Gamma

Notations
Traditional name
Gamma function

Traditional notation
GHzL

Mathematica StandardForm notation

Gamma@zD

Primary definition
GHzL

06.05.02.0001.01

tz-1 -t t ; ReHzL > 0

Specific values
Specialized values
GHnL Hn - 1L! ; n N+
06.05.03.0001.01

GK O
2
n

Hn - 1L!

06.05.03.0002.01

21-n

n-1
2

; n N+

; n N
GH-nL

06.05.03.0003.01

06.05.03.0004.01

GK- O
2
n

H-1L

n+1
2

2n
n!

06.05.03.0005.01

G n+

1
4

1
4n

1
4

n-1
2

; n N+

H4 k - 3L ; n N
n

k=1

http://functions.wolfram.com

H-1Ln 4n

06.05.03.0006.01

1
4

-n

n
k=1 H4 k - 1L

1
4

; n N

06.05.03.0007.01

G n+

1
3

1
3n

H3 k - 2L ; n N
n

k=1

H-1Ln 3n

06.05.03.0008.01

1
3

-n

k=1 H3 k - 1L
n

1
3

; n N

06.05.03.0009.01

G n+

1
2

H2 k - 1L ; n N

2n

k=1

H-1Ln

06.05.03.0010.01

1
2

-n

2n

k=1 H2 k - 1L
n

; n N

06.05.03.0011.01

G n+

2
3

1
3n

2
3

H3 k - 1L ; n N
n

k=1

H-1Ln 3n

06.05.03.0012.01

2
3

-n

n
k=1 H3 k - 2L

2
3

; n N

06.05.03.0013.01

G n+

3
4

1
4n

3
4

H4 k - 1L ; n N
n

k=1

H-1Ln 4n

06.05.03.0014.01

3
4

-n

n
k=1 H4 k - 3L

3
4

; n N

06.05.03.0015.01

G n+

p
q

1
qn

p
q

Hp + k q - qL ; n N p N+ q N+ p < q
n

k=1

H-1Ln qn

06.05.03.0016.01

p
q

-n

n
k=1 Hq k -

G
pL

Values at fixed points

06.05.03.0017.01

GH-3L

06.05.03.0018.01

G-

5
2

8
15

p
q

; n N p N+ q N+ p < q

http://functions.wolfram.com

06.05.03.0019.01

GH-2L

06.05.03.0020.01

G-

3
2

4
3

06.05.03.0021.01

GH-1L

06.05.03.0022.01

G-

1
2

-2

06.05.03.0023.01

GH0L

06.05.03.0024.01

1
2

06.05.03.0025.01

GH1L 1
06.05.03.0026.01

3
2

2
06.05.03.0027.01

GH2L 1
06.05.03.0028.01

5
2

3
4

06.05.03.0029.01

GH3L 2

Values at infinities
06.05.03.0030.01

GHL
06.05.03.0031.01

GH-L
06.05.03.0032.01

GH L 0
06.05.03.0033.01

GH- L 0
L
GH

06.05.03.0034.01

General characteristics

http://functions.wolfram.com

Domain and analyticity

GHzL is an analytical function of z which is defined over the whole complex z-plane with the exception of countably
many points z = -k ; k N. 1 GHzL is an entire function.
06.05.04.0001.01

zGHzL CC

Symmetries and periodicities

Mirror symmetry
GHz L GHzL

06.05.04.0002.01

Periodicity
No periodicity

Poles and essential singularities

The function GHzL has an infinite set of singular points:

a) z -k ; k N are the simple poles with residues k!

b) z is the point of convergence of poles, which is an essential singular point.

H-1Lk

Singz HGHzLL 888-k, 1< ; k N<, 8, <<

06.05.04.0003.01

H-1Lk

06.05.04.0004.01

resz HGHzLL H-kL

k!

; k N

06.05.04.0005.01

resz HGHa + zL w-z L H-k - aL

06.05.04.0006.01

resz HGHa - zL w-z L Hk + aL

H-1Lk
k!

H-1Lk-1
k!

wa+k ; k N
w-a-k ; k N

Formulas for residues of ratios of products of gamma functions such as ress

A
B
Ik=1
GIs+ak MM k=1
GIbk -sM

ICk=1 GIs+ck MM D
k=1 GIdk -sM

regular and logarithmic cases are represented in the subsection Residues of ratios below.

Branch points
The function GHzL does not have branch points.
BPz HGHzLL 8<

06.05.04.0007.01

Branch cuts

z-s I-a j - lM in

http://functions.wolfram.com

The function GHzL does not have branch cuts.

