Opnet Slides

Session 1332
Network Analysis, Planning, and Troubleshooting
Copyright 2003 OPNET Technologies, Inc. Confidential, not for distribution to third parties.
Wireless LAN (WLAN) overview WLAN model support

Capabilities Node models Attributes Statistics WLAN nodes architecture
Lab 1: Hidden node scenario Lab 2: Infrastructure Extended Service Set (ESS) Lab 3: PCF access mode Mobile IP Lab 4: Roaming
Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Lab 1: Hidden node scenario Lab 2: Infrastructure ESS Lab 3: PCF access mode Mobile IP Lab 4: Roaming
Mobility
Users do not have to be plugged in Real-time data from anywhere in the organization
Ease of installation
No need for cabling through/around walls Can go where wires cannot
Reduced cost-of-ownership
Easier to move, add, and change Uses license-free radio spectrum
Based on IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.11b standards Modeled data rates
1.0 Mbps 2.0 Mbps 5.5 Mbps 11.0 Mbps
Supported physical layers

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) Frequency Hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) Infrared light (IR)
DCF MAC operation: Contention based (CSMA/CA) PCF MAC operation: Poll based
Sense the medium
If the medium is busy, defer When the medium becomes idle again, transmit after a random backoff
Requires centralized coordination Introduces contention free period (CFP) Use for near real-time services Forces a fair access to the medium during the CFP
Basic building block: Basic Service Set (BSS) Independent BSS
Infrastructure BSS
Infrastructure Extended Service Set (ESS)

BSS 1 BSS 2 BSS 3
Internet
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Study wireless LANs as an alternate/supplemental local area network technology Analyze network performance by varying the network demand (e.g., number of nodes, application traffic) Evaluate optional protocol-specific features like fragmentation and reassembly or RTS/CTS frame exchange against various network conditions Set up independent and infrastructure BSS networks and evaluate their performance under different traffic and configurations
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Tune PCF parameters to achieve maximum performance for different applications Study the impact of mobility on applications running at mobile node and efficiency of the wireless LANs being visited Modify the logic of standard WLAN algorithms to conduct experiments with new ideas and prospective improvements
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Wireless LAN Station (Non-IP based)
Wireless LAN Workstation Wireless LAN Server Bridge with WLAN Port (Access Point)
Router with WLAN interface (Access Point*)

* Unless the interface belongs to a WLAN backbone
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Node Attributes
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RTS Threshold (bytes)

Set the packet size threshold for which the ready to send (RTS)/clear to send (CTS) WLAN mechanism will be used Solution to hidden terminal problem Prevent large packets to be dropped Overhead due to the RTS/CTS frame exchange
Short Retry Limit

Maximum transmission attempts for data frames with a size shorter than or equal to RTS Threshold High values for retry limit will produce a more reliable transmissions but will create overhead
Long Retry Limit

Maximum transmission attempts for data frames with a size greater than RTS Threshold Set a lower value than Short Retry Limit will help to decrease the amount of buffer required
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Fragmentation Threshold (bytes)

MSDU > Threshold => fragmentation occurs Smaller packet size reduces packet loss but increase overhead
Large Packet Processing

Action taken in the case: higher layer packet size > maximum allowed data size Based on this, a packet will be dropped or fragmented Outside the scope of the standard
Max Receive Lifetime (seconds)

Maximum time for a packet to wait to be reassembled at receivers reassembly buffer
Buffer Size (bits)

Maximum length of higher-layer data arrival buffer
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BSS Identifier
Identifies the BSS to which a WLAN MAC belongs to If set to Auto Assigned, the entire OPNET subnet will be considered as a single BSS If configured for one WLAN node, then it needs to be configured for all WLAN nodes in the network
Access Point Functionality

Enable or disable access-point operation in the node Used to configure BSS and ESS topologies Required to be Enabled for PCF operation
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Data Rate (bps)

Support for 1.0 Mbps, 2.0 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, and 11.0 Mbps Networks with higher data rate are more sensitive to external interference Different data rates are supported in the same BSS
Physical Characteristics
Set the physical layer used by the model: Frequency Hopping, Direct Sequence or Infrared. Internal attributes like interframe spacing values and MAC header are dependent on the physical layer.
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Packet Reception Power Threshold

Defines the received power threshold value in Watts at the radio receiver for arriving WLAN packets Packets with a power less than threshold will be considered as noise Will not change the status of the receiver to "busy" from the point of view of the MAC layer Sensitivity indicator Vendor specific
PCF Parameters
Configure PCF operation mode
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PCF Parameters
PCF Functionality
Enables / disables use of PCF
Beacon Interval
Specifies how often the beacons will be transmitted CFP Interval The length of each contention free period in seconds
CFP Beacon Multiple

