Aarts, Henk, Ruud Custers, and Rob W.

Holland (2007), The Nonconscious Cessation of Goal Pursuit: When Goals and Negative Affect Are Coactivated Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (February), 165-78. Punchline: upon activation of a goal, goal desirability and motivation to engage in goalcongruent behavior is reduced when priming the goal in temporal proximity of the activation of negative affect. Keywords: affect, priming, goals IVs: goal prime (no goal, goal+neutral words, goal+negative words), type of negative words (general e.g., bad vs. specific e.g., thief) DVs: response times, amount of time spent on filler task to get to goal behavior, level of wanting goal item (direct measure item) Moderators: none Process Evidence: tried mood and arousal measures (neither differed by group showing you this isnt really a mood manipulation paper) Andrade, Eduardo B. and Leaf Van Boven (2010), Feelings Not Foregone: Underestimating Affective Reactions to What Does Not Happen, Psychological Science, 21 (May), 70611. Punchline: When people forego a gambling opportunity, the underestimate the intensity of their affective reactions to the gambles outcome, where would-be-winners felt more displeasure than anticipated and would-be-losers felt more pleasure than anticipated. Keywords: affect, prediction IVs: bet ($10 vs. not betting) DVs: baseline affect, predicted outcome affect, actual experienced outcome affect Moderators: free vs. forced choice to gamble (those in a forced choice did not experience the same under/over estimation of their affective response to the gambling outcome). Process Evidence: none Andrade, Eduardo B. and Joel B. Cohen (2007), On the Consumption of Negative Feelings, Journal of Consumer Research, 34 (October), 283-300. Punchline: Shows that in the presence of aversive stimuli, people can sometimes simultaneously experience multiple emotions of opposite valence (e.g., fear and happiness), providing an explanation for why consumers enjoy things like horror movies. Keywords: affect, approach/avoid IVs: FAV vs. FAP (measured as individual difference) DVs: PANAS (neg vs. pos affect), continuous dual affect measure (happiness vs. fear) Moderators: individual differences in approach/avoidance styles (deemed fear-avoiding FAV vs. fear-approaching FAP), and detachment frame styles (as a protective frame; present vs. not) Process Evidence: none Andrade, Eduardo B. and Teck-Hua Ho (2007), How is the Boss's Mood Today? I Want a Raise, Psychological Science, 18 (August), 668-71.

Punchline: People are more likely to make unfair offers in a pot dividing game when they are told that the other person is in a good mood rather than angry mood, yet this effect attenuated when these people knew the movie watchers had this information. Keywords: affect, gaming IVs: affect (via film clip) DVs: proposers: % of pot (50 vs. 75) receivers: $ amount of pot ($0 vs. $1). Moderators: receiver knowing proposer knew the receiver watched a movie Process Evidence: none Ariely, Dan and Jonathan Levav (2000), Sequential Choice in Group Settings: Taking the Road Less Traveled and Less Enjoyed, Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (December), 27990. Punchline: Keywords: IVs: DVs: Moderators: Process Evidence: Bonezzi, Andrea, C. Miguel Brendl, and Matteo De Angelis (2011), Stuck in the Middle: The Psychophysics of Goal Pursuit, Psychological Science, 22 (5), 607-12. Punchline: The extent to which one engages in goal-consistent behavior is higher when people are either far away or close to the end state and lower when they are halfway to the end state, leading to the so-called stuck in the middle effect. Keywords: motivation, goal gradient, self-regulation, monitoring progress IVs: Goal Framing (to go aka looking forward vs. to date aka looking backward), study 2 framing was with charity and amount collected vs amount left to reach collection goal, study 3 includes no frame condition and it acts similarly to the to-date condition DVs: # of words solved (study 1, where most words were solved at beginning and at end but dropped towards middle; study 2, amount of charity money donated Moderators: framing Process Evidence: none Bosmans, Anick and Hans Baumgartner (2005), Goal-Relevant Emotional Information: When Extraneous Affect Leads to Persuasion and When It Does Not, Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (December), 424-34. Punchline: The extent to which people are persuaded by emotional appeals depends on their active goals, such that people with an achievement goal will be more persuaded by achievement related emotions (e.g., cheerfulness and dejection), while people with a protection goal will be more persuaded by protection related emotions (e.g., quiescence and agitation). Keywords: emotion, persuasion, goals, affect IVs: emotion induction (cheerfulness vs. quiescence; study 1, positive vs. negative; study 2), active goal (achievement vs. protection)

DVs: product evaluations, perceived informativeness of extraneous emotions Moderators: processing motivation (high vs. low, where being confronted with an achievement vs. protection appeal attenuates the effect; study 2), emotion saliency (low vs. high, where high saliency attenuates the effect) Process Evidence: none Briers, Barbara, Mario Pandelaere, Siegfried Dewitte, and Luk Warlop (2006), Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources and Vice Versa, Psychological Science, 17 (November), 939-43. Punchline: People who are hungry are more likely to value financial resources and people who perceive resources are scarce are more likely to value food resources (eat more) more. Keywords: resources, food, money, scarcity IVs: resource deprivation (study 1- food: hungry vs. satiated; study 2 food: olfactory cue present vs. not present; study 3 money: perceived low resources vs. perceived high resources) DVs: likelihood of donating to charity (study 1), number of coins donated to other person (study 2), amount of M&Ms eaten in a taste test (study 3) Moderators: none Process Evidence: none Brown, Christina M. and Allen R. McConnell (2011), Discrepancy-Based and Anticipated Emotions in Behavioral Self-Regulation, Emotion, 11 (October), 1091-95. Punchline: Currently experienced discrepancy-based emotions (due to negative bogus feedback on a task) was not found to motivate self-regulatory behavior aimed at improving on the task one received the false-feedback on but rather their anticipated future negative emotions were what guided self-regulatory behavior. The idea being that current emotions may not guide goaldirected behavior so much as what we anticipate our future emotions will be. Keywords: emotion, self-regulation, discrepancy based emotion, self-regulation, goal-pursuit IVs: One study same procedure for all: baseline emotion measured, then false-feedback on social perception (negative mood induction), re-rating of current emotion, rating of anticipated emotion from further negative feedback, time spent practicing prior to next social perception trial DVs: experienced emotion, predicted emotion, and self-regulatory effort (improving at social perception task) Moderators: none Process Evidence: none Cryder, Cynthia E., Jennifer S. Lerner, James J. Gross, and Ronald E. Dahl (2008), Misery Is Not Miserly: Sad and Self-Focused Individuals Spend More, Psychological Science, 19 (6, June), 525-30. Punchline: Sad individuals spend more when there is a high (vs. low) self-focus on non-hedonic, utilitarian goods. Keywords: sadness, emotion regulation, emotion, hedonic consumption, self-focus

IVs: emotion+self-focus(no emotion and no self-focus vs. sadness and self-focus, emotion manipulated via video and self-focus via an essay about how video would effect them (sadness) versus ones daily activities (no emotion)) DVs: WTP for water bottle (utilitarian good) Moderators: self-focus Process Evidence: self-focus such that only sadness and high self-focus led to higher WTP for water bottle Cohen, Joel B. and Eduardo B. Andrade (2004), Affective Intuition and Task-Contingent Affect Regulation, Journal of Consumer Research, 31 (September), 358-67. Punchline: People currently in a positive or negative affective state who also anticipate forthcoming self-regulatory tasks will attempt to regulate themselves into a neutral affective state. Reasoning being that positive affect people might engage in self-control lapses via impulsiveness, while negative affect people might engage in self-control lapses as a means of repairing mood. Keywords: affect, affect-regulation IVs: affect (positive vs. negative via video clip), arousal (high vs. low done via video clip), study results shown to participants (consistent vs. inconsistent) DVs: preference for happy vs. sad music, Moderators: task (study 1: known impulse buying control task upcoming vs. none, study 2: analytical vs. creative) Process Evidence: none Custers, Ruud and Henk Aarts (2005), Positive Affect as Implicit Motivator: On the Nonconscious Operation of Behavioral Goals, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 (2), 129-42. Punchline: Goals or end states associated with positive affect are nonconsciously pursued more so than goals/end states associated with neutral or negative affect. Keywords: motivation, affect, incentive value, effort, automaticity IVs: conditioned stimulus (nonword vs. behavioral state), unconditioned stimulus (neutral, negative, positive) DVs: wanting to accomplish a given activity Moderators: level of wanting a given end state (done as a spotlight +1 and -1 sd), consciousness of goal (conscious vs. unconscious, where no difference was found in study 4) Process Evidence: none Durante, Kirstina M., Vladas Griskevicius, Sarah E. Hill, Carin Perilloux, and Norman P. Li (2011), Ovulation, Female Competition, and Product Choice: Hormonal Influences on Consumer Behavior, Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (6, April), 921-34. Punchline: Ovulating females are more likely to select sexier clothing and accessories than nonovulating females. Keywords: choice IVs: fertility (high vs. low within)