BCz HGHzLL 8<

06.05.04.0008.01

Series representations
Generalized power series
Expansions at z 0

For the function itself

06.05.06.0001.02

GHzL

-+

3 2 +

z+ -

H3L
3

3
6

2
12

z2 +

H3L
3

4
24

4
160

2 2
24

06.05.06.0018.01

GHzL

-+

3 2 +

GHkL H1L zk

z+ -

H3L
3

3
6

2
12

z2 +

H3L
3

4
24

4
160

2 2
24

z3 + ; Hz 0L

z3 + OIz4 M

06.05.06.0002.01

GHzL

1
z

k!

k=0

; z < 1

06.05.06.0003.02

GHzL

1
z

- + OHzL

Expansions at z z0 ; z0 -n

For the function itself

06.05.06.0004.02

GHzL GHz0 L 1 + Hz0 L Hz - z0 L +

Hz z0 L Hz0 Z z0 0L

1
2

06.05.06.0019.01

GHzL GHz0 L 1 + Hz0 L Hz - z0 L +

Hz0 Z z0 0L

GHkL Hz0 L

06.05.06.0005.02

GHzL GHz0 L

k=0

GHz0 L k !

1
2

IHz0 L2 + H1L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L2 +

IHz0 L2 + H1L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L2 +

Hz - z0 Lk ; Hz0 Z z0 0L

GHzL GHz0 L H1 + OHz - z0 LL ; Hz0 Z z0 0L

06.05.06.0006.02

Expansions at z -n

IHz0 L3 + 3 H1L Hz0 L Hz0 L + H2L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L3 + ;

IHz0 L3 + 3 H1L Hz0 L Hz0 L + H2L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L3 + OIHz - z0 L4 M ;

http://functions.wolfram.com

For the function itself

H-1Ln

H-1Ln

06.05.06.0007.01

GHzL

I3 Hn + 1L2 + 2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1LM Hz + nL +

6
n! Hz + nL
n!
1
IHn + 1L3 + I2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1LM Hn + 1L + H2L Hn + 1LM Hz + nL2 +
6
1
I15 IHn + 1L4 + 2 I2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1LM Hn + 1L2 + 4 H2L Hn + 1L Hn + 1L + H1L Hn + 1L I3 H1L Hn + 1L - 2 2 MM +
360
+

Hn + 1L +

7 4 - 15 H3L Hn + 1LM Hz + nL3 + OIHz + nL4 M ; Hz -nL n N

H-1Ln H1 + OHz + nLL

06.05.06.0008.01

GHzL

n! Hz + nL

H-1Ln

; Hz -nL n N

H-1Ln Hn + 1L

06.05.06.0009.01

GHzL

n! Hz + nL

n!

+ OHz + nL ; Hz -nL n N

Expansions of GHz + L at 0 ; z -n

For the function itself

GHz + L GHzL H1 + OHLL ; Hz Z z 0L
06.05.06.0020.01

GHz + L GHzL I1 + HzL + OI2 MM ; Hz Z z 0L

06.05.06.0021.01

06.05.06.0022.01

GHz + L GHzL 1 + HzL +

06.05.06.0023.01

GHz + L GHzL 1 + HzL +

06.05.06.0024.01

GHz + L GHzL 1 + HzL +

1
24

HzL2 + H1L HzL

2
HzL2 + H1L HzL
2
HzL2 + H1L HzL
2

2 + OI3 M ; Hz Z z 0L

2 +

2 +

HzL3 + 3 H1L HzL HzL + H2L HzL

6
HzL3 + 3 H1L HzL HzL + H2L HzL
6

3 + OI4 M ; Hz Z z 0L

3 +

JHzL4 + 6 H1L HzL HzL2 + 4 H2L HzL HzL + 3 H1L HzL + H3L HzLN 4 + OI5 M ; Hz Z z 0L
2

GHkL HzL

06.05.06.0025.01

GHz + L GHzL

k=0

GHzL k !

k ; Hz Z z 0L

Expansions of GH-n + L at 0

http://functions.wolfram.com

For the function itself

H-1Ln

06.05.06.0026.01

GH-n + L

n!
H-1Ln

H1 + OHLL ; n N

06.05.06.0027.01

GH-n + L

n!
H-1Ln

I1 + Hn + 1L + OI2 MM ; n N

06.05.06.0028.01

GH-n + L

n!
H-1Ln

1 + Hn + 1L +

06.05.06.0029.01

GH-n + L

n!

1 + Hn + 1L +

3 Hn + 1L2 + 2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1L
6
3 Hn + 1L2 + 2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1L
6

2 + OI3 M ; n N

2 +

IHn + 1L3 + I2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1LM Hn + 1L + H2L Hn + 1LM 3 + OI4 M ; n N

1
6

06.05.06.0030.01

GH-n + L
H-1Ln

1 + Hn + 1L +

n!

3 Hn + 1L2 + 2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1L
6

360

H-1Ln
n!

1 + H j + 1L
k+1

k=0 j=0

H-1L j+r

r=0

H-1Lk 2 I22 k+1 - 1M B2 k+2 2 k+1

H2 k + 2L!

H-1Ln
n!

ak

q=0 k=0

H-1Ln cscH L

06.05.06.0033.01

GH - nL =

Hq - kL!

