Summary Last Lecture - Continuous-Time Filters (Continued)

EE247 Lecture 6
Summary last lecture Continuous-time filters (continued)

Opamp MOSFET-RC filters Gm-C filters
Frequency tuning for continuous-time filters

Trimming via fuses or laser Automatic on-chip filter tuning Continuous tuning
Master-slave tuning
Periodic off-line tuning

Systems where filter is followed by ADC & DSP, existing hardware can be used to periodically update filter freq. response
EECS 247
Lecture 6: Filters
2007 H.K. Page 1
Summary Lecture 5
Continuous-time filters
Effect of integrator non-idealities on continuous-time filter behavior
Effect of integrator finite DC gain & non-dominant poles on filter frequency response Integrator non-linearities affecting filter maximum signal handling capability (harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion) Effect of integrator component variations and mismatch on filter response & need for frequency tuning
Frequency tuning for continuous-time filters

Frequency adjustment by making provisions to have variable R or C
Various integrator topologies used in filters
Opamp MOSFET-C filters Opamp MOSFET-RC filtersto be continued today

Lecture 6: Filters 2007 H.K. Page 2
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Improved MOSFET-C Integrator

I D = Cox W Vds V Vth Vds L gs 2 W Vi Vi I D1 = Cox Vgs1 Vth L 42
VG1 ID1
M1
VG3 IX1
M3 +
W V Vi V + i V L gs3 th 4 2 I X 1 = I D1 + I D3 I D3 = Cox W V V = Cox Vgs1 Vgs3 i i L 22 W V V I X 2 = Cox Vgs3 Vgs1 i i L 22 I X 1 I X 2 = Cox G= (IX1 IX 2) Vi W V gs1 Vgs3 Vi L
Vi/2
C
-
I D3
-Vi/2
ID2
M2
ID M4 4
Vout
IX2
M1,2,3,4
C equal W/L
= Cox
W V gs1 Vgs3 L
No threshold dependence Linearity achieved in the order of 50-70dB

Ref: Z. Czarnul, Modification of the Banu-Tsividis Continuous-Time Integrator Structure, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. CAS-33, No. 7, pp. 714-716, July 1986.
EECS 247 Lecture 6: Filters 2007 H.K. Page 3
R-MOSFET-C Integrator
VG1 VG2
M1 M3 +
Vi/2
C
-
-Vi/2 R
M2
M4
Vout
Improvement over MOSFET-C by adding resistor in series with MOSFET Voltage drop primarily across fixed resistor small MOSFET Vds improved linearity & reduced tuning range Generally low frequency applications
Ref: U-K Moon, and B-S Song, Design of a Low-Distortion 22-kHz Fifth Order Bessel Filter, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 28, No. 12, pp. 1254-1264, Dec. 1993.
R-MOSFET-C Lossy Integrator

R2
VG1
M1
VG2
Vi/2
R1
C
M3 +
-Vi/2 R1
M2
M4
Vout
R2
Negative feedback around the non-linear MOSFETs improves linearity but Compromises frequency response accuracy
Example:
Opamp MOSFET-RC Filter
5th Order Bessel MOSFET-RC LPF 22kHz bandwidth THD -90dB for 4Vp-p , 2kHz input signal
Suitable for low frequency, low Q applications Significant improvement in linearity compared to MOSFET-C Needs tuning
Operational Amplifiers (Opamps) versus Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA)

Opamp
Voltage controlled voltage source
OTA
Voltage controlled current source
Output in the form of voltage Low output impedance Can drive R-loads Good for RC filters, OK for SC filters
Extra buffer adds complexity, power dissipation
Output in the form of current High output impedance In the context of filter design called gm-cells Cannot drive R-loads Good for SC & gm-C filters Typically, less complex compared to opamp higher freq. potential Typically lower power
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Integrator Implementation Transconductance-C & Opamp-Transconductance-C

