""'

-"\
1

"
)

HYDRAULIC ACTUATOR FOR AIRCRAFT

F\',.-/I

r,'d

10
la",ve

Y,~.
A"uralt: r.:oo[ral of pislon posilion in hydraulic a..:lualor for aircraft has hidlhearing screw mouoted direi::lly to pi:'lOn by means of threaded mil. Piston
rod hydraulic pressuru applied to ball out

:-~iJ.
/. ~_I

PUMP AND VALVE MECHANISMS

i~ aC(UaleJ

lineally

by

meaDS

of

through port A or R. I.inear movement prodw.:es rotary mution in "':few whkh is allacheJ 10 no-bad. braking Jevice Pislon roJ. therdore, t:an be stopped

I('ver of braklClg Jt:vice. by 'ny lin", po,;,ion hyAUa-.:hing C<J.I "",,'ing III< [rain and rOlary Jiitl (0 'Io.:few shah wjJl give direci reaJing oj' lincar position of pislon rod. A/lil(/fl Oil- of G"flt'flJl .\l(J/(/r~

ACTUATOR ACCEPTS ELECTRICAL DIGITAL CONTROL SIGNALS DIRECTLY- ELIMINATES DIGITAL- TO-ANALOG CONVERTERS

~;:::;rJied

( )

{lmls of dlsplocement held in contilct with adjacent pistons by the pressure on the half-area piston. Venting all three pOrlS, ABC, allows pressure on the h&Jf-area piston face to relurn the actuator rod to the zero posiJion, The number of output positions available from the actuator is eQu&J to 2" whcn " is equal to the number of ports or pi~tons. By adding one more piston to an ;1\:tuator, the total number of output posiIion:; is doubled.

ACfUA TOR output is produced by fluid pressure on a series of !in led pistons in a cylinder. Precise positioning is ac complished by the mechanical links or in terlocks, which detennine the distance betwe.en adjacent pistons. When fluid pre:;sure is applied between a pair of pistons they are forced apart to Ihe limit of their interlock.s. When the pressure is released the contact pressure on the half area piston (far left) forces the pistons

fogether unti] their interlocks bottom. Maximum actuator extension is achieved when all control ports arc pressuriud. To obtain other actuator extensions different combinations of control ports are pressurized or Yented by :;olcnoid-operated, three-way transfer YalYes. For example, with pre~ure applied to port B alone, pistons 2 and 3 are forced apart until their interlocl.s limit further motion. The other two interlocks are

312

13 Rotary-Pump
SIGMUND RAPPAPORT
PrQjeu SlIp"lIisor. Ford

Mechanisms
(JJ Ki"l!fIJ<ll;n, l)u/)/r'lJ"/l1
lJlj/IlU'~

InJlfll"ltml

CQ11IpanJ

AJ/1l1Ji1

Pr,,/eIICJf

oj H,oull)11

Oul/s'-4 Fluibl8 yon8S Oirsc,ion of /' rolotion Ou1l.' ~Oulls/

..... OUSing H

Inl"

OU(/1I1

In/III

Ou1l,1

Inl.'

csn'.T
(AI (81 IC) (C) IImlsing wilh

Fig. I - (A) Ramelli pump with 5prjn~-Jnatted vanes In in!.ure COOlael with wall; vane ends rounded for line wotan, (n) Two vanes pi VOl in

housing and ace driven by c((eOlri cally moun led llj)ki . anes dide in glands and are always r dial 10 homing, thus providing surface COnl"'I.

urdioill tunc

411

low) singh: vane to be ust",I, benuse opposing poilus on hOlUill~ in line wilh disk n:nlt:r are equidistant.

Fig. 2-HexibJe vancs 011 cnemril .. ruhller roUlr Jispl .u: litloitl if!> in sliding-vJoe pumps. Instead' of vanes slidil1~ in and Dut, they ht'nd agailHI (asing to pump,

Fi/-:. j--Di)k muuuled caenuiull)' ull t!ri,t' shall displaccs liquid in wntinu om lIuw. Sprinj.:,luaded gliind sepA' rates inlet frum outlet ext'cpt when disk h at lOp uf stroke.

h}.;.. j ,-HUliH}' lUmpft:s\nr pump lid!>link SepdrJlillj..; !>lIlliul1JIUJ ('umIHcssilln ~ides. I.illk is. hill}.;(,t IU rill}.; ""hit'h oStiliatt's. "hile: drinn hy dbk. (hdllJcing anioll pump) liquid in tuntillllOU) flow,

1111.'

