SOFIA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

PROF. PETAR RASHKOV PENCHEV, DOCTOR OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES

DOCTOR HONORIS CAUSA OF SOFIA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
FROM A UNITARY ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER
TO A UNITARY SCIENCE OF NATURE
THERE IS NO NATURAL PHENOMENON WHICH IS NOT
A RESULT FROM MOTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER
A crucial prerequisite for the power of
knowledge is not the belief in a reputedly
infallible authority, but the irresistible power of
experimental facts which irrefutably reveal the
most reliable authority, Nature itself.
(Lifes wisdom)
Our ideas of reality cannot be final, so we should
always be ready to change our point of view, i.e. to
change the axiomatic basis of physics so as to
substantiate the new experimental data observed by
us into a logically most perfect way.
A. Einstein, 1931
Sofia
2012
ANNOTATION
When Michelson-Morley experiment (MME) was conducted, these facts were known: a) the
law that the velocity of light is constant and equal to c relative to its source, regardless of whether
it moves or not, and b) the source of light and the arms OA and OB of the interferometer of
Michelson, in MME, are fixed immovably, i.e. together they make one body.
With these facts, since the arms have identical lengths 0
, l
the times A
t
and
,
B
t
for which the
light rays run along them in both directions are identical and equal
0
2.
A
l
t
c


0
2.
.
B
l
t
c

This
reliable truth explains through a most categorical classical approach why there is no
interference between the light rays in MME. It is exactly this classical truth that disproves the
incorrect postulate of Lorentz that bodies of length l
0
at rest (v = 0) get smaller to
( )
0
1
2
_


,
v
l l
c

along the direction of the light v, at which they move. This postulate was
made by Lorentz in order to explain why there is no interference with MME, because then the arm
OA gets shorter and it follows that
.
A B
t t
However, the above classical facts disprove the
postulate of Lorentz, and moreover, it does not have any experimental confirmation except
that it has been assumed that the lack of interference is its experimental confirmation, but
this lack of interference is easy to explain by classical facts. It is by this postulate that Lorentz,
and also Einstein in [2] and [5], motivate the inference from the Lorentz transformations (LT),
which are in the basis of the special theory of relativity (STR). And since the postulate of Lorentz
is disproved, it follows that LT and STR are also disproved. And since Einstein in [6] wrote So as
to finish building the foundations of the general theory of relativity (GTR, P.P.s note), it is
necessary that electromagnetic field is also included in it. I.e. according to Einstein, essentially
there is not a complete GTR or more specifically, there is no GTR. Or after the failure of STR
and with an incomplete GTR, the categorical conclusion follows that this is a complete crash
of the theory of relativity (TR).
HERE, IN THIS ARTICLE, THE WHOLE PHYSICS IS PRESENTED WITHOUT TR, BUT ONLY BY THE
MAXWELL THEORY AND BY SOME STILL IGNORED EXPERIMENTAL FACTS BY I. NEWTON IN [9]
OPTICKS OF 1704 AND THE KIRCHHOFFS LAW OF 1860, WHICH ALL PROVE THAT MATTER IN
NATURE NATURE IS SOLELY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ESSENCE.
The crash of the theory of relativity its time for a more rational physics.
ISBN 978-954-8655-28-6
Sofia, 2012
Publisher Krisan-C
3A, Ivan Borimechkata St, Sofia
E-mail: economist@abv.bg
Author and producer: Prof. P. R. Penchev, Dr Tech Scs
Addresses for contact with the author, Prof. P.R. Penchev
Sofia Technical University
Electrotechnical Department
8, Kl. Ohridski Blvd
Sofia, 1756
e-mail: iliana@tu-sofia.bg
yatchev@tu-sofia.bg
Mladost 1,
bl. 90, entr. 9
Sofia 1797
Home phone: +359 2 870 68 05
+359 885 13 83 09
e-mail: iliana@tu-sofia.bg
e-mail: iliana@tu-sofia.bg
yatchev@tu-sofia.bg
P. R. Penchev. The crash of the theory of relativity its time for a more rational physics. 2012
2
CONTENTS:
ANNOTATION..................................................................................2
PART ONE
ARGUMENTS FOR the crash
of the theory of relativity...............................................................5
1. Introductory premise..................................................................................................................5
2. MICHELSON-MORLEY experiment (MME) and the law
that the velocity of light is constant
relative to the generator (body), which emits it....................................................................6
3. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................8
Emphasis...................................................................................................................................................8
PART TWO
Rational physics, which IS
WITH A SINGLE THEORETICAL BASIS
WITH A UNITARY INITIAL PRINCIPLE.................................................8
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................................8
2. Matter IS only OF electromagnetic NATURE electromagnetic matter IN field and
substantial forms........................................................................................................................9
3. Theoretical BASIS of electromagnetic natural ENTITIES, i.e. of all natural phenomena
(objectS, phenomena, processes, ETC.)...............................................................................11
3.1. Electrostatic field density of its energy
internal energy and mass me0 of the electron at rest ..............................................................11
3.2. Gravitational field, which generates the masses of electrons at rest.....................................11
3.3. Magnetic field, which is generated around electrons
when they move at velocity v > 0................................................................................................12
Emphasis.................................................................................................................................................13
Emphasis.................................................................................................................................................19
4. Electromagnetic MECHANISM OF GENERATION OF INERTIAL FORCE...................19
5. Force , velocity and acceleration
In gravitoelectromagnetic dynamics.....................................................................................20
5.1. What is force if mass is function of velocity.............................................................................20
5.2. Dynamic (or actual) velocity and accelerations .......................................................................21
6. Dynamics of electromagnetic matter or only dynamics of matter or
gravitoelectromagnetic dynamics.........................................................................................23
Emphasis Conclusive inference...............................................................................................23
7. GRAVITATION OF OBJECTS WITH A VOLUME GREATER THAN ZERO V > 0.........23
7.1. Specific gravitational fields..........................................................................................................23
Examples of gravitational fields.........................................................................................................24
7.2. Transverse gravitational force and the Sun................................................................................27
8. There are no SCIENTIFIC grounds for the hypothesis which claims that at very small
distances, below 10- 18m, gravitational forces may dominate over electromagnetic
forces ........................................................................................................................................28
9. GENERAL conclusion..............................................................................................................29
Literature........................................................................................................................................29
3
PART ONE
ARGUMENTS FOR THE CRASH
OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY
1. INTRODUCTORY PREMISE
In [1] (p. 198) in the paragraph Fresnel Hypothesis, we read: In 1818 Arago D. F. (1786 1853),
Secretary of The Paris Academy of Sciences, wrote a letter to Fresnel A. (1788 1827), member of The Paris
Academy of Sciences and London Royal Society, suggesting that he should explain, from the viewpoint of the
wave theory of light, the lack of influence of the motion of the Earth on the refraction of the star rays. The
answer was published in 1818 in Letter from Augustin-Jean Fresnel to Arago regarding the influence of the
motion of the Earth on some optical phenomena, where Fresnel referred mostly to the fact that the velocity, at
which light waves propagate, does not depend on the motion of the bodies, which emit them.
Fresnels text has the sense of a law, which states: The velocity of light relative to its source is
always constant and equal to c. Here it should be emphasized that this law was known in 1818, i.e. before
Michelson-Morley experiment (1880 1887).
Experimental proofs for this law are:
First. Through Doppler Effect, DE, as the demonstration follows, it is experimentally confirmed and
described only by the Galileo Transformations, GT, during motion of the source of light at velocity v
r
the
frequency , length of light waves and their velocity u
c
relative to a stationary observer, are as follows:
A) When the observer is ahead of the source of light, he finds
a)
( )
' . ;
c v
c
+
b)
' ;
c
c v

+
c)
'. ' . ;
c
u c
(1-1)
where: and are frequency and length of the wave of light, at rest
( ) 0 v
of the transmitter.
B) When the observer is behind the source of light, he finds
a)
( )
" . ;
c v
c

b)
( )
.
" ;
c
c v

c)
". " . ;
c
u c
(1-2)
I.e. the velocity of light relative to its source is constant and equal to c, regardless
of whether it moves or is at rest.
Second. In [2] (p. 140) we read that the Dutch astronomer W. de Sitter (1872
1934.) made analysis of of the ballistic hypothesis whether the velocity of light
depends on the velocity of the emitting body. For this purpose, he started with the
analysis of the velocity of the rays from double stars, which are a system of two
stars, moving in a circle at constant velocity
const. v
and having a common center
of their masses, according to fig. 1.
Sitters logic was as follows:
a) the velocity of the light emitted from point A (fig. 1)
according to the balistic hypothesis should be
;
B
c
u c v +
b) the velocity of the light emitted from point B (fig. 1) according to the balistic hypothesis should be
.
B
c
u c v
At distance from the star to the Earth
0
, l
the times t
A
and t
B
for which the emitted rays travel from point
A and B should be
a)
0
;
A
l
t
c v

+
b)
0
;
B
l
t
c v

c)
;
A B
t t
(1-3)
Further it is written: If we designate by T the period of semi-rotation of the stars, then this semi-period
measured from observations of the Earth, whereby the visible time of motion of the stars from A to B is equal to
0
2 2
2. .
:
AB
l v
t T
c v
+

and the time in motion of the stars from B to A is

0
2 2
2. .
.
BA
l v
t T
c v

Since the distances to the

stars are very great, the quantities
0
2 2
2. . l v
c v
can be comparable with T even with the fulfillment of the condition
. v c =
Hence it follows that under condition that the balistic hypothesis of Ritz is justifiable, then during
observations from the Earth of the motion of double stars, deviation from Kepplers laws shoud be registered. In
fact, no deviation from Kepplers laws can be observed. This witnesses against the hypothesis of addition of the
4
Figure 1
velocity of the stars to the velocity of light.
I.e. Sitters demonstration, which does not use the Lorentz transformations, LT, also conforms the
law that the velocity of light is constant relative to its source (the body which emits it, P.P.s note).
Third. In [3] 7 Einstein wrote: Such reasoning, based on observations of double stars, allowed the
Dutch astronomer de Sitter to show that the velocity of propagation of light cannot depend on the velocity of
the bodies, which emit light. I.e. according to Einstein, it is possible, without LT, to prove the law that
the velocity of light is constant relative to its source, regardless of whether it moves or not.
Emphasis
Essentially, the above law of constantcy of the velocity of light (photons) is an external expression of
the process (mechanism) of creation (generation or emission) of photons (light waves) by the electric charges
(electrons), which is described in the special literature, as follows:
1. Photons are created (generated or emitted or, as Einstein writes, expired) from a whole
electromagnetic body what is the electron as a series of n electromagnetic waves with: a) wave velocity
8 1
3.10 m.s ; c

b) for time about
8
10 s; t

c) frequency

and d) length of the wave / c and

e) they have length
8 8
. 3.10 .3.10 3 m.
f
l t c



For example a light photon with:
14
10 Hz,

6
4 3.10 m

and
6
/ 10
f
n l
waves is a body
(object) with energy
34 14 20
. 6, 62.10 .10 6, 62.10 J
f
W h


and mass
43
7,35.10 kg. m

and this body (the
photon) moves at velocity
8
3.10 m/s, c has momentum
29
. 2, 2.10 N.s,
f
P m c


r
and in collision with a solid
body generates mean force
29
2, 2.10
N.
f
P
F t
t t

r
is the collision time, which during absorbtion of a photon
by an electron is equal to the time t of emission :
8
3.10 s. t