+
Vin Gm Vo
Vin Gm
+
Vo
GmC Intg.
GmC-OTA Intg.
Vo Vin
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o s
G whe r e o = m C
Gm-C Filters Simplest Form of CMOS Gm-C Integrator

Transconductance element formed by the source-coupled pair M1 & M2 All MOSFETs operating in saturation region Current in M1& M2 can be varied by changing Vcontrol
+ Vin -
M1
Cint g
Vo +
M2
M10
Vcontrol
Ref: H. Khorramabadi and P.R. Gray, High Frequency CMOS continuous-time filters, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.-SC-19, No. 6, pp.939-948, Dec. 1984.
Simplest Form of CMOS Gm-C Integrator AC Half Circuit
Cint g
Cint g
Vo +
+ Vin -
2C 2Cint g int g
Vo + Vin
M1
Vo
+ Vin -
M1
M2
M1
M2
2Cintg
M10V control
Vcontrol
M10
Vcontrol
AC half circuit
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Lecture 6: Filters
2007 H.K. Page 10

Use ac half circuit & small signal model to derive transfer function:
M Vo = gm 1,2 Vin 2Cint g s
Vo Vin
M1
2Cintg
Vo g M 1,2 = m Vin 2Cint g s Vo o = Vin s o =

M g m 1,2
AC half circuit
Vin
g m Vin
Vo
2Cintg
2 Cint g
CGS
Small signal model


MOSFET in saturation region: Cox W 2 Vgs Vth Id = 2 L Gm is given by: I W V V M g m 1&M 2 = d = Cox gs th Vgs L
)
+ Vin M1
Id =2 Vgs Vth
Cint g
Vo +
M2
)
1/ 2
W 1 = 2 Cox I d L 2
M10
Vcontrol
Id varied via Vcontrol gm tunable via Vcontrol
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2nd
Gm-C Filters Order Gm-C Filter
Use the Gm-cell to build a 2nd order bandpass filter -
+ Vin -
M1
Cint g
Vo +
M2
M10
Vcontrol
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2007 H.K. Page 13
2nd Order Bandpass Filter

I in Vo + + + VR R VL L VC C - IR - I L - IC
V1
V2
1 1
Vo R* sL
R* R
sC R* 1 1 1 Vin
Vo
V1'
V3'
1 = R* C 2 = L
R*
R* R
s1 1
s 2
- Vin
2nd Order Integrator-Based Bandpass Filter

VBP 2s = Vin s2 + s + 1 1 2 2
VBP
1 = R* C 2 = L
= R*
R
R*
1Q
s 1
-1
0 = 1
1 2 = 1 2
LC
Q = 1 1
Vin
From matching point of v iew desirable : 1 = 2 = = 1 Q= R * 0 R
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2nd Order Integrator-Based Bandpass Filter

VBP
First implement this part With transfer function:
1Q
s 1
V0 = 1 Vin s +1 0 Q
Vin
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2007 H.K. Page 16
Terminated Gm-C Integrator

Cint g
Vo M3 M4 M2 M1
Vo Vin
M1 M3
2Cintg
+ Vin -
AC half circuit
M11 M10
Vcontrol
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2007 H.K. Page 17

Vo Vin
M1 M3
Vin
M g m 1 Vin CGS
Vo
2Cintg
1
M3 gm
2Cintg
AC half circuit
Small signal model
gM 3 + m M M gm 1 gm 1 V0 1 Compare to: Vin = s +1 0 Q s 2Cint g

Vo = Vin

VBP
1Q
s 1
Vin CGS
M g m 1 Vin
Vo
1
M3 gm
2Cintg
Small signal model
V0 = 1 Vin s +1 0 Q Vin
0 =
M gm 1 2Cint g
Vo 1 = Vin s 2Cint g
M gm 1
gM 3 + m M gm 1
gM1 & Q= m M gm 3
Question: How to define Q accurately?