Driv8r

Oull.,
Fig. OJ-Gear PUoiP transporU liquid 1~lween !Oulh spaces nd housing wall. Circular 100m 5ha(~ has only one tomh making; nmlaCI and h mute: c:lfidenl Ihan all involult: shape which may co\'lose a po(ket be(w~~n (WO adjhioin~ leelh, redrwliuing pan IIf liquid. Hc:lical leelh are aho used.

Idl. r%f!..

In 1., Fig. 6-Ruots (omprcssur u\e~ twu idenrieaJ impell~rs with )(1t'lially !>h ped leelh. Shafts (OIUlt'('(t'd by u:. Icrnal geilring 10 insure (umlaut (ontall between impellers.

Oull.,
Fi~. 7-11Iree-~t rew pump driH's liquid belwc:en ~new thread!> Jlun/-: axis of )lCCW). Twu idle rolors arc driven h)" fluid pre\!lure, nUl h)' fllt:t. UIOIiUt llic willi powcr rnmr.

Fig. 8-Hnusing of fideShaw-n~uham pump rolates round uank~d shah. Con necting rod, awuheJ 10 (rank ring cau~e pis IOns to oscillate a, hou~ing rotates. No "ahoe' nele~sary sincc~ fn:ed hull ow shaft, di"id~d by wall, has !>u((iun and t:um. pression sides alwa)'~ in l'urreu r~gj'ler wilh inlet and nullel poru.
yo,

OuIlS'

/n/~'

Flap ya/vss

IlIlsl
I:ig. i)-Disk drives mdlLuing arm hid! ails is pislon. Velocity nf ,WII "aries hname uf quilk-r~lurn type OIedlallism. I iquiJ ~Jowly sucl.ed in and ~xIJellt:J Jurin~ dml.wise rotaliun tlf;arm; return stcoke tramf~rs liquid rapidly.

::'OuIl81

Poll" bollt.1 Oil mol/aioll .m,1 JkC'/eIJ~f in ,ilF'" u,1I1 VV,\l.i ,iIlJH}JflJ! J4n G'drit'ht' bC'im ,1uHe/iltH Jua Il"'irJJif,.JJtlidJ(

G~tril:b/.JelJa, ImbliflJe,J by fatigullg, L~jpzig, Gallldny.

Fil-\. W-RUIJIiIlt-: qjinder hlOtk rnounled cun, lcntri(ally in housin/-:. Cuone((inj.:,cod cnd, \Iide awund euemric j.:uide a!>t) limlt'rs rntiilC: and cau~e pi!lrnos IU redpro(ate. Ilomin/-: di,ided iotl) sunil)o and (IJllljJn:ssi()f1 IUllIlJartlllcnls

Inls'
Fit-:. 11 HutH)'-rt\ il"u, Jlin,.: 1IJ.l!luJllr pump hi~h,\'i"'l\il)'
1<1

P\LlllP u\II.llIr optralt" Ilquid\ ,u,h J\ uil.

