 97. epech 5. From (diegesis [dee-ay-gay-seess] ), (like (polis [pah- leess] ) in the paradigm), 33; diegesis p accusative case sing. dependent on (anat 97. anat), anat plerophoreo full, 6. From (plerophoreo [play-rah-fah-reh-oh] ), compound of (pleres [play-race] ), = full pleroph pleres and (phoreo [fah-reh-oh] ), = bear i.e., in mind reduplication, 60; , 66; no tense sign, 59; perfect bear, mind; phoreo passive voice participle, 55; genitive case plural, 30; agrees with (pragm 73. pragm), pragm 7. See 38. 8. Like (soma [soh-mah] ) in the paradigm; genitive case plur., see viii, 13. soma down, exactly, as. 9. Compound of (kata [kat-ah] ), (see x, 20), = down i.e., exactly and (os [hohss] ), = as kata os 10. paradidomi near, 10. From (paradidomi [pa-ra-dee-doh-mee] ), compound of (para [pa-ra] ), = near i.e., from para para another, one to another and (didomi [dee-doh-mee] ), 68; 2nd aorist tense, ( - do [dah] ), 57; indicative mood, didomi 60, also 42; 3rd person plur. - active voice, 49. 11. 11. See 22. 12. 12. See vii. 2. 13. self, 13. From (autoptes [ow-top-tace] ), compound of (autos [ow-tahss] ), = self and autoptes autos (optomai [opt-ahm-ahee] ), = I see nominative case plur. masc., 28. see; optomai

14. under, 14. From (huperetes [hoop-ay-reh-tace] ), compound of (hupo [hoo-pah) ), = under and huperetes hupo (eretes [eh-reh-tace] ), = rower 28. rower, 15. 15. See paradigm below . 16. 16. From (dokeo [dah-keh-oh] ), really an obsolete (doko [dah-koh] ); 1st aorist tense, 59; dokeo doko indicative mood, 60; 3rd person sing. - active voice, 49. 17. 17. Compound of (kai [ka-hee] ), ( 22), and (emoi [eh-moy] ), 38; case, 92. kai emoi 18. near, 18. From (parakoloutheo [pa-ra-ka-loo-theh-oh] ), compound of (para [pa-ra] ), = near parakoloutheo para and (akoloutheo [ah-kah-loo-theh-oh] ); augment, (+=), 60; perfect tense - active voice, 59; akolou akolo second , 66; participle, 55; dative case sing., ( 32), masc., 34; agrees with (emoi [eh-moy] ), 73. emoi 19. above, 19. Derivative adverb, literal, from above i.e., from top to bottom. 20. 20. See viii, 18; dative case plur., 88. 21. xact. 21. Adverb from (akribes [ah-kree-base] ), = exact akribes 22. orderly, 22. Adverbial comp. of (kata [kat-ah] ), (as 9 above), and (hexes [heks-ace] ), = orderly an old genitive kata h case use, 31. 23. 23. From (grapho [grah-foh] ), (not strengthened, 58); 1st aorist tense, as 4 above; infinitive mood grapho not active voice, 54; subject of (edoxe [eh-dahks-eh] ). edoxe 24. 24. From (kratistos [krah-teess-tahss] ), 34; superlative, ( 35), of an obsolete (kratus kratus [krah-tooss] ), = strong assigned to (agathos [ag-ath-ahss] ), = good vocative case sing. masc., 30. strong, agathos good; 25. 25. Nominative case, (Theophilos [Theh-ah-fee-lahss] ), 30. Theophilos 26. epi), upon, 26. From (epiginoko [eh-pee-ghin-noh-koh] ), compound of (epi = upon i.e., by means of some epiginoko epi reminding or determining circumstance, and (ginosko [ghi-noh-skoh] ), = I know for ginosko know, (gignosko [ghi-gnoh-skoh] ), 70, (root: (gno = know contracted like (ginomai [ghin-ahm-ahee] ), gno), gignosko gno know,) ginomai vii, 15; 2nd aorist tense, 57; subjunctive mood, 44; 2nd person sing. - active voice, 51. 27. 27. Relative pronoun, 39; genitive case plural, 30; agrees with (logon [lah-gohn] ), 75; for logon Words, (ton logon [tone lah-gohn] ) = of the Words ton ( 75), (ois [hoyss] ), 91. ois 28. down, 28. From (katecheo [ka-tay-kheh'-oh] ), (compound of (kata [kat-ah] ), = down as in 9 and 22 katecheo kata above, and (echeo [ay-kheh-oh] ), = I echo whence our catechize 1st aorist tense - passive voice, 59; echo), catechize; echeo exception to 14; second , 66; third , 42; 2nd person sing., 52. 29. non-tottering; 29. From (asphaleia [ass-fa-lie-ah] ), literal, non-tottering accusative case sing., 29; depends upon asphaleia (epig [ep-ig] ), 97. epig of Paradigms of Nouns of the First Declension