1 W M M gm 1 = 2 Cox M 1 I d 1 2 LM 1
1/ 2
1/ 2 1 W M M gm 3 = 2 Cox M 3 I d 3 LM 3 2
Cint g
Let us assume equal channel lengths for M1, M3 then:

1/ 2 M1 M gm 1 I d WM 1 = M M g m 3 I d 3 WM 3
Vo M3 M4 M2 M1
+ Vin -
M11 M10 Vcontrol Vcontrol
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Note that: I M 10 = d M M I d 3 I d 11 Assuming equal channel lengths for M10, M11:
M I d 10 M Id 1
Cint g
Vo M3 M4 M2 M1
M I d 11
WM 10 WM 11
+ Vin W W = M 10 M 1 W M 11 WM 3
1/ 2
M gm 1 M gm 3
M11 M10 Vcontrol Vcontrol
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2nd Order Gm-C Filter
Simple design Tunable Q function of device ratios:
Q=
M gm 1,2 M gm 3,4
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Continuous-Time Filter Frequency Tuning Techniques

Component trimming Automatic on-chip filter tuning
Continuous tuning
Master-slave tuning
Periodic off-line tuning

Systems where filter is followed by ADC & DSP, existing hardware can be used to periodically update filter freq. response
Example: Tunable Opamp-RC Filter

Post manufacturing: Usually at wafer-sort tuning performed Measure -3dB frequency If frequency too high Vin decrement D to D-1 If frequency too low R1 increment D to D+1 If frequency within 10% of the desired corner freq. stop
D2 D1 D0
R1
R2
-
R3 R4
C
R2
R3 R4
Vo
Not practical to require end-user to tune the filter Need to fix the adjustment at the factory
Factory Trimming
Factory component trimming
Build fuses on-chip
Based on measurements @ wafersort blow fuses selectively by applying high current to the fuse Expensive Fuse regrowth problems! Does not account for temp. variations & aging
To switch D1 Fuse
Laser trimming
Trim components or cut fuses by laser Even more expensive Does not account for temp. variations & aging
EECS 247 Lecture 6: Filters
Fuse not blown Fuse blown
D1=1 D1=0
2007 H.K. Page 25
Example:Tunable/Trimmable Opamp-RC Filter

D2 D1 D0 Rnom 1 1 1 7.2K 1 1 0 8.28K 1 0 1 9.37K 0 0 0 14.8K
D2 D0
Fuse
D1
Fuse
R1
R2
-
R3 R4
C
Fuse
R1 Vin
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R2
R3 R4
Vo
Lecture 6: Filters
2007 H.K. Page 26
Automatic Frequency Tuning

By adding additional circuitry to the main filter circuit
Have the filter critical frequency automatically tuned
Expensive trimming avoided Accounts for critical frequency variations due to temperature, supply voltage, and effect of aging Additional hardware, increased Si area & power
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2007 H.K. Page 27
Master-Slave Automatic Frequency Tuning

Following facts used in this scheme: Use a replica of the main filter or its main building block in the tuning circuitry The replica is called the master and the main filter is named the slave Place the replica in close proximity of the main filter to ensure good matching Use the tuning signal generated to tune the replica, to also tune the main filter In the literature, this scheme is called master-slave tuning!
Master-Slave Frequency Tuning 1-Reference Filter (VCF)

Use a biquad built with replica of main filter integrator for master filter (VCF) Utilize the fact that @ the frequency fo , the lowpass (or highpass) outputs are 90 degree out of phase wrt to input
VLP 1 = Vin s2 + s +1 2 o Qo @ = o = 90o
1 Q
VBP
o
1 s
o
s
Apply a sinusoid at the desired fodesired Compare the phase of LP output versus input Based on the phase difference: Increase or decrease filter critical freq.
VH P
- VLP
Vin
2007 H.K. Page 29