In this sense the photon as one whole is a body, and as a structure is a series of n waves, which move at
velocity c, it has momentum and generates force.
2. MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT (MME) AND THE LAW
THAT THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT IS CONSTANT
RELATIVE TO THE GENERATOR (BODY), WHICH EMITS IT
In [11] 4.1. Paradox with the motion of light relative to the ether p. 43
reads: Michelson-Morley experiment proved a decisive experiment in the
history of physics, since its negative result implied a
revolution in all of our physical ideas and notions.
The diagram and arrangement of MME presented here is according to [4]
and is given in fig. 2, where
1
OA and
1
OB are the lengths 1 2 0
l l l
of the
mutually perpendicular arms of the interferometer of Michelson. G is the
generator of light pulses, which by a semitransparent plate at O are separated
into two mutually perpendicular rays along the arms
1
OA and
1
. OB At the ends
of the arms A
1
and B
1
there are reflecting mirrors, which return the rays to O,
after which they converge in the observing tube S.
According to the arrangement of MME, the interferometer is on the surface of
the Earth and the arm , OA is parallel to the velocity of the surface of the Earth v. The time for travelling both
directions t
A
along length 0
l
of the arm
1
OA is respectively at velocities AB
u c v +
and
. u c v
The sum of the
two times is
( )
0 0
0
2 2 2
2. . 2.
; ;
. 1
A

l l l c l v
t l
c v c v c v c c
_
+

+
,
(2-1)
The time t
B
for the light ray to travel along the arm 1, OB where the arm moves at velocity v
perpendicularly to
1
, it is accepted that it moves along the hypotenusis along length
( )
1
2 2 2
0 B
l v l + at
velocity ' c c < in both directions according to Michelson also is
5
Figure 2
G
a) b)
Figure 3
( )
0
1
2 2
2.
;
. 1
B
l
t
c

(2-2)
Since
, v c =
it follows that
1 =
and for the difference between the times AB A B
t t t
Michelson
uses approximate formulae and so he writes:
2
2 0 0
2.
. . ;
2
AB
l l
t
c c

(2-3)
and give an example with MME of 1887 at
7
0
11m, 5,9.10 m, l


then
4
10 ,

and
2 8
10 ,

0, 37.
AB
t
Michelson was sure that the accuracy of the interferometer was such that it could measure with
preciseness of 0.01 and it was possible to observe interference between the rays along
1
OA and
1
. OB
But MME showed that there was no interference, i.e. that
2 0
0 ;
AB
l
t
c

(2-4)
Later Einstein in [3] wrote: To our great embarrassment, this experiment gave a negative result.
This fact puzzled the physical scientific community and they looked for some explanation; however,
they did not take into account the following real facts, such as:
1. That theoretically and practically, the generator of light pulses G (fig. 2 a) and the arms
1
OA and
1
OB are
fixed immovably, i.e. they are one whole, which is seen in fig. 3 a) and 3 b). In fig. 3 a) is the picture of the
interferometer and the generator G in the first experiment in 1880 conducted only by Michelson in the laboratory of
Helmholtz. And in fig. 3 b) is the picture of the interferometer and the generator G, placed on a wooden block
swimming in a mercury bath. That was used in the experiments in Potsdam in the period 1881 1887.
2. Since the generator G and the arms
1
OA and
1
OB are one whole and
there exists the law of constantcy of the velocity of light relative to the
generatorwhich emits it (which is one whole body), the argument follows that the velocity of light
will be constant and equal to c not only relative to the generator (the body) G, but also
relative to the arms
1
OA and
1
OB which are of identical lengths equal of
0
. l
3. Under the conditions: a) that the velocity of light is constant relative to its source and b) that
the source of light and the arms
1
OA and
1
OB are fixed immovably (fig. 3) it follows that the times t
A
and t
B
are equal
0 0
2. 2.
;
A B
l l
t t
c c

(2-5)
THEREFORE, IT IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY CLASSICAL LAWS TO PROVE RELIABLY WHY THRE IS NO INTERFERENCE IN
MME.
BECAUSE OF THIS RELIABLY PROOF OF THE REASON WHY THERE IS NO INTERFERENCE IN MME, NO OTHER
EXPLANATION SHOULD BE SOUGHT.
In this sense, the explanation that there is no interference in MME by means of the special theory
of relativity, STR, whose basis is laid in [5] is groundless. This is also the motivation of the reliable
inference that STR is groundless on the grounds of (2-5) and brings about the crash of the whole thesis of
6
the theory of relativity, which is essentially based on the experimentally unvalidated formulation of Lorentz
that there is shortening of bodies in direction of their velocity of motion. And since this premise is one of the
grounds for the inference of the Lorentz transformations, LT, which also lack experimental confirmation, the
conclusion follows that that LT are disproved. It is these disproved theses that Einstein developed in the
special theory of relativity (STR). That is why STR drops out since it cannot be regarded as a real scientific
theory. I.e. essentially, there is no theory of relativity whatsoever, either STR or a general theory of relativity
since Einstein himself in [6] wrote: So as to finish building the foundations of the general theory of relativity,
it is necessary that electromagnetic field is also included in it.
And in [7] Einstein wrote: The general theory of relativity is still incomplete in the sense that the
general principle of relativity can be applied satisfactorily only for the gravitational field, but not for all
fields.
3. CONCLUSION
1. It is evident that the theoretical premise of MME for validation of interference between the rays
contradicts the law known many years before MME that the velocity of light is constant relative to its
source (generator) and that due to this fact (law) there is no interference between the rays in MME.
2. The lack of interference in MME, however, is not a motivation, nor a proof of there being any
shortening of bodies in the direction to their velocity of motion, on the basis of which fact are deduced
the Lorentz transformations, LT, which even to this very moment have not been experimentally
confirmed, nor have their inferences: a) about shortening of bodies and prolongation of the intervals of
the times ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2
0 0
1 ; 1 ; ,
v
l l T T
c

1

1
]
B) OF THE LAW OF CONSTANTCY OF THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT
RELATIVE TO THE SOURCE AND THE OBSERVER, WHETER THEY MOVE OR NOT, AND C) THE EXISTENCE OF A SPATIAL-
TEMPORAL CONTINUUM.
3. THE PRESENTED ABOVE MOTIOVATES THE CRASH OF STR, AND SINCE THERE IS STILL NO FULL
(COMPLETE) GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY, IT FOLLOWS THAT ESSENTIALLY THERE IS A TOTAL CRASH OF
THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY.
Emphasis
With the dropout of the theory of relativity from physics, a question arises as to what will happen with
the known experimentally confirmed regularities, which are considered its product, such as: the relationship
between the mass and the velocity, the relative electrodynamics, the full energy of bodies and so forth.
The answers to these and other questions are given after a more profound perusal and analysis of the
works of Newton and Maxwell without Einstein in the next part, Part Two.
PART TWO
RATIONAL PHYSICS, WHICH IS
WITH A SINGLE THEORETICAL BASIS
WITH A UNITARY INITIAL PRINCIPLE
1. INTRODUCTION
I. Newtons reflections that the substantial form of matter is of homogenous nature were
presented in [8] of 1687, and that the nature of homogenous matter is electromagnetic manifesting itself
as a substantial and field forms was experimentally proven in [9] of 1704.
In addition to this, he stated in [8] that the notion mass is an abstracted point-like notion, expressing the
real volumetric notion quantity of matter concentrated in one volumeless point.
In the preface of [8] (p. 5) is written: They argued that substance in universe was homogenous And
on p. 23 in [8] he wrote: this quantity [of matter] that I mean hereafter everywhere under the name of body
or mass. And the same is known by the weight of each body; for it is proportional to the weight. On p. 504 in
[8] he wrote: Experiments as well as astronomical observations have proved that bodies around the Earth
are attracted to the Earth by force, which is proportional to the quantity of matter of each of them. Based on
this, there should be established a rule that all bodies attract to each other. On p. 518 in [8] it is written:
Hence it follows that attraction between all planets is proportional to their quantities of matter, which are
contained within them. There are more texts in [8] in this sense.
By considering the fact that Newton gave the formula of gravitational force F between two bodies with
masses m
1
and m
2
and the gravitational constant , as follows
7
1 2
2
. .
;
m m
F
r


(1-1)
it is apparent that Newton defined that masses m
1
and m
2
of bodies are abstracted notions without the volume
of the real notions quantities of matter, which have volumes
1
0 V >
and
2
0. V >
I.e. Newton introduced the
point-like idea of objects (bodies) through the abstracted notion mass, which he placed in the center of
gravity of the bodies in order to enable mathematical operations via differential and integral calculus, created
by him.
In [10], Chapter Thirteen, under the title Newtons mathematical research and the dispute with
Leibniz it is written that in 1713 was published a book, in which, as academician S. I. Vavilov wrote, there
was information about a decision by the commission, which had to resolve the dispute as to whose was the
true inventor of differential and integral calculus, and this is the text in the book: These gives us grounds to
believe that Newton was the original inventor and that he did not do any injustice to Leibniz.
Under these circumstances, by means of inventing proper mathematics, Newton once again established
himself as a leader in physics through his mathematical approach (for physics would be unthinkable without
mathematics) and as a founder of the theoretical foundations of natural sciences, who for these purposes
introduced the abstracted point-like ideas of bodies (objects).
2. MATTER IS ONLY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC NATURE
ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER IN FIELD AND SUBSTANTIAL
FORMS
Essentially, science studies the manifestations of matter, and in particular, it studies the various
states of the structures and movements of matter since they are manifestations of matter occurring as
natural phenomena. And matter is something, out of which is formed the system of natural entities, objects
(bodies, phenomena, processes, etc), whose manifestations are studied by science and then scientific facts
are defined through respective notions, called properties and regularities (laws or principles).
Proceeding from the described by I. Newton in [9] Opticks of 1704, which was
set fourthin the queries from 1 to 31, as consequences, in a synthesized form, are
described the following experimental facts:
Are not the Rays of Light very small Bodies emitted from shining Substances
K

The changing of Bodies into Light, and Light into Bodies ....
... is very conformable to the Course of Nature, ...
[] it is manifest that Light consists of Parts. Light [] spends about seven or
eight minutes [] from the Sun to the Earth.
In modern terminology, these Newtonian laws of the system K would state:
All substantial forms of electromagnetic matter emit and absorb field forms
(electromagnetic waves photons) of electromagnetic matter.
' K