English:
CASES

Shadow

Feminine Door Root

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative

CASES

Honor Singular Singular

Masculine Youth Judge

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative

Plural

English:
CASES

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative

Paradigms Second Paradigms of Nouns of the Second Declension Masculine Neuter Word Jesus Fig Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Paradigms of Nouns of the Third Declension Masculine and Feminine Neuter English: Shepherd Lion Hair City Body Light Wall CASES Singular Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative Plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative
CASES

CASES

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative

34) Paradigms of Adjectives, (of three terminations, 34) 2n Declension ension 1st and 2nd Declension , = Fair Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Similarly, Similarly, , , , = Just 3r Declension ension 1st and 3rd Declension , = All Singular Fem. Neut. Masc. Similarly those ending in: : M. F. N. M. & N. G. G. G. G.

Neut.

CASES

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Vocative

Masc.

Plural Fem.

Neut.

M.

F.

N. M. & N. G. G. G. G.

M. F.

N.

M. & N. G. G. G. G.

M. & F.

N.

Forms in two terminations are similar; for example: : Gen. M. & F. N. Gen. M. & F. N. .

Gen.

sing., Verbs-Synopsis (1st person sing., etc.) of Regular (Mute) Verbs--, = Strike Active Voice Optative Subjunctive . . . . . . Passive Voice
TENSES Present Imperf. Perfect Pluperf. 1st Aorist 1st Future 2nd Aorist 2nd Future 3rd Future Indicative Imper. Optative

TENSES

Present Imperf. 1st Aor. 1st Fut. Perfect Pluperf. 2nd Aor. 2nd Fut.

Indicative

Imperative . . . . .

Infinitive . .

Participle . .

Subjunctive Subjunctive

Infinitive

Participle

. .

Middle Voice
TENSES Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect 1st Aorist 1st Future 2nd Aorist 2nd Future Indicative Imperative Optative Subjunctive Infinitive Participle

Same throughout as the Passive Voice . . . . . . . . .

Verbmood-vowel) Regular Verb-Endings, (including mood-vowel)

52) Active Voice (including 52 1 2 Indicative of s
Present and Future Subjunctive throughout Indicative of Perfect and 1st Aorist Indicative of Imperfect and 2nd Aorist Indicative of Aorist, Passive, & Optative Indicative of Pluperfect Optative, exc. as above & below Optative of 1st Aorist Imperative of Present, 2nd Aorist, & Perfect Imperative of 1st Aorist Imperative of Aorist Passive

s = singular p = plural 52) Middle and Passive Voice (except 52 3 1 2 s Indicative of

p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p

.... .... .... .... .... ....

Present and Future Subjunctive throughout (exc. Perf. Passive) Indicative of 1st Aorist Middle

p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p s p

.... .... .... .... .... ....

Indicative of Imperf. and 2nd Aorist Middle

Indicative of Perfect Passive

Indicative of Pluperfect Passive Opt., exc. as below (and Perfect Passive) Optative of 1st Aorist Middle Imperative of Present and 2nd Aorist (Middle) Imperative of 1st Aorist Mid. Imperative of Perfect Passive

VerbReference Notes on the Table of Regular Verb-Endings above an) a. But (an in 1st Aorist tense. an b. The Optative mood has an extra mood-diphthong, (ei [eye] ), before ending. ei c. But in 1st Aorist tense, see 14.

d. The Perfect and Pluperfect tense - Passive voice are often inflected periphrastically (especially in the Optative and Subjunctive moods) by means of an auxiliary (from (eimi [eye-mee] = to be with the participle. be), eimi

Synopsis of Verbs in Active Voice Indicative Imperative Optative Subjunctive Infinitive Participle Present .. Imperfect .. .. .. .. 2nd Aorist Present Imperfect 2nd Aorist Present Imperfect 2nd Aorist Present Imperfect .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. ..

Voice, Middle Voice (including Present and Imperfect Passive) Subjunctive Indicative Imperative Optative Subjunctive Infinitive Present .. Imperfect .. .. .. 2nd Aorist Present Imperfect 2nd Aorist Present Imperfect 2nd Aorist .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Participle .. .. ..

Present Imperfect ..

.. ..

All the other tenses are regular, as if from , , , , meaning respectively to stand put give stand, put, give, and show show.

Peculiar Endings of Verbs in Singular Plural 1. - 2. - 1. - 3. 2. - 3. - (didomi [dee-doh-mee] ) has as a union-vowel throughout the subjunctive mood (present and 2nd d aorist tenses) of both voices, and (histemi [hee-stay-mee] ) has in the 2nd and 3rd person sing., and histemi 2nd person plural of the subjunctive mood - present tense. All the other forms follow the inflection of the regular verb.

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