Vr ef = Asi n (t ) VL P = Asi n (t + )
Vr ef VL P = A2 si n (t ) s i n (t + )
2 2 Vr ef VL P = A cos A cos ( 2t + ) 2 2
Note that this term is=0 only when the incoming signal is at exactly the filter -3dB frequency
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1 Q
o
1 s
o
s
Filter Out
-VLP
Phase Comparator
Vre f
Lecture 6: Filters
2007 H.K. Page 30

rms rms Vtune K Vre f VLP c os
fo Q
1 Q
o
1 s
o
s
VTu ne
Amp.+ Filter
Vtune
-VLP
Phase Comparator
fo
Input Signal Frequency
Vre f
2007 H.K. Page 31

By closing the loop, feedback tends to drive the error voltage to zero. Locks fo to fodesired , the critical frequency of the filter to the accurate reference frequency Typically the reference frequency is provided by a crystal oscillator with accuracies in the order of few ppm
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VLP
1 Q
o
1 s
o
s
VTu ne
Amp.+ Filter
Phase Comparator
desi red Vref = A si n 2 fo t

Lecture 6: Filters
2007 H.K. Page 32

Replica Filter (Master)
1 Q
s0 1
s0 VLP
Vtune
Amp.+ Filter
Main Filter (Slave)
Vre f
1 Phase Comparator
s 1
s 2
s 3
s 4
Ref: H. Khorramabadi and P.R. Gray, High Frequency CMOS continuous-time filters, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.-SC-19, No. 6, pp.939-948, Dec. 1984.
Master-Slave Frequency Tuning 1- Reference Filter (VCF)

Issues to be aware of:
Input reference tuning signal needs to be sinusoid Disadvantage since clocks are usually available as square waveform Reference signal feed-through to the output of the filter can limit filter dynamic range (reported levels of about 100Vrms) Ref. signal feed-through is a function of:
Reference signal frequency with respect to filter passband Filter topology Care in the layout Fully differential topologies beneficial
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2007 H.K. Page 34
Vin
R* R s
Vo
1
s 5
R* R
Master-Slave Frequency Tuning 2- Reference Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator (VCO)

Instead of VCF a voltage-controlledoscillator (VCO) is used VCO made of replica integrator used in main filter Tuning circuit operates exactly as a conventional phase-locked loop (PLL) Tuning signal used to tune main filter
Ref: K.S. Tan and P.R. Gray, Fully integrated analog filters using bipolar FET technology, IEEE, J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-13, no.6, pp. 814-821, December 1978..
Master-Slave Frequency Tuning

2- Reference Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator (VCO) Issues to be aware of:
Design of stable & repeatable oscillator challenging VCO operation should be limited to the linear region of the integrator or else the operation loses accuracy (e.g. large signal transconductance versus small signal in a gm-C filter) Limiting the VCO signal range to the linear region not a trivial design issue In the case of VCF based tuning ckt, there was only ref. signal feedthrough. In this case, there is also the feedthrough of the VCO signal!! Advantage over VCF based tuning Reference input signal square wave (not sin.)
Master-Slave Frequency Tuning Choice of Ref. Frequency wrt Feedthrough Immunity
Ref: V. Gopinathan, et. al, Design Considerations for High-Frequency Continuous-Time Filters and Implementation of an Antialiasing Filter for Digital Video, IEEE JSSC, Vol. SC-25, no. 6 pp. 13681378, Dec. 1990.
Master-Slave Frequency Tuning 3-Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency

Replica of main filter Gm-C I=Gm*Vref C Vout
Vin Vref
Gm
Vtune
Replica of main filter integrator e.g. Gm-C building block used Utilizes the fact that a DC voltage source connected to the input of the Gm cell generates a constant current proportional to the transconductance and the voltage reference I = Gm.Vref
Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency

Consider the following sequence: Integrating capacitor is fully discharged @ t=0 At t=0 the capacitor is connected to the output of the Gm cell then:
Vin Vref Gm I=Gm*Vref Vout C1
Vtune
VC1
VC1 = Gm Vr ef T
C1
QC1 = VC1 C1 = GmVref T VC1 = GmVref T C1
t=0
time
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2007 H.K. Page 39

Since at the end of the period T:
VC1 GmVref T
Vin I=Gm*Vref Vout C
C1
Gm
Vref
If VC1 is forced to be equal to Vref then:

C =T = N Gm fclk
Vtune
VC1
VC1 GmVref T
time
C1
How do we manage to force VC1=Vref ?
t=0
Use feedback!!