DVs: number of sexy clothes/accessories to non sexy clothes/accessories (10 out of 64 or 128) Moderators: sex (male vs. female) and attractiveness (attractive vs. unattractive) of photo prime where differences in ovulation only occurred for attractive female photos, main effect of sexy clothing when attractive males shown, perceived distance of females (local vs. distant) where distant females attenuated the effect Process Evidence: none Ein-Gar, Danit, Baba Shiv, and Zakary L. Tormala (2012), When Blemishing Leads to Blossoming: The Positive Effect of Negative Information, Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (February), 000-00. Punchline: Overall valuations of products and experiences can become greater when weak negative information follows otherwise positive information, than when only positive information is seen. Keywords: information-processing, product valuation IVs: product information content (all positive vs. positive with minor negative) DVs: WTP, product evaluation Moderators: processing effort (works when low not high), presentation order (works when negative follows positive not vice-versa), individual differences in holistic vs. analytic processing (Choi, Woo, and Choi 2007). Process Evidence: valuation of individual attributes (pretty weak though) Ein-Gar, Danit and Yael Steinhart (2011), The Sprinter Effect: When Self-Control and Involvement Stand in the Way of Sequential Performance, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 21 (July), 240-55. Punchline: When already depleted (from the first depleting task), people high in self-control and situational involvement perform worse on an unexpected second depleting task than people who only have one such trait (sprinter effect). However, these same people perform better when the second task is anticipated (marathon effect) Keywords: self-control, depletion, importance IVs: depleting task 1 (depleting vs. non-depleting: not looking at other peoples carts, the e task Wheeler, Brinol, & Hermann 2007, a number circling task Cacioppo & Petty 1982, retyping paragraph sans the e Miraven, Tice, & Baumeister 1998) involvement (high vs. low), trait selfcontrol (high vs. low, measured) DVs: impulse buying (via candy at grocery check-out lane), brand name recognition task (Jain, Agrawal, & Maheswaran 2006), willingness to spend impulsively, actual eating Moderators: being told of the two depleting tasks beforehand (marathon mindset) vs. not being told (sprinter mindset) Process Evidence: pretty lousy but time spent on depleting task 1 versus depleting task 2. Evers, Catharine, F. Marijn Stok, and Denise T.D. de Ridder (2010), Feeding Your Feelings: Emotion Regulation Strategies and Emotional Eating, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36 (June), 792-804.

Punchline: This research finds that (amongst females at least cause thats who they used) its not so much negative emotion that predicts the increase in comfort-food consumption in people but rather the emotion-regulation strategy that people choose to use in response to the negative emotion. People who experienced negative emotion (sadness) but reappraised did not increase comfort food consumption compared to controls while people who used suppression did increase consumption compared to controls. Keywords: emotional eating, emotion-regulation, reappraisal, suppression IVs: emotion (neutral vs. sadness, induced via autobiographical life events in study 1 and film excepts in studies 2 and 3) DVs: amount of food eaten Moderators: use of emotion regulation strategy (reappraisal vs. suppression, both measured in study 1 and manipulated in study 2 and 3), type of food (comfort vs. non-comfort food, where suppressors only showed increased eating for comfort foods) Process Evidence: none Ferraro, Rosellina, Baba Shiv, and James R. Bettman (2005), "Let Us Eat and Drink, for Tomorrow We Shall Die: Effects of Mortality Salience and Self-Esteem on SelfRegulation in Consumer Choice," Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (June), 65-75. Punchline: mortality salience leads to less indulgent behavior (food choice and charity amount donated) when the domain is an important source of esteem and more indulgent behavior when it is not an important source of esteem. Keywords: mortality salience, indulgence, self-esteem, cultural worldview IVs: ms vs control (writing task) DVs: food choice (indulgent cake vs. utilitarian fruit cup), donation to charity Moderators: body esteem (measured: low vs. high) Process Evidence: effect of MS on indulgent behavior was partially shown to be driven by selfesteem related thoughts (which ties into the moderator), such that there were more self-esteem related thoughts when the domain was an important source vs. not an important source. Fishbach, Ayelet and Aparna A. Labroo (2007), Be Better or Be Merry: How Mood Affects Self-Control, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93 (August), 158-73. Punchline: Generally speaking, positive mood leads to greater adoption of a currently accessible goal (e.g., self-improvement and mood management) and execution of goal directed behavior than negative mood. However, these results change within the context of self-control goal directed behavior, where positive mood is no longer willing to engage in the goal directed (selfcontrol) behavior. Keywords: self-control, self-regulation, mood, accessibility, goals IVs: mood (happy vs. sad) via writing about happiest/unhappiest day in ones life, using word associations to list of 10 positive/negative/neutral (Isen, Johnson, Mertz, & Robinson 2985), also using funny/neutral statements (Zhang and Fishbach 2005), goal/prime (health improvement, self-improvement, mood management) DVs: donation to charity, self-control via hand grip test (Muraven, Tice, and Baumeister 1998)

Moderators: goal type (self-improvement vs. mood management), amount of time spent looking at information on caffeine consumption and how many negative items recalled (Raghunathan and Trope 2002), RAT performance (Mednick, Mednick, and Mednick 1964) Process Evidence: goal adoption mediates the effect of mood and prime/goal on goal performance. Fishbach, Ayelet, James Y. Shah, and Arie W. Kruglanski (2004), Emotional Transfer in Goal Systems, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40 (6), 723-38. Punchline: When a goal and a goal-related mean is closely associated and relevant to the individual, the anticipation of positive (or even negative) affect upon goal completion can carry over into the pursuit of the goal-related means themselves. Keywords: goals, emotion, affect-transfer IVs: number of goal means listed for goal attainment (one vs. two study 1, where more perceived enjoyment and importance was assigned to the mean when asked to only list one instead of two), goal prime (weight-watching, food enjoyment, control, study 3; ought vs. ideal, study 5) DVs: perceived enjoyment and importance of goal means (study 1), positive/negative emotions when thinking about a goal and pursuing its means (study 2), enjoyment of eating healthy/unhealthy foods (study 3), affect related to individual representative of achieving a goal mean (study 5) Moderators: association between goal and means (low vs. high, study 2 measured, such that higher associations led to higher positive affect toward the means when there was higher positive affect towards the goal but not for low association), goal framing (means vs. hindrance, study 3 manipulated, where framing it as a means (hindrance) led to positive (negative) affect while engaging in the goal-related means), self-relevance/association of goal and goal-related means (low/mere semantic association vs. high/semantic and experiential association, study 4), Process Evidence: study 5 showed that the strength of the goal-activity association mediated the transfer of affect to the means depending on the type of goal involved. Frster, Jens, Nira Liberman, and E. Tory Higgins (2005), Accessibility from Active and Fulfilled Goals, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41 (3, May), 220-39. Punchline: Showed four things related to accessibility from motivational sources 1) motivation increases the accessibility of related constructs, 2) this accessibility persists as long as the motivation is active, 3) motivation-related constructs are inhibited upon fulfillment of the motivation, and 4) motivation-related accessibility and post-fulfillment inhibition are proportional to the strength of the motivation (novel contribution is point 4). Keywords: goals, accessibility, inhibition IVs: goal (goal vs. no goal, between subjects), word type (goal vs. non-goal, within subjects), and block (prior to goal completion vs. after completion, within subjects) DVs: accessibility of goal construct (glasses in study 1) Moderators: goal expectancy (high vs. low, study 4, such that high expectancy of goal completion kept accessibility of goal construct high but it lowered when the expectancy was low) goal value (high vs. low, study 5, where participants were told they would get a lot versus a little money for achieving the goal; results reflective of the goal expectancy effect)