H-1Lk+1 sk+1
k+1

GHn - + 1L

pk q

IHn + 1L3 + I2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1LM Hn + 1L + H2L Hn + 1LM 3 +

i=1

pr, j ck- j k ; n N H 0L c2 k 0

p j,0 1 p j,k

1 +

j
r

r+1

06.05.06.0032.01

GH-n + L

7 4 - 15 H3L Hn + 1LM 4 + OI5 M ; n N

06.05.06.0031.01

c2 k+1

I15 IHn + 1L4 + 2 I2 - 3 H1L Hn + 1LM Hn + 1L2 + 4 H2L Hn + 1L Hn + 1L + H1L Hn + 1L I3 H1L Hn + 1L - 2 2 MM +

GH - nL

2 +

j=1

n
H-1L j-1
j
ji

H j m + m - kL bm p j,k-m bk
k

m=1

GHkL Hn + 1L
n! k !

i ; n N s1 sk HkL ; k > 1 a0 -

; k > 0 p0 H-1Lm m pk

; n N

1
a0 k

Hm j + j - kL a j pk- j ; k > 0 m = q - k
k

j=1

http://functions.wolfram.com

Expansions of 1 GHzL

For the function itself

06.05.06.0034.01

GHzL

H1 + OHz - z0 LL

GHz0 L

06.05.06.0035.01

GHzL

I1 - Hz0 L Hz - z0 L + OIHz - z0 L2 MM

GHz0 L

06.05.06.0036.01

GHzL

1 - Hz0 L Hz - z0 L +

GHz0 L

1
2

06.05.06.0037.01

GHzL

1 - Hz0 L Hz - z0 L +

GHz0 L

1
2

IHz0 L2 - H1L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L2 + OIHz - z0 L3 M

IHz0 L2 - H1L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L2 -

k- j H-1L j GH jL H1 - z0 L

06.05.06.0038.01

GHzL

k=0

j ! Hk - jL!

j=0

06.05.06.0039.01

1
GHz + L

Hk + 1L

1
GHzL

k=0

H-1Lr

r=0

H 0L p j,0 1 p j,k

GH-n + L

m=1

k=0

Hz - z0 Lk

H-1Ln a j bk- j k ; a2 k

IHz0 L3 - 3 H1L Hz0 L Hz0 L + H2L Hz0 LM Hz - z0 L3 + OIHz - z0 L4 M

H j m + m - kL bm p j,k-m bk

06.05.06.0040.01

Hk - jL

k
p k ;
r r,k

r+1
1

sin z0 +

j=0

H-1Lk 2 k

H2 k + 1L!

GHkL HzL
GHzL k !

k Nn N

a2 k+1 0 bk

H-1Lk
k!

GHkL Hn + 1L k N n N

Asymptotic series expansions

06.05.06.0010.01

GHxL

2 x

x-

1
2

-x ; Hx L

06.05.06.0011.01

GHzL

2 z

z-

1
2

-z 1 +

1
12 z

534 703 531

902 961 561 600 z7

1
288 z2

2 z

z-

1
2

k=0

-z

139
51 840 z3

4 483 131 259

86 684 309 913 600 z8

06.05.06.0041.01

GHzL

B2 k+2

2 Hk+1L H2 k+1L z2 k+1

571
2 488 320 z4

163 879
209 018 880 z5

432 261 921 612 371

514 904 800 886 784 000 z9

; argHzL < Hz L

+O

5 246 819
75 246 796 800 z6
1
z10

; argHzL < Hz L

http://functions.wolfram.com

H-1L j PH2 H j + kL, jL z-k

06.05.06.0012.01

GHzL

2 z

z-

1
2

-z 1 +
2k

2 j+k H j + kL!

HargHzL < Hz L PHn, jL Hn - 1L HHn - 2L PHn - 3, j - 1L + PHn - 1, jLL

PH0, 0L 1 PHn, 1L Hn - 1L! PHn, jL 0 ; n 3 j - 1L
k=1 j=1

06.05.06.0042.01

cscHz L

GHzL

H-zL

k=0

z-

-z

B2 k+2

2 Hk+1L H2 k+1L z2 k+1

; argHzL z Z Hz L

2
06.05.06.0043.01

GHzL

1
2

argHzL+
2

cscHz L

06.05.06.0013.01

GHzL

2 z

z-

1
2

argHzL+

z-

1
2

-z

k=0

B2 k+2

2 Hk+1L H2 k+1L z2 k+1

; Hz Z z < 1L Hz L

; argHzL < Hz L

-z 1 + O

06.05.06.0014.01
1

zGHzL

1 z- 2
2

1+O

06.05.06.0015.01

GHx + yL

2 y

x-

1
2

- y-x

H-1Lk Hb - aLk

06.05.06.0016.02

GHa + zL

a-b

GHb + zL

k!

k=0

; argHzL < Hz L

; Hy L x R y R
BHa-b+1L
HaL z-k ; argHa + zL < Hz L
k

Ha + b - 1L Ha - bL

06.05.06.0017.01

GHz + aL

za-b 1 +

GHz + bL

2z

Integral representations
On the real axis
Of the direct function
GHzL

06.05.07.0001.01

tz-1 -t t ; ReHzL > 0

GHzL

06.05.07.0002.01

tz-1 -t t +

k=0

H-1Lk

k ! Hk + zL

+O

1
z2

; argHa + zL < Hz L

http://functions.wolfram.com

10

H-tLk

06.05.07.0003.01

GHzL

-t -
n

k=0

tz-1 t ; n N -n - 1 < ReHzL < -n

k!