Replica of main filter Gm S2 Vref Gm C1 S1 C2 S3
Three clock phase operation To analyze study one phase at a time

Ref: A. Durham, J. Hughes, and W. Redman- White, Circuit Architectures for High Linearity Monolithic Continuous-Time Filtering, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, pp. 651-657, Sept. 1992.
Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency P1 high S1 closed
S2 Vref Gm C1
S3 S1
A
C2
C1 C2
discharged VC1=0 retains its previous charge
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2007 H.K. Page 42

S2 Vref Gm S3 C1
A
C2
I=Gm*Vref
C1 C2
P2
charged with constant current: I=Gm*Vref retains its previous charge

C1
VC1 = Gm Vref T 2
VC1
T1
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T2

S2 Vref Gm C1 S3 V C2
T1
T2
C1 charge shares with C2 Few cycles following startup Assuming A is large, feedback forces: V 0 VC2= Vref
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S2 Vref Gm C1 C2 S3
VC1 = VC2 = V r ef
T1 T2
since : VC1 = GmVref T 2
C1 C1
t hen : Vr ef = GmVref T 2 or : C1 Gm = T 2 = N / f cl k
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Summary Replica Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency

S2 Vref Gm C1 C2 S3
Tuning Signal To Main Filter Feedback forces Gm to assume a value so that :
Integrator time constant locked to an accurate frequency Tuning signal used to adjust the time constant of the main filter integrators
i nt g = C1 Gm = N / f cl k
or
int 0 g = Gm C1 = f cl k / N
2007 H.K. Page 46
EECS 247
Lecture 6: Filters
Issues 1- Loop Stability

S2 Vref Gm C1 C2 S3
Tuning Signal To Main Filter
Note: Need to pay attention to loop stability C1 chosen to be smaller than C2 tradeoff between stability and speed of lock acquisition Lowpass filter at the output of amp. A helps stabilize the loop
Issues 2-GM-Cell DC Offset Induced Error

Problems to be aware of:
S2 Vref Gm C1
S3
A
C2 To Main Filter
int 0 g = Gm C1 = fc l k / N
Tuning error due to master integrator DC offset

Issues Gm Cell DC Offset

What is DC offset? Simple example: For the differential pair shown here, mismatch in input device or load characteristics would cause DC offset: Vo = 0 requires a non-zero input voltage Offset could be modeled as a small DC voltage source at the input for which with shorted inputs Vo = 0
Vos
Vo +
M1 M2
+ Vin -
Vtune
Example: Differential Pair
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2007 H.K. Page 49
Simple Gm-Cell DC Offset

Mismatch associated with M1 & M2 DC offset
L M 1,2 1 Vos = (Vth1 Vth2 ) Vov1,2 W 2 L M 1,2
( ) ( )
Vos
Vo +
M1 M2
+ Vin -
Assuming offset due to load device mismatch is negligible
Vtune
Ref: Gray, Hurst, Lewis, Meyer, Analysis & Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Wiley 2001, page 335
Gm-Cell Offset Induced Error

Voltage source representing DC offset
Vos Vref Gm
I=Gm(Vref - Vos)
S2
S3 C1
A
C2
Effect of Gm-cell DC offset:

VC1 = VC2 = V re f I de al : VC1 = G m Vre f T 2
with o ffse t : VC1 = G m Vre f Vos T 2 C1 V C1 = T 2 1 os or : Gm Vre f

C1
Gm-Cell Offset Induced Error

Vos Vref Gm
I=Gm(Vref-Vos)
S2
S3 C1
A
C2
Example:
C1 Gm V = T 2 1 os V re f fcritical Gm C1
fo r
Vos = 1/ 10 Vre f
1 0 % e rro r in t un i ng!
Gm-Cell Offset Induced Error Solution