Process Evidence: none Gal, David and Wendy Liu (2011), Grapes of Wrath: The Angry Effects of Self-Control, Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (October), 000-00. Punchline: Engaging in self-control makes people generally prefer anger themed content. Keywords: self-control, anger IVs: self-control choice (snack, gift card) DVs: preference for anger vs. non anger movies, faces, messages. Moderators: whether self-control choice comes before/after DV, dietary restraint (snack IV only) Process Evidence: none Garg, Nitika, J. Jeffrey Inman, and Vikas Mittal (2005), Incidental and Task-Related Affect: A Re-Inquiry and Extension of the Influence of Affect on Choice, Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (June), 154-59. Punchline: Generally when task-related negative emotion occurs from difficult trade-offs, people are more likely to rely on the status-quo option with consumer choice. However, a moderator of this effect is the type of incidental emotion experience (i.e., anger and sadness), where anger (but not sadness) exacerbates this status-quo reliance when tradeoff difficulty is hard and sadness (but not anger) increases status-quo reliance when tradeoff difficulty is not hard. Keywords: anger, sadness, emotion, choice IVs: incidental affect (anger, sadness, neutral) and emotional trade off difficulty (aka task-related affect: low difficulty vs. high difficulty) DVs: choice of status quo option Moderators: emotion, where sadness increases reliance on status-quo when there is low-choice tradeoff difficulty and anger increases reliance on status-quo when there is high-choice tradeoff difficulty. Process Evidence: none Garg, Nitika, Brian Wansink, and J. Jeffrey Inman (2007), The Influence of Incidental Affect on Consumers Food Intake, Journal of Marketing, 71 (January), 194-206. Punchline: Sadness increases (decreases) hedonic (non-hedonic) food consumption as a means of mood-repair while happiness reduces (increases) hedonic (non-hedonic) consumption. Keywords: emotion, affect, food, consumption IVs: emotion (sadness, happy, neutral, manipulated through film and autobiographical writing task) DVs: consumption (grams) Moderators: nutritional information (present vs. absent, where its presence reduces emotion eating to control levels), gender (found to not matter if male or female so long as diet status is taken into account), and food type (hedonic vs. non-hedonic, where hedonic leads to increased consumption for sad people and decreased for happy but this reverses when dealing with nonhedonic food) Process Evidence: none

Geyskens, Kelly, Siegfried Dewitte, Mario Pandelaeere, and Luk Warlop (2008), Tempt Me Just a Little Bit More: The Effect of Prior Food Temptation Actionability on Goal Activation and Consumption, Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (December), 600-10. Punchline: Prior exposure to real food tends to increase self-control while prior exposure to pictures of food decreases self-control. Keywords: self-control, indulgence, goal activation, consumption IVs: temptation type (nonactionable food temptation (pictures) condition, actionable food temptation (actual food) condition, no food temptation condition) DVs: accessibility to word diet (study 1, where both actionable and nonactionable equally increased its accessibility), eating (study 2, where eating decreased accessibility in actionable condition) Moderators: eating opportunity (none given vs. given, where having the opportunity decreased accessibility in the actionable condition but not nonactionable), scent (study 3A) and convenience (study 3B) that showed to increase consumption for no food temptation condition but do nothing in the actionable and nonactioanble conditions. Process Evidence: none Gino, Francesca and Dan Ariely (2011), The Dark Side of Creativity: Original Thinkers Can Be More Dishonest, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, XX (XX), XX-XX. Punchline: A creative personality (trait level) and creative mindset (goal primed) lead people to justify their behavior which leads to unethical behavior. Keywords: creativity, ethics, morality, moral flexibility, unethical behavior IVs: creativity prime (neutral vs. creativity) DVs: level of dishonest behavior in three separate tasks (perception task, problem-solving task, and multiple choice tasksee paper for elaborate descriptions), performance on the RAT (creativity prime manipulation check) Moderators: level of creativity (such that higher creativity was associated with more dishonest behavior) level of intelligence (shown not to correlate with more dishonest behavior), room for justification (study 3), such that high justification led to more cheating than low justification only for neutral mindset people (creativity mindset people the justification had no influence), narcissism (study 4 shown not be associated with more dishonest behavior) Process Evidence: none Goetz, Mark C., Paul W. Goetz, and Michael D. Robinson (2007), Whats the Use of Being Happy? Mood States, Useful Objects, and Repetition Priming Effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7 (3), 675-79. Punchline: Positive mood (compared to negative) facilitates faster response times to useful words. The idea being that a positive mood state is adaptive for identifying opportunities. ,` Keywords: mood, happiness, encoding, lexical decision, pronunciation, priming, repetition IVs: mood state (positive vs. negative) measured (study 1) and manipulated (study 2) DVs: reaction time to useful words Moderators: Process Evidence: none

Goldenberg, Jamie L., Jamie Arndt, Joshua H., and Megan Brown (2005), Dying to be Thin: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Body-Mass Index on Restricted Eating Among Women, Personality of Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 (October), 1400-12. Punchline: Mortality salience causes a decrease in eating among females (but not males) as a way of bolstering cultural self-esteem (via attaining the cultural female goal of being thin). Keywords: mortality salience, goals IVs: prime (MS vs. control), gender DVs: amount of food eaten Moderators: BMI (high bmi lowers eating only amongst women and only in a group setting) Process Evidence: perceived failure to meet societal ideal Goldsmith, Kelly, Eunice Kim Cho, and Ravi Dhar (XXXX), When Guilt Begets Pleasure: The Positive Effect of a Negative Emotion, Journal of Marketing Research, XX (XX), XXX-XX. Punchline: Consumption of guilty pleasures (products that activate guilt) also induce pleasure due to the association of guilt with heightened enjoyment. This results in greater liking, WTP, and derived pleasure when primed with guilt than not. Keywords: pleasure, emotion, hedonic consumption, IVs: prime (guilt vs. neutral study 1; health vs. neutral study 2; guilt, disgust, neutral study 3; DVs: liking, WTP, derived pleasure, liking of online dating profiles Moderators: health prime works similarly when people can attribute guilt to the product (e.g. like it more etc) Process Evidence: priming guilt (as opposed to neutral) increased guilt accessibility Griskevicius, Vladas, Joshua M. Tybur, Andrew W. Delton, and Theresa E. Robertson (2011), The Influence of Mortality and Socioeconomic Status on Risk and Delayed Rewards: A Life History Theory Approach, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (June), 1015-26. Punchline: People of lower SES with MS active are more likely to delay rewards and risk seek. Keywords: mortality salience, SES IVs: MS DVs: willingness to take risks/ability to delay rewards/gratification (measured with financial decisions) Moderators: current/past SES (measured) Process Evidence: none Hackenbracht, Joy and Maya Tamir (2010), Preferences For Sadness When Eliciting Help: Instrumental Motives in Sadness Regulation, Motivation and Emotion, 34 (September), 306-15. Punchline: The idea here is that people believe that sadness can be useful in eliciting help to prevent a loss

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Keywords: sadness, helping, emotion regulation, emotions IVs: the extent to which sadness can be used to prevent a loss (vs. not) DVs: preferences for experiencing and expressing sadness, beliefs in donation amount by others Moderators: IV is treated as moderator (basically, people thought sadness would be useful when trying to get people to donate for a helping cause like sick people than when getting donations for something like promoting radio broadcasting) Process Evidence: expected usefulness of being sad mediated the effect of preferences for experiencing sadness and type of help people expected to exhibit Hamilton, Rebecca W. and Gabriel J. Biehal (2005), Achieving Your Goals or Protecting Their Future? The Effects of Self-View on Goals and Choices, Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (September), 277-83. Punchline: The influence of an independent (interdependent) mindset on risky (safe) choice is mediated by promotion (prevention) goals. Keywords: promotion, prevention, interdependent, independent, choice, goals IVs: 2 (self-prime: independent vs. interdependent) x 2 (product benefits: promotion vs. prevention) DVs: risk preferences Moderators: previous choices (high potential gains and losses, low potential gains and losses, and no information/control), where this information only influenced those with an interdependent mindset, such that high potential gains and losses should lead to riskier alternatives while low potential gains and losses should lead to similar status quo choice. Process Evidence: goals mediated the effect of self-view on choice. Hanoch, Yaniv, Joseph G. Johnson, and Andreas Wilke (2006), Domain Specificity in Experimental Measures and Participant Recruitment, Psychological Science, 17 (4), 300-04. Punchline: Risk Seeking measures are primarily based upon individual difference variables, where ones risk-perception and expected benefits of the risky activity depend upon what demographic they fall under. Keywords: risk-seeking IVs: subsamples (male, female, athletes, gamblers, smokers, investors, gym members) DVs: risk-taking (recreation, gambling, investment, health) Moderators: none Process Evidence: none Harris, Christine B. and Harold Pashler (2004), Attention and the Processing of Emotional Words and Names Not So Special After All, Psychological Science, 15 (May), 171-78. Punchline: emotionally charged words and names can grab attention and slow reaction times but doesnt work as well by the second time of exposure. Keywords: emotion, attention IVs: words of ones name (manipulate placement) and emotionally charged words (manipulate placement)