(Cauchy-Saalschutz integral)
06.05.07.0004.01

GHzL log
1

z-1

1
t

t ; ReHzL > 0

06.05.07.0009.01
z
z
1 x -logIx M-1
Hx-1L logHxL

- z

GHzL

; Re HzL > 0

A. Radovi
06.05.07.0010.01

z
1 x -z Hx-1L-1
Hx-1L logHxL

GHzL 0

; ReHzL > 0

A. Radovi

Contour integral representations

06.05.07.0005.01

GHzL sz

tz-1 -s t t ; ReHzL > 0 + argHsL <

0 < ReHzL < 1 + argHsL

06.05.07.0006.01

1
GHzL

-z -t
H-tL t
L

(Hankel's contour integral.) The path of integration L starts at + 0 on the real axis, goes to + 0, circles the
origin in the counterclockwise direction with radius to the point - 0, and returns to the point - 0.
06.05.07.0007.01

GHzL

1
2z

-1

-t z-1
t t
L

(Hankel's contour integral.) The path of integration L starts at + 0 on the real axis, goes to + 0, circles the
origin in the counterclockwise direction with radius to the point - 0, and returns to the point - 0.
06.05.07.0008.01

1
GHzL

1
2

-z t
t t
L

(Hankel's contour integral.) The path of integration L starts at - - 0 on the real axis, goes to - - 0, circles the
origin in the counterclockwise direction with radius to the point - + 0, and returns to the point - + 0.

Product representations

http://functions.wolfram.com

11

06.05.08.0001.01

1
GHzL

z z 1 +

z
k

k=1

J1 + k N

06.05.08.0002.01

GHzL

1
z

1 z

1+

k=1

z
k

; -z N

06.05.08.0005.01

GHzL

z-1

z-1

1+

z-1

1
z-1

J1 +

k+z-1
1
N
k+z-1

J1 + k N

1 k

k=1

; -z N

(van der Pol 1954)

06.05.08.0003.01

GHz + 1L

sinH zL

06.05.08.0004.01

GHz + 2L z H1-L exp

exp

H2 k + 1L z2 k+1

k=1

2k+1

H-1Lk HHkL - 1L zk
k

k=2

Limit representations
Hn + 1Lz n!

06.05.09.0001.01

GHzL lim

HzLn+1

EulerGauss limit
06.05.09.0002.01

GHzL lim

n! nz

HzLn+1
H1Ln nz-1

06.05.09.0003.01

GHzL lim

HzLn

06.05.09.0007.01

GHzL

z-1

z-1

lim

2n
n

k=0

06.05.09.0004.01

GHzL lim nz BHz, nL

n

06.05.09.0005.01

GHzL lim

wz
z

1 F1 Hz;

z + 1; -wL

J1 +

k+z-1
1
N
k+z-1

; -z N

http://functions.wolfram.com

12

06.05.09.0006.01

GHzL lim
n

1-

tz-1 t ; ReHzL > 0

Differential equations
Ordinary linear differential equations and wronskians
For the direct function itself
The gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation (O.Hlder, 1887). But it is the solution of
the following nonalgebraic equation:
06.05.13.0001.01

wHzL
z

wHzL HzL ; wHzL GHzL

Transformations
Transformations and argument simplifications
Argument involving basic arithmetic operations
06.05.16.0001.01

cscH zL

GH-zL -

GHz + 1L

06.05.16.0002.01

GHz + 1L z GHzL
GHz + nL HzLn GHzL

06.05.16.0003.01

06.05.16.0004.01

GHzL

GHz - 1L

z-1
H-1Ln GHzL

06.05.16.0005.01

H1 - zLn

GHz - nL

; n Z

Multiple arguments
06.05.16.0006.01

GH2 zL

22 z-1

GHzL G z +

1
2

06.05.16.0007.01
3 z-

GH3 zL

1
2

GHzL G z +

1
3

G z+

2
3

http://functions.wolfram.com

13

06.05.16.0008.01
n z-

GHn zL n

H2 L

1
2

1-n
2

G z +
n-1

k=0

06.05.16.0009.01
n z+b-

GHn z + bL n

1
2

H2 L

1-n
2

k
n

; n N+

G z +
n-1

k=0

b+k
n

; n N+

Products, sums, and powers of the direct function

Products of the direct function
06.05.16.0010.01

GHzL GH1 - zL

sinH zL

(additional formula)
06.05.16.0012.01

GHzL GH-zL -

z sinH zL
06.05.16.0019.01

GHzL GHn - zL

sinH zL

H1 - zLn-1 ; n Z

06.05.16.0011.01

G z+

-z

cosH zL

06.05.16.0013.01

GH1 + zL GH1 - zL

z
sinH zL

Hw + z - 2L!