Substantial forms of electromagnetic matter convert into field forms of electromagnetic

matter, and its field forms (electromagnetic waves photons) convert into substantial forms of
electromagnetic matter.
These are normal natural phenomena (processes).
Light is a flow of elementary particles, photons, which move incessantly at the velocity of
light c.
THESE EXPERIMENTAL FACTS, DESCRIBED BY NEWTON, ARE EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE THAT MATTER IN NATURE IS
ONLY ELECTROMAGNETIC IN A FIELD AND SUBSTANTIAL FORMS.
This Newtons evidence was confirmed by Kirchhoff in 1870, who, without quoting Newton, postulated
his experimental law of Kirchhoff, which states:
All bodies emit and absorb radiant energy (electromagnetic waves, P.P.s note), whereby the ratio of
the emitted to the absorbed energy depends on the frequency and temperature of the bodies, but it does not
depend on the kind of the bodies.
I.e. the experimental facts, described by Newton and Kirchhoff prove in a most irrefutable way, for
experiment has irresistible evidential force, and experimental (empirical) laws are logical laws, that matter
(mass) of all natural entities (objects, phenomena and processes) is only of electromagnetic essence it is
electromagnetic matter, which constantly changes both in quantitative respect, i.e.
const., m
and in respect
of its structural states from substantial into field form and vice versa.
In this case we assume that matter is a structure of a homogeneous initial (primary) resource
whose nature (properties) is unknown. The nature of the resource is unknown, it is not experimentally
8
established, because it can not be established experimentally, because it cannot be manifested as an
independent reality without assuming some kind of spatial structure, which is in some kind of natural
phenomenon of matter. And the matter with the smallest amounts of initial resource is called an
elementary particle, elementary particles, respectively. Elementary particles in physics, according to the
proposal of W. Heisenberg, are accepted to be a) of homogenous nature; b) in the form of substantial
and field states and c) can convert from substantial into field forms and vice versa.
Since matter and energy are inseparable from each other, it follows that energies are only of
electromagnetic natutre, i.e. there is only electromagnetic matter and electromagnetic energy in various
structural states.
This fact can be proved by using Newtons approach, as follows:
Matter (mass) m of electromagnetic waves, which move at the velocity of light c have momentum ,
c
P
r

mass m and velocity c, i.e.
a) . ;
c
P mc
r
r
b)
const.; m
c)
const.; c
d) 0;
dc
dt
(2-1)
When the electromagnetic matter (mass) m of electromagnetic waves moves at velocity c and with
momentum
c
P
r
(2-1 a), to the derivative of the momentum corresponds electromagnetic force
a) . . . 0 . ;
dP dm dc dm dm
F c m c c
dt dt dt dt dt
+ +
r
r
r
r r r
b)
;
distance
energy
] . [ ] [
1
r
W
m J N F

(2-2)
Energy dW, which electromagnetic force F imparts to the object, upon which it acts along distance
. , dr c dt
r r
i.e. for time dt is
a)
2
. . . . . ;
dm
dW F dr c c dt dmc
dt

r
r r r
b)
2
0
. ;
m
W dW mc

(2-3)
Since electromagnetic substance can convert into a field and vice versa, it follows that the law (2-3)b
2
. ; W mc (2-3)b
holds true both for the field and for the substantial form of electromagnetic matter. This results from the 1704
Newtons definition that matter is electromagnetic.
This law (2-3)b is a direct result from Newtons mechanics in Principles... of 1687 and the
experimental facts, described by him in Opticks... of 1704., therefore, this law should be treated as
classical.
P.S. Here it should be emphased that
a) J. K. Maxwell in Treatise on electricity and magnetism of 1873 in paragraph 792 under the title
Energy and pressure of emission wrote: That is why in a medium, where waves propagate, there is
pressure in direction normal to the waves and numerically equal to the energy contained in a unit of
volume (density of energy, P.P.s note).
This law, notated via a mathematical formula, states
a) . ;
w
p c
c
b)
0
. . ;
W
P mc c
c

r
r r
c)
2
. ; W mc d) 0
;
c
c
c

r
r
r (2-4)
where: is density of masses of electromagnetic waves; c velocity of electromagnetic waves ( light); w
density of energy of electromagnetic waves.
After integrating (2-4)a for volume V we have (2-4)b and (2-4)c, where: m is the mass, and W the
energy of electromagnetic matter of waves.
The law (2-3)b, respectively (2-4)c was given by Einstein in 1905, and by Maxwell 32 years before that,
in 1873
b) P. N. Lebedev in a report in Strasburg on 30 July 1891 wrote that Maxwell in 1873 gave the law (2-
4)c and, moreover, that:
b.1) A. Bartoli in 1885 and b.2) L. Boltzmann in 1884 gave a law analogous to the law (2-4)c.
9
3. THEORETICAL BASIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC NATURAL ENTITIES, I.E.
OF ALL NATURAL PHENOMENA (OBJECTS, PHENOMENA, PROCESSES, ETC.)
It is ascertained that the smallest independent substantial elementary particle and antiparticle are the the
electron e and the positron e+. They are assumed to be of homogenous in its essence matter, called
electromagnetic matter in the form of a structure called electric charge, which is in two reciprocal structural
states, called polarities. The electron e
-
is a particle with negative polarity, while the positron e
+
is with
positive polarity and it is antiparticle to the electron. The values of their electric charges q
e
are identical and
have the value
19
1, 6.10 C
e
q

m
and e
-
and e
+
have identical masses, so here for brevity they will both be
called electrons (electron and positron).
It should be emphasized here that a thesis can be considered that in a certain indirect aspect, as the
initial material resource could be interpreted the argument (thesis) that the elementary independent electric
charge of the electrons is the initial resource as it is known that the effect of interaction between electrons e
-
and positrons e
+
can be the generation of other elementary particles (protons, neutrons, photons and so on)
and also there are not any electrical charges that do not generate electrical, magnetic or gravitational
fields.
Michael Faraday in 1843 proved that there exists a law of electric charges conservation LECC.
It was established that:
A) electrons at rest
( ) 0 v
generate only: a) electrostatic
E
r
and b) gravitational G
r
fields, energies
0 E
W
and 0 G
W
and have masses 0 e
m
and 0
.
G
m
B) at velocity 0 v they generate: a) apart from
E
r
and , G
r
also b) magnetic fields
H
r
and energies
H
W
and mass
,
H
m
where the magnetic fields, energies and masses are inseparable from the electric
charges, respectively from the masses of the charges and the elementary particles generated by them. The
energy H
W
and mass H
m
are these, which are imparted to the masses of electrons under the action of
force , F
r
which accelerates them to velocity v, i.e. in order to accelerate objects to velocity v it is
necessary that force F should impart energy to them which they TRANSFORM INTO MAGNETIC FIELD AND
RESPECTIVELY INTO MAGNETIC ENERGY W
H
AND MAGNETIC MASS.
3.1. Electrostatic field
,
E
E
r
density of its energy
,
E
w

internal energy
0 E
W
and mass m
e0
of the electron at rest
a)
0
2
0
.
;
4. .
e
E
q r
E
r

.
r
r
b)
2
0
.
;
2
E
E
E
w

c)
0 0
2
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
. .4. . . ;
4. .
e e
r r
e
E E E
e
q
W w dV w r dr
r
.
.

(3-1)
where: e
q m
is the electric charge of electrons; r
e0
computational (classical) radius of electrons (e
-
and e
+
);

0
dielectric constant of vacuum.
The mass of electrons at rest
( ) 0 v
is equal to the mass of its electrostatic energy
a)
2 0
0
2
. ;
E
e e m
W
m q k
c

b)
( )
2
0 0
4. . . const.;
m e
k r c .
(3-2)
3.2. Gravitational field, which generates the masses of electrons
at rest
The density of mass of the electrostatic field, which is
2
;
E
E
w
c

(3-4)
generates a respective, inseparable from itself, gravitational field
2
0 0
0
2 2 2
. . . .
. 0;
2. .
E
E E
r E
G r
r c r

<
r
r
r
(3-5)
The gravitational field, which generates electrons (e
-
and e
+
) and which is inseparable from them is
2
0 0
0
2 2
. . . .
. 0;
e e m
e
m r q k
G r
r r

<
r
r
r
(3-3)
where: is gravitational constant.
It is evident from (3-4) and (3-5), to the genetic principle, that gravitational fields
e
G
r

10
and
E
G

r
are of electromagnetic nature, and should be called secondary electric fields.
Moreover, the assumption that gravitational field is a secondary electric field accounts for the fact that
gravitational field is unipolar. It is unipolar because the squares of the negative electric charges ( ) ,
e
q
as
well as of the electric fields ( )
2
E are always positive, or
a) ( )
2
0;
e
q > b) ( )
2
0; E > (3-6)
And the negative sign before
0 e
m
and
E

is written because in physics it is accepted for the forces of

attraction to be described by negative sign.
3.3. Magnetic field, which is generated around electrons
when they move at velocity v > 0
3.3.1. Magnetic energy, mass and gravitational field, generated by
the magnetic mass
Experimentally has been ascertained that during motion of electric charge
e
q m
at velocity
v c <
around it and inseparably from it a magnetic field
e
H
r
is generated with density of magnetic
energy
He
w
and density of its mass
,
He

as well as the mass m

e
of the electron at velocity v, as follows
a) 0
. . ;
e E
H v E 1
]
r r
r
b)
2
0
.
;
2
He
H
w

c)
2
;
He
He
w
c

d) 0
2
0
1
;
.c

(3-7)
where:
0

is magnetic constant of vacuum.

At point M at distance r the electron generates densities of energy
He
w
and of mass
He

of the magnetic
field ,
E
H
r
which are variable quantities, depending on velocity v, and the respective quantities of electrostatic
field
E
E
r
are constant
a)
const.;
E
w
b)
const.;
E

c)
const.;
e
q
(3-8)
In these conditions the resultant densities of energies
M
w
and masses
M

at point M are
a)
;
M E He
w w w +
b)
;
M E He
+
(3-9)
Therefore the differentials of
M
w
and
M

from (3-9) are

a)
0 ;
M He
dw dw +
b)
;
M He
d d
(3-10)
i.e. at point M,
M
w
and
M

are altered depending on velocity v only the components of the magnetic field
( ) H f v
and its respective densities of energy and mass (3-10), and thence (or because of this) the
magnetic energy
He
W
and mass
He
m
of the electron are also altered.
To density of mass
M

corresponds momentum
M
P
r
and force
M
F
r
a) . ;
M M
P v
r
r
b) . . ;
M M
M M
dP d dv
F v
dt dt dt

+
r
r
r
r
(3-11)
Since point M is at a random distance r from the electron, the relationships
M
P P
r r
and
M
F F
r r
hold
true for all points of the volume outside the electron from its radius 0 e
r
to infinity
( ) .
Under this condition
the differential of the full energy (of the electrostatic and magnetic fields) of the electron with density of mass
M

(3-9)b is
( )
( )
2 2
. 1
. . . . . ;
2
M
e M M M
d v
dW F dr v dt d v d v
dt

+
r
r
r r
(3-12)
And the density of mass M

of the energy of the electron at velocity

a)
; v c <
b)
1;
v
c
<
c)
1;
(3-13)
is
11
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
. 1 . 1 ; ;
2 2
e
M M M M M
dW v v v
d d d d
c c c c
_ _
+ +