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DVs: reaction time Moderators: repetition (reaction time back to normal upon 2nd viewing) Process Evidence: none Hunter, Patrick G., E. Glenn Schellenberg, and Andrew T. Griffith (2011), Misery Loves Company: Mood-Congruent Emotional Responding to Music, Emotion, 11 (October), 1068-72. Punchline: People in a sad mood fail to show preferences for happy music over sad and are more likely to say that emotionally ambiguous music is sad than happy. Keywords: emotion, sadness, happiness, mood IVs: emotion (induced via 30s commercial recordings: happy, sad, neutral) DVs: liking for happy music vs. sad music, perceived emotional tone of song (happy vs. sad) Moderators: none Process Evidence: none Iyer, Aarti and Jolanda Jetten (2011), Whats Left Behind: Identity Continuity Moderates the Effect of Nostalgia on Well-Being and Life Choices, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101 (July), 94-108. Punchline: The extent to which nostalgia creates positive consequences for ones well-being and ability to handle challenges and obstacles depends on whether or not one has maintained identity continuation between past and present, such that positive benefit only occurs when continuity has been maintained. Keywords: nostalgia, social identity IVs: nostalgia (measured), nostalgia (high vs. low) via writing task DVs: well-being, perceived academic obstacles, interest in taking on new opportunities Moderators: identity continuity (high vs. low via community measures, bogus feedback, ) Process Evidence: none Kappes, Heather Barry, Gabriele Oettingen, Doris Mayer, and Sam Maglio (2011), Sad Mood Promotes Self-Initiated Mental Contrasting of Future and Reality, Emotion, 11 (October), 1206-22. Punchline: Mental contrasting is a process by which a person thinks about positive outcomes of successful goal-pursuit with negative realities, or barriers that are in the way of successful goal completion. This paper finds that that sad mood is more likely than positive or neutral mood to increase mental contrast processing and that this leads to greater confidence in goal completion and actually increases behavioral pursuit of the goal. Keywords: emotion, goals, expectations, self-regulation, mood, mental contrasting IVs: mood (sad, happy, neutral through a variety of techniques: study 1 used news clippings, study 2 used a hypothetical scenario set up, study 3 used bogus feedback, study 4 used music, study 5 used hypothetical scenario, and study 6 used music) DVs: choice of self-regulatory strategy (mental contrast which is a balance of focusing on positive outcomes with negative realities, indulging which is only focusing on positive outcomes, dwelling which is only focusing on negative realities), energization (the extent to which one feels

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good about goal completion, where mental contrasters showed highest energization), behavioral pursuit (study 6; where mental contrasters showed highest level of goal pursuit) Moderators: order of first thought where one focuses on the negative reality or positive outcome first (shown to not influence results), accessibility of positive outcomes and negative realities (were shown to not differ by emotion manipulated) Process Evidence: none Katzir, Maayan, Tal Eyal, Nachshon Meiran, and Yoav Kessler (2010), Imagined Positive Emotions and Inhibitory Control: The Differentiated Effect of Pride Versus Happiness, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36 (5, September), 1314-20. Punchline: Imagining happiness reduces self-control while imagining pride increases selfcontrol. Data isnt great to support the main claim of the article. Keywords: goals, imagined emotions, self-control, inhibitory control, prepotent response, positive emotions IVs: experienced future emotion (pride vs. happiness, vs. neutral) DVs: ability to avoid distracting stimuli (beautiful women in study 1, pride vs. happy related distractors in study 2) Moderators: distractor stimuli (happiness related vs. pride related) Process Evidence: none King, Dan and Chris Janiszewski (2011), Affect-Gating, Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (December), 000-00. Punchline: Negative affect creates a focus on tactile stimuli and leads to higher hedonic response and WTP for product, while positive affect leads to focus on visual stimuli and leads to higher WTP but not higher hedonic response to product. Keywords: affect IVs: affect (uses Velten 1968 procedure and PANAS for pretest Watson, Clark, and Tellegen 1988) DVs: the a) tactile appeal, visual appeal, olfactory appeal, hedonic response, and WTP for a lotion Moderators: tactile quality, visual quality, eyesight (seeing the product) Process Evidence: negative affects influence on WTP is mediated by a) increased appreciation for tactile benefits and hedonic response while positive affects influence on WTP is mediated by increased appreciation for visual benefits. Labroo, Aparna A. and Vanessa M. Patrick (2009), Psychological Distancing: Why Happiness Helps You See the Big Picture, Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (February), 800-09. Punchline: A positive mood leads to the adoption of abstract-oriented goal pursuit while negative mood reduces it. Keywords: construal, abstract, concrete, goals, emotion IVs: emotion (happy , frowning , or :-|, study 1A, positive mood vs. negative mood, study 1B, ) and construal level (abstract vs. concrete)

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DVs: number of abstract vs. concrete activities listed (study 1A/1B), thinking about how/why they study for an academic exam (study 2A), purchase intent based on concrete/abstract appeals (study 2B), likelihood of studying vs. socializing (study 3) Moderators: adoption of abstract goal type (study 3 has abstract studying vs. abstract socializing goal manipulated, where this influences which activity one is more likely to do) Process Evidence: Study 3 showed partial mediation for construal level but this was really weak evidence for any type of mediator given its essentially one of the IVs only measured (i.e., its a manipulation check). Labroo, Aparna A. and Derek D. Rucker (2009), The Orientation-Matching Hypothesis: An Emotion-Specificity Approach to Affect Regulation Journal of Marketing Research, 47 (October), 955-66. Punchline: Considering positive outcomes associated with a positive approach emotion (happiness) can regulate negative emotions associated with an approach orientation (sadness and anger). Likewise, positive outcomes associated with positive avoidance emotions (calmness) best regulate negative emotions evoking avoidance orientation (anxiety and embarrassment). This is there orientation-matching hypothesis which creates emotional benefits and increased preference for such outcomes in addition to freeing up resources for subsequent tasks. Keywords: emotion regulation, affect, approach, avoidance IVs: emotion (happy, calm, sadness, anxiety, angry, embarassed), orientation match (approach/avoidance match vs. mismatch) DVs: emotional benefit (self-reported mood), positive evaluations (of product), RAT performance (positive mood associated with higher scores, Isen, Daubman, and Nowicki 1987) Moderators: focus of emotion (on the experience vs. on the cause) Process Evidence: emotional benefit is said to mediate relationship between focus x match on evaluation Labroo, Aparna A. and Suresh Ramanathan (2007), The Influence of Experience and Sequence of Conflicting Emotions on Ad Attitudes, Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (March), 523-28. Punchline: Lousy lousy paper, but it shows that when emotions are experienced, ads with a declining emotional tone (positive to negative) are more positively liked, while ads that are evaluated show that improving emotional tone (negative to positive) is more positively liked. Keywords: affect, emotion, ads IVs: emotion sequence (improving vs. declining), emotion experience (evaluate vs. experience) DVs: ad attitudes (1-7 dislike/like) Moderators: time delay (no delay vs. delay) Process Evidence: none Laran, Juliano and Keith Wilcox (2011), Choice, Rejection, and Elaboration on PreferenceInconsistent Alternatives, Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (August), 000-00. Punchline: Consumers choose preference-consistent alternatives in a choice task but preferenceinconsistent alternatives in a rejection task.

