The Determination of Peak Ground Acceleration at Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia

Teuku Faisal Fathani Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, email: fathani@tsipil.ugm.ac.id Agus Darmawan Adi Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, email: adadhi2@yahoo.com Subagyo Pramumijoyo Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, email: bagyo@ugm.ac.id Dwikorita Karnawati Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, email: dwiko@indosat.net.id, dwiko2007@yahoo.co.id

ABSTRACT

The horizontal peak ground acceleration at Bantul area, Yogyakarta Province is calculated based on the Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002 coupled with the local soil conditions determined from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results and based on empirical prediction by using attenuation relationships. The average value of SPT until a depth of 30 m at the 10 sites surrounding Bantul area was investigated. The SPT values varied from 18.60 to 36.85. Accordingly, by referring to SNI-1726-2002, the soil at 10 study sites was classified as medium soil with peak ground acceleration from 0.225g to 0.288g. The empirical prediction of peak ground acceleration at Bantul area is determined based on the Mw 6.3 Yogyakarta earthquake of May 27, 2006, considering two Scenarios of epicenter coordinate and hypocenter depth based on the Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical Agency (BMG) and United States Geological Survey (USGS). According to the attenuation relationships, the peak ground accelerations at the study sites vary from 0.209g to 0.322g. An attenuation relationship based on the dominant period at the observed sites, earthquake magnitude and hypocenter distance has been used to estimate the peak ground acceleration. The dominant period of the ground is assumed as the ground period produced by the micro-tremor survey conducted on the study area. As the result, the peak ground accelerations vary from 0.140g to 0.534g. In the south and east part of the study area, the peak ground accelerations produced by the Indonesian code of SNI-17262002 are considerably lower than those produced by the attenuation relationships based on the Yogyakarta earthquake of May 27, 2006 and the results of micro-tremor survey. Therefore, it is prudent to reconsider and revise the Indonesian building code based on the local soil condition and ground amplification, for use in regional planning and development projects.

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INTRODUCTION Peak Ground Acceleration is one of the most difficult parameters to determine. It represents an acceleration that will be induced sometime in the future by an earthquake on a particular area. Since it is not possible to predict earthquakes, the value of peak ground acceleration must be based on prior earthquakes and faults studies. The peak ground acceleration is determined based on source, seismicity, and attenuation relationships. Some of the more commonly used methods to determine the peak ground acceleration at a site are historical earthquake, maximum credible earthquake, maximum probable earthquake, code or other regulatory requirement, and earthquake maps (Day, 2002). In response to the Mw 6.3 Yogyakarta earthquake of May 27, 2006 an investigation to determine horizontal peak ground acceleration in the area affected earthquake was conducted. The investigation was done by core drilling, Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and microtremor survey in the area surrounding Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province. This research deals with the analysis of peak ground acceleration based on (1) the Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002 coupled with local soil conditions determined from Standard Penetration Test (SPT) results; (2) the empirical prediction by using attenuation relationships, which relate the peak ground acceleration to the earthquake magnitude and the distance between the site and the seismic source; and (3) the attenuation relationship based on the dominant period at the observed sites produced by the micro-tremor survey. INDONESIAN CODE OF SNI-17262002 In each country, there is a local building code that specifies design values of peak ground acceleration. In Indonesia, the peak ground acceleration can be obtained by using the building code of SNI-1726-2002. This code divided Indonesia into 6 seismic

zones considering the probability of exceedance of buildings with 50 years life time is 10 percent and seismic design load of 500 years return period. The determination of national standard for peak ground acceleration in this code was based on the historical earthquakes, maximum probable earthquakes, and local soil conditions. The maximum probable earthquake is the largest predicted earthquake that a fault is capable of generating within a specified time period based on a study of nearby active faults. Maximum probable earthquake are most likely to occur within the design life of the project, therefore they have been commonly used in assessing seismic risk. The peak ground acceleration is determined as the value that has a certain probability of exceedance in a specific number of years. A commonly used definition of a maximum probable earthquake is an earthquake that will produce a peak ground acceleration with a 50 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years (USCOLD, 1985). The design basis ground motion can often be determined by a site-specific hazard analysis, or from a hazard map. Various maps showing peak ground acceleration with a 2, 5, or 10 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years provide the choice of the appropriate level of hazard or risk. Such an approach is termed the probabilistic method, with the choice of peak ground acceleration based on the concept of acceptable risk. Earthquake Return Period Earthquake return period for lifelines facilities should be based on the following criteria (Ferritto, 1992). 1) Ordinary category of construction on average seismicity sites Ordinary facilities can be designed based on earthquake with an approximate 10 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years. 2) High seismicity or essential category of construction Facilities that are deemed important