314

315

'\.\

'\

\'
;;'U' . ~~ . _ ..__~

NEW PUMP PRINCIPLES

Two new pIDDP' are en route from Britain: One is an ail-plastic, glandless, valveless pump for handling corrosive liquids. The other is a micrometering unit for handling very small flows. The an-plasllc pump, introduced by Watson-Marlow Air Pump Co, Buckinghamshire, England, is a rotary ("orbita! lobe") unit that has only one major moving part-a hall-topped flange or lobe that serves to direct the fluid (see diagram). As the lobe orbits in the pump chamber, it increases the volume on one side, creating suction, and decreases it on the other, exerting pressure. A bellows seals the motor drive shaft and its eccentric and takes up the small orbital motion without stress and with minimum wear. Initially the pump will be made in TFE fluorocarbon plastic in sizes to 360 gpm. Larger models are now being designed, and US distribution is being arranged for the full line. The mlcromelerlug pump, designed to control flow of low-viscosity liquids at rates down to 0.1 mI/min, is being developed by Cambridge Instrument Lid (London). An eccentric on the drive sbaft moves a piston in the cylinder block and also transmits a semi-rotary oscillation, 90 out of pbase with the piston movement, to the pivoted block. This makes the port in the blnck move between inlet and outlet ports in tbe main body, causing them to open and close in correct sequence (see diagram). The pump is driven by a gearmotor running at 68 rpm and, Cambridge says, "operatinn i. proportional to, but practi<:ally independent of head." The basic principle is not new, but Cambridge believes this is its first successful application in a pump this size, and plans are being made for commercial production and applications in equipment development.
The m:w "Clcw" pump pumping adion resembling features a that of a