06.05.16.0014.01

GHzL GHwL

w+z-2
z-1

06.05.16.0015.01

GHzL
GHwL

HwLz-w

06.05.16.0016.01

GHzL
GHwL

Hz - wL!

z-1
z-w

06.05.16.0017.01

GHz + nL
GHzL

HzLn

06.05.16.0020.01

GHz + nL
GHzL

Hz + kL ; n N+
n-1

k=0

http://functions.wolfram.com

H-1Ln

14

06.05.16.0021.01

GHz - nL
GHzL

; n N

H1 - zLn

06.05.16.0022.01

GHz - nL

GHzL

k=1

; n N+

1
z-k

06.05.16.0018.01

GHzL GHwL

BHz, wL

GHz + wL

Identities
Recurrence identities
Consecutive neighbors
GHzL Hz - 1L GHz - 1L

06.05.17.0001.01

06.05.17.0002.01

GHzL

GHz + 1L
z

Distant neighbors
06.05.17.0003.01

GHzL

GHz + nL
HzLn

GHzL H-1Ln H1 - zLn GHz - nL ; n Z

06.05.17.0004.01

Functional identities
Relations of special kind
f HzL Hz - 1L f Hz - 1L ; f HzL GHzL gHzL gHz + 1L gHzL f H1L 1
06.05.17.0005.01

GHxL is the unique nonzero solution of the functional equation f Hx + 1L x f HxL

which is logarithmically convex for all real x > 0, that is, for which log H f HxLL is a convex function for x > 0.
GHxL is the unique non-zero continuously differentiable solution of the system of functional equations
f H2 xL

f HxL f Ix + 2 M and f Hx + 1L x f HxL.

22 x-1

06.05.17.0006.01

GHzL

22 z
z

k=1

z
2

1
2

http://functions.wolfram.com

15

Complex characteristics
Real part
06.05.19.0001.01

ReHGHx + yLL

-t t x-1 cosHy logHtLL t +

H-1Lk

k=0

k!

Hk + xL + y2
2

Imaginary part
06.05.19.0002.01

ImHGHx + yLL

-t t x-1 sinHy logHtLL t - y

k=0

H-1Lk

k ! IHk + xL + y2 M
2

Absolute value
06.05.19.0003.01

GH yL

y sinhH yL

; y R

06.05.19.0004.01

1
2

+y

sechH yL ; y R

06.05.19.0005.01

GH1 + yL

y cschH yL ; y R

06.05.19.0006.01

GHx + yL

GHxL

k=0

1
y2

Hk+xL2

+1

Argument
06.05.19.0007.01

argHGHx + yLL y HxL +

k=0

y
k+x

Conjugate value
GHzL GHz L

06.05.19.0008.01

Differentiation
Low-order differentiation
06.05.20.0001.01

GHzL
z

GHzL HzL

- tan-1

y
k+x

; y R x > 0

Hk + xL + y2
2

http://functions.wolfram.com

16

06.05.20.0002.01

GHzL
2

z2

GHzL HzL2 + GHzL H1L HzL

Symbolic differentiation
06.05.20.0003.02

n GHzL
zn

GHzL RHn, zL ; RHn, zL HzL RHn - 1, zL + RH0,1L Hn - 1, zL RH0, zL 1 n N

06.05.20.0004.02

n GHzL
zn

tz-1 logn HtL -t t +

H-1Ln n!

z1 z2 zn+1 z n N

zn+1

n Fn Hz1 , z2 ,

, zn+1 ; z1 + 1, z2 + 1, , zn+1 + 1; -1L ;

Fractional integro-differentiation
GHkL H1L zk--1

06.05.20.0005.01

GHzL
z

FCexp Hz, -1L z--1 +

HL

k GHk - L

k=1

06.05.20.0006.01

GHzL

FCexp Hz, -1L z--1 + z-

HL

k=1

H-1Lk

1, 1; 1 - ; -

2 F1

k k!