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THE YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 27, 2006

and essential shall use a two-earthquake procedure. Level 1 earthquake has a 50 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years. Level 2 earthquake has a 10 percent probability of exceedance in 100 years. 3) Facilities containing polluting or hazardous material Facilities containing polluting or hazardous material should be designed based on Level 3 earthquake having a 10 percent probability of exceedance in 250 years. In any case, a design load less than suggested by a code is not permitted. The seismic load in Indonesian building code of SNI-1726-2002 is based on three factors: a probability of exceedance in a certain period, ductility factor, and structural over

strength factor. In the explanation above, the relation between probability of exceedance, facility life time and the earthquake return period are as follows.
L 1 e T p=

100% ... (1)

or

T=

L log(e ) log(1 p )

.... (2)

Seismic Zones According to plate tectonic theory, earthquakes commonly occur at the locations around the plate boundaries. The plate boundaries in Indonesia can be seen in Figure 1.

Earthquakes

Plate Boundaries

Figure 1 Earthquake epicenter and plate boundaries in and adjacent to Indonesia (USGS).

According to SNI-1726-2002, Indonesia is divided into 6 seismic zones and its response spectra is shown in Figure 2, where seismic zone 1 has the lowest earthquake hazard and seismic zone 6 has the highest earthquake hazard. These seismic zones are divided based on the peak ground acceleration of earthquake with 500 years return period, where the average values of peak bedrock acceleration and

peak ground acceleration for each seismic zone can be seen in Figure 2 and Table 1. From Figure 2, it can be seen that the study site is located in Bantul Regency Yogyakarta, which is in seismic zone 3. If the peak ground acceleration cannot be analyzed using the wave propagation theory, the peak ground acceleration in each zone for each type of soil can be taken from Table 1.

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94 10 o

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

120

122

124

126

128

130

132

134

136

138

140

10 o

8o

80

200 Kilometer

400

8o

o Banda Aceh 1 2

2o
Manado Pekanbaru Ternate 1 Samarinda 1 Padang 6 3 2 1 Palembang o Bengkulu Banjarmasin 5 Kendari Ambon 4 1 Bandarlampung o Jakarta Bandung Semarang Garut Tasikmalaya Solo Jogjakarta Cilacap 2 1 Makasar Tual 3 2 4 5 5 4 3 2 Jambi Palangkaraya Palu Sorong Biak Manokwari 2 3 4 5 6 Jayapura

2o

2o

2o

Sukabumi o

Surabaya 3 Blitar Malang Banyuwangi Denpasar 4 Merauke 5 6

Mataram

10

o 5 4 Kupang

10

Wilayah Zone
12
o

1 2 3 4 5 6
98 o

: 0,03 g : 0,10 g : 0,15 g : 0,20 g : 0,25 g : 0,30 g

3 2 1 o

Wilayah Zone Wilayah Zone Wilayah Zone Wilayah Zone Wilayah Zone

12

14

14

16 o 94 o 96 o 100 o 102 o 104 o 106 o 108 o 110 o 112 o 114 o 116 o 118 o 120 o 122 o 124 o 126 o 128 o 130 o 132 o 134 o 136 o 138 o 140 o

16 o

Figure 2. Seismic zones in Indonesia (SNI-1726-2002).

Table 1. Bedrock acceleration and peak ground acceleration for each seismic zone and type of soil in Indonesia

Seismic Zones 1 2 3 4 5 6 Soil Classification

Bedrock acceleration (g) 0,03 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

Peak ground acceleration amax (g) Hard Soil Medium Soft Soil Special Soil Soil 0,04 0,05 0,08 Required special 0,12 0,15 0,20 evaluation in 0,18 0,23 0,30 each zone 0,24 0,28 0,34 0,28 0,32 0,36 0,33 0,36 0,38