Assume differential integrator Add a pair of auxiliary inputs to the input stage for offset cancellation purposes
Cint g
-
Vo M3 M1 M4 M2
aux. Vin
Aux. Main Input Input
+ +
+ + main Vin -
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Simple Gm-Cell AC Small Signal Model

Vo
M1
Vin1
M1 M3 V gM1Vin1gm Vin1 gm o Vin2

M1 M3 g m Vin1 g m Vin2
Vin1 AC half circuit
2Cintg
CGS1
ro
2Cintg
Small signal model
r is parallel combination of r of M1 & load M Vo = g m 1Vin1 ro || 1 s 2C o int g o Vo = Vo =

M g m 1ro
1 + s 2Cint g ro
Vin1
M & g m 1ro = a1 Integrator finite DC gain M gm 1 Vin1 s 2Cint g
1+
a1 a1 s 2Cint g
Vin1
M gm 1
Note : a1 ,
Vo =
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Simple Gm-Cell + Auxiliary Inputs AC Small Signal Model

Vo
M1
Vin1
Vin2 CGS3
Vo
2Cintg
Vin1
Vin2
M3
2Cintg
CGS1
ro
AC half circuit
M M Vo = g m 1Vin1 + g m 3Vin2 ro || 1 s 2C int g Vo = Vo =
M g m 1ro
Small signal model
ro parallel combination of ro of M1, M3, & current source
1 + s 2Cint g ro 1+
Vin1
M g m 3ro
1 + s 2Cint g ro Vin1 1+
Vin2 Vin2
M gm 3
2007 H.K. Page 55
a1 a1 s 2Cint g
M gm 1
a3 a3 s 2Cint g
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Lecture 6: Filters
Gm-Cell DC Model
Aux. Main Input Input
+ + -
V + o
aux Vin = Vin2

-
aux. Vin
Cint g
Vo M4 M2
Vo = a1(Vin1 + Vos ) + a3 Vin2
M3 + Vos M1 + main = V Vin in1 -
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Offset Cancellation Incorporated
P2 +Vref/2 Vcm P2B C3a P3 P2 P1 P2 P3 Vtune P1 P3 P3 C2
-Vref/2
+ + + -
C1
+ +
P2B P2
C3b
Gm-cell two sets of input pairs Aux. input pair + C3a,b Offset cancellation Same clock timing
Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency P3 High (Update & Store offset)
C3a
+Vref/2 Vcm
Vos
-Vref/2
C3b
+ + + -
C1
Vout = Vos
C2
+ +
Vtune
Gm-cell Unity gain configuration via aux. inputs Main inputs shorted C1, C2 Charge sharing
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Reference Integrator During Offset Cancellation Phase

0 Vo = a1(Vin1 + Vos ) + a3 Vin2 Vin2 = Vo
Vo = a1 Vos a3 Vo a1 Vos 1 + a3 Assuming a1 = a3 >> 1 Vo =
VC 3a,b = Vo s
C3a
+ +
Vos
Vout = Vos
C3b
Vo = Vos
& Vin2 = Vos
C3a,b
Store main Gm-cell offset
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2007 H.K. Page 59
Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency P3 High (Update & Store offset)
VC3a,b = Vos
+Vref/2 Vcm C3a
Vos
-Vref/2
C3b
+ + + -
C1
Vout = Vos
C2
+ +
Vtune
Gm-cell Unity gain configuration via aux. inputs Main input shorted C3a,b Store Gm-cell offset C1, C2 Charge sharing
Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency P1 High (Reset)

VC3a,b = Vo s
+Vref/2 Vcm
Vos
C3a
-Vref/2
+ + + -
C1
C2
+ +
C3b
Gm-cell Reset. Discharge C1 C2 Hold Charge C3a,b Hold Charge Offset previously stored on C3a,b cancels gm-cell offset
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Vtune
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2007 H.K. Page 61
Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency P2 High (Charge)