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Keywords: choice, rejection IVs: task choice (choice vs. rejection), prime (indulgence vs. saving money), improved preference consistent vs. inconsistent alternatives DVs: choice Moderators: negative features (none, unrelated to baseline preference, related to baseline preference), cognitive load (low vs. high) Process Evidence: Elaboration (difference between number of indulgent vs. virtuous features recalled) mediates the effect of task type on decisions. Laran, Juliano, Amy Dalton, and Eduardo Andrade (2011), The Curious Case of Behavioral Backlash: Why Brands Produce Priming Effects and Slogans Produce Reverse Priming Effects, Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (April), 999-1014. Punchline: When primed with a certain concept (e.g., spending vs. saving) the extent to which people view a products brand (logo) vs. slogan will determine priming (brands) vs. reversepriming (slogans) effects. The reason being people view slogans as blatant persuasive tactics unlike brands (logos). Keywords: priming, brands, slogans IVs: priming tactic (sentence, brand, slogan), priming concept (save, spend, neutral) DVs: WTP Moderators: focus of brand/slogan intent (none/persuasive intent vs. creative intent), opportunity for correction (no opportunity vs. opportunity), explicit focus on brands as persuasion tactic (no explicit focus vs. explicit focus) Process Evidence: states that the effect found with slogans is mediated by a nonconscious correction goal measured via perceived persuasive intent Laran, Juliano and Chris Janiszewski (2011), Work or Fun? How Task Construal and Completion Influence Regulatory Behavior, Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (April), 967-83. Punchline: Volitional behaviors framed as an obligation to work depletes a consumer and subsequent self-control becomes more difficult, while volitional behaviors framed as an opportunity to have fun vitalizes a consumer and subsequent self-control becomes easier. Keywords: self-control, regulation, motivation IVs: level of self-control (measured variable via Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone 2004), task completion (complete vs. incomplete), task frame (none, work frame, fun frame), task difficulty (easy vs. difficult) DVs: self-control (via candy consumption), # of product assessments performed Moderators: feedback (reward: none vs. extrinsic reward; attenuated high self-control effect) Process Evidence: none Laran, Juliano (2010), Goal Management in Sequential Choices: Consumer Choices for Others Are More Indulgent Than Personal Choices, Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (August), 304-14.

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Punchline: In a multiple (product) choice context, consumers are more likely to a adopt a goal focus of balance when making choices for themselves but more likely to adopt a goal focus of indulgence when making choices for others. Keywords: goals, choices, indulgence IVs: primes (neutral, indulge, self-control/management), choice context (self vs. others), first choice (indulgence, self-control) DVs: choice Moderators: temporal distance (present, future) Process Evidence: none Laran, Juliano (2010), Choosing Your Future: Temporal Distance and the Balance Between Self-Control and Indulgence, Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (April), 1002-15. Punchline: The extent to which we make virtuous vs. indulgent choices in the present or future depends on the currently accessible/inhibited information in the environment. Keywords: temporal distance, goals, food, self-control, indulgence IVs: construal (control, concrete, abstract via Freitas, Gollwitzer, and Trope 2004), prime (neutral, spending, saving, self-control), time frame (present, future) DVs: choice Moderators: basically main IV (information prime) is proposed moderator for effect of temporal construal and choice to the extent that the information (e.g., saving vs. spending) is either activated or inhibited. Process Evidence: used RT tasks as evidence of mediation for the effect of temporal distance and/or currently accessible information on choice. Laran, Juliano (2010), The Influence of Information Processing Goal Pursuit on Post-Decision Affect and Behavioral Intentions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (January), 16-28. Punchline: Depending on current information accessibility, the extent to which people have the opportunity to pursue additional information about a product determines their post decision affect. For instance, people with an action goal who have the opportunity to process more information will do so and feel better about their subsequent choice/decision. Keywords: goal pursuit, affect, information processing IVs: (information load via attributes: low vs. high), goal prime (neutral, action, inaction) DVs: decision process satisfaction/affect, choice (look at few vs. many options), time taken looking at options, willingness to donate Moderators: temporal distance (enhanced original effects; present vs. delay), goal state (achieved vs. unachieved) Process Evidence: decision making process satisfaction mediates the effect of goal prime and information load on post decision satisfaction/affect. Laran, Juliano and Chris Janiszewski (2009), Behavioral Consistency and Inconsistency in the Resolution of Goal Conflict, Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (April), 967-84. Punchline:

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Keywords: IVs: DVs: Moderators: Process Evidence: Laran, Juliano, Chris Janiszewski, and Marcus Cunha, Jr. (2008), Context-Dependent Effects of Goal Primes, Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (December), 653-67. Punchline: Keywords: IVs: DVs: Moderators: Process Evidence: Larsen, Jeff T. and A. Peter McGraw (2011), Further Evidence for Mixed Emotions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100 (6/June), 279-90. Punchline: People can feel happy and sad at the same time especially when the emotional context is bittersweet. Keywords: emotion IVs: emotion induced via video clips (control vs. bittersweet of sad/happy) DVs: indication of simultaneous happy/sad affect; also show that results are not due to demand characteristics and can show simultaneous happy/sad affect even in people who dont have lay theories that simultaneous emotion exists Moderators: none Process Evidence: none Leith, Karen Pezza and Roy F. Baumeister (1996), Why Do Bad Moods Increase Self-Defeating Behavior? Emotion, Risk Taking, and Self-Regulation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71 (6), 1250-67. Punchline: The main idea is that the link between bad moods and self-defeating behavior might be due to increased risk taking. Keywords: emotion, negative mood, self-regulation, risk taking IVs: emotion (study 2: anxiety, embarrassment, happy, neutral; study 3: anger; study 5 and 6: sadness) DVs: preference for risky vs. safe choice Moderators: decision speed (study 4): thoughtful vs. quick, such that quick decisions increased preference for risky choice while thoughtful greatly minimized it regardless of emotion; arousal (study 5), such that sadness (low arousal emotion) greatly reduced risky choice while high arousal (running in place) increased it compared to neutral. Process Evidence: no direct evidence for mediation but its the idea of bad mood increased risk taking increased self-defeating behavior

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Liu, Jia (Elke) and Dirk Smeesters (2010), Have You Seen the News Today? The Effect of Death-Related Media Contexts on Brand Preferences, Journal of Marketing Research, 47 (April), 251-62. Punchline: mortality salience increases preference for domestic brands (via increased patriotism) and decreases preference for foreign brands because MS creates the need for people to defend against the thoughts of death by bolstering their cultural worldview. Keywords: mortality salience, brand preference IVs: prime (MS vs. control), time (immediate vs. delay) DVs: preference of various domestic vs. foreign brands Moderators: time (immediately, the MS doesnt have an effect; only after some time has passed), foreign brands with a pro-domestic claim wipes out the effect. Process Evidence: patriotism (measured as a scale) Louro, Maria J., Rik Pieters, and Marcel Zeelenberg (2005), Negative Returns on Positive Emotions: The Influence of Pride and Self-Regulatory Goals on Repurchase Decisions, Journal of Consumer Research, 31 (March), 833-40. Punchline: People with high prevention pride are less likely to repurchase than people with high promotion pride and people with low promotion or prevention pride. Keywords: repurchase intentions, emotion, construal level, promotion, prevention, selfregulatory goals IVs: pride (high vs. low), goal type (promotion vs. prevention) both manipulated (study 1 & 3) and measured (study 2 using the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire RFQ Higgins 2001) DVs: repurchase intentions Moderators: Process Evidence: some weak evidence for the idea that sufficiency (of information) mediates the extent to which pride/regulatory focus influences repurchase decisions. Louro, Maria J., Rik Pieters, and Marcel Zeelenberg (2007), Dynamics of Multiple-Goal Pursuit, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93 (2), 174-94. Punchline: Provides a theoretical framework for the pursuit and management of multiple goals: 1) when the focal goals attainment is distant, positive emotions lead to increased effort and decreased resources in other goal pursuits while negative emotions prompt individuals to decrease effort in the focal goal and shift to competing goals; 2) when the focal goals attainment is near, positive emotion prompt decreased effort toward to the focal goal and increased effort to competing goals while negative emotions prompt increased effort to the focal goal and decreased effort to competing goals. Keywords: multiple goals, emotions, effort, expectancy, goal gradient IVs: goal-related emotions (positive vs. negative), focal goal (dieting vs. other in study 3) DVs: effort allocation between focal goal and competing goal (athletic performance vs. financial goal in study 2 and effort to drink weight loss drink versus solve anagram puzzles in study 3) Moderators: goal proximity (distant vs. close) Process Evidence: the influence of emotions and goal proximity on goal effort was mediated by goal expectancy.