Soil condition, where a structure is built on it, has a very significant influence to the level of seismic load to be considered. According to SNI-1726-2002, soil conditions can be classified into three types: soft soil, medium soil, and hard soil. These three soil classifications can be determined if the top 30 m of soil thickness satisfies one of the requirements listed on Table 2. In Table 2, v s , N and S u are the average values of each soil layer that can be determined by using a weighting method with the following equations:

vs

i =1

m i =1

i =1 m

ti

... (3)

t i / v si
ti

..... (4)

ti / N i

i =1

Su

i =1

i =1 m

ti

..... (5)

ti / Sui

where ti is the soil thickness of the ith soil layer, vsi is the shear wave velocity through the ith soil layer, Ni is the value of SPT of the ith soil layer, Sui is the undrained shear strength of the ith soil layer and m is the

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THE YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 27, 2006

number of soil layer above the bedrock. In Table 2, PI is the Plasticity Index of the clay, wn is natural moisture content and Su is undrained shear strength of the soil. The special soil mentioned in Table 2 is a soil type that does not satisfy any requirement in the table. Moreover, the special soil can also be classified as a soil that has a high potential for liquefaction, or may be sensitive clay, or a deteriorated cemented
Table 2. Soil classification based on SNI-1726-2002

sand, or a soil with a high content of organic matter where the thickness is more than 3 m, or is a soft clay with a PI of more than 75% and the thickness is more than 10 m, clay layer with 25 kPa < Su < 50 kPa and the thickness is more than 30 m. The peak ground acceleration of special soil must be determined from a wave propagation analysis.

Type of soil

Average shear wave velocity, v s (m/s)

v s > 350

Average Standard Penetration Test (SPT), N

N > 50

Average undrained shear strength, S u (kPa)

S u > 100

Hard soil Medium Soil Soft Soil

175 < v s < 350

15 < N < 50

50 < S u < 100

Special Soil

v s < 175 N < 15 S u < 50 or, any soft soil profile where the total thickness is more than 3 m with PI > 20%, wn > 40 % and Su < 25 kPa Required special examination on every site

EMPIRICAL GROUND MOTION PREDICTION Empirical prediction of peak ground acceleration invariably incorporates a dependence on the earthquake size and distance to the hypocenter or active faulting. Based on the past recordings of strong earthquake motion, the peak ground acceleration can be described by a ground motion prediction equation as a function of the earthquake magnitude, distance from the hypocenter or the fault to the site, and general site conditions parameter. Figure 3 shows one of such relationships, developed by Abrahamson and Silva (1997) for crustal earthquakes in tectonically active areas. Since peak ground acceleration is the most commonly used ground motion parameter, many peak ground acceleration relationships have been developed. The most broadly based relationship between local magnitude (Richter scale), hypocenter distance and peak ground acceleration was provided by Donovan (1973) as shown in Equation 6. The equation expresses the

mean of 678 acceleration values of Western U.S., Japan and Papua New Guinea, and represents a conservative estimation of mean peak ground acceleration on sites with 6 m or more of soil overlying the rock.

Figure 3. Peak ground acceleration as a function of magnitude and distance from the hypocenter or the fault (Abrahamson and Silva, 1997).

a max =

1080 e 0.5 M

(R + 25)1.32

. (6)

where amax is peak ground acceleration (cm/sec2), R is distance from the hypocenter

THE DETERMINATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION

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(km), and M is earthquake local magnitude of Richter scale. Another attenuation relationship based on statistically evaluated data is that of Esteva (1974), who gives the expression for peak ground acceleration based on California data and is valid for focal distances in excess of 15 km, as shown in Equation 7. Matuschka (1980) also provided the similar attenuation relationship in Equation 8. 5600 e0.8 M amax = . (7) (R + 40)2

earthquakes. The resulting relation in Japan is log amax = -0.41M log(R+0.032.100.41M) 0.0034R + 1.30 ..(10) where amax is the mean of peak acceleration from two horizontal components at each site (cm/sec2), R is the shortest distance between the site and hypocenter or fault rupture (km), and M is the surface-wave magnitude. Effects of four different ground conditions (rock, hard-, medium- and softsoils) on the attenuation relation were also examined. Average peak horizontal accelerations for the rock and the soft-soil sites are 60 percent and 140 percent, respectively of the value predicted from the equation. Kanai (1966) proposed an attenuation relationship for peak ground acceleration based on the dominant period at the observed site, earthquake magnitude of Richter scale and the hypocenter distance, as shown in Equation 11.
a max = 5 Tg 10
3.6 1,83 0.61M 1.66 + log R + 0.167 R R

a max =

119 e 0.81M

(R + 25)1.15

.. (8)