z
k

+ z-

tz-1 Hz logHtLL H1 - QH-, z logHtLLL -t t

Integration
Definite integration
Involving the direct function

06.05.21.0001.01
+

GHa + tL GHb + tL GHc - tL GHd - tL t

2 GHa + cL GHa + dL GHb + cL GHb + dL

GHa + b + c + dL

-minHReHaL, ReHbLL < < minHReHcL, ReHdLL

06.05.21.0002.01

+ GHa + tL GHb + tL GHc - tL

a+c
M GHb + cL
2

GI1 - b +

a-c
M
2

; -minHReHaL, ReHbLL < < ReHcL

06.05.21.0003.01
+ GHa + tL GHb - tL

GHa - b - c + 1 + tL

GI

GHc + tL GHd - tL

2 GHa + bL GHc + d - a - b - 1L
GHc + d - 1L GHc - aL GHd - bL

; -ReHaL < < ReHbL ReHa + b - c - dL < -1

06.05.21.0004.01
+ GHa + tL GHb + tL GHc + tL GHd

- tL GH-tL

GHa + b + c + d + tL

2 GHaL GHbL GHcL GHa + dL GHb + dL GHc + dL

GHh - aL GHh - bL GHh - cL

h a + b + c + d -minHReHaL, ReHbL, ReHcLL < < minHReHdL, 0L

http://functions.wolfram.com

17

06.05.21.0005.01

+ GHa + tL GI

a
2

+ 1 + tM GHb + tL GHc + tL GHd + tL GH-a + b - tL GH-tL

a
GI 2

-min ReHaL,

ReHaL

+ tM GHa - c + 1 + tL GHa - d + 1 + tL

GHbL GHcL GHdL GH-a + b + cL GH-a + b + dL

GHa - c - d + 1L GH-a + b + c + dL

+ 1, ReHbL, ReHcL, ReHdL < < minHReHb - aL, 0L

06.05.21.0006.01

+ GHa + tL GI

a
2

+ 1 + tM GHb + tL GHc + tL GHd + tL GHe + tL GH f + tL GHb - a - tL GH-tL

GI 2 + tM GHa - c + 1 + tL GHa - d + 1 + tL GHa - e + 1 + tL GHa - f + 1 + tL

GHbL GHcL GHdL GHeL GH f L GHb + c - aL GHb + d - aL GHb + e - aL

GHb + f - aL HGHa - c - e + 1L GHa - d - e + 1L GHa - c - d + 1L GHa - c - f + 1L GHa - d - f + 1L GHa - e - f + 1LL ;
ReHaL
2 a b + c + d + e + f - 1 -min ReHaL,
+ 1, ReHbL, ReHcL, ReHdL, ReHeL, ReH f L < < minHReHb - aL, 0L
2
A
B
+ k=1
GHt + ak L k=1
GHbk

06.05.21.0007.01

- tL

- C GHt + c L D GHd
k
k
k=1
k=1

- tL

z-t t 2 GB+C,A+D t
A,B

1 - b1 , , 1 - bB , c1 , , cC
a1 , , aA , 1 - d1 , , 1 - dD

; D A - B - C + D

E A + B - C - D ak + bk - ck - dk -minHReHa1 L, , ReHaA LL < < minHReHb1 L, , ReHbB LL

argHzL <

E
2

k=1

k=1

E > 0 argHzL

E
2

k=1

k=1

E > 0 D + ReHL -

z > 0 E 0 D 0 D + ReHL <

1
2

Inverse Mellin transforms

-t ; ReHsL > 0

06.05.22.0001.01

-a
M-1
s @GHsL GHa - sLD HtL Ht + 1L GHaL ; 0 < ReHsL < ReHaL

06.05.22.0002.01

M-1
s B
M-1
s B

06.05.22.0003.01

GHsL
GHa - sL

F HtL t

1-a
2

Ja-1 I2

H1 - tLa-1 H1 - tL

06.05.22.0004.01

GHsL
GHa + sL

F HtL

t N ; 0 < ReHsL <

GHaL

< -1

z > 0 E 0 D 0 HReHL < 0 z 1 ReHL < -1 z 1L

Integral transforms

M-1
s @GHsLD HtL

2 ReHaL + 1
4

; ReHaL > 0 ReHsL > 0

http://functions.wolfram.com

18

A
B
GHs + ak L k=1
GHbk
k=1
M-1
s B
C
D
GHdk
k=1 GHs + ck L k=1

06.05.22.0005.01

- sL
- sL

F HtL GB+C,A+D t

1 - b1 , , 1 - bB , c1 , , cC

A,B

a1 , , aA , 1 - d1 , , 1 - dD

D A - B - C + D E A + B - C - D ak + bk - ck - dk
A

-minHReHa1 L, , ReHaA LL < ReHsL < minHReHb1 L, , ReHbB LL

k=1

argHtL <

E > 0 argHtL

E
2

E
2

E >0-

t > 0 E 0 D 0 D ReHsL + ReHL <

1
2

Summation
Infinite summation

H-1Lk

k=1

06.05.23.0001.01

k!

GHk + zL Hk + zL -GHzL ; ReHzL < 1

Products
Finite products
G
n-1

k=0

06.05.24.0001.01

k+z
n

n2

-z

H2 L

n-1
2

GHzL ; n N+

Operations
Limit operation
06.05.25.0001.01

lim GHx + yL 2 y 2
y

-x

2 ; x R y R

06.05.25.0002.01

lim GHx + yL

- y

H-yL 2
1

-x

2 ; x R y R

06.05.25.0003.01

GHa + nL nb-a
lim

GHb + nL

Residues of ratios of gamma functions

Case of simple poles

k=1

E
2

k=1

k=1

+ D ReHsL + ReHL < -1

t > 0 E 0 D 0 HReHL < 0 t 1 ReHL < -1 t 1L

http://functions.wolfram.com

19

A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk

06.05.25.0004.01

ress

- sLM

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk - sL

z-s H-a1 - lL GRes

a1 , 1, l; z ;