FLOATING VANE PUMP HAS NEW TYPE ACTION

~~~~~
UNIQUE off plan~ment. In .., il i~ pushed In (B), vane

,~,~,.,.
centee pin and yoke-crossheOid give positive dis (A) .bove, vane 1 creale~ a vacuum behind it au' of the rotor and into the pumping chamber. 1 bas beep pushed out iu maximum stroke and a diaphragm-type hand pump requires less manua.l pi~ton pump for a given rate of flow, a doublc-acling was (0 dc:)ign a pi~(on pump requiring Ic~s manual without sacrificing cost and ease of manufa((ure. Inlet
uf duuhle

square piston in a s(luaresmoothly and traveling continuously cylinder of infinite Jength. This action give~ Ihe features of a turbine having positive displacement. The pump will handle liquids, gases or air.

Chicagu L.tbUf.l1UfJ (, Enginuri.g Co., i 18, 11/. N. KeJ . e Ate., Chh.Jgo

has filled the l"hamber betw~n it and "OIne 1.. In (C), vlU1e 1 is bdng withdraw() inlu Ihe colOr 10 .lIow fluid 10 diuharge. Vaue 2 ilUS as a squilfe piston. In (D), vOine 1 is wmplctdy with . drawn, and. vilne 2 hilS staned il~ wilhJcilwal.

HAND PUMP WITH DOUBLE ACTING PISTON

While effort

is basically easier to manufacture. Objenive behind Ihe devdopment of chis new pump by John Wood Co., Muskegon, Mich., effort,

246-gph squeegee pump ... i~ thH.'adc.:d from side to case tubing

change and eliminate drip. dl,' couosi\"!: alld sterile abrasive nance. slurries, A single, virtually continllollS, Said to solutions, \\ ithout fk\ible hanaud tube mainte-

provides ooth inlet alld outld fur pump, which compldely isolates fluid from a1~ moving parts. Solutions are squeezed through tube by a duubleend ball-bearing motor. Randolph Co, 1018 Rosine St, Houston.

TO OVERCOME ItbtJ\rh ~hlgl;:l~h fnpouse aduig phlull pllillp. 111(; olt: 10 ~tlO"c.: h rJtio \\,.1) III( IlJ\l'J I,) 110 I, Jud hJlldlc k\t.:r

FLOW nIAGR.\M
tnriug
walling. bly~tbe C!i~ts. I.O\\lI vahc

316

iIImtrJln \lIuplh 11\ uf 1)lIllIp dl ',I~II L",hl(IIlg 1I1.I1J1lf.LI C,!iu(!t-r i~ 11~l'd10 glllll, thJ\I' 1'.1111. (,lnl,l[wg ;111\,HldJlj(,11.I1 mid \aln: and IIppeldhlh,lI~l \.illl .lIl p.ut I>t I ]Ill'lt: a~~<:II)' plate.

('Pt"ILtl" ptr

gnell [()IIJ 1 ull" LJIl'dllth./or gin'll rail' ,,( ddl\l"I)". \.11111' JIII"IIIII of dl'l\t i~ leq IIlled 10 dIJllhlt-;hlwg 1'11I1Ij1;1\ InU\udU,II.41 dlJ I'IH.lglIl III IIlip 1'111111' CJILddl\t'1 III' tu 20 g,d
Llliuutc.:

317

_ "'J.i.;~",.....

...-.....

NEW PUMP

PRINCIPLES - continued

NEW FAN AND BLOWER PRINCIPLES

A return The to water prime mover power for factory water-hydraulic is an electric motor, operations pump which is predicted system drives by British engineers swashA

fan fhalu\l"

as a new variable-output

goes into operation. a variable-output

dJkil..:llcy drical hundreds tlltes IIP&R about Overall weight,

is daiml.:d

"ire me"h in h':ul uf hladl and gds its joh dilll\.' wilh rl.:lII:Hkahh .. l.ld, I.ondull SL 7, England. by (kat Pump & Rdrigl.:r.ttilln
unit in which in
(see

It's a centrifugal

a cyljn~

plate pump. This in turn supplies high-pressure oil to operate an opposed-piston system (see diagram) controlled by a simple spool valve. The centraJ section thus becomes an oil motoc, the two ends being the water pumps. Tangyes Ltd, Birmingham, England, which makes the pump, says a single
unit of this type can take the place of several of conventional design. In a test in-

mc:~h CJgc--providing, of liny inclined impeller with

~ay~ a

dfecI,
sketch).
c<.Igl.:

blades-sllb~tia 3!H-in. a motor

amp

for the usual unil

h<.lndling an intake 2350

more

vuluml.: of 50

dm

al

stallation one 7Y.o-gaJpump replaces a three-pump system operating 250 presses. Admiuedly, for most purposes a second pump would be needed, if only for insurance. But the system does prove that a single pump can do the job. D,II""

rpm requires Ihan

current
<.Ie).

01 little

0.39
are 2 lb.

(240 v
by c'lge

dimcnsions less than

6VtI The

5~; is cx~

panded aluminum,

Ihe housing

aluminum

or

plastic.
motor and The

frame vcyors

A shadc:d-pole, is used.
other equipment.

~hletonin veilliialiun but is also being h:slcJ for

ClJIl-

unit will first be employed

A variabJe-pih.'h adjust
1(01"
/1/

fun for curs,

10

a fan

Ihat

will and by Park unit arc and roll

its performance wasle of power, Services Radiator

cooling

nt:eds 3<)/43

minimize

is being introduced Limited,