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Loveland, Katherine E., Dirk Smeesters, and Naomi Mandel (2010), Still Preoccupied with 1995: The Need to Belong and Preference for Nostalgic Products, Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (October), 393-408. Punchline: Ones goal of needing to belong increases consumption or desire for nostalgic products and this need to belong becomes satiated upon consumption of the nostalgic product. Keywords: goals, nostalgia IVs: exclusion/inclusion (via Cyberball), future alone (exclusion) vs future belonging (inclusion) via bogus feedback, independent vs. interdependent via Sostaras warrior story (Ahluwalia 2008). DVs: choice (nostalgic product over non-nostalgic) in a number of product categories Moderators: timing of nostalgic consumption, type of consumption (nostalgic vs. non-nostalgic) Process Evidence: uses a) a social support questionnaire, b) 3 goal-to-belong measures, and c) implicit selection of belongingness type words. Mandel, Naomi, and Dirk Smeesters (2008), The Sweet Escape: Effects of Mortality Salience on Consumption Quantities for High- and Low-Self-Esteem Consumers, Journal of Consumer Research, 35 (August), 309-23. Punchline: Low (but not high) self-esteem people are more likely to overeat unhealthy foods when primed with MS as a means to escape from self-awareness. Keywords: mortality salience, food consumption IVs: morality salience, self-esteem (measured), budget (low vs. high) DVs: amount of items purchased, amount of money spent, cookies eaten Moderators: self-awareness (mirror vs. no mirror), where forced self-awareness attenuates the effect for low self-esteem people. Process Evidence: choice to sit away from mirror (as measure of attempt to escape selfawareness), number of pronouns used in a translational text task Markman, Arthur B., C. Miguel Brendl, and Kyungil Kim (2007), Preference and the Specificity of Goals, Emotion, 7 (3), 680-84. Punchline: Goal to eat was moderated by contextual cues (time of day) for what type of food type was desired. Contrary to intuition, hunger (goal to eat) did not predict higher preference for all foods but only foods that were appropriate given the time of day, where breakfast foods were valued at breakfast but not dinner foods and vice versa at dinner. Keywords: goals, preferences, motivation, devaluation IVs: need level (high need vs. low need for hunger), item type (breakfast foods, dinner foods, nonfoods, within subjects) DVs: preference (1-9 scale) Moderators: time of day (morning vs. evening) Process Evidence: none Nelson, Leif D. and Evan L. Morrison (2005), The Symptoms of Resource Scarcity: Judgments of Food and Finances Influence Preferences for Potential Partners, Psychological Science, 16 (February), 167-73.

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Punchline: Men (but not women) prefer women who are larger when they are perceived to have scarce financial resources or caloric (hungry) resources. Keywords: food, resource scarcity IVs: money saliency (present vs. absent), perceived financial satisfaction (small vs. large), current hunger (asking people before entering dining hall vs. after leaving dining hall) DVs: preference for female (male) ideal weight Moderators: gender (female vs. male) Process Evidence: none Nordgren, Loran F. and Eileen Y. Chou (2011), The Push and Pull of Temptation: The Bidirectional Influence of Temptation on Self-Control, Psychological Science, XX (X), 1-5. Punchline: Peoples ability to exercise self-control depends greatly upon ones visceral state, whereby people currently experiencing visceral drives (e.g., hunger, drug cravings, or sexual arousal) have a harder time using self-control in these areas than when they are not experiencing them. However, they do not cross over in that a person experiencing hunger does not have any greater difficulty resisting smoking temptations. Keywords: self-control, temptation, social cognition, visceral drives IVs: visceral state (cold-not experiencing temptation vs. hot- experiencing temptations) via sexual arousal (watching 10 minute erotic clip vs 10 minute neutral clip), smoking temptation (not smoking a few hours before lab vs. smoking immediately before lab), and hunger (not eating 4 hours before session vs. eating before session) DVs: time spent looking at attractive women (study 1), subjective value of a cigarette (study 2), Moderators: visceral state and temptation match, where there is only decreased self-control when the two match but not when they do not match Process Evidence: none Pocheptsova, Anastasiya and Nathan Novemsky (2010), When Do Incidental Mood Effects Last? Lay Beliefs versus Actual Effects, Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (April), 992-1001. Punchline: Incidental mood can actually influence judgments later on (days later) but only when an evaluation is made in real time initially. Keywords: emotion, incidental mood, lay theories of emotion IVs: mood (negative, neutral, positive) DVs: judgment via liking, WTP, enjoyment to own Moderators: real-time evaluation (made vs. not made) Process Evidence: none Raghunathan, Rajagopal, Michel T. Pham, and Kim P. Corfman (2006), Informational Properties of Anxiety and Sadness, and Displaced Coping, Journal of Consumer Research, 32 (March), 596-601. Punchline: Builds off Raghunathan and Pham (1999), shows that sadness leads to preference for comfort while anxiety lead to preference for control and safety but only when the source of the

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negative affect was not made salient. Additionally, and this was pretty weak mind you, displaced coping is said to occur when the DV is somewhat consciously congruent with the source of emotion (sad people prefer something that tends to sadness more than anxiety and vice versa) Keywords: affect, anxiety, sadness IVs: mood (sad, anxious, neutral), DVs: product preference (game and car where one of each was conducive to sadness or anxiety) Moderators: source of affective state (low vs. high) where high wipes out effects, decision Process Evidence: none Raghunathan, Rajagopal, and Michel T. Pham (1999), All Negative Moods Are Not Equal: Motivational Influences of Anxiety and Sadness on Decision Making, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 79 (July), 56-77. Punchline: Find that people feeling sadness have an implicit goal of reward replacement leading to high-risk/high-reward options, while feeling anxiety creates an implicit goal of uncertainty reduction, leading to low-risk/low-reward options. Keywords: emotion, anxiety, sadness IVs: mood (anxious, sad, neutral) DVs: preference to gamble on one of two options (high risk vs. low risk), preference and choice probability for one of two jobs (high risk vs. low risk) Moderators: choice for themselves versus other people (making the choices for other people attenuated the effect) Process Evidence: none Ramanathan, Suresh and Patti Williams (2007), Immediate and Delayed Emotional Consequences of Indulgence: The Moderating Influence of Personality Type on Mixed Emotions, Journal of Consumer Research, 34 (August), 212-23. Punchline: After an initial indulgence, prudent consumers are more likely to feel worse for doing so than impulsive consumers and are less likely to indulge again after a delay. Keywords: indulgence, self-control, emotions IVs: prudent vs. impulsive (measured) DVs: change in emotions before/after consumption, choice of cookie, choice of taking 2nd item (hedonic (chips) vs. utilitarian (notepad), Moderators: time (immediate vs. delay) Process Evidence: the effect of prudence/impulsiveness and timing on change in emotions is mediated by choice of cookie. Routledge, Clay, Jamie Arndt, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Claire M. Hart, Jacob Juhl, Ad J.J.M. Vingerhoets, and Wolff Schlotz (2011), The Past Makes the Present Meaningful: Nostalgia as an Existential Resource, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101 (September), 638-52. Punchline: Nostalgia serves as an existential function by bolstering a sense of meaning in life. Keywords: nostalgia, mortality salience