, ,
(3-14)
After processing equation (3-14) we have
( )
( )
2
2
1
1
;
2 1
M
M
d
d

(3-15)
With solution of equation (3-15) under the following conditions
a)
0; v
b)
;
M E

c)
0; v
d)
;
M M e

(3-16)
we have density of mass e

of the electron at velocity

, v c <
and from it we have the density e
w
of its
energy, which are
a)
( )
1
2 2
1 ;
e E

b)
( )
1
2 2 2 2
. . . 1 ;
e e E
w c c

(3-17)
Where, after integrating e

and e
w
in the volume of 0 e
r
to

we have the full mass e

m
and the energy
e
W
of the electron at velocity v according to the condition about the velocity (3-13), which are
a)
( )
1
2 2
0
1 ;
e e
m m

b)
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
. . 1 . 1 ;
e e
W m c m c W

(3-18)
Since e
m
and e
W
also include 0 e
m
(3-2)a and the energy 0 E
W
(3-1)c at rest
( ) 0 , v
it follows that they
are sums of two parts
a)
( )
1
2 2
0 0
1 ;
e e He e
m m m m

+ b)
( )
1
2 2
0 0
1 ;
e E He E
W W W W

+ (3-19)
In this inference, a significant fact (law) is that since during motion of the electron at velocity v, magnetic
(kinetic) energy is generated around it, which is inseparable from the electron; therefore, the mass of the magnetic
(kinetic) energy is inseparable from the mass of the electron at rest m
e0
. That explains why the mass and full energy
of the electron at velocity v increase according to (3-19), while the theory of relativity does not offer any explanation
of the physical meaning of the mass growth according to (3-19). This circumstance explains why, according to
Maxwell, kinetic energy is magnetic (electromagnetic) energy.
Therefore the mass m
He
of the magnetic field (of the magnetic energy) of the electron and the
magnetic energy W
He
of the electron are inseparable from the electron and have these values
a)
( )
1
2 2
0 0
1 1 ;
He e e e
m m m m

1

1
]
b)
( )
1
2 2 2
0 0
. 1 1 ;
He e E e
W W W m c

1

1
]
(3-20)
To He
m
corresponds gravitational field
He
G
r
of electromagnetic nature, inseparable from it
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2
0
2 0
0 0
2 2 2
1 1 . . 1 1 . .
. .
. . 0;
m
He
He e e
k r
m r
G m r q
r r r

1 1

1 1

] ]
<
r
r
r
r
(3-21)
It is apparent from here that the gravitational field, generated by the mass
of the magnetic field of the electron is of electromagnetic nature, but since it is
generated by the magnetic (electromagnetic) field, it should be called a
secondary electromagnetic field, which is generated by the square (the mass) of
the electric charge ( )
2
,
e
q m or, respectively, by the mass of its magnetic energy.
Emphasis
Magnetic (kinetic) energy
He Ke
W W
(3-20)b and magnetic (kinetic) mass
H Ke
m m
(3-20)a, are
here obtained as quantities, which are product of electromagnetic matter, whose theory was developed by J.
C. Maxwell in his book Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873, where Maxwell specified that in
the theory of electromagnetic matter the role of kinetic energy is played by magnetic and electromagnetic
energies, whereby:
a) in paragraph 636 Maxwell wrote ...kinetic energy exists wherever there is magnetic field, i.e. in
all parts of the field where there is magnetic field. Quantitatively, the density of magnetic (kinetic)
energy is
2
0
.
;
2
K H
H
W W


where:
0

is magnetic permeability of vacuum; H magnetic field.

12
b) and in paragraph 638 Maxwell wrote:
THEREFORE WE SHOULD CONSIDER BOTH MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGIES AS KINETIC ENERGIES.
(emphasis added by P.P.).
This solution of Maxwell was missed (not taken into consideration) at the time when Maxwells
electrodynamics was studied. Probably this omission was made by the author who first presented the
complete electromagnetic theory of Maxwell in a systemized way, in the form known today as Maxwell
equations, for this system of equations was not given by Maxwell in his treatise.
At present this omission should be corrected and instead of kinetic energy it should be written
(used) the notions of magnetic or electromagnetic energy. i.e. all energies are only electromagnetic
energies (electric, magnetic and gravitational).
At velocity of the electron v much lower than c, i.e. at
a)
; v c =
b)
1;
v
c
=
or c)
0;
(3-22)
the expression
( )
1
2 2
1

is expanded in a power series
( )
1
2 2 4 6 2
1 3 15
1 1 ...;
2 8 18

+ +
(3-23)
And by taking only the first two terms of (3-23), magnetic energy
He
W
(3-20)b and
mass
He
m
(3-20)a are notated in reduced forms
a)
2
0
.
;
2
e
He
m v
W b)
2
0
0
2 2
.
;
2.
He e
He e
W m v
m m
c c
= (3-24)
These magnetic energy
He
W
and mass
He
m
incorrectly, according to Maxwell, are called kinetic energy
k
W
and mass
.
k
m
3.3.2. Protons and neutrons are restructured accelerated squares
of electric charges electrons
It is necessary to emphasize that it is known that there exists a law in physics that magnetic (kinetic) energy
can be turned into substantial elementary particles.
For example, the interaction of accelerated electron e
-
and positron may result, depending on the condition:
a) proton p and antiproton
p
or b) neutron n and antineutron . n The accelerated to velocity
v c <
electron and
positron have masses
e
m
and energies
,
e
W
according to (3-19). Then
a) ( )
0 0
; e e e e p p
+ +
+ + + +
b) ( )
0 0
; e e e e n n
+ +
+ + + +
(3-25)
where, if equation (3-25)a is written through the energies of the electrons and protons and if we take into
consideration the fact that the energies and the masses of the electron and positron are equal in values
( )
0 0
;
e e e e
W W W W
+ +

as well as to proton 0
p
and antiproton 0
p
at rest, and by analogy, for the neutron.
Under these conditions, from (3-19) and (3-25)a, written through the respective energies, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
2. 2. 2. . 2. . 1 . ;
e e He e He e p e
W W W m m c m m c m c

+ + + (3-26)
and from (3-26), after processing, follow the formulae of the masses of the proton and antiproton
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 2
1 1 . 1 1 . . ;
He
p p He e p e p m p m
W
m m m m q k Q k
c

1 1

1 1
] ]
(3-27)
where, since the expression
( )
1
2 2
1 1
p

1

1
]
is a dimensionless quantity, and m
k
is a physical constant, we
have no grounds to assume that
( )
1
2 2 2 2
0
. 1 1 ;
p e p
Q q

1

1
]
(3-28)
is effective square of the electric charge of the proton at rest, which is so with the antiproton too.
By analogy we can obtain the masses of neutron 0
n
and antineutron 0
n

( )
0 0
1
2 2 2 2
0 2
1 1 . . ;
He
n n He e m n m
W
m m m q k Q k
c

1

1
]
(3-29)
13
Since
He
W
and
He
m
are respectively the magnetic (kinetic) energy and mass of the electron, it is
evident that they can convert (get transformed) into a substantial form of electromagnetic matter. I.e.
protons and neutrons are electromagnetic elementary particles.
And since atoms and molecules are formed (structured) from electrons, positrons and neutrons, the
inference follows that atoms are structures of electromagnetic elementary particles, i.e. they are only
structures of electromagnetic matter they are substantial electromagnetic matter, which is obtained from
field matter and can convert into field matter.
For the purposes of analysing the masses of protons and neutrons, for convenience, we introduce the
notion effective square of electric charge Q
2
of a body (object) of electromagnetic matter with mass m.
Essentially these squares of electric charges
2
, Q are an external expression of the sum of the squares of
electric charges of the electrons, from which are formed the respective quantitative values of objects (quantities
of electrons, protons and neutrons) of electromagnetic matter, respectively of electromagnetic (magnetic
kinetic) energy. And here (in this article) they are called squares of effective electric charges of objects (bodies).
And in the most general case, to each quantity of electromagnetic matter (body), which
corresponds to electromagnetic energy (including also to thermal energy) W, corresponds mass
2
,
T
T
W
m
c
_

,
and to its mass
T
m
corresponds a square of the effective electric charge.
a)
2
;
T
T
m
m
Q
k

b)
2
. ;
T T m
m Q k
(3-30)
It is essential to emphasize that
2
T
Q is not equal to the real square
2
R
Q of the sum of electric charges of the
electrons of the object with mass m, but is equal to the sum of squares of the individual charges of the electrons,
which correspond to the object.
From the interaction of the electron
0
e

and positron
0
e
+
at rest are generated photons , which move
at velocity of light c, as follows from the following experimental facts
a)
0 0
2. ; e e
+
+
b)
2
0
2 . 2. 2. . 2. ;
e f
m c W h
c)
2
0
.
;
e
m c
h
(3-31)
where: h is Planck constant; - frequency of photons .
In the case of photon , the energy
. ,
f
W h
which is electromagnetic energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves of electric
E
r
and magnetic
H
r
fields, but this energy f
W
is obtained from the energy
2
0
.
e
m c
of the electron, which can be written in the form
a)
2 2
. . . ;
e m f
q k c W h
b)
2 2
2
;
.
f
e f
m
W
q Q
k c

(3-32)
In this sense, to the energy of electromagnetic waves of photon corresponds effective square of the electric
charge
2
f
Q
of the photon. It is exactly in this sense that this charge is the source of energy
.
f
W
In this aspect, to
each electromagnetic (electric W
E
, magnetic W
H
or sum of W
E
and

W
H
) energy corresponds some effective square
of electric charge.
3.3.3. Examples in support of the secondary electromagnetic nature
of the gravitational fields conversion of gravitational energy into
magnetic (kinetic) and vice versa
The following situation is considered. Over the Earth, which has matter (mass) M
3
, along its radius R
3
,
there are two point-like masses M
1
and M
2
at distances R
1
and R
2
relative to its centre, which lie on the same
radius.
The gravitational potentials on the surface of the Earth (R
3
) and at points M
1
and M
2
are:
3
3
3
.
) ;
G
M
a U
R



3
1
1
.
) ;
G
M
b U
R



3
2
2
.
) ;
G
M
c U
R


2 1
) ; d R R >
(3-33)
The difference between the potentials of M
1
and M
2
is
21 3
2 1
1 1
. ;
G
U M
R R
_


,
(3-34)
14
Let us assume that the processes take place on the surface of the Earth, i.e.
1 3
R R
and that
3
.;
G
U A const
(3-35)
Under these conditions let us also assume that
a)
1 3
0; R R
b)
2
0; R
(3-36)
I.e. the potential
3 G
U
, respectively R
3
, is assumed as the beginning of the coordinate system,
i.e. under these conditions
3
0
G
U
, and the potential
21 G
U
from (3-34) is
21
2
;
G
U M
r