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

l N a j - a1 Z 2 j A -b j - a1 N 1 j B c j - a2 - l N 1 j C -d j - a2 - l N 1 j D
A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk

06.05.25.0005.01

ress

- sLM

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk - sL

z-s Hb1 + lL GRes

b1 , 1, l; z ;

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

l N bk - b1 Z 2 j B -a j - b1 N 1 j A d j - b1 - l N 1 j D -c j - b1 - l N 1 j C
A
H-1Ll J k=2
GJak - Ak

06.05.25.0006.01

ress

A
Ik=1
GHAk

s + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk - Bk sLM

ICk=1 GHCk s + ck LM I D
k=1 GHdk - Dk sLM

l N aj - Aj

a1 + l
A1

1 j B cj - Cj

z-s

a1 + l
A1

Z 2 j A -b j - B j
a1 + l
A1

a1 + l
A1

N 1 j C -d j - D j

A
Ik=1
GHak + s Ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk - Bk sLM

ICk=1 GHck

+ s Ck LM D
k=1 GHdk

l N bj - Bj

b1 + l
B1

1 j A dj - Dj

- Dk sL

-s

b1 + l
B1

Z 2 j B -a j - A j
b1 + l
B1

b1 + l
B1

N 1 j D -c j - C j

a1 +l
A1

NN J B
k=1 GJbk + Bk

NN J D
k=1 GJdk

a1 +l
A1
a1 +l

+ Dk

A1

NN

NN

a1 +l

A1

N
a1 + l
A1

N1 j D

B1 l! Ck=1 GJck

A1

- Ck

A
H-1Ll-1 k=1
GJak + Ak

06.05.25.0007.01

ress

A1 l! J Ck=1 GJck

a1 +l

+ Ck

b1 +l
B1

b1 +l
B1

N B
k=2 GJbk - Bk

N D
k=1 GJdk

- Dk

b1 +l
B1

b1 +l
B1

l+b1
B1

N
b1 + l
B1

N1 j C

Case of double poles

A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk

06.05.25.0008.01

ress

- sLM

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk - sL

z-s H-a2 - lL GRes

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

a2 , 2, l; z ; a2 - a1 N l N

a j - a1 Z 3 j A -b j - a1 N 1 j B c j - a2 - l N 1 j C -d j - a2 - l N 1 j D
A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk - sLM

06.05.25.0009.01

ress

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk

- sL

z-s Hb2 + lL GRes

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

b2 , 2, l; z ; b2 - b1 N l N

bk - b1 Z 3 j B -a j - b1 N 1 j A d j - b2 - l N 1 j D -c j - b2 - l N 1 j C

Case of triple poles

http://functions.wolfram.com

20

A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk

06.05.25.0010.01

ress

- sLM

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk - sL

z-s H-a3 - lL GRes

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

a3 , 3, l; z ; a2 - a1 N a3 - a2 N

l N a j - a1 Z 4 j A -b j - a1 N 1 j B c j - a3 - l N 1 j C -d j - a3 - l N 1 j D
A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk

06.05.25.0011.01

ress

- sLM

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk - sL

z-s Hb3 + lL GRes

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

b3 , 3, l; z ; b2 - b1 N b3 - b2 N

l N bk - b1 Z 4 j B -a j - b1 N 1 j A d j - b3 - l N 1 j D -c j - b3 - l N 1 j C

Case of quartic poles

A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk

06.05.25.0012.01

ress

- sLM

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk - sL

z-s H-a4 - lL GRes

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

a4 , 4, l; z ;

a2 - a1 N a3 - a2 N a4 - a3 N l N a j - a1 Z 5 j A

-b j - a1 N 1 j B c j - a4 - l N 1 j C -d j - a4 - l N 1 j D
A
Ik=1
GHs + ak LM IB
k=1 GHbk - sLM

06.05.25.0013.01

ress

ICk=1 GHs + ck LM D
k=1 GHdk

- sL

z-s Hb4 + lL GRes

a1 , , aA ; b1 , , bB ;
c , , cC ; d1 , , dD ;

b4 , 4, l; z ;

b2 - b1 N b3 - b2 N b4 - b3 N l N bk - b1 Z 5 j B
-a j - b1 N 1 j A d j - b4 - l N 1 j D -c j - b4 - l N 1 j C

Representations through more general functions

Through other functions
Involving some hypergeometric-type functions
GHzL GHz, 0L ; ReHzL > 0
06.05.26.0001.01

Representations through equivalent functions

With related functions
GHzL Hz - 1L!