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IVs: nostalgia vs. control (induced via music, different types of song lyrics), meaning threat (life has no meaning) vs. control DVs: feelings of nostalgia (meaning threat made people nostalgia), social connectedness (administered through direct items and Social Provisions Scale), meaning in life (measured through 5 item Measure of Meaning in Life Scale), and subjective eudaemonic well-being (using the State Vitality Scale) Moderators: meaning threat does not cause nostalgia to lead to increased worldview defense Process Evidence: nostalgias effect on meaning in life was mediated by feelings of social connectedness Sela, Aner and Baba Shiv (2009), Unraveling Priming: When Does the Same Prime Activate a Goal versus a Trait, Journal of Consumer Research, 27 (October), 418-33. Punchline: People primed with a goal that self-consistent (based on their ideal versus ought selforientation) show decreased motivational striving as time goes on (the prime fades) while for those primed with a goal that is self-discrepant, they show increased motivational striving as time goes on. The reason for this is self-consistent primes (again based the primes match with ones self-orientation) reflect semantic activation (big at first but dwindles) while self-discrepant primes reflect goal activation (small at first but increase). Keywords: priming, goals, trait, self-orientation IVs: prime (frugality vs. luxury study 1 and 2, fitness vs. control study 3), timing of choice task (immediate vs. delayed 5 minutes) DVs: choice of utilitarian vs. luxury product (study 1 was Hanes vs. Nike socks, study 2 was Pioneer vs. Bose speakers), choice of physical or mental energy drink (study 3) Moderators: self-concept (ideal vs. ought, both measured (study 1) and manipulated (study 2)) Process Evidence: the effect of prime on behavior was driven by self-concept and the extent to which the prime was self-consistent/discrepant. Shah, James Y., Ron Friedman, and Arie W. Kruglanski (2002), Forgetting All Else: On the Antecedents and Consequences of Goal Shielding, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 (6), 1261-80. Punchline: Focal goals are shielded from the pursuit and accessibility of alternative goals. Keywords: goals, self-regulation IVs: commitment (low vs. high in study 1) DVs: number of alternative goals listed (study 1), response latencies to goals (study 2-5), persistence at anagram solving (study 6) Moderators: need for closure (low vs. high, measured in study 1 via Need for Cognitive Closure Scale by Webster and Kruglanski 1994, such that high nfcc increased (decreased) the number of alternative goals listed depending on whether there was low (high) goal commitment while low nfcc did not moderate), goal tenacity (measured in study 1, such that low goal tenacity did not moderate commitment while high goal tenacity decreased number of alternative goals listed when goal commitment was high), alternative goal compatibility (high vs. low, study 4, where high compatibility led to less alternative goal inhibition), ideal/ought orientation (ideal vs. ought, study 5, where goals related more to an ought orientation were more inhibited from alternative

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goals), mood (depression vs. anxiety, study 5, where depression attenuated intergoal inhibition and anxiety increased intergoal inhibition). Process Evidence: no clear process but a path analysis in study 6 show a number of pathways where the influence of a) mood and b) goal commitment on c) task persistence and d) task performance are partially mediated by e) inhibition of alternative goals and f) goal accessibility. Shah, James and Arie W. Kruglanski (2002), Priming Against Your Will: How Accessible Alternatives Affect Goal Pursuit, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38 (4), 368-83. Punchline: Keywords: IVs: DVs: Moderators: Process Evidence: Sheppes, Gal, and James J. Gross (2011), Is Timing Everything? Temporal Considerations in Emotion Regulation, Personality and Social Psychological Review, 15 (4), 319-31. Punchline: Conceptual paper that discusses the process-specific timing hypothesis that states that different emotion-regulatory processes work best depending on what stage the experienced emotion is at in terms of felt intensity. Proposes that distraction and reappraisal both work well in response to negative emotion of lower-intensity but distraction works better than reappraisal in response to negative emotion of higher-intensity.

Sheppes, Gal, Susanne Scheibe, Gaurav Suri, and James J. Gross (2011), Emotion-Regulation Choice, Psychological Science, XX (XX), 1-6. Punchline: During the experience of relatively low-intensity negative emotion, people are more likely to choose to deploy reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy. However, during relatively high-intensity negative emotion, people are more likely to choose to deploy disengagement distraction as an emotion regulation strategy. Keywords: choice, emotion, emotion-regulation, self-regulation, emotional control, self-control IVs: negative emotion (low intensity vs. high intensity, manipulated through IAPS pics in study 1 and 2 and electric shocks god only knows what they were thinking here in study 3) DVs: choice of distraction over reappraisal during emotion trials Moderators: none Process Evidence: none Smeesters, Dirk, Thomas Mussweiler, and Naomi Mandel (2010), The Effects of Thin and Heavy Media Images on Overweight and Underweight Consumers: Social Comparison Processes and Behavioral Implications, Journal of Consumer Research, 36 (April), 93049.

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Punchline: The extent to which a thin vs. heavy women in an ad influences a female consumer (via self-esteem and other behaviors) depends on whether or not they are of low, moderate, or high BMI themselves. Keywords: mortality salience, ads, self-esteem IVs: BMI (measured), model extremity (moderate vs. extreme) DVs: similarity/dissimilarity focus, self-esteem, amount of cookies eaten Moderators: model size (thin vs. heavy) Process Evidence: model size was the moderator while similarity focus was the mediator for the BMI on self-+esteem effect. The exact mediation models changed depending on ones BMI. Tamir, Maya, Christopher Mitchell, and James J. Gross (2008), Hedonic and Instrumental Motives in Anger Regulation, Psychological Science, 19 (4), 324-28. Punchline: Anger is embraced when people know an upcoming confrontational (but not nonconfrontational) task is upcoming and that there performance in these confrontational tasks improve when angry. Keywords: anger, emotion regulation IVs: emotion within subjects (exciting, neutral, and angry; induced through the listening of different music clips) DVs: performance in confrontational (# of kills - # of deaths) and non-confrontational game Moderators: framing of the upcoming game (confrontational vs. non-confrontational) Process Evidence: preference for music listened to Tiedens, Larissa Z. and Susan Linton (2001), Judgment Under Emotional Certainty and Uncertainty: The Effects Specific Emotions on Information Processing, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (December), 279-90. Punchline: The extent to which emotions result in systematic (heuristic) processing depends on whether the emotion is characterized by uncertainty (certainty) appraisals. Keywords: emotion, appraisal, information processing IVs: emotion (disgust/certainty, fear/uncertainty, happy/certainty, hopeful/uncertainty, contentment/certainty, surprise/uncertainty, worry/uncertainty, anger/certainty DVs: certainty of predictions in the future (study 1), agreement with expert/non-expert on grade inflation (study 2), degree of stereotyping (study 3), Moderators: the interpretation of emotional certainty (as exemplified in study 4 with sadness) Process Evidence: task certainty mediates the effect of emotion on the type of processing used for the DVs Townsend, Claudia and Suzanne B. Shu (2010), When and How Aesthetics Influences Financial Decisions, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20 (October), 452-58. Punchline: Aeshetics increases perceived stock valuation of finance firms only when aesthetics is irrelevant to the success of the firm in general, yet the effect attenuates when aesthetics is important to the success of the firm. Keywords: aesthetics, valuation, financial decisions, perceived ownership IVs: annual report aesthetic (low vs. high)

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DVs: WTS stock of firm based on annual report, company product ratings, Moderators: aesthetics saliency (made known vs. not made known, where the effect is much stronger when aesthetics is not made known; study 1) aesthetics relevancy to firms success (study 2, relevant vs. not relevant, where relevant (e.g., a Vase company) wipes out the effect of increased valuation but does not when irrelevant (e.g., a Bubble Wrap company)) Process Evidence: pride of ownership mediates the effect of aesthetics on increased valuation Tracy, Jessica L. and Richard W. Robins (2007), The Psychological Structure of Pride: A Tale of Two Facets, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92 (3, March), 506-25. Punchline: There are differences between pride from a specific achievement (beta) and pride in ones global self (alpha). Authentic pride is elicited by internal, unstable, controllable attributions to a positive event, while hubristic pride is elicited by internal, stable, uncontrollable attributions for the same positive event. Keywords: pride, authentic pride, hubristic pride, self-conscious emotions IVs: reasons for feeling pride: stability (stable vs. unstable) controllability (controllable vs. uncontrollable) DVs: extent to which they felt a series of pride related words (diverging onto either the authentic/hubristic construct) Moderators: none Process Evidence: none van Dijk, Wilco W., Jaap W. Ouwerkerk, Sjoerd Goslinga, Myrke Nieweg, and Marcello Gallucci (2006), When People Fall From Grace: Reconsidering the Role of Envy in Schadenfreude, Emotion, 6 (1, February), 156-60. Punchline: The extent to which malicious envy occurs depends on the similarity of the person of envy, where gender congruency appears to be important. This research would say nothing about benign envy. Keywords: envy, emotion IVs: gender of envying person (male vs. female) DVs: level of Schadenfreude (pleasure at an envied persons misfortune) Moderators: none Process Evidence: none van de Ven, Niels, Marcel Zeelenberg, and Rik Pieters (2009), Leveling Up and Down: The Experiences of Benign and Malicious Envy, Emotion, 9 (3), 419-29. Punchline: Has data but is essentially a conceptual paper that shows that benign envy leads to a moving-up motivation aimed at improving ones own position, while malicious envy leads to a pulling-down motivation aimed at damaging the position of the superior other. Keywords: emotion, envy, experiential content, cross cultural van de Ven, Niels, Marcel Zeelenberg, and Rik Pieters (2011), The Envy Premium in Product Evaluation, Journal of Consumer Research, 37 (6, April), 984-95.