Oil oul
~ Hi9h

Scrck
t 01///1
oU

pressure

011

nu

LOll

pressure

Royal Road, London NW 10, England.

Woter

The which

fan is a four-bladed, operates conventionally at low speed.

pulley-driven when But the blades speed

the engine

-P(JII~1

is running biased

mounted on pivoted pins atlacht:tJ

disk (see diagram), increase, this disk and of the spring, As engine rotates,

to a ~pringovercoming and the air

-Span;

'[JtirIfl9pin

Rolary pump design has been slmpUfled hy Danish .Jl&lneer. in an attempt to provide a single-vane pump that requires virtuaJly no machining. The pump consists of a hollow, slotted cylindrical shaft, a vane that slides in (he
slot, and a housing that includes a cylinSIIo!r

ROiallfl9 'dlSk O/sA slop

turque around

the force

the fan blades

so the blade

angle is reduced

is spilled. At rull speed, they are completely reathered.

Spring Reservoir
chamber

tension

can

be adjusted

so the blade (about 2500 rpm).

drical pumping chamber at one end. The pumping chamber is loaated eccentrically with respeel to the sbait and is closed by an end plate having. semicircular bulge. It is so arranged that when tbe shaft rotales, the lapering region or the pumping chamber (its compression side) registers with the bulge so that the liquid delivered
to can flow out through chamber on the axis.

pitch will change at any desired speed. Bllt normally, the first adjustment l'omes at half spced

Siol S."'(;I ...<;()N'nUH, K!\()lI upcuh's :.11 flludiom of a "inti.",

PlHH'1 \'eulil tur den'lulH:d b~ ludmlli 1 I)l'\igut'l. CllJlln for United Statl."S .\ir (;undiliolling CU1l'uratiulI. I),uks,

il

the reservoir
A,
(}(,.I//d

Danloss A/S, Nordborg, Denmark, which designed the pump (and has patented Britain), axially lolerances, pumping it in Denmark, the and chamber shaft affecting the only Germany, can and is says the size of the re~ervoir ht: adjusted the working rcquire:t-inmaking-ihe without

@f"
p~m-p is
diTIITilg

unimportant;

machining

the Porti",1
Rccin:ul.dio>n

.~(~~I
100 Perct:/ll
Flt"o.:ircuklllOOI

and the hCi:lring for the shafl.

l.haust-

318

319

')

')

TYPES
FROM PUMP

OF VALVES USED IN
Valves are the ner""e center of hydraulic In machine lools, Ihey provide a.-tion, reversal lion, (Iwdl an4) IIlroliling (~ircuils. of mosequelU:e con-

l-IYDRAULIC TRANSMISSIONS
Fig, 5 - Reversing valve. This t:atlle direct. oil /low in and out 01 either end 01 an operating cyli"der . 4 .eparate pilot valve, Fig. 6, control, the oil pre..Jure. The reversing.vahle .pool nwi". ain. a central po. i,ion and {loal. between two .pring,. Pilot ('allie actIOn moves tM .pool. When the .pool at one end 01 the valve, oil under pre~5urt' Jlo~ Irom the pump through the t'altlt! into one end 01 the operating cylinder, and al. the .affle time, oiL ill the oth,'r end 01 the operating cylinder i~ dis. charged into the re.eTl..'oir. UII I \01 Ii I'H(:':'LHt: ~IIO""
011 1\ Tllf 10
OPERATING CYUtlDEA FROM OP(RATING CYUtlOR

IUTI,tlN

uttClJIT

L::!J ro

trol, and relief of Oil))re88ure. Some of the common form8 of these valu>s are ilIu8traled.

i.

fig. I S('hf'lII11rictliallTam 0/ rotary reversing vallie. Oilwa)'~ i,l au oscillati"g cylindr,'ul plug resinel lCith ports It,hid.
cotuled both the main oil line from che pump and the (li,line to the re'B1"voir wilh ei'Mr end of the ()per(Jtill~ crlil/der. When oil u directed from the pump to one elld oj tht' operating cylinder, oil in ~he ocher end 0/ the .ylinder is dischflrged through the rever.sing vallIe to the ,esen'oir. One plHilioli 0/ the reversing vallJf! shown.
clU1Tge

TOCYLINOER rROM PUMP

'0'

Fig. 3- Spring-loflded relief valve. This valve it placed j'l till' pump Jis('harge line to permit ai/to escape from the line to the reJervo;, when rhe amount (,f oil delivered by a coruttlnt.Jis charS8 pump is more ,hau it needed. High preUUTf' Ol'e,. come. the compression 01 the .pring. lilt. the vQlve Irolll it. j('ut, and b)"puue. the oil until the pre ure drop. below the cOlllpre.~ion adjustment 01 the spring.