06.05.27.0001.01

06.05.27.0002.01
1

GHzL 2 4

H3-4 z+cosH2 zLL

Inequalities
GHzL GHReHzLL

06.05.29.0001.01

sin2 H zL

H2 z - 2L!!

http://functions.wolfram.com

21

GHxL x 1-x ; x R x 1
06.05.29.0002.01

06.05.29.0006.01

x-1

x x-1
GHxL K O ; x R x 2
2
06.05.29.0007.01

n1-x <

> H1-xL Hn+1L ; n N+ x R 0 < x < 1

GHn + 1L
GHn + xL

06.05.29.0008.01

x+

>

GHx + 1L

GJx + 2 N
1

>

x+

06.05.29.0009.01

x+

GHx + 1L

1-y

<

GHx + yL

H1-yL J

>

; x R x > -

y+1
2

+xN

1
4

; x R x > 0 y R 0 < y < 1

06.05.29.0010.01
H1-yL J

GHx+yL

H-1Ln

H-1L

GHx+1L
n GHx+yL

GHx+1L

y+1
2

xn
Ix + 2 M

+xN

> 0 ; n N x R+ y R 0 < y < 1

06.05.29.0011.01

y y-1

xn

> 0 ; n Z n 0 x R x > 0 y R 0 < y < 1

06.05.29.0003.01

G pk xk pk GHxk L ; pk > 0 xk > 0 1 k n pk 1

n

k=1

k=1

k=1

06.05.29.0004.01

G xk k GHxk L pk ; pk > 0 xk a > 0 1 k n HaL + a H1L HaL 0

n

k=1

k=1

a 0.2160987453133341405108158167798198775870564925506445459749606352433903\
55 016 505 581 272 221 260 167 439 143 622 018 214 555 137 493 697
06.05.29.0005.01

G xk k GHxk L pk ; pk > 0 0 < xk a 1 k n HaL + a H1L HaL 0

n

k=1

k=1

a 0.2160987453133341405108158167798198775870564925506445459749606352433903\
55 016 505 581 272 221 260 167 439 143 622 018 214 555 137 493 697

Zeros
GHzL 0 ; " z

06.05.30.0001.01

Theorems

http://functions.wolfram.com

22

Riemann-Liouville fractional integration

f HyL

Hy - xL-1

f HxL
y

G HL

x f HxL

G Hn - L

The value of the Barnes integral

GHa + sL GHb + sL GHc - sL GHd - sL s

xn

n--1
y ; n - 1 < n n N+
f HyL Hx - yL

G Ha + cL G Ha + dL G Hb + cL G Hb + dL
G Ha + b + c + dL

; -ReHaL,

-ReHbL < < ReHcL, ReHdL.

The scattering amplitude in the outgoing wave function

The scattering amplitude f Hk; n , nL in the outgoing wave function
HrL ~ k r+ik log Hk r -k r n .nL +

1
r

for the Coulomb potential VHrL =

f Hk; n , nL

H2 l + 1L

1
2k

l=0

k r-k log H2 k rL f Hk; n , nL

after renormalization is given by

G Hl + 1 + kL
G Hl + 1 - kL

Pl Hn .nL

2 k2

I4 n - n -2 M

1+ k

G H1 + kL
G H1 - kL

where (k).

Selberg's integral

1

Ix j - xl M 2 Ix-1
H1 - xk LM
k
n

j,l=1

k=1

-1

x1 x2 xn

j<l

k=0

G H1 + + k L G H + k L G H + k L
G H1 + L G H + + Hn + k - 1L L

ReHL, ReHL > 0, ReHL > -min

1 Re HL Re HbL
,
,
.
n n-1 n-1

Dirichlet integral

1

0
0
0
x1 +x2 ++xn 1

f xk xk k
n

k=1

k=1

-1

x1 x2 xn GHk L G k f HxL xk=1 k -1 x ; ReHk L > 0,

k 1, 2, , n

Another Dirichlet-type integral

k=1

k=1

http://functions.wolfram.com

23

-1

x1 1 -1 x2 2 -1 xn n

x1 x2 xn

x1 ,x2 ,,xn>0
x1 +x2 ++xn 1

G H1 L G H2 L G Hn L
G H1 + + n + 1L

The micro-canonical single particle distribution function for a multi-dimensional ideal gas
The micro-canonical single particle distribution function pHz, vL for an f -dimensional ideal gas in a gravitational
field with acceleration g is given by
p Hz, vL

2H2- f L2 G H H f + 2L N 2L

G H f 2L G H H f + 2L HN - 1L 2L

Ig mH2- f L2 v f -1 H2- f L2 M -

m v2
2

mgz

HH f +2L N-H f +4LL2

+1

where m is the particle mass and its energy.

History
L. Euler (1729) derived integral representation for n!, leading to gamma function
J. Stirling (1730) found main asymptotical term for n!
A. M. Legendre (1808, 1814) suggested the notation G and discovered known duplication formula
C. F. Gauss (1812) derived the multiplication formula
F.W. Newman (1848) found product representation for the reciprocal of the gamma function that are valid for
whole complex plane
B. Riemann (1856) proved important relation between gamma and zeta functions
- K. Weierstrass (1856) widely used gamma function in his inverrstigations
H. Hankel (1864, 1880) derived a contour integral representation for complex arguments
O. Hlder (1887) proved that gamma function does not satisfy any algebraic differential equation
H. Bohr and J. Mollerup (1922) proved that the gamma function is the only function that satisfies the recurrence
relationship and is logarithmically convex
Encountered often in mathematics and the natural sciences.

http://functions.wolfram.com

Copyright
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24