It should be noted that attenuation equations are generally inappropriate for the epicentral area, i.e. within a distance of about 15-20 km from the epicenter. This area needs special consideration, and the understanding of it is still very limited. Moreover, Campbell (1981) used worldwide data to develop an attenuation relationship for the mean peak ground acceleration for sites within 50 km of the fault rupture in magnitude 5.0 to 7.7 earthquakes:
ln a max = 4.141 + 0.868M 1.09 ln R + 0.606 0.7 M

. (11)

. (9)

where M is the local magnitude or surface wave magnitude for magnitudes less than or greater than 6, respectively, and R is the closest distance to the hypocenter or the fault rupture in kilometers. An attenuation equation for peak horizontal acceleration applicable to the near source region in Japan was developed by Fukushima and Tanaka (1990). The data base consists of 1372 horizontal components of peak ground acceleration from 28 earthquakes in Japan and 15 earthquakes in the United States and other countries. Coefficients describing the decrease in acceleration with increasing distance found by most previous studies of Japanese data are significantly smaller than those found by analyzing individual

where amax is the peak ground acceleration at the site (cm/sec2), Tg is the dominant period or the fundamental period of the ground (s), R is the shortest distance between site and the hypocenter or the fault rupture (km), and M the earthquake magnitude of Richter scale.
THE CALCULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In order to provide a peak ground acceleration distribution map which can estimate the zonation of earthquake vulnerability and susceptibility at various levels of risk, it is necessary to define a scoring system representing each value of peak ground acceleration appropriate with the local building strength conditions in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. Table 3 shows five levels of scoring system for peak ground acceleration used in this study.

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THE YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 27, 2006

Table 3. Scoring system used in developing peak ground acceleration distribution map

No 1 2 3 4 5

Level Level of Score Risk Very 1 low risk Low 0.10 amax < 0.20 2 risk Medium 3 0.20 amax < 0.30 risk High 4 0.30 amax < 0.40 risk Very 5 amax 0.40g high risk

Peak Ground Acceleration (g) amax < 0.10

Peak ground acceleration based on the code of SNI-1726-2002

By considering the seismic zones shown in Figure 2, the study area at Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta is located in the seismic zone 3. The peak ground acceleration in each location for each type of soil can be taken from Table 1. Meanwhile, the soil classification is decided by using the results of site investigations of standard penetration testing at 10 bore holes. From SPT results, the values of N until a depth of 30 m are shown in Figure 4. The average values of N

are used for determining the soil classification on each site. By using Equation 4, the average values of N until a depth of 30 m at the sites surrounding Bantul area, Yogyakarta vary from 18.60 to 36.85. Therefore, the soil can be classified as medium soil. Table 4 shows the calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on SNI-1726-2002. The soil classification system in SNI1726-2002 uses a very rough interval. From Table 2, the average N-SPT value in the interval of 15 to 50 at the same seismic zone produces a similar value of peak ground acceleration. Likewise, the average N-SPT values at Watu, Tempuran, Pranti, BPKP-1, BPKP-2, Karangsemut, Segoroyoso, Bambanglipuro, Wijirejo and Krajan area differ from 18.60 to 36.85. The values of peak ground acceleration at these 10 study sites are determined by interpolating the value in Table 2 based on the average value of N-SPT. Accordingly, by referring to SNI-1726-2002, the peak ground accelerations at 10 study sites are 0.225g to 0.288g. On the basis of the calculation results shown in Table 4, the 10 study sites are classified of having a medium level of risk (level 3).

Table 4. The calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on SNI-1726-2002 in seismic zone 3

Boring No. BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5 BH6 BH10 BH11 BH12 BH13

Location

Watu Tempuran Pranti BPKP-1 BPKP-2 Karangsemut Segoroyoso Bambanglipuro Wijirejo Krajan

Average Soil Bedrock Peak Ground Level SPT Classification Acceleration Acceleration of Risk (g) (g) (N ) 27.53 Medium soil 0.15 0.257 3 0.225 3 36.85 Medium soil 0.15 0.288 3 18.60 Medium soil 0.15 0.269 3 24.00 Medium soil 0.15 0.263 3 25.90 Medium soil 0.15 0.247 3 30.50 Medium soil 0.15 0.15 0.238 3 33.20 Medium soil 0.15 0.261 3 26.47 Medium soil 0.15 0.245 3 31.13 Medium soil 0.259 3 26.93 Medium soil 0.15