; (3-37)
to which, for an object of matter m
0
in point M
2
, corresponds potential gravitational energy
2 G G
W W
and
force F
G
a)
0
2 21 0
2
.
. ;
G G G
m
W U m M W
R



b)
0
. ;
G
G
dW
F r
R

r
r
(3-38)
If the object m
0
at velocity zero in point M
2
has zero magnetic energy 0
H K
W W

and it falls
freely from point M
2
to the Earth, i.e. along pathwayR
2
, in point M
1
on the Earth it will obtain
magnetic (kinetic) energy (magnetic energy)
2
2
0
0
.
. ;
2
r
H K G
m v
W W F dR

r r
(3-39)
where:
v
is the velocity of the object during its fall at point M
1
(on the surface of the Earth).
According to the law of energy conservation
a)
;
G K H
W W W
b)
0;
G K G H
W W W W
(3-40)
at point M
1
the object has potential energy
0
G
W
and
0,
K H
W W

and in point
( ) 0 0
G
R W
and
0.
K H
W W
In this way a well-known fact is illustrated, that the potential gravitational energy transforms into
magnetic (kinetic) energy.
A reverse conversion is possible, if the object, which is in point M
1
at 0, R on the surface of the
Earth, is supplied with sufficient quantity of electromagnetic energy to reach point M
2
. In this case the
electromagnetic energy W
H
converts into gravitational potential energy
G H
W W
in point M
2
.
The explanation of the above processes is in the fact that the two kinds of fields are genetically
homogenous, they are both generated by electromagnetic matter.
Example with a photon
Let a photon of energy
0
W
and matter (mass)
0
m

0
0
) . ; a W h

0
0 2
) ;
W
b m
c

(3-41)
(where: h is Planck constant; and
0

frequency) is in point M
2
, then its potential gravitational
energy is
0
1
3
2
. .
;
G
M m
U
r

(3-42)
During the motion of the photon from M
2
to M
1
it experiences the gravitational force of the Earth
G
F

r
and
so it increases its velocity above the wave velocity c, as a result of the force of attraction
G
F

by the gravitational
field of the Earth, and its velocity will increase by v
21
, and thence its frequency will increase, too (according to
Doppler Effect), where the velocity v
21
, which the photon of mass
0
m
gains is caused by the force of the
gravitational field of the Earth, which is
0
3
) . ;
G
a F m G

r r
b)
0
. .
;

m r
G a
R

r
r
r
c) 0
;
r
r
r

r
r
r (3-43)
15
Due to the short distance
22 2 1
R R R
along which
G
F
acts, we can assume that
.
G
F const
Under
this condition, the kinetic energy, which the gravitational force
G
F
releases to the photon of mass
0
m
is
a)
2
21
21
.
. ;
2
v
v G
m v
W F R

b)
0 0
1 1
2 2
21 21
21
2. . . . .
;
G
v v
F R m v R
v
m m
_ _



, ,
(3-44)
As a result of this velocity v
21
, according to Doppler Effect, the frequency of the photon and its
velocity c change to
21
21 0 0
) . . ;
c
c v u
a
c c
+

21
) ;
c
b u c v +
(3-45)
As a result, the energy and matter of the photon in point M
1
will increase to
a)
2
1
21
0 0
0
. . . . ;
r
c
v Gv
u c v
W F dR h h
c c
+ _


,

r r

1
1 2
) ;
W
b m
c

(3-46)
As a result of the gravitational force, which acts upon the photon, its velocity will increase above the
velocity of light to
c
u c >
(3-45) a fact which disproves the assertions in the Special Theory of Relativity
but was assumed by Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity .
Because of this fact, which Einstein
*
in his General Theory of Relativity (GTR), also called Doppler
Principle, the thesis claimed by him should not be absolutized that always (under any and all conditions) the
velocity of light is
const., c
including also the statement of September 2011 from Switzerland that the
neutrino moves at velocity different from c, because according to Einstein c depends also on the gravitational
field generated by the Earth.
The gain of energy and matter of the photon from M
2
to M
1
21
21 1 2 21
21 21
0 0 2
) . 1 . . ; ) ;
v
v v
W
c v v
a W W W h h b m
c c c

+ 1

1
]
(3-47)
These changes under certain conditions are measurable.
Let an example be calculated at R
2
= 21,5 m distance between the points M
2
and M
1
and be compared
with the measured values.
Here simplification is required, but the accuracy is sufficient for comparison with the measurement.
Since the gravitational fields G
2
and G
1
in points M
2
and M
1
are approximately equal, we can use the
resultant average value of GF, which is
2 2 1 0
21 3 3 2
3
.
9,8 . ;
2
G G r
G G M ms
R

+
1
]
r r
r
r r
(3-48)
The velocity v
21
in M
1
and time t
21
from M
2
and M
1
are
21 3 21
a) . ; v G t
b)
21
21
;
R
t
c

21
21
.
c) ;

G r
v
c

(3-49)
The difference in the frequences of
2
M
and M
1
is
15 2
21 21 0
16
. 9,81.21,5
~ 2,3.10 Hz;
9.10

G R
v v v
c

(3-50)
With the above numerical data, frequency
15
21
2,3.10 v Hz

was measured by R.V. Pound and Rebka

(R. V Pound and Rebka. On the weight of photons in Achievement of physics vol. LXII issue 4. 1960,
Moscow, in Russian) by the method of Moessbauer, whereby this result was obtained with an error of 1% t .
This experiment directly confirms Newtons gravitational theory as well as the conversion of the
potential gravitational energy into electromagnetic (kinetic) energy because the formulae used in the
experiment are from the Newtonian gravitation.
Moreover, Pounds experiment proves practically that the velocity of light is not constant, BUT IT DEPENDS
ON THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD G, I.E. IT CAN BE
21
;
c
u c v c t
(3-51)
*

A. Einstein. ber den Einfluss der Schwerkraftauf die Ausbreitung des Lichtes. Ann. Phys. 1911, 35, 3q 898 908.
16
3.3.4. Foundation of the theoretical basis: Principal of natural
entities
Since
He
W
and
He
m
are respectively the magnetic (kinetic) energy and mass of the electron, it is
evident that they convert (get transformed) into a substantial form of electromagnetic matter. I.e.
protons and neutrons are electromagnetic elementary particles.
AND SINCE ATOMS AND MOLECULES ARE FORMED (STRUCTURED) FROM ELECTRONS, POSITRONS AND
NEUTRONS, THE INFERENCE FOLLOWS THAT ATOMS ARE STRUCTURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ELEMENTARY
PARTICLES, I.E. THEY ARE ONLY STRUCTURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER THEY ARE SUBSTANTIAL
ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER, WHICH IS OBTAINED FROM FIELD ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER AND CAN CONVERT INTO
FIELD MATTER.
Under these conditions, since the theoretical basis of electromagnetic energies and masses are given by
Maxwells equations, without the gravitational fields, while according to S. Poisson, Newtons gravitation was
described in 1813 by the following differential equations
a) rot. 0; G
r
b) div .4. . ;
m
G
r
(3-52)
where according to the condition that matter is electromagnetic, it follows that
m

is
a)
( )
2 2
0 0
2 2
. .
;
2. 2.
T
m
d Q dm E H
dV c c dV

b)
2
0
2
.
;
2.
E
E
c

c)
2
0
2
.
;
2.
M
H
c

(3-53)
which is density of the mass of electromagnetic matter in substantial or field form. And their respective
gravitational fields generated by electromagnetic matter are
a)
0
2
. .
;
m
m
r
G
r

r
r
(3-54)
It is apparent that the electric
E
r
and magnetic
H
r
fields (or rather the densities of their masses)
generate gravitational fields, which are described by the equations of Poisson (3-33) through the densities of
their masses.
This circumstance is the reason to consider the equations of Poisson (3-52) as gravitational part of
the theory of electromagnetic matter. And in this sense there follows the inference that they, being part
of the theory of electromagnetic matter, should be united into one system, as a second part after the
equations of Maxwell, which are the first part , which system, described with observance of the laws: a) of
conservation of the electric charge, b) the three laws of Newton and c) their corollaries, form the deductive
principle (the theoretical foundations of the theory of electromagnetic matter, which system because it is a
leading principle, which is in the basis (root) of all theories about the manifestations of electromagnetic
matter in the form of natural entities, is called here
PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL
a) rot ; b) div ; c) . ; I
a) rot ; b) div 0; c) . ; II
a) rot 0' b) div .4. . ; III

m
B
E D D E
t
D
H j B B H
t
G G

+
;

r
r r r r
r
r r r r r
r r
(3-55)
where these designations are new:
D
r
and
B
r
are electric and magnetic inductions;
e

- density of the electric

charge; j
r
- density of current, if there is any;
m

- density of electromagnetic matter (gravitational charge),

the mass.
These inferences follow from (3-55):
1. they describe the unity of the regularities both of field and of substantial forms of electromagnetic
matter;
2. they prove the unity inseparability of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, i.e. their genetic unity;
3. they show that at
0
e

the unity and inseparability of electromagnetic waves is described
as well as the generated by them electric, magnetic (
E

and
H

) and gravitational field ( )

G
r

17
through the respective densities of their matters (masses)
.
E H m
+
4. that the gravitational field has electromagnetic nature, i.e. that it is a secondary
electromagnetic field.
Emphasis
Here the fact should be emphasized that the differential equations practically have unlimited number
of real solutions, which depend on the unlimited number of boundary conditions, determined by the
unlimited number of situations, which occur in nature. This property of differential equations enables them
to describe the natural diversity, i.e. they satisfy the requirement of unlimited number of solutions for
description of natural diversity.
In The Principal all quantities are genetically homogenous. I.e. the Principal describes the
homogeneity (the unity) of: a) the substantial and field forms of electromagnetic matter and that they can
convert (restructure) from one into the other forms; b) the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and that
there is no object (phenomenon) which does not generate simultaneously both (electromagnetic and
gravitational) fields and c) this is the embryo as an initial deductive principle, which directly or indirectly
is in the root of all sciences studying natural phenomena.
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC MECHANISM OF GENERATION OF INERTIAL FORCE
The active manifestation of the law of matter and energy conservation, LMEC, requires that material
objects have the property of immediate counteraction to any alteration of their matter and energy. This property is
called INERTNESS.
The description of the mechanism of generation of this property is the following example of the electron
in the process of alteration of the velocity of motion, i.e. at the availability of acceleration (under the action of
a force). Let us imagine that there exists a plane N, which passes through the centre of the electron and
through the axis of its acceleration . a
r
Let at distance r
r
the flux
2
d
of magnetic induction , B
r
generated at
velocity of the electron . , v a t
r r
across surface dS, where
B
r
is perpendicular to dS, is
0 0
0
2 2
. . . . . . .
. . ;
4. . 4. .
e e
r
q v dr q a t dr
d H dS
r r



(4-1)
This elementary magnetic flux encompasses the electron only along a unit of length around its centre
and has as its axis its acceleration . a
r
When integrating it in the boundaries of the computational radius of the
electron
0 e
r
to infinity ( ) ,
a flux is created, which encompasses the electron along a unit of length through
its centre, which is
0
0
2
0 0
. .
;
4. . .
e
e e
r
r
e e
q a t m
d
r c q