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Punchline: Benign envy results in a higher WTP for products/services that the other has while malicious envy results in a higher WTP for products/services that the other person does not have. Keywords: emotion, WTP, envy, choice IVs: point of comparison (similar other person, dissimilar other person, dissimilar other but forced comparison, and control), envy type (benign, malicious, control) DVs: WTP for internship service (study 1) and iphone (study 2) Moderators: INCOM (measured variable of tendency to compare the self to others: high vs. low), where the envy premium effect is higher for people higher on the INCOM scale, type of envy (benign vs. malicious). Also, neither type of envy led to a higher WTP for an unrelated product. Envy brought on by an iphone did not lead either group to a higher WTP for a USB stick (utilitarian) or a weekend cruise (hedonic). Process Evidence: the effect of comparing the self to others on willingness to pay is mediated by the level of benign/malicious envy (same overall process but just leads to different dvs depending on envy type) Van de Ven, Niels, Marcel Zeelenberg, and Rik Pieters (2011), Why Envy Outperforms Admiration, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37 (6, June), 784-95. Punchline: Benign envy (not malicious envy and admiration) increases motivation. Keywords: envy, emotion, admiration, motivation IVs: emotion (benign envy, malicious envy, admiration, and control) DVs: intended # of study hours (study 1 and 4) performance on a Remote Association Task (RAT; study 2 and 3) Moderators: belief that change is easy (hard) moderates the extent to which one feels benign envy (admiration) in study 4. Process Evidence: effect of emotion on number of study hours was mediated by level of benign envy (study 4) Wilcox, Keith, Thomas Kramer, and Sankar Sen (2011), Indulgence or Self-Control: A Dual Process Model of the Effect of Incidental Pride on Indulgent Choice, Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (June), 151-63. Punchline: The extent to which incidental pride leads to indulgent (virtuous) consumption depends upon whether pride leads to a sense of achievement (a greater level of self-awareness). Keywords: indulgence, pride, emotion, hedonic consumption, self-control IVs: emotion (pride, happiness, control) DVs: indulgent vs. virtuous choice, choices in health vs. money domain (study 3) Moderators: cognitive resources (high vs. low, where low cognitive resources leads to increased self-awareness and increased virtuous choice and high cognitive resources leads to increased sense of achievement and indulgence), saliency (low vs. high, where making the incidental pride known decreases the effect of indulgent choice), choice domain (related vs. unrelated to active goal; show in study 3 that indulgence only follows when a sense of achievement towards a goal is congruent with current choice e.g., health goal active and choice domain in health), selfawareness (low vs. high, where high self-awareness attenuates the effect of pride on indulgence)

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Process Evidence: the effect of emotion and self-awareness on indulgence choice was mediated by goal effort (study 3 and 4) Wildschut, Tim, Constantine Sedikides, Jamie Arndt, and Clay Routledge (2006), Nostalgia: Content: Trigger, Functions, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 (5), 975 93. Punchline: Had seven studies to get at a) what nostalgia is b) what triggers nostalgia and c) what are its functions. Study Breakdown: Studies 1 and 2 examined the content of nostalgic experiences. Descriptions of nostalgic experiences usually involved interactions with others (e.g., friends/family). and/or instances of personally relevant events (e.g., weddings). As other research shows, the descriptions contained more expressions of positive than negative affect. However, more novel, they show that nostalgic experiences are often depicted as the redemption of negative life scenes by subsequent triumphs. Studies 3 and 4 examined triggers of nostalgia and revealed that nostalgia occurs in response to negative mood and the discrete affective state of loneliness. Studies 5, 6, and 7 investigated the functional utility of nostalgia and established that nostalgia bolsters social bonds, increases positive self-regard, and generates positive affect. Highloneliness participants reported being more nostalgic than low-loneliness participants. Wildschut, Tim, Constantine Sedikides, Clay Routledge, and Jamie Arndt (2011), Nostalgia as a Repository of Social Connectedness: The Role of Attachment-Related Avoidance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98 (April), 573-86. Punchline: Low-avoidance individuals (compared to high-avoidance individuals) are more likely to seek out nostalgic experiences as a means to cope with loneliness. Keywords: nostalgia, social connectedness, loneliness, attachment, avoidance IVs: attach/avoidance (measured with Experiences in Close Relationships Scale ECR-R), future alone vs. future belonging (read hypothetical scenarios) DVs: mentions of loneliness while listing nostalgic moments, loneliness (measured with the UCLA Loneliness Scale), level of self-reported social connectedness Moderators: attach/avoidance (measured with Experiences in Close Relationships Scale ECR-R) such that loneliness leading to the drawing upon nostalgic experiences depended on whether people were avoidance was low versus high. Process Evidence: none Williams, Lawrence E., John A. Bargh, Christopher C. Nocera, and Jeremy R. Gray (2009), The Unconscious Regulation of Emotion: Nonconscious Reappraisal Goals Modulate Emotional Reactivity, Emotion, 9 (6), 847-54. Punchline: Nonconscious reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy may be as effective as conscious reappraisal and even more effective for individual who do not habitually use reappraisal strategies. Keywords: nonconscious goals, emotion regulation, reappraisal, dual process IVs: emotion regulation (control, nonconscious reappraisal, conscious reappraisal) DVs: physical reactivity in response to anticipated speech

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Moderators: habitual use of reappraisal via the ERQ (nonconscious reappraisal worked better for people low on the ERQ reappraisal use people who dont typically reappraise) Process Evidence: none Zemack-Rugar Yael, James R. Bettman, and Gavan J. Fitzsimons (2007), The Effects of Nonconsciously Priming Emotion Concepts on Behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93 (December), 927-39. Punchline: Subliminally priming people with guilt increases indulgence when these people are low in guilt-proneness but not low in guilt-proneness, while priming people with sadness generally increases indulgence. Keywords: emotions, automaticity, priming, goals, guilt, sadness IVs: prime (guilt vs. sadness) DVs: WTP for an indulgent product, amount of time given up to a (poorly positioned, made to seem insignificant and unimportant) charity cause Moderators: measured variable of guilt proneness (high vs. low), delay (5 minute delay from prime to dv vs. no delay, where either way the results persisted) Process Evidence: none Zhou, Xinyue, Biao Fu, Tim Wildschut, Constantine Sedikides, Hong Luo, and Cong Feng (forthcoming), Nostalgia: The Gift That Keeps on Giving, Journal of Consumer Research, 38 (December), 000-00. Punchline: Nostalgia promotes charity donation and intent and is mediated by empathy towards charity beneficiaries (i.e., the children in the ads). Keywords: nostalgia, charity IVs: nostalgia vs. control (by thinking about a time and/or by writing about the thought time), type of charity appeal (nostalgia appeal versus future appeal) DVs: intention to donate, actually amount donated Moderators: sample type (asian versus diverse online panel) did not influence results Process Evidence: empathy towards beneficiaries mediated the effect of nostalgia on donation intent. Mere positive affect was not enough by itself to mediate the results, nor was personal distress. Zhou, Xinyue, Constantine Sedikides, Tim Wildschut, and Ding- Guo Gao (2008), Counteracting Loneliness: On the Restorative Function of Nostalgia, Psychological Science, 19 (10), 102329. Punchline: Find that drawing on nostalgic memories can augment subjective perceptions of social support as a way of coping with loneliness. More specifically a) loneliness decreases perceptions of social support, b) loneliness increases nostalgia, c) nostalgia increases perceptions of social support. Keywords: nostalgia IVs: loneliness (high vs low measured, manipulated with wording of questionnaire high vs. low, ), nostalgia (yes vs no (control) induced by writing task)

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DVs: loneliness reduced perceptions of social support but increased nostalgia, which in turn increased perceptions of social support Moderators: Process Evidence: nostalgia mediated effect of loneliness on social support

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