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Standard Penetration Test (N )

0 0 5 10 20 40 60 0 5 10 0

Standard Penetration Test (N )

20 40 60 0 5 10 0

Standard Penetration Test (N )

20 40 60

Depth (m)

Depth (m)

15 20 25 30 35 40

15 20 25 30 35 40

Depth (m)

15 20 25 30 35 40

Location: BH-1 Watu N = 27.53

Standard Penetration Test (N )
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 0 5 10 0

Location: BH-2 Tempuran N = 36.85

Standard Penetration Test (N )
20 40 60 0 5 10 0

Location: BH-3 Pranti N = 18.60

Standard Penetration Test (N )
20 40 60

Depth (m)

Depth (m)

20 25 30 35 40

20 25 30 35 40

Depth (m)

15

15

15 20 25 30 35 40

Location: BH-4 BPKP-1 N = 24.00

0 0 5 10 20 40

Location: BH-5 BPKP-2 N = 25.90

60 0 5 10 0 20

Location: BH-6 Karangsemut N = 30.50

40 60

Standard Penetration Test (N )

Standard Penetration Test (N )

Depth (m)

20 25 30 35 40

Depth (m)

15

15 20 25 30 35 40

Location: BH-10 Segoroyoso N = 33.20

Standard Penetration Test (N )
0 0 5 10 20 40 60 0 5 10 0

Location: BH-11 Bb.lipuro N = 26.47

Standard Penetration Test (N )
20 40 60

Depth (m)

20 25 30 35 40

Depth (m)

15

15 20 25 30 35 40

Location: BH-12 Wijirejo N = 31.13

Location: BH-13 Krajan N = 26.93

Figure 4. Results of Standard Penetration Test.

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THE YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 27, 2006

Peak ground acceleration based on the attenuation relationships

scales become saturated at an ML of about 7.3.

Earthquake Magnitude Scales The previously described earthquake magnitude scales are empirical quantities based on various instrumental measurements of ground shaking characteristics. As the total amount of energy released during an earthquake increases, however, the ground-shaking characteristics do not necessarily increase at the same rate. For strong earthquakes, the measured ground-shaking characteristics become less sensitive to the size of the earthquake than for smaller earthquakes. This phenomenon is referred to as saturation; the body wave (mb) and Richter local magnitudes (ML) saturate at magnitudes of 6 to 7 and the surface wave magnitude saturates at about Ms = 8. To describe the size of very large earthquakes, the only magnitude of scale that does not depend on ground-shaking levels, and consequently does not subject to saturation is the moment magnitude Mw (Kanamori, 1977; Hanks and Kanamori, 1979), since it is based on the seismic moment (Mo), which is a direct measure of the factors that produce rupture along the fault. Figure 5 shows the approximate relationships between several earthquake magnitude scales. Saturation of the instrumental scales is indicated by their flattening at higher magnitude values. The lines drawn in Figure 5 should only be considered as approximate relationships, representing a possible wide range in values. Considering the limitations of Figure 5, it could be concluded that the local magnitude (ML) and moment magnitude scale (Mw) are reasonably close to one another below a value of about 7 (Day, 2002). Meanwhile, the surface wave magnitude (Ms) slightly deviates from the local magnitude (ML) and moment magnitude scale (Mw) below a value of about 6. At high magnitude values, the moment magnitude (Mw) tends to significantly deviate from these other two magnitude scales. The local magnitude

Figure 5. Approximate relationships between moment magnitude scale (Mw) and other magnitude scales: Richter local magnitude (ML), surface wave magnitude (Ms), shortperiod body wave magnitude (mb), and Japanese Meteorological Agency magnitude (MJMA) (After Idris, 1985).