0
2
0
1
;
.c

(4-2)
According to the law of Faraday, in alteration of this flux in time, in the centre of the electron is induced
a counterelectromotive field (CEMF) in direction opposite the one of acceleration:
0
2
0 0
. . .
. ; ;
4. . . .
e e a e
ie a a
e e
d q a i m a a
E i i
dt r c q a

r
r r
r r r
r (4-3)
This CEMF
ie
E
r
has a direction opposite to the acting upon the electron external electromagnetic
EB
F
r
or
gravitational
GB
F
r
force. As a result of the interaction between the charge of the electron q
e
and
ie
E
r
generates
electric force
a)
0
. . ;
ie e ie e i
F q E m a
r r
r
b) ;
ie EB A
F F F F
r r r r
(4-4)
Since the electron generates both electric E, and magnetic
H
r
and gravitational G
r
fields, the inertial
force
ie
F
r
counteracts to ,
EB
F
r
i.e. to
E
F
r
and
B
F
r
and to ,
GB
F
r
if such force sets it in motion, or
a) 0;
ie EB
F F +
r r
b) 0;
ie GB
F F +
r r
c) 0;
ie A
F F +
r r
(4-5)
where:
A
F
r
is any acting external force.
In this sense
ie
F
r
is the inertial force, which acts against the external motive forces , ,
EB GB A
F F F
r r r
and is
expression of the counteracting property of matter of objects, the model of which is assumed to be the elctron.
18
This force was called by Newton inertial and it is described as a product of matter (mass) m and acceleration:
a) . ;
i ie A
F F ma F
r r r
r
b)
;
i A
F F
r r
(4-6)
In essence, the inertial property is consequence of, is based on, LEMC or is external expression
of LMEC, and LMEC is grounded in the law of conservation of electric charge of 1843, established by
M. Faraday. According to the principle of conservation of the tandem matter-energy, it is necessary that the
material object should have the natural property of being able to counteract to each manifestation, which
would result in a change of its tandem (matter-energy). This counteraction must be by a sign identical in value
with the one of the tandem but with opposite sign in comparison to that, which is imparted to it or taken from
it by external forces.
The general validity of the inertial force is in this that since the law of conservation of the matter and
energy of the electron holds true for electromagnetic matter as a whole, i.e. for the material objects, this is
the motivation to accept that the created inertial force of the electron (4-4) is also applicable to all natural
objects, since they are electromagnetic. Or at electromagnetic mass m
T
(3-30)b and effective square of
electric charge of a body of mass m
T

2
T
Q
(3-30)a the inertial force of the body at
2

Q
(2-46) is
electromagnetic force
( )
1
2 2 2 2
. . . 1 . . ;
iT T T m e m
F m a Q k a q k a

r
r r r
(4-7)
The electromagnetic inertial force is consequence of the fact that there occurs quantitative alteration
of the magnetic or electromagnetic (kinetic) energy. I.e. the alteration of magnetic or electromagnetic
(kinetic) energy generates inertial force.
5. FORCE F
r
, VELOCITY
v
r
AND ACCELERATION
a
r

IN GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS
5.1. What is force if mass is function of velocity
According to the second law of Newton (mechanics), the force
F
r
is a derivative in relation to time t of
momentum . P
r
The momentum is a product of the full mass m of the object (body) and its velocity
, v
r
which
according to equation (3-18) is
a)
( )
1
2 2
0
1 ; m m

b)
;
d
v
c

(5-1)
where: m
0
is the mass at rest, which according to Newton is an abstracted (simplified) point-like notion of
quantity of matter, which is placed in the centre of gravity of the object. And the gain of the mass from the
value m
0
at rest to m is due to the law that every quantity of electromagnetic matter in motion at velocity
0,
d
v
r
generates around itself magnetic field , H
r
respectively magnetic energy W
H
, which is inseparable from
the object with mass m
0
and which has mass
0
,
H
m m m
according to equation (3-20)
a) ( )
1
2 2
0
1 1 ;
H d
m m

1

1
]
b)
( )
1
2 2
0 0
1 ;
H d
m m m m

+ (5-2)
Under these conditions the momentum of the body with mass m (5-1) is
( )
1
2 2
0
. . 1 . ;
d d d
P mv m v

r
r r
(5-3)
But the mass also increases by the mass

m
of gravitational field , G
r
respectively of gravitational
energy W
G
of the object. The ratios of the full electromagnetic W
e
and gravitational W
G
energies of the objects
are:
a)
41
3, 3.10 ;
e
G G
W m
W m

b) ( )
1
41
. 3, 3.10 0;
G
m m m

<<< (5-5)
is without a real quantitative effect, so it is not considered.
Under these conditions, for m (5-1) and momentum
P
r
(5-3) according to Newton, the force is
a) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2 2 2
0 0
1 . 1 . ;
d
d d k
dP dv
F m m a
dt dt


r
r
r
r
b)
;
d
k
dv
a
dt

r
r
c)
0;
G
m
m

(5-5)
Here we should use the notion dynamic velocity v
d
, because this velocity of the object is determined
19
when it is in dynamic (moving) state. I.e. it is not correct to use the kinematic velocity
k
v v
r r
and kinematic
acceleration ,
k
k
dv
a
dt

r
r
since the objects are in motion, which is impossible in the absence of motive force
and therefore the velocity v
d
and the acceleration a
d
have to depend (to be function of) on the force as well.
5.2. Dynamic (or actual) velocity
d
v
r
and accelerations
d

r
Under the condition of motion, the velocity
d
v
r
and acceleration
d
a
r
have rather different physical
meaning, because the influence of the motive factor, such as force F, is taken into consideration. And as it is
known without force
F
r
there is no motion, i.e. no velocity
d
v
r
nor acceleration
.
d
a
r
The use of the classical
notions kinetic velocity
k
v
r
and acceleration
k
a
r
are incorrectly simplified ideas of dynamic velocity
d
v
r
and
acceleration
,
d
a
r
which are used in classical mechanics (physics), which is also a simplified notation at
velocity ( ) 0
d d
v c =
of the precise theory of motion at velocity ( ) ; 1
d d
v c < <
of electromagnetic
matter.
Under these conditions the differential of dynamic (actual,) in the sense of motion, velocity
d
dv
r

determined depending on force , F
r
which is the motive factor in equation (5-5)a is
a) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 2 2 2
0
0
1 . 1 . ;
d d a
F
dv dt f dt
m


r
r
r
b) 0
0
;
F
f
m

r
r
(5-6)
Here the term
0
f
has the physical meaning
0
0
F
f
m

r
r
force per unit of mass; (5-7)
After integrating of
d
dv
r
we have
a)
( )
1
2 2
0
0
. 1 . . ;
v
d d d d
v dv f t a t

r
r r r
b) ( )
1
2 2
0
. 1 ;
d
d d
v
a f
t

r
r
r
(5-8)
or since the expression
( )
1
2 2
1
d
is a sizeless number, the dynamic velocity is
mass, of unit per momentum ) 1 ( ) 1 (
.
2 / 1 2
0
2 / 1 2
0

mass
momentum
m
P
m
t F
v
d d

(5-9)
since
; . momentum P t F

(5-10)
or by the designations of the dimensionalities
( )
1
1
2 1 2
0
m.kg.s
1 m.s ;
kg
d
P
v
m

1
]
1
]
(5-11)
This means that in dimensionality the dynamic v
d
and the kinematic v
k
velocities are identical, but in
the physical meaning, the dynamic velocity, as well as the kinematic one are momentums per unit of mass,
i.e. the momentum per unit of mass has dimensionality
1
m.s ,

1
]
but in dors not coincide with actual one,
because in the physical meaning it is not a ratio of distance to time.
From the expression of the dynamic velocity
d
v
r
we obtain the relationship of the acceleration
d
a
r
a)
( )
1
2 2
0
1 . . ;
d d
v f t a t
r
r r
b) ( )
1
2 2
0
. 1 ;
d
d
v
a f
t

r
r
r
(5-12)
I.e. the physical meaning of acceleration is force per unit of mass
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2 2
0
0
1 . 1 ;
d
F
a f
m

r
r
r
(5-13)
That is why acceleration
d
a
r
multiplied by the mass of the object gives force
. ,
d
F ma
r
which
accelerates it.
20
Here (5-11) or (5-12)a the expression of velocity is only a formal notation, because the term
( )
1
2 2
1
contains the velocity and therefore the notation of v
d
(5-12)a has to be solved only with v
d
, which should be
before the equation, i.e.
1
2 2
0
2
. 1 .
d
d
v
v f t
c
_


,
r
r
(5-12)a
should be raised to square and v
d
be deduced only through the equation, as follows
a)
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0
2 2
. . . . ;
d
d
c v v
v f t f t f t
c c
_


,
b)
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2 2 2
2
0
2 0
. . .
;
.
d
f t c f c
v
c c f t
f
t

+
+
(5-14)
It is clear from (5-14)b that when time t (infinity) then the velocity tends to
( )
( )
0 0 0
1 1
2 2 2 2
2 0
0
0
. .
. ;
0
d
f c f c f
v c c
f
c f
f

+
+

(5-15)
i.e. under the action of force F (5-5) the body of mass m (5-2)b reaches the maximum
velocity
;
d
v c
This is so, because when 1,
d
d
v
c
the acceleration
d
a
(5-13) is
( )
0 0
. 1 1 .0 0;
d
a f f
r r
(5-16)
The notations of the above values for
d
v
r
and
d
a
r
at velocities
a)
;
d
v c =
b) 0;
d
v
c
c)
( )
1
2 2
1 1;
d

(5-17)
are reduced (simplified) to their kinematic relationships
a)
0
.1 . ;
d k d
F
v v a t
m

r
r r r
b) ;
k k
d k
v dv
a a
t dt

r
r r
(5-18)
However, they retain their meaning of dynamic (actual) velocity and acceleration.
But the full notation of
d
v
r
means that the addition of velocities is in fact addition of momentums (for
convenience we accept
1 d
v is parallel to
2 d
v )
( ) ( )
01 02 1 2
12 1 2 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
2
;
.
1 1
1
d d d
p p v v
v v v
v v
c
+
+ +
_



,
(5-19)
And under condition (5-14)
12 d
v
is reduced to the simplified expression (formula)
12 1 2
; v v v +
(5-20)
I.e. this fact proves that classical mechanics is a boundary approximation under condition (5-15) of
the full (general) theory of motion of electromagnetic matter or gravitoelectromagnetic dynamics.
Under these conditions, for velocity v
d
(5-12) at
( )
d
v c <
and v
k
(5-18) at
( )
d
v c =
the distances r, which
are covered by the objects for time t are different.
a)
;
d k
v v
b)
( )
1
2 2
0 0
. 1 . . . ;
d d k k
r v t f t r v t f t c)
;
d k
r r >
(5-21)
6. DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER OR ONLY DYNAMICS
OF MATTER OR GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS
Under the conditions of the above presented regularities without the theory of relativity, which are
connected to the theory of motion of objects of electromagnetic matter at velocities 1
d
d d
v
v c
c
_
< <

,

21
condition (2-13), which includes gravitational field, too, since it is also generated by electromagnetic matter,
as is electromagnetic field, this universal theory of motion in all nature (world) should bear such a name that
will encompass the action of both kinds of homogenous fields.
In this sense this all-comprising or universal theory of motion of all objects in nature could be
termed: a) gravitoelectromagnetic dynamics, or b) dynamics of electromagnetic matter, or only c) dynamics
of matter, or something else.
From the viewpoint of error or in percentage % of the mass m at rest of the object relative to its
mass m at velocity
7 1
3.10 m.s , v

relative to the all-comprising theory is
a)
( )
3
0 0 0 0 1 1
2 2 2 2
2
1 1
1 1 .5.10 ;
1 10
1
d
m m m m m
v
c

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
_ 1
1
]

1
,
]
b) 0
% .0, 5%; m
(6-1)
It follows that from a practical viewpoint there is no significant violation of the accuracy of the
solution of the issues of motion, when the simplified laws are used, even up to velocities
7 1
3.10 m.s , v


which are now called laws of classical mechanics. But in this solution, despite the simplified formulae,
their physical meaning and interpretations remain as at
d
v c <
, equation (3-13), i.e. they are solutions
of the laws of the all-comprising theory of motion of electromagnetic theory, i.e. the simplified formulae
describe the laws of electromagnetic objects, phenomena, processes, etc.