2 - Seeluence cOI!tro! ("nhe. Some machines are designed 01 nwtimu nuut be completed belCKe another urie. can .tarl. This type valve prevenb the flow 01 oil to No. 2 operating C)1imler Iudd the motion in No. 1 cylinder haJ been completed. Bolh end, 01 the Ireely floating pool are under oil preuure. Tile end exposed to pump pre . .ure is smaller than the end uposed to preuure Irom No. I C)"Linder, From the pump, oil fl(n(!' through a coil of tubing which slightly rutricts the oil {low. Pressure in No. I C)"Under alld on No. I end 01 the valve spool i~ Leu than the pump pressure, and th,. difference on the ends 01 the valve .hilt. the ~p()ol toward. the low pre ure ,iele. 1'II1W01 oil to No.2 c:r/il(der is pretlented. J1'hen motion in No. I cylinder completed, oil '10 longer flow. through ,he coil. Preuure on both .ide. 01 the (Ialt'e j. equali%pd. Full pump preuure now act. on Ihe lnrge end (II the ,pool, and the .pool "~hi/t. to admit oil to No.2 c:ylinder.

Pi".

.0 that one .eries

Fig. /1- Pilot I!alve. (u/HH"p and lelt) Spouls ullhe,e valves are thrown by nwu or dogs, or may be moved magnet. ",ally by 5uleuoi(k Oil pressure Iwm the pump i.j di . reeled alternately to both ends by mean. 01 a rt'venin, ('alve, Fig. 5,

i.

.'n\I~~ ,
".

t" u o

~"tl'
Fig,. 7 tmd 8 -Dwell and IhrouliuB vaft-e. The.#! .prhlg.loaded valves are actualed b)" cams or oil pressure. Cum action J1Wve. the .pool and shuls 00 this free oil delivery. permitting only a restricted oil {low throu8h throttlitlg adjuatment. In the pitot valve line, this vallie dday. action oj the revening valve and permit. a period 01 dwell at the end 01 the strokto 01 fhe operating pi.ton, The change Irom Iree to restricted flaK' may be abrupt or gradual, dependitlg upon the .pool em. ployed. In preuure adUalt'd vuhes, Fig. 8. the valve i. normally held closed by the .pring. Delivery 01 oil restricted by u throaling adju.t. ment IU long IU the l'allle is closed, When /low is revened. oil pressure lilt. the vull'f' and permit. free ddivery 01 the oil.

.(.;.~~~.

,.;~ ...

Fij{. -I Stop ruille. JUIU/lly placed in tM main oil /jilt! lrom lhe pump are opt!rated manually or by canu. 1'hey are desi.gned to atop the IIIl1chine lit n IJTf'determineJ point. When the spool is shi/tl'd tll II stop po.ition. the flul(" 01 oil is illtf>rrupted Wid mMhine motion Iwltt'cl. IT"hilt' tile nwdliflf' is idling, the flil is b"\"-pfls~f'd low prf'SSllre to the at r~.err'oir thf'rt'b)" n'clucinJ{ potter ("o.h. l'he machine i"\ re~/(Irtecl pithpr mUlIuall)' b)" the 0pt'Hlfor, or b) C(WII uhidj nUII'e the t'uh'e tu II nt'/(" posit;'t"'.

i.

Q=r=[JJo
SI"OOL FOR AIRUI"TACTlO"

VAL VE FOLLOWER
A~\
.

MECFIANISMS
lilt' I".,ilioll I,.'I'"I""I.JIUJ.; hiJ 1"'('11 !lilh-d . I
111.11

FOR SERVO CONTROLS

Fig, 5-Modifitd f"IILl dl.'.,igll. .,1 J111.ttiu~ ;Hha liJ~c 11'\('] i~ Ihe !,11Il' il'l, (IIIIlI'.:td .:tpplj,d 10 lIIouh :UWdlt'l Curli!o~Wri~dll Onl'

puwer'Ujwral,'d pH~ili"lIin~ call~t"tI III JIIO\lI: to II I,o.!iitiun 1nt'I'hdlli"lIl. whcn:iu the pu ctilitrulltIIIlt'UH'1I1 rr j .

.kIlU1I1 ,,al'IL'" Ihl' I'lInlr 1 1(,\I'r .\II'chanil'al

(II

~lljdl

.h~il!u

1'. .,11,11:'.

c(:.rrt'~p(Jndin!! It": \I'r or lu;'cI

if>

In Ihal III wliidl Ih~ llianually.uperah-d ha~ het'li ~hiftl'd, must inenrp(JrlJl~ It

contrul
val\(~ ful

ha il"

)1) "H'r 1TIt'I:halli~lI1.

Tilt: purpose of the vain: folluwer mech ar.:aisffi 10 alitolllalicalh rdurn the control valve HI tlll~ pnwt'r or ~N"'(J 11111110 il~ nt'utral position when the Cf'lIllullt ..d

h:vlr,...

lullul .r UlI'dutlli m:-. alt: 1 IIUl' lit typ. .: (11 SItlW and lilli, (21 Id'dge:., I'!) l'l'it'ydit, ~wariug, 151 Ilrxillle Cllftl Elt'dri('al and t'!1.'lruuic' rin'uib allil dr.\ic~s .. Illdl mildll III' lon id.rtd fur (Inain

tlw I:il and arc

lullll'nilig lIoaliug pulley~. al!ltJ PU!I-

ibililil

up"licatilJlls.

Movem~nt or control roel at .p. I)p~n:; upper valvf!~ cajJ~/n9 pi~ton tl) '"I)Vf! to righf. Point ~8" revolvP5 about ~C": Point "F" rfl'..-olv about -EO', Arm "0' rfl'mains as ~l1t by control. Mofion continuC'. fill 11"01". rock",r arm ha. ~turn,d fa n.wtral

.'j I-Schematic ul
lII~dll.Ll1ism. Hutaliull (J1'~raltlr causes (IIIC:= dirt'clion.

filcrewand-nul fullllwt'r (If control whed hy tlll~ axial IIwvt'nwnt Hf lilt' nut in thert'b .ucluillinll tht' valve (~un Iro Jlin~ till' ~t'nu m;,lor. Servo mulur lHove:Iht~ rudder. mulion of which causes rut at ion of pindull iu ~u,'h d din'etinn as 10 caLise oppnsilt'
!ra\'el uf tllt~ Rut, posilion, steering Ihereby This engine, ships, relurning is an old TIlt' h)'dralllil~ an eleclrir is replar"11 Ihc mt'C'h, servu or

P,nion ,,_

