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Single-Phase Controlled
Rectifiers
Wan Zain Bin Wan Dollah
Electrical Engineering Department
Kota Bharu Polytechnic
SINGLE PHASE AC TO DC
CONVERTER
1. HALFWAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER
2. FULLWAVE HALFCONTROLLED
RECTIFIER
3. FULLWAVE FULLY CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER
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Normal rectifiers are considered as uncontrolled
rectifiers.
Once the source and load parameters are
established, the dc level of the output and power
transferred to the load are fixed quantities.
A way to control the output is to use SCR instead of
diode. Two condition must be met before SCR can
conduct:
The SCR must be forward biased (V
SCR
>0)
Current must be applied to the gate of SCR
The Half-wave Controlled Rectifier
The simplest controlled rectifier uses a single device, such as a
thyristor, to produce variable voltage d.c. from fixed voltage a.c.
mains. The circuit arrangement is shown below
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The thyristor is turned on in the positive
half-cycle, some time after supply voltage
zero, by the application of a gate pulse
with delay angle . In the negative half-
cycle, the thyristor is reverse biased and
cannot switch on. The larger the delay
angle, the smaller is the average load
voltage.
Voltage waveforms
for two delay angles are shown below
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Controlled, Half-wave R load
] cos 1 [
2
) sin(
2
1
, " "

+ =
= = =
[
s
m DC ave o
V
t d t V V V V
voltage output DC Average

2
) 2 sin(
1
2
) ( )] sin( [
2
1
,
resistor, by absorbed power Average
0
2
,
2
2
+ =
=
= =
[
m
m
rms
o
rms
V
t d t V V where
R
V
R I P
rms
A gate signal is
applied at et = o,
where o is the
delay/firing angle.
R
V
R
V
I
s rms
o
rms
o
2
,
,
= =
m
Example
Design a circuit to produce an average voltage
of 40V across 100O load resistor from a 120V
rms
60 Hz ac source. Determine the power absorbed
by the resistor.
Briefly describe what happen if the circuit is
replaced by diode to produce the same average
output.
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Example (Cont)
Solution
rad
V
V
o
s
o
07 . 1 2 . 61
] cos 1 [
2
2 120
40
] cos 1 [
2
= =
+ =
+ =

In such that to achieved 40V

average voltage, the delay angle
must be
If an uncontrolled diode is used,
the average voltage would be
That means, some reducing
average resistor to the design must
be made. A series resistor or
inductor could be added to an
uncontrolled rectifier, while
controlled rectifier has advantage
of not altering the load or
introducing the losses
j
V
V
V
m
rms
o
6 . 75
2
) 07 . 1 ( 2 sin 07 . 1
1
2
2 120
2
) 2 sin(
1
2
,
=
+ =
+ =

W
R
V
P
rms
1 . 57
100
6 . 75
2 2
= = =
V
V
V
s
o
54
) 120 ( 2
= = =

m
m
Half - Wave Controlled
Rectifier Circuit with an RL
Load
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Figure 1 : Half-wave controlled
Rectifier with RL Load
Let vs(t) be Vm sin (t). At t =
0, the current through the
circuit is zero. As t becomes >
0, vs becomes positive. If a
diode instead of an SCR has
been used, the diode would
start conduction at t = 0. With
an SCR, the conduction does
not start till the SCR is
triggered. Let the SCR be
triggered when t = . Then
is called the firing angle and
the SCR continues to conduct.
When t = , the source
becomes zero, but at this instant,
the current through the circuit is
not zero and there is some
energy stored in the inductor.
When vs becomes negative, the
current through the circuit would
not become zero suddenly
because of the inductor. The
inductor acts as a source and
keeps the SCR forward-biased till
the energy stored in the inductor
becomes zero. Let the current
through the circuit become zero
at t = and the value of > .
For < t < 2, the current
through the circuit is zero
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With an Inductive (RL) Load
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With Inductive Load and
Freewheeling Diode
Average output current, I
dc
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FULL-WAVE CONTROLLED
CENTER-TAP RECTIFIERS
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With Resistive Load
Average output voltage, V
dc
Average output current,
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With an Inductive (RL) Load
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Control Characteristics for center-tap rectifier
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With Freewheeling Diode
Average output voltage, V
dc
Average output current,
Example 6.4
Explain with the help of waveforms the
operation of a full-wave center-tap
rectifier with RL load for the following
firing angles:
(a) 0
(b) 45
(c) 90
(d) 135
(e) 180
Assume highly Inductive Load
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During positive-half cycle of
source voltage, SCR1 is forward
biased and SCR2 is reverse
biased. During negative half-cycle,
SCR2 is forward biased and SCR1
is reverse biased. In either case
voltage across the load is Vs.
Output is similar to uncontrolled
rectifier.
Each SCR conducts for 180 and
supplies current to the load for
this period
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Voltage and current waveforms for =0
Average DC output voltage
decreases.
If SCR1 is triggered at 45,
SCR2 will conduct upto that
point, even though the source
voltage is zero, due to highly
inductive nature of load.
When SCR1 is turned on, SCR2
is turned off.
Current to the load is supplied
by SCR1 and SCR2, each
conducting for 180
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Voltage and current waveforms for =45
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Average DC voltage is zero, so
there is no transfer of power
from AC source to DC load.
Each SCR remains in
conduction for 180
As firing angle is increased
from 0 to 90, the power
supplied to the DC load
decreases, becoming zero at
=90
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Voltage and current waveforms for =90
Average DC voltage is
negative.
Load current still flows in each
SCR for 180 in its original
direction.
Load voltage has changed
polarity.
Power now flows from DC load
to AC source .
Circuit acts like an inverter.
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Voltage and current waveforms for =135
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Average output DC voltage is at
its maximum negative value.
SCRs remain in conduction for
180
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Voltage and current waveforms for =180
Example 6.5
Show direction of power flow and
operating mode (rectifying or
inversion) of center-tap rectifier
circuit with following firing angles:
A) > 0
B) < 90
C) > 90
D) < 180
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Solution
For firing angle in the range 0 < < 90
1. Average output voltage is positive.
2. Converter operates in the rectifying mode.
3. Power to the load is positive
4. Power flow is from AC source to the DC load.
For firing angle in the range 90 < < 180
1. Average output voltage is negative
2. Converter operates in inversion mode
3. Power to the load is negative
4. Power flow is from DC load to AC source
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Assignment # 2
In example 6.4, draw waveforms for
voltage across thyristor 2. i.e., VSCR2
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FULL-WAVE CONTROLLED
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
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With Resistive Load
Average output voltage, V
dc
Average output current,
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With an Inductive (RL) Load
Average output voltage, V
dc
Average output current,
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For L >>> R
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Control characteristics for bridge rectifier
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With RL load and freewheeling
diode
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HALF-CONTROLLED
OR
SEMICONTROLLED BRIDGE
RECTIFIERS
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In fully-controlled rectifier, only
rectification can be obtained by
connecting a freewheeling diode
across the output terminals of the
rectifier.
Another method of obtaining
rectification in bridge rectifiers is
replacing half of the SCRs with
diodes. These circuits are called
semicontrolled bridge rectifiers.
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Full-wave semicontrolled bridge
rectifier circuit
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Semicontrolled bridge rectifier with FWD
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Dual Converter
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Exercise Problems
6.1, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 6.12, 6.21, 6.22, 6.24
Also give analysis of waveforms in each
case of all above exercise problems