Specifies the number of beacons between two CFPs
Max Failed Polls

Specifies the maximum number of consecutive polls by the AP without a valid acknowledgement from MAC that is being polled
0 CFP Beacon Multiple = 2 Beacon Interval = 20 msec. CFP Interval = 10 msec. = TBTT
CFP
10 20 30 40 CFP Offset = 1
CFP
50 msec.
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Channel Settings
Bandwidth and frequency settings Default value Auto Assigned A WLAN channel will be assigned to each BSS automatically Manual assignments are supported: pre-defined channels or any value Must be consistent across the BSS
Example
5 BSSs: from BSS A to BSS E where A < B < C < D < E
BSS A Ch1
Ch 1 Ch 2 Ch 3 Ch 4 Ch 5 Ch 6
BSS B Ch6
Ch 7 Ch 8 Ch 9 Ch 10 Ch 11
BSS C Ch11
2.401 MHz
BSS D Ch2
BSS E Ch7
2.451 MHz
2.473 MHz
Reserved Frequency Band for WLAN Channels in U.S.
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Needed when the connection is weakened/lost with AP Two approaches for scanning for a new AP
Based on signal strength (monitors APs periodic beacons) Realistic Based on distance Efficient Configure the simulation attribute to determine the approach to be used WLAN Beacon Efficiency Mode (default: Enabled) WLAN AP Connectivity Check Interval (default: 10 seconds)
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Global Statistics
Node Statistics
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Objective
Show the impact of the RTS/CTS mechanism as a measure to prevent the hidden node problem
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Objective
Become familiar with WLAN model attributes needed to configure BSSs Use the model to select an appropriate WLAN topology according to the application traffic
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Objective
Use PCF mechanism to improve the performance of real-time applications over WLAN
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A new model in 10.0 Implementation based on the following RFCs:

RFC 3220: IP Mobility Support for IPv4 RFC 2003: IP Encapsulation Within IP RFC 1256: ICMP Router Discovery Messages
Supported features
Dynamic tunneling endpoints Mobile IP router based networks (legacy end nodes) Registration/Deregistration over UDP Foreign agent care of address
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Why use Mobile IP?

Uninterrupted service for mobile users Transparent to transport layer and applications IP level roaming between different IP subnets/providers
Operational implementations
Cisco Mobile IP routers Various Linux implementation (for Laptops and PDAs)
Future enhancements
Co-located care of address Route optimization IPv6 support
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Mobile node at the home network

No tunneling is required
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Mobile node at a foreign network

Data from server is tunneled by home agent to foreign agent
IP Tunnel
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Home Agent
Interface Name Name of a physical or loopback interface to enable the home agent service IP address has to be pre-assigned to the interface Agent Type Home Agent
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Foreign Agent
Interface Name Name of a physical or loopback interface to enable the foreign agent service Usually a roaming capable (e.g. radio) interface Agent Type Foreign Agent
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Mobile Router
Interface Name Name of a physical or loopback interface to enable the Mobile Router service Need to be a loopback interface if more than one roaming interfaces The interface must have an IP address that falls into the same IP subnet as the HA Agent Type Mobile Router Home Agent IP Address IP address of the HA interface
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Mobile Node
Interface Name Name of a physical or loopback interface to enable the Mobile Node service The interface must have an IP address that falls into the same IP subnet as the HA Home Agent IP Address IP address of the HA interface
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Lab 1: Hidden node scenario Lab 2: Infrastructure ESS Lab 3: PCF access mode Mobile IP Lab 4: Roaming Mobile IP
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Objective
Configure Mobile IP network utilizing WLAN roaming capabilities Adjust Mobile IP handoff parameters to achieve less communication interrupts
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RTS/CTS option can help alleviate the hidden node problem Additional APs provides more capacity and support scalability Use PCF option to provide QoS Use roaming feature to model mobile scenarios OPNET provides extensive modeling support for modeling wireless LAN networks:
Discrete Event Simulation for modeling protocol algorithms, optional standard features, transient effects, protocol overhead traffic, deployment of explicit traffic sources (TCP/IP-based applications or raw traffic generators) over WLAN technology, etc.
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Wireless LAN Model Usage Guide

Click on Help menu and select Product Documentation Model Descriptions Model Usage Guides Wireless LAN (802.11)
Wireless LAN FAQs

Go to Support Center at OPNETs WWW site http://www.opnet.com/support Click on FAQs link under Technical Resources Search the FAQ database using the keywords Wireless LAN or WLAN
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IEEE 802.11 standard RFC 3220 IP Mobility Support for IPv4 Gast, Matthew S., 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, OReilly & Associates, April 2002
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Session 1529: Understanding WLAN Model Internals and Interfaces Session 1318: Planning and Analyzing UMTS Networks Session 1807: Introduction to Next Generation Wireless Technologies
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Session 1332

Network Analysis, Planning, and Troubleshooting

Wireless LAN (WLAN) overview WLAN model support

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Supported physical layers

Sense the medium

Basic building block: Basic Service Set (BSS) Independent BSS

Infrastructure Extended Service Set (ESS)

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Wireless LAN Station (Non-IP based)

Router with WLAN interface (Access Point*)

RTS Threshold (bytes)

Short Retry Limit

Long Retry Limit

Fragmentation Threshold (bytes)

Large Packet Processing

Max Receive Lifetime (seconds)

Buffer Size (bits)

Access Point Functionality

Data Rate (bps)

Packet Reception Power Threshold

CFP Beacon Multiple

Max Failed Polls

Reserved Frequency Band for WLAN Channels in U.S.

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

A new model in 10.0 Implementation based on the following RFCs:

Why use Mobile IP?

Mobile node at the home network

Mobile node at a foreign network

Wireless LAN overview WLAN model support

Wireless LAN Model Usage Guide

Wireless LAN FAQs

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