Empirical Prediction of Peak Ground Acceleration The peak ground acceleration at 10 study sites near the hypocenter of the Yogyakarta earthquake can be determined roughly based on Equations 6 ~ 10. By inputting the hypocenter distance and the local magnitude or surface wave magnitude of the earthquake, the peak ground acceleration (amax) can be calculated. The empirical prediction of peak ground acceleration in the study area is determined based on the Mw 6.3 Yogyakarta earthquake of May 27, 2006. The calculation was done by considering two Scenarios of earthquake magnitude, epicenter coordinate and hypocenter depth based on the Indonesia Meteorological and Geophysical Agency (BMG) and United States Geological Survey (USGS) reports, as described below: a. Scenario 1 (BMG): the epicenter coordinate was located at 423960.78 E, 9115638.42 N, with the hypocenter depth of 11.8 km. The short period body wave magnitude (mb) is 5.9. Based on

THE DETERMINATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION

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Figure 5, the value of mb = 5.9 is approximately equal to Mw = 6.3. b. Scenario 2 (USGS): the epicenter coordinate was located at 440265.66 E, 9119863.97 N, with the hypocenter depth of 10 km and the moment magnitude Mw is 6.3. The attenuation relationships between peak ground acceleration, hypocenter distance and earthquake magnitude in Equations 6 ~ 10 are used to calculate the

peak ground acceleration surrounding Bantul area. Table 5 shows the calculation results of peak ground accelerations based on Scenario 1 (BMG). The calculation results of peak ground accelerations based on Scenario 2 (USGS) are shown in Table 6. The peak ground acceleration distribution maps on each site based on two Scenarios mentioned above are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 for Scenario 1 (BMG) and Scenario 2 (USGS), respectively.

Table 5. The calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on Scenario 1 (BMG)

Boring No.

BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5 BH6 BH10 BH11 BH12 BH13

Peak Ground Acceleration (amax) Donovan Esteva Matuschka Campbell Fukushima (1973) (1974) (1980) (1981) & Tanaka (1990) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) Watu 0.216 0.322 0.311 0.241 0.287 Tempuran 0.204 0.302 0.295 0.210 0.265 Pranti 0.202 0.300 0.293 0.207 0.263 BPKP-1 0.161 0.233 0.241 0.132 0.195 BPKP-2 0.161 0.233 0.241 0.132 0.194 Karang semut 0.179 0.261 0.263 0.160 0.223 Segoroyoso 0.164 0.238 0.245 0.136 0.199 Bambang0.213 0.316 0.306 0.232 0.281 lipuro Wijirejo 0.191 0.281 0.279 0.182 0.243 Krajan 0.196 0.289 0.285 0.192 0.252

Location

Highest Level of amax Risk (g) 0.322 4 0.302 4 0.300 4 0.241 3 0.241 3 0.263 3 0.245 3 0.316 0.281 0.289 4 3 3

From Table 5 and 6, the highest peak ground accelerations at 10 study sites which are underlain by the medium soil vary from 0.241g to 0.322g and from 0.209g to 0.302g for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. The highest values of peak ground acceleration are provided by Esteva (1974), Matuschka (1980) as well as the Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002. The Donovan (1973) equation yields lower values of peak ground acceleration since this method represents a conservative estimation of mean peak ground acceleration on sites with 6 m or more of soil overlying the rock. Meanwhile, Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) equation produces higher values of peak ground acceleration compared with Donovan (1973) and Campbell (1981) equations. Average peak horizontal

accelerations for the rock and the soft-soil sites are 60% and 140% respectively of the value predicted from the Fukushima and Tanaka (1990) method. Hence, the mean peak ground acceleration for medium soil at 10 study sites is assumed 100% of the value predicted from this equation. From Figures 6 and 7, the peak ground accelerations at 10 study sites in the Bantul area are dominated by the value higher than 0.25g. Therefore, the study sites are classified from high to very high levels of risk. The epicenter of BMG version is located at the southern part of the study area, hence, the very high risk area located at the south-east part of the study area. On the other hand, the epicenter of USGS version is located at the east part, subsequently the east and south-east part of the study area is

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classified as a very high risk area. The results reveal that the distance between the site and the seismic source greatly affects

the peak ground acceleration determined by the attenuation relationship.

Table 6. The calculation results of peak ground acceleration based on Scenario 2 (USGS)

Boring No.

BH1 BH2 BH3 BH4 BH5 BH6 BH10 BH11 BH12 BH13

Peak Ground Acceleration (amax) Donovan Esteva Matuschka Campbell Fukushima (1973) (1974) (1980) (1981) & Tanaka (1990) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) Watu 0.184 0.270 0.270 0.170 0.232 Tempuran 0.201 0.300 0.291 0.203 0.260 Pranti 0.201 0.300 0.292 0.204 0.261 BPKP-1 0.172 0.249 0.254 0.147 0.211 BPKP-2 0.171 0.249 0.254 0.147 0.210 Karang semut 0.202 0.301 0.292 0.205 0.262 Segoroyoso 0.202 0.302 0.293 0.206 0.262 Bambang0.173 0.251 0.256 0.149 0.213 lipuro Wijirejo 0.163 0.235 0.243 0.134 0.197 Krajan 0.137 0.193 0.209 0.101 0.157