~~~Rotate>d by movp",,,nt ~ or rwdde>r or whaley~r Nfl',""nt is bfl'lng controll",,,

B\

./

axi,al

\'al!\'t~ to nt'lIlral anhm used for

Dlu,tor can he

a steam

,\
Suppor f BParing

c_,l
FIG. 2
Gwide __

",C FIG. 5

Whe.,---l
FIG. 1

,
"~"'Ive for piston ",otlon to leff'

IJlu:::=umalic cylinder or t'ngine IIr motor. For Ihe la~1 tYlle, the \'dlve hy an t'1t'('lrir ('olllr,,1 swileh.

~ Cub/~ f"J",p

Co;1"''''CI'.:Jr1

fO

C"blf! mov r"e,.,1 rot<Ar~~ "hliovt'

or ,,,dder

FiJ(pd

.'ie:,

2-A

screw inclint'!1 elillsin~

Ilm'ad plane. IIII' .crv"

can valvl'

he Ihougbt the it~ frulII

of as conlrol tH:lllral

a rnwdifit'rl hiJllllllt' J''',;, iliun. dernrl1l I'au.ses dir~(;lioli IIw.rt'h)'

Moving motor

H-higes
Ny . nl"lici

di,;)llaCt'!>

111 1110\'1' Ihl"

,(:Jlvt' ,ud

being conlwllerl. Iltl' follow rud in whkh nllIrnillJ.! \al\l'

This
10

last movement muve in the same rud was moved, po"itiun.

'Control cub!" Control rod

Iht' t:onHol

In il:-. 1II"IIIrai

FIG. 6

"'ii,
Con"ol Rod Follow Rod FIG, 3
!>huws ~cars. ran

6--Epicyclic form of sf.hemali(.ally

gearing fltJlllillg Ihe lalll'lt'll I'!t'etrh'

('an

be

cOIl!oidc:n:d This IIwrdy tlf

11 Ilw

tIIodilil,tI

levc:!".

arrangC:lllcnl "lIydraulic,vdh'l~ or :oiwilth. d vicc

FIG.

The
IIl'Iualt'

rotl an

Iud" pnt:u for Ille Fig, ,'ullind 7-Fpit")'dil' \ahe" fllllllh"[ dl'Vdupt"ll III1'dliJlli"lI1 II) ,\111,1 i:. buill iUI., I'rtlclul"ts Ibis "pll~ililln CUIlIj'dIlY. I'rtI'i:.i"u

(ht'o~tlll olher

Wh"'

"ilo

3--The

Jludliug

I.w(

i., Ih,

11111.,1 I',,"ulwnl)'

Iht'et

Iypt'

1JId.lic l'tlulruJ vain', III" any ('unlr,,1 IIf a puwer Ullil.

