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Enthalpy of Formation MgO

Laboratory 5

Energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy may be converted from one form to another, but the total quantities of energy remain constant.

Heat of Reaction
In chemical reactions, heat is often transferred from the system to its surroundings, or vice versa.

The substance or mixture of substances under study in which a change occurs is called the thermodynamic system (or simply system.) The surroundings are everything in the vicinity of the thermodynamic system.

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A chemical system and its surroundings.

the surroundings

the system

Heat of Reaction
Heat is defined as the energy that flows into or out of a system because of a difference in temperature between the system and its surroundings. Heat flows from a region of higher temperature to one of lower temperature; once the temperatures become equal, heat flow stops.

Heat of Reaction
Heat is denoted by the symbol q. The sign of q is positive if heat is absorbed by the system. The sign of q is negative if heat is evolved by the system. Heat of Reaction is the value of q required to return a system to the given temperature at the completion of the reaction.

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Heat of Reaction
An exothermic process is a chemical reaction or physical change in which heat is evolved (q is negative). An endothermic process is a chemical reaction or physical change in which heat is absorbed (q is positive).

Heat of Reaction
Exothermicity
out of a system
Surroundings

Endothermicity into a system

Surroundings

Energy System

Energy System

Dq < 0

Dq > 0

Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change

The heat absorbed or evolved by a reaction depends on the conditions under which it occurs. Usually, a reaction takes place in an open vessel constant pressure of the atmosphere. The heat of this type of reaction is denoted qp, the heat at constant pressure.

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Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change

Enthalpy, denoted H, is an extensive property of a substance that can be used to obtain the heat absorbed or evolved in a chemical reaction.
An extensive property is one that depends on the quantity of substance. Enthalpy is a state function, a property of a system that depends only on its present state and is independent of any previous history of the system.

Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change

The change in enthalpy for a reaction at a given temperature and pressure (called the enthalpy of reaction) is obtained by subtracting the enthalpy of the reactants from the enthalpy of the products.

DH H (products) H ( reactants)

Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change

The change in enthalpy is equal to the heat of reaction at constant pressure..

DH q p

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Heats of Reaction: Calorimetry

A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat absorbed or evolved during a physical or chemical change.

The heat absorbed by the calorimeter and its contents is the negative of the heat of reaction.

qcalorimeter qrxn

Figure 6.9

Coffee-cup calorimeter.

A coffee cup calorimeter

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A Problem to Consider
When 23.6 grams of calcium chloride,
CaCl2, was dissolved in 300. grams of water in a calorimeter, the temperature rose from 25.0oC to 38.7oC. What is the
enthalpy change per mole of calcium chloride?

Heats of Reaction: Calorimetry First, let us calculate the heat absorbed by the calorimeter.
qcal CmDT (4.184
o

J C g

) (38.7 o C 25.0 o C ) 300.g

qcal 1.72 10 4 J
Now we must calculate the heat per mole of calcium chloride.

Heats of Reaction: Calorimetry

Calcium chloride has a molecular mass of 111.1 g, so
(23.6 g CaCl 2 ) (1 mol CaCl 2 ) 0.212 mol CaCl 2 111.1 g

Now we can calculate the heat per mole of calcium chloride.

DH

qrxn 17.2 kJ 81.1 kJ / mol mol CaCl 2 0.212 mol

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Hesss Law

Hesss law of heat summation: states that for a chemical equation that can be written as the sum of two or more steps, the enthalpy change for the overall equation is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.

Hesss Law
For example, suppose you are given the following data:

S (s) O2 ( g ) SO2 ( g ); DHo -297 kJ

2SO3 ( g ) 2SO2 ( g ) O2 ( g ); DH o 198 kJ
Could you use these data to obtain the enthalpy change for the following reaction?

2S ( s) 3O2 ( g ) 2SO3 ( g ); DH o ?

Hesss Law
If we multiply the first equation by 2 and reverse the second equation, they will sum together to become the third.

2S (s) 2O2 ( g ) 2SO2 ( g ); DHo (-297 kJ) (2)

2SO2 ( g ) O2 ( g ) 2SO3 ( g ); DH o (198 kJ) (-1)

2S ( s) 3O2 ( g ) 2SO3 ( g ); DH o -792 kJ

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Standard Enthalpies of Formation

The standard enthalpy of formation of a substance, denoted DHfo, is the enthalpy change for the formation of one mole of a substance in its standard state from its component elements in their standard state. Appendix B in your text lists several DHfo values. (you will need to use them today) Note that the standard enthalpy of formation for a pure element in its standard state is zero.

Lab Notes
Work in pairs I will assign Mg or MgO to each pair Watch the temperature carefully wait for it to drop back down before calling it done All the reacted chemicals can go down the sink Put everything back on the cart or thermometers in the beaker

Do you want to work alone or as a group?

Heat of formation of water is -285.84 kJ/mol