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Reduction Gear
800
600
400
200
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
EHP H = THP
- Hull efficiency changes due to hull-propeller interactions. - Well-designed ship : H f 1 - Poorly-designed ship : H p 1 Well-designed - Flow is not smooth. - THP is reduced. - High THP is needed 8 to get designed speed.
Poorly-designed
propeller
THP = DHP
SHP DHP
THP
EHP p = SHP
= Fluid density
VS = Speed of ship S = wetted surface area on the submerged hull
11
CT , , S and VS
RT (lb) = 0.5SVS CT
2
12
15000
10000
5000
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
RT CT VS VS
n
EHP RTVS CT VS VS
2
VS
RT = RV + RW + RA
R V : Viscous Resistance R W : Wave Making Resistance R A : Air Resistance
Viscous Resistance - Resistance due to the viscous stresses that the fluid exerts on the hull. ( due to friction of the water against the surface of the ship) - Viscosity, ships velocity, wetted surface area of ship generally affect the viscous resistance. 14
15
Resistance (lb)
- Low speed : Viscous R - Higher speed : Wave-making R 16 - Hump (Hollow) : location is function of ship length and speed.
A baseball batted 400 feet would only travel 300 feet if it was smooth. A non-dimpled golf ball would really hamper Tiger Woods long 17 game
Real ship : Turbulent flow exists near the bow. Model ship : Studs or sand strips are attached at the bow to create the turbulent flow. 18
flow
bow
ia ent g tan
ship
stern
Tangential Component : CF - Tangential stress is parallel to ships hull and causes a net force opposing the motion ; Skin Friction - It is assumed CF can be obtained from the experimental data of flat plate.
19
R n < about 5 10
23
CV = Ctangential + Cnormal = CF + K CF
0.075 (ft ) B ( ft ) CF = 2 K = 19 L( ft ) B ( ft )T ( ft ) L( ft ) (log10 Rn 2)
3 2
Rn =
LVS
K= Form Factor
25
Wave-Making Resistance
Typical Wave Pattern Stern divergent wave
L Transverse wave
Wave Length
26
27
Wave-Making Resistance
Transverse wave System
It travels at approximately the same speed as the ship. At slow speed, several crests exist along the ship length because the wave lengths are smaller than the ship length. As the ship speeds up, the length of the transverse wave increases. When the transverse wave length approaches the ship length, the wave making resistance increases very rapidly. This is the main reason for the dramatic increase in Total Resistance as speed increases.
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Vs Hull Speed
32
34
Correlation Allowance
It accounts for hull resistance due to surface roughness, paint roughness, corrosion, and fouling of the hull surface. It is only used when a full-scale ship prediction of EHP is made from model test results. For model, C A = 0 Since model surface is smooth. For ship, empirical formulas can be used.
35
Other Resistances
Increased Resistance in Shallow Water - Resistance caused by shallow water effect - Flow velocities under the hull increases in shallow water. : Increment of frictional resistance due to the velocities : Pressure drop, suction, increment of wetted surface area Increases frictional resistance - The waves created in shallow water take more energy from the ship than they do in deep water for the same speed. Increases wave making resistance
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prototype ship
?
model ship
prototype
Model
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=
2
LS (ft) LM (ft)
39
vM LS VM = VS vS LM
CWM = CWS
CVM CVS
42
VM = VS = VS
1kt.=1.688 ft/s
43
CT = CV + CW + C A = CF (1 + K ) + CW + C A
1) CTM = CFM (1 + K M ) + CWM + C AM
Froude Expansion
Measured in tank
EHP ( hp ) =
550
CFM , CFS C AM = 0 C AS 0