of f"Jll1w(,f IIlI'dllwi:-.m, !\IO\'lIHI'flt uf ('ollnnl han.!!,. ""t'IiS valvl', ('ausin~ M'rvo motur 10 npt:rale the d,'sired "II'nwIII, IIlt1vt'IIII'nl of whit,1I eilu:.c-'s follllw rod III /1111\'1:ill sault' diut' ti n It-. IIWW'IIII'III 1I1'lIlral pu,.ili,.u, nf I'ulilroll'ud. Thi~ I"ill~:-' ,ahl IHil'k II)

,\10\1:1111'111 uf \.,111 r II: . I,1.: tulaks I !"Imaill I'-ili,'nar). Ilt'un: lIgulal , Io\Ia. I 1..1')1',( I \ahl' hail,

!;I'ar I. n,laliou

Shah

of planetary gears "I' ~'.II J ij II'-ill ulilled tllI~

11m., tJl't'I<lljll~

~ah,' .. id H
"Iallda.il~

1'ltll:ling 1,1'. IIH~ ,UI

Ilu~ "1'1'\., 10 111"\1' lilt 11.1)1. luddl~' nl \~hk\II' III<' l'iJlt "hi)' it. till' .. l., "I b d ~IU\"'IIII'1l1 .,f lIap IlIlal, Ih, .111'.11" .Hld l\illt pldud.lry i!.

I!"dh.

t;"ii/ r"liLli n

/ Ic'ulaiu

. ~lali'''I.II) ~hall Ila,k

,ilIll

roll

Thi . Ialhl~

.,f \-"h,

In it.. lIe-utr

! I'u~iliuli.

CO"fro!

c"u~:FIG 4

'd d n

f7'!o"rd foJ de:>"rd pc>s"'(>" 0'0/0''' ~" .ff f't) ,......,..- ,.,'~t~iI(f!' n pn'Pf!" P<>"f. 10actu ~ """'9 cylinJ<!'I; (-~~""!/ I,o.or' 1'1SrO'l '''' ',..,_rl fo f"" It!'ff vnlll v(;ll.1!' lod I,..:> be ." '"0' f:'d t'a, A to " .,,11,,1

Fi". I'll' ,'!Itd

I--Appli'illioJl III Ihl' dl'~i~u by (:ulli I a \\,i~111

IIf lilt,

tloalJilK

lever

prind-

Fif"

a-Flnil,ll'

1I1I"1 11.lp,'

rUH[ljll~

lIn:r

pl1l1l')'"

1 1IU\\ocr

1IIt'Ihulli m dt've-I<:url'untliun.

Airt'raft

The

~al\l' and

"I'nn

/1"\\01'1' qlindn

,III' 11unit.

I'.lil III' u~.'d t . 1,,11111'\1'1 IIIITh.wi'III". Thi. I) Iw UlI.h.,"i~H1 i~ "1"Tialh :-.uih'd hIH'n~ a ~1"all'l 1111111111'1 "IUHJ\'IIH'nl . illl' 11I\ I\,'d a it is 1111'111\ IIn'""dq
10.

322

ill."a~.

Ihl'

IIII IILIJI'I

lit

pull,y,.,

'\
._ ..<..i;,,"""0i"'~~=-_"

'\
)

LINKAGE

ARRANGEMENTS

FOR ENGINE V ALVES

Allan

11
MEASURING AND METERING DEVICES

Walschaem or
H4iulinger-Wokteg

Ilak.Knowl.,

(.)
Valve gears. Some of th~ cla&lical movementtJ date back over IOU Y('8,.f6. They are of gelleral interest beeauae of the possibility of modifying them for Otllt'f purposes. The following notation used: f d('notes pivot fixed in the framt'. a denotes an adjuatable pivot for reveI1ling or for changing cutoff. c denole8 crank ahaft center. V dellote8 valve rod. (From Mechunisms by J. S. Beggs)
i..8 .II.

v
((lUll

The Baker valve gear applied to a New York ('1'lIlml freight) locomotive. Thill g~ar it! popular because of the absence of IIlidea expo6ed tv dirt. (The J~llli(Jd Computly.)

324