VC3a,b = Vos
+Vref/2 Vcm C3a
+ + + -
I=gm1(Vref -Vos)-( -gm3Vos ) I=gm1xVref

C1
C2
Vos
C3b
+ +
-Vref/2
Vtune
Gm-cell C3a,b C2
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Charging C1 Store/hold Gm-cell offset Hold charge

Summary Reference Integrator Locked to Reference Frequency
+Vref/2 Vcm
C3a
Vos
-Vref/2
C3b
+ + + -
C1
Vout = Vos
C2
+ +
Vtune
Key point: Tuning error due to Gm-cell offset cancelled *Note: Same offset compensation technique can be used in many other applications
Summary
Tuning error due to gm-cell offset voltage resolved Advantage over previous schemes:
Vref Gm C1 C2 S2 S3
fclk can be chosen to be at much higher frequencies compared to filter bandwidth (N >1)
Feedthrough of clock falls out of band and thus attenuated by filter
Feedback forces Gm to vary so that :
i nt g = C1 Gm = N / f cl k
or
int 0 g = Gm C1 = f cl k / N
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Lecture 6: Filters
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Summary Last Lecture - Continuous-Time Filters (Continued)

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Summary Last Lecture - Continuous-Time Filters (Continued)

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EE247 Lecture 6

Summary last lecture Continuous-time filters (continued)

Frequency tuning for continuous-time filters

Periodic off-line tuning

2007 H.K. Page 1

Frequency tuning for continuous-time filters

Various integrator topologies used in filters

Opamp MOSFET-C filters Opamp MOSFET-RC filtersto be continued today

Improved MOSFET-C Integrator

No threshold dependence Linearity achieved in the order of 50-70dB

R-MOSFET-C Lossy Integrator

Operational Amplifiers (Opamps) versus Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTA)

Extra buffer adds complexity, power dissipation

Integrator Implementation Transconductance-C & Opamp-Transconductance-C

Gm-C Filters Simplest Form of CMOS Gm-C Integrator

Simplest Form of CMOS Gm-C Integrator AC Half Circuit

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Gm-C Filters Simplest Form of CMOS Gm-C Integrator

Vo g M 1,2 = m Vin 2Cint g s Vo o = Vin s o =

Small signal model

Gm-C Filters Simplest Form of CMOS Gm-C Integrator

Id varied via Vcontrol gm tunable via Vcontrol

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Gm-C Filters Order Gm-C Filter

Use the Gm-cell to build a 2nd order bandpass filter -

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2nd Order Bandpass Filter

2nd Order Integrator-Based Bandpass Filter

From matching point of v iew desirable : 1 = 2 = = 1 Q= R * 0 R

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2nd Order Integrator-Based Bandpass Filter

First implement this part With transfer function:

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Terminated Gm-C Integrator

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Terminated Gm-C Integrator

Small signal model

gM 3 + m M M gm 1 gm 1 V0 1 Compare to: Vin = s +1 0 Q s 2Cint g

Terminated Gm-C Integrator

Small signal model

Question: How to define Q accurately?

Terminated Gm-C Integrator

Let us assume equal channel lengths for M1, M3 then:

M11 M10 Vcontrol Vcontrol

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Terminated Gm-C Integrator

M11 M10 Vcontrol Vcontrol

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2nd Order Gm-C Filter

Simple design Tunable Q function of device ratios:

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Continuous-Time Filter Frequency Tuning Techniques

Periodic off-line tuning

Example: Tunable Opamp-RC Filter

Fuse not blown Fuse blown

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Example:Tunable/Trimmable Opamp-RC Filter

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Automatic Frequency Tuning

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Master-Slave Automatic Frequency Tuning

Master-Slave Frequency Tuning 1-Reference Filter (VCF)

Master-Slave Frequency Tuning 1-Reference Filter (VCF)