Location

Highest Level of amax Risk (g) 0.270 3 0.300 4 0.300 4 0.254 3 0.254 3 0.301 4 0.302 4 0.256 0.243 0.209 3 3 3

Peak Ground Acceleration amax < 0.10g 0.10g amax < 0.20g 0.20g amax < 0.30g 0.30g amax < 0.40g amax 0.40g

BH-4 BH-5 BH-10

BH-12

BH-6

BH-3 BH-11 BH-1 BH-2

BH-13
Epicenter (BMG Version)

Figure 6. Peak ground acceleration distribution map based on Scenario 1 (BMG).

THE DETERMINATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION 12-11

Peak Ground Acceleration amax < 0.10g 0.10g amax < 0.20g 0.20g amax < 0.30g 0.30g amax < 0.40g amax 0.40g

BH-4 BH-5 BH-10

BH-12

BH-6

BH-3 BH-11 BH-13 BH-1 BH-2

Epicenter (USGS Version)

Figure 7. Peak ground acceleration distribution map based on Scenario 2 (USGS).

Based on the calculation results of peak ground acceleration by using SNI-17262002 (Table 4) and attenuation relationships (Table 5 and 6), it is prudent to provide an earthquake microzonation and hazard map based on the local condition in order to revise the Indonesian code of SNI-17262002. By using this earthquake microzonation and hazard map, the zonation of earthquake vulnerability and susceptibility at various levels of risk can be estimated. Attenuation Relationship based on the dominant period at the observed sites An attenuation relationship based on the dominant period at the observed site, earthquake magnitude of Richter scale and the hypocenter distance proposed by Kanai (1966) is used to estimate the peak ground acceleration. The resonant frequency calculated from the micro-tremor data theoretically has a close value with the frequency calculated from the standard analysis of direct measurement of high

magnitude earthquakes. In Equation 11, the dominant period of the ground (Tg) is assumed as the ground period produced by a micro-tremor survey. In this study, microtremor survey was conducted at 243 sites by Ratdomopurbo (2006) from the Volcanic Survey of Indonesia (VSI), Yogyakarta. By using the attenuation relationship based on the dominant period at the observed sites, the peak ground accelerations at 10 study sites in the Bantul area vary from 0.140g to 0.480g and from 0.146g to 0.534g for Scenario 1 (BMG) and Scenario 2 (USGS), respectively. By considering Table 3, the distribution map of peak ground acceleration based on the data from micro-tremor survey Scenario 1 (BMG) and the Scenario 2 (USGS) are shown in Figure 8 and 9. From Figure 8 and 9, the study sites consist of the low risk to very high level of risk, depending on the dominant period at the observed site based on the micro-tremor survey and the distance between the site and the seismic source.

12-12 THE YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE OF MAY 27, 2006

Peak Ground Acceleration amax < 0.10g 0.10g amax < 0.20g 0.20g amax < 0.30g 0.30g amax < 0.40g amax 0.40g

Epicenter (BMG Version)

Figure 8. Peak ground acceleration distribution map based on the data from micro-tremor survey for Scenario 1 (BMG).
Peak Ground Acceleration amax < 0.10g 0.10g amax < 0.20g 0.20g amax < 0.30g 0.30g amax < 0.40g amax 0.40g

Epicenter (USGS Version)

Figure 9. Peak ground acceleration distribution map based on the data from micro-tremor survey for Scenario 2 (USGS).

THE DETERMINATION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION 12-13

According to the attenuation relationship based on the dominant period in the observed site for Scenario 1 (BMG), the south-west and the center part of the study site has a very high level of risk, whilst the south and south-east part have a high level of risk and the north part of the study area has a low to medium level of risk. Meanwhile, Scenario 2 (USGS), the south and south-east of the study area have a high to very high level of risk, while the north part has a low to medium level of risk. The results show that Scenario 2 (USGS) yields a better distribution of the peak ground acceleration, since the high to very high level of risk reflects the presence of structures related to the Opak-Oya fault system. The peak ground accelerations based on the data from micro-tremor survey produced considerably higher values than those produced by the Indonesia code of SNI-1726-2002 and the other attenuation equations.
CONCLUSIONS