EMPHASIS CONCLUSIVE INFERENCE
THE PRESENTED ABOUT THE MOTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER UNDER THE TITLE
GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS OR DYNAMICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER, MAKES IT OBVIOUS THAT
THERE IS ONLY ONE DYNAMICS (MECHANICS) AND THIS IS THE ALL-COMPRISING GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC
DYNAMICS, WHICH IS VALID BOTH AT LOW
( ) v c =
AND AT HIGH
( ) v c <
VELOCITIES OF MOTION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER. HOWEVER, FOR HISTORICAL REASONS AND CIRCUMSTANCES, BUT NOT FROM THE
VIEWPOINT OF THE GENERAL (UNITARY) THEORETICAL BASIS, SINCE CLASSICAL MECHANICS (DYNAMICS), WHICH
ESSENTIALLY IS DYNAMICS ONLY OF THE SUBSTANTIAL FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER, WAS DEVELOPED
MUCH EARLIER THAN DYNAMICS, WHICH REFLECTS SIMULTANEOUSLY THE THEORY OF MOTION OF FIELD AND
SUBSTANTIAL FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER, DESCRIBED FIRST BY MAXWELL AND WHICH IS CALLED
ELECTRODYNAMICS. THEREFORE CLASSICAL MECHANICS HAS ESTABLISHED ITSELF AS AN INDEPENDENT SECTION
CLASSICAL MECHANICS OF GRAVITOELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMICS. NONETHELESS, IT IS ESSENTIALLY ONLY
ITS BOUNDARY CASE AT d
v c =
AND SIMPLIFIED NOTATION (DESCRIPTION, PRESENTATION)

7. GRAVITATION OF OBJECTS WITH A VOLUME GREATER THAN ZERO V > 0
7.1. Specific gravitational fields
General premises
When computing the gravitational fields and forces of bodies with a volume larger than zero, what all
real bodies are, which are electromagnetic matter, we have to integrate for each point of the volume, whereby
the mass of this elementary volume of the body is
. ,
e i
dm dV
the distance r
i
; moreover, the gravitational
field i
G
relative to the attracting body, which is at distance r
i
, is also the force of attraction F
i
of a body with a
spherical mass m
a)
0
0 0
2
.
. ;
i
i
m
G r
r


r
r
b)
0 0
0
2
. . .
. . ;
i
Gi i i
i
dv m r
dF d m G
r


r
r
(7-1)
22
where: is gravitational constant.
The gravitational force of attraction,
according to Isaac Newton, is between the masses
of the bodies, which attract each other and which
have volume V = 0, i.e. they are in the form of a
dimensionless point, and the same is assumed for
the quantities of matter of electrons m
01
and m
02
,
whereby the gravitational force between them at
distance r between them is
01 02
0 0
2
. .
. ; ;
G
m m r
F r r
r r

r
r
r r
r
(7-2)
Later, after Newton, with the
introduction of the notion of physical fields,
the notion of gravitational field
G
r

was also
introduced, and force
G
F
r
was also written by
means of the notion of gravitational field
G
r
a)
01 2
. ;
G
F m G
r r
b)
02 0
2
2
. .
;
m r
G
r

r
r
(7-3)
where:
2
G
r
is the gravitational field, generated by
mass
02
m
.
In this definition, mass m
02
, which generates a gravitational field, is a gravitational charge q
G
,
analogously to the formula of electric field
E
r
, which is generated by electric charge q
e
Examples of gravitational fields
What the expressions about gravitational forces and gravitational fields indicate for some specific
shapes of bodies, which are attracted by a point-like source of a gravitational field.
When using the notion mass, the volume of bodies is reduced to zero and ther influence of the volumes
and shapes upon their gravitational properties cannot be accounted for. Therefore, here we have made an
attempt to account for this influence only by means of a few cases.
Examples of gravitational field with accounting for their volimes
What the expressions about gravitational forces and gravitational fields indicate for some specific
shapes of bodies, which are attracted by a point-like source of a gravitational field, GF.
First case.
Case A. Rod B is perpendicular to the gravitational field of a point-like body A.
Such a case is shown in Fig. 7.1 a.
The rod has a square cross-section, its sides measuring one unit of length and its length measuring 2l.
Let us consider an elementary volume of the rod at distance x from its beginning with volume
d 1.1.d
x
V x
with density of mass , the rod is attracted by body A of mass m
A
by force
A
2 2
. .d .
d ;
A
xy
m x
F
H x


+
(7-4)
This force has a projection upon axis y and x
a)
( )
3
2 2 2
.d
d . . . ;
y A
H x
F m
H x

+
b)
( )
3
2 2 2
.d
d . . . ;
A
x x
F m
H x

+
(7-5)
from which, after integrating we have forces
( )
1 1
2 2 2
2
d . . . ;
l
y AB y A
l
l
F F F m
H H l

(7-6)
23
Figure 7.1.
( )
( )
1
2 2 2
0
2 2
d . . . ;
.
x ABX x A
l
H l H
F F F m
H H l
1
+
1
]

+

(7-7)
The integral of
x
F
is only for one side of the rod and gives the force in one arm, while for both arms the
force is counterdirected, i.e. it presses the rod toward shortening.
If the force of attraction of body B by body A is calculated under Newtons condition
; l H =
(7-8)
we have
1 0
2
.2.
. . . ;
x AB A
l
F F m r
H

r r
r
(7-9)
The ratio of force
1 x AB
F F
to force
10 AB
F
, calculated under condition (7-8), respectively (7-2), which
is

10 0
2
2.
. . . ;
AB A
l
F m r
H

r
r
(7-10)
is
( )
( )
1
2 2 2
1
3 2 2
1;
F
H l H
K
H H l

<
+
(7-11)
Inferences
1. It follows from F
y
(7-5) and (7-8) that for this case in Fig. 7.1 a, the real gravitational force F
y
is always
smaller than the one calculated under conditions (7-8), respectively under (7-2).
2. WHEN THE ATTRACTED BODY B HAS A DIMENSION PERPENDICULAR TO THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD OF BODY A,
WHICH ATTRACTS IT, THE BODY GENERATES TRANSVERSE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES, WHICH SEEK TO SHORTEN THE BODY IN
DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE FIELD OF BODY A.
3. The previous inference indicates that it is necessary to further develop Newtons gravitation in
order to clarify the effects, which are generated when a body has volume 0 V .
Case B. Rod B whose axis coincides with the direction of the gravitational field of body A.
The rod has a square cross-section, its sides measuring one unit of length and its length measuring 2l ,
as fig. 7.1 b shows.
At distance y along the axis y is the elementary volume
d 1.1.d 1.d
y
V y y
, in which there is mass
d d .
y
m y
, attracted by body A with force
( )
2 2
d .
d d . ;
y
AB y A
m
F F m
H y

+
(7-12)
The resultant force F
AB2
, by which body A attracts body B is
2
2 2
. .
d ;
l
A B
AB y
l
m m
F F
H l
+

(7-13)
For this case, the force calculated under condition (7-2), respectively under (7-9), is
20 0
2
. .
. ;
A B
Y AB
m m
F F r
H


r
r
(7-14)
The ratio of
2 AB
F (1-13) to

10 AB
F (7-14) is
2
2
2 2
1;
F
H
K
H l

(7-15)
Inferences
1. There is no transverse force in case B
2. IN CASE B THE REAL FORCE IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN THE ONE CALCULATED BY CONDITION (7-8).
24
Emphasis
IN REAL BODIES WITH VOLUME 0 V > , THERE IS ALWAYS TRANSVERSE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE.
Emphasis
The two cases A and B described here make it apparent that when a body is approximated into a
point (mass with a volume zero V = 0) the influence of the shape of the body upon the force cannot be
taken into account, for instance in case A the force has a transverse component, which may be of great
significance in some cases, as it is in case A.
Emphasis
These two examples also confirm the claim that the notion of
mass is an abstracted notion of the notion of quantity of matter, since in
both positions the two bodies have identical quantities of matter, and
under condition (7-8) the gravitational forces are identical in values,
but when taking into account their positions relative to the body that
attracts them, i.e. with accounting for their real volumes, their
gravitational forces are different.
Second case. Attraction of two spherical bodies
The gravitational force between two bodies A and B with masses
0
A
m > ; 0
B
m > ; 0
A
V > ; 0
B
V > , even when both of them are perfect
spheres, but body A is assumed to be only a point, i.e. body A is
volumeless 0), V Newtons laws (7-2), (7-3) and (7-4) hold true only,
for instance, for body B, one for point of body B with density of mass
. If we seek the force between body A and the whole body B, then
according to Fig. 7.2, we should integrate for the whole volume of body
B.
Under these conditions, the gravitational force between the
spherical homogenous body B and point-like body A in Fig. 7.2 should
be integrated for the whole volume of body B and written in the form
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
1
2 2 2
3
2 2
2 2
.d .d .d
. . . ;
r
xyz A G
r
H z x y x y z
F m F
x y H z

+ +

1
+ + +
]

r
(7-16)
Therefore, force
XYZ
F
from (7-16) is always different from
G
F
(7-2) or, in other words, the force
between two real planets even if they are perfect spheres (and they can never be perfect spheres) does not
correspond to Coulombs potential, but is always different from that in a centrally symmetric field such as is
AB
F
.
As a result of (7-8) Newton assumed that when
a)
0
;
A
H R R ?
b)
;
B
H R ?
(7-17)
the calculation of the gravitational forces between two objects (bodies) A and B at
H r

is for the
distances between their centers of gravity, whereby in this case the error can practically be ignored
This force
xyz
F
r
has projections:
a) upon axis z it is
( )
'
d d .cos . . d . ;
xyz xyz xyz
H z
F F H z r F
r
+

r r
(7-18)
b) upon an area, parallel to the plane, outlined by axis x and y, but at distance z from them (from O) and
it is
25
Figure 7.2
( )
( )
( )
1
2 2 2
"
2
2 2 2 2
d d .sin . . d . ;
xyz xyz xyz
x y
F F H z r F
x y z
+