The peak ground acceleration at Bantul area, Yogyakarta was determined based on the Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002 coupled with the local soil conditions determined from SPT results and based on empirical prediction by using attenuation relationships. The SNI-1726-2002 divided Indonesia into 6 seismic zones based on the peak bedrock acceleration of earthquake considering the probability of exceedance of buildings with 50 years life time is 10% and seismic design load of 500 years return period. The average values of N until a depth of 30 m at the 10 study sites vary from 18.60 to 36.85. According to SNI1726-2002, the soil at the study sites can be classified into medium soil, the peak ground accelerations are 0.225g to 0.288g, and having a medium level of risk. The empirical prediction of peak ground acceleration in the study area was determined based on the Mw 6.3 Yogyakarta earthquake of May 27, 2006. The calculation was done by considering two

Scenarios of earthquake magnitude, epicenter coordinate and hypocenter depth based on the BMG and USGS version. The attenuation relationships between peak ground acceleration, hypocenter distance and earthquake magnitude are used to calculate the peak ground acceleration surrounding Bantul area. The highest values of peak ground acceleration are provided by Esteva (1974), Matuschka (1980) and the Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002. As the results of calculation, the peak ground accelerations at 10 sites vary from 0.241g to 0.322g and from 0.209g to 0.302g for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. Moreover, the peak ground accelerations at 10 study sites are dominated by the value higher than 0.25g and therefore could be classified as medium risk to high level of risk. An attenuation relationship based on the dominant period at the observed site, proposed by Kanai (1966) was used to estimate the peak ground acceleration. The results indicate that the peak ground acceleration vary from 0.140g to 0.480g and from 0.146g to 0.534g for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, respectively. Based on this attenuation relationship, the study sites are classified as the low risk to very high level of risk. It is prudent to provide an earthquake microzonation and hazard map at the study sites in order to revise the Indonesian code of SNI-1726-2002, which can estimate the zonation of earthquake susceptibility at various levels of risk.
REFERENCES
Abrahamson, N.A. and Silva, W.J., 1997, Empirical Response Spectral Attenuation Relations for Shallow Crustal Earthquake, Seismol. Res. Lett. Campbell, K.W., 1981, Near Source Attenuation of Peak horizontal Acceleration, Bulletin of the Seismology Society of America 71. Day, R.W., 2002, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Handbook, Mc Graw-Hill, New York. Donovan, N.C., 1973, A Statistical Evaluation of Strong Motion Data Including the February 9, 1971 San Fernando Earthquake, Proc. 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome.

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Esteva, L., 1974, Geology and Predictability in the Assessment of Seismic Risk, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Assoc. Eng. Geologist, Sao Paolo. Ferritto, J.M., 1992, Optimized Earthquake Time History and Response Spectra, Users guide, Report UG-0025, Naval Civil Eng. Laboratory, Port Hueneme, California Fukushima, Y. and Tanaka, T., A, 1990, A New Attenuation Relation for Peak Horizontal Acceleration of Strong Earthquake Ground Motion in Japan, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America; v. 80; no. 4; p. 757-783. Hanks, T.C. and Kanamori, H., 1979, A Moment Magnitude Scale, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 84, p. 2348-2350. Idriss, I.M., 1985, Evaluating Seismic Risk in Engineering Practice, Proc. Of the Eleventh International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, San Francisco, p. 255-320. Kanai, K., 1966, Improved Empirical Formula for the Characteristics of Strong Earthquake

Motions, Proceeding of Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, Tokyo, 1-4. Kanamori, H., 1977, The Energy Release in Great Earthquakes, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 82, p. 2981-2987. Matuschka, T., Berryman, K.R., OLeary, A.J., McVerry, G.H., Mulholland, W.M., Skinner, R.I., 1985, New Zealand Seismic Hazard Analysis, Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 313-322. Ministry of Public Works Republic of Indonesia, 2002, National Standard of Seismic Design for Building Structure- SNI-1726-2002. Ratdomopurbo, A., 2006, Micro-tremor Survey: the Measurement of Ground Amplification at Bantul Regency Yogyakarta, Reports, Volcanic Survey of Indonesia, Yogyakarta (in Indonesian). USCOLD, 1985, Guidelines for Selecting Seismic Parameters for Dams Projects, Report of Committee on Earthquakes, U.S. Committee on Large Dams.

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