+ +
r
(7-19)
This force exercises pressure upon the layer underneath of body B.
The notations of the integrals
'
d
xyz
F
and
"
d
xyz
F
are
( )
( )
0
0
2 2
'
0 3
2 2
2 2
.d .d .d
d . ;
r
xyz
r
x y x y z
F m
H z x y
+

+
.
1
+ + +
]
(7-20)
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
1
2 2 2
"
0 3
2 2
2 2
. .d .d .d
d . ;
r
xyz
r
x y H z x y z
F m
H z x y
+

+ +
.
1
+ + +
]

(7-21)
Until present time, integrals for this case have not been notated or solved. But they show that:
1. AS A MATTER OF FACT, THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES IN REAL BODIES WITH VOLUME V > 0 (THESE ARE ALL BODIES)
ARE SUBJECTED NOT ONLY TO ATTRACTION, BUT ALSO TO PRESSURE IN DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO THE AXIS, WHICH
CONNECTS THE CENTERS OF THE ATTRACTION AND THE ATTRACTING BODY.
2. THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES OF ATTRACTION COMPUTED THROUGH THE SIMPLIFIED METHOD BY IGNORING THEIR
VOLUME ( ) 0 V
, ARE ALWAYS MORE OR LESS DIFFERENT FROM THE REAL ONES. I.E. THE FORCE OF ATTRACTION OF THE
BODIES WHEN THEIR VOLUME DIFFERENT FROM ZERO ( ) 0 V >
IS, STRICTLY SPEAKING, NEVER PROPORTIONAL TO r
2
, BUT
ALWAYS IS
a)
2
; r
t
b) ( ) 0 1 ; < =
(7-22)
3. AND THIS FACT, ACCORDING TO BERTANS THEOREM
1
MAKES IT CLEAR THAT THE ORBITS OF THE PLANETS ARE NEVER
CLOSED ELLIPSES, BUT ARE ALWAYS OPEN IN THE FORM OF A ROSETTE.
4. Gravitational fields, energies and masses are inseparable from the matter (mass) that generates
them, which fact leads to the following inferences:
4.1. The velocity of motion of the gravitational field (energy and mass) is such as is the velocity of the
mass that generates them, i.e. from zero to c, as it is with electromagnetic waves ( light)
4.2. As there is no independent gravitational fields, energies and masses, there cannot be any
independent gravitational waves. Moreover, the gravitational field is not an eddy-current field ( )
rot 0 G
r
.
7.2. Transverse gravitational force and the Sun
The transverse gravitational force F

r
, which is perpendicular to the straight line passing through the
centers of gravity of the two bodies, which attract each other by force
F
r
, exists for all bodies, which have
volumes V > 0.
This transverse force
F

exerts transverse pressure directed perpendicularly to the axis that

connects the Sun with the respective planet.
For instance, the seven planets and their moons (satellites) generate transverse pressures upon the Sun
and these pressures move according to the motion of the planets along their orbits.
The transverse pressures p generate deformations on the Sun.
It is possible that at a certain moment of time the pressures of the planets overlap resulting in
moments when there is synchronization of deformations, the resulting sum of which is maximal and
causes eruptions on the Sun (magnetic storms on the Earth). This period of time may be eleven years, as
it the period of maximal solar eruptions.
1
N. I. Zhirovski. Klasicheskaya mehanika (Classical Mechanics). Publ. by Prosveshchenie. M. 1980. (p. 111)
26
8. THERE ARE NO SCIENTIFIC GROUNDS FOR THE HYPOTHESIS WHICH
CLAIMS THAT AT VERY SMALL DISTANCES, BELOW 10
-18
m,
GRAVITATIONAL FORCES MAY DOMINATE OVER ELECTROMAGNETIC
FORCES
THE ANALYSIS MADE HERE IS BASED ON THE CIRCUMSTANCE THAT UP TO THIS MOMENT NO EXPERIMENTAL FACT HAS BEEN
PRESENTED TO PROVE THAT THERE IS INDEPENDENT GRAVITATIONAL FIELD, WHICH HAS NO CARRIER (GENERATOR) SUCH AS SOME
STRUCTURE OF MATTER (ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER).
Let us now take a look at the elementary particles in the form of substantial (fermion) particles, such as the
electron e
-
with mass
31
0
9,1.10
e
m

kg,
The electrostatic force between two electrons
1
e
and
2
e
with masses
31
1 2
9,1.10
e e
m m

and electric
charges
19
1 2
1, 6.10 C
e e
q q

is
( )
[ ]
2
19
38 40 12 28
1 2
2 12 2 12 2 2 2
1, 6.10
. 2, 56.10 2,3.10 .10 2,3.10
;
4 . 4 .8,85.10 . 111,156.10 .
e
q q
F N
r r r r r

0


(8-1)
The gravitational force between the masses of the two electrons is
[ ]
2 2 2 63 71
11 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
. . . . . 81,82.10 5,525.10
.6, 673.10 ;
e e m e e
Ge
q q k m m
F N
r r r r

(8-2)
The ratio of
Ge
F
to
e
F
times 10 . 402 , 2
10 . 3 , 2
10 . 525 , 5
43
28
71

e
Ge
F
F
(8-3)
I.e. the ratio of the gravitational forces to the electromagnetic forces of two electromagnetic objects
under the same other conditions is 2,402.10
-43
.
The relationship between the density of the mass
m

and the effective square of electric charge of a body with

mass T
m
is
2 T

m
m
Q
k

, and the effective square of the electric charge of density of the mass
2
,
N
N
m
Q
k

where N

is
density of mass m
T
.
Under these conditions the gravitational forces between two equal in value densities of masses
17 3
10 kg.m
N


, such as the density of the mass of the nucleus of the atom, at distance
r
one from another is
2 34
2 2
. 10 .
;
N
G
F
r r

(8-4)
And the electric force between the effective densities of electric charges
2
T

of these masses is
2 34
2 2
0
10
;
.4 . .4 .
N
e
m m
F
k r k r

(8-5)
The ratio between these forces is
11 12 7 13
.4 . 6,673.10 .4. .8,85.10 .3,55.10 2, 63.10 ;
G
F m
e
F
K k
F

0

(8-8)
which does not depend on the distance between masses
, r
since it refers to forces between the same masses, i.e. it also
holds true for very small distances and for their respective great and small densities of masses.
In this sense, at greater densities of masses
17 3
10 kg.m
N

the ratio
F
K
between their gravitational
and electromagnetic forces is relatively small
13
10
F
K

.
IN THIS SENSE, THERE IS NO REASON TO ACCEPT THE HYPOTHESIS AT GREAT DENSITIES OF MASSES
1
N
?
AND AT
VERY SMALL DISTANCES 1 r = , THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCES MAY BE DOMINANT, SINCE THE EXAMPLE CALCULATED HERE
REJECTS THIS HYPOTHESIS, SINCE a) K
F
DOES NOT INVOLVE EITHER
N

, OR r ; b) THERE IS NO GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

WITHOUT RESPECTIVE QUANTITY OF MATTER, WHICH GENERATES IT; THEREFORE, THIS HYPOTHESIS IS GROUNDLESS.
27
9. GENERAL CONCLUSION
THE PRESENTED ABOVE PROVES THAT PHYSICS, RESPECTIVELY THE
THEORY OF MOTION (DYNAMICS) AND GRAVITATION ARE DESCRIBED
MORE COMPLETELY WITHOUT THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY.
IN ADDITION, THE WHOLE PHYSICS RECEIVES A UNITARY
THEORETICAL BASIS A UNITARY INITIAL PRINCIPLE, WHEREBY
PHYSICAL PHENOMENA ARE ESSENTIALLY MANIFESTATIONS OF UNITARY
ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER.
THE EMBRYO OF THE PHYSICAL THEORY OF NATURAL ENTITIES
(OBJECTS, PHENOMENA, PROCESSES AND SO ON) IS THE PRINCIPAL P. 18,
EQUATION (3-55).
LITERATURE
1. Dukov, V. M. Elektrodinamika (Electrodynamics). Publ. Vyshaya shkola. M., 1975.
2. Filonovich, S. R. Samaya bolshaya skorost (The greatest speed). Publ. Science. M., 1983.
3. Einstein, A. O spetsialnoy i obschey teorii otnositelnosti (On the Special and General Theory of
Relativity). Collection of Scientific Works (CSW), vol. (p. 530). Publ. Science, M., 1966. Translated from
ber spezialle und die Algemeine Relativittsheorie (Cremeinsam vorbtendlich) Drck und Verlag von
Friede. Braunscheveiy, 1920.
4. Born, M. Aynshtaynovskaya teoriya otnositelnosti. Publ. Mir. M., 1972. Translated from Max Born.
Theory of Relativity. Dover Publication, Inc. New York. 1962.
5. Einstein, A. K elektrodinamike dvizhushchihsya tel. CSW, vol. (p. 7). Publ. Science. M. 1965.
Translated from Zuz Elektrodynamik der bewegtes Krper Ann. Phys. 1905, 17, 899 921.
6. Einstein, A. Osnovnie idei i problemy teorii otnositelnosti. CSW, vol. (p. 120). Publ. Science. M.,
1966. Translated from: A. Einstein. Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativittstherie. From the book:
Nobelstiftelsen, Les Prix Nobelen 1921 1922. Imprimerie Royale. Stocholm. 1923.
7. Einstein, A. Otnositelnost: sushtnost teorii otnositelnosti. CSW, vol. (p. 657). Publ. Science. M.,
1966. Translated from: A. Einstein. Relativity: Essence of Theory of Relativiy. Amez. People Encycl., 1949.
XVI, Chicago.
8. Newton, I. Matematicheskie nachala naturalnoy filosofii. A. N. Krylov. Publ. Academy of Sciences
of USSR, vol. 7. 1936. Translated from: I. Newton. Philosophie naturalis principa mathematica. Imprimatur
S. Peoius, Reg. Boc Praeses. Julii. 1686. London.
9. Newton, I. Opticks or traktat ob otrazheniyah, perelomleniyah, izgibaniyah i tsvetah sveta.
Translated from the English edition of Opticks: Or, A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions,
Inflexions and Colours of Light of 1704 by S. I. Vavilov. Gostehizdat. M., 1954. This book is most
commonly cited.
10. Vavilov, S. Isaak Newton nauchnaya biografiya i statii. Publ. Tehnika. S., 1965. Translated by Vavilov ,
S. Publ. Academy of Sciences of USSR, M., 1961.
11. Acosta, V., C. Cowan and B. Grahan. Osnovy sovremennoy fiziki. Publ. Prosveshchenie, M., 1981.
Translated by V. Acosta, C. Cowan, B. Grahan. Essentials of Modern Physics. Harper Bow Publishers. New
York. Evaston, San Frncisco, London.
28