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CCNA – Semester2

Module 7
Routing and Routing Protocols

Objectives

• Distance vector routing


• RIP
• IGRP
Distance Vector Routing

Distance vector routing updates


• Routing table updates
occur periodically or
when the topology in a
distance vector
protocol network
changes.
• Distance vector
algorithms call for each
router to send its entire
routing table to each of
its adjacent neighbors.
Distance vector routing loop issues
Routing decisions based on incorrect information results in packets taking
paths that return them to already visited routers
• Before network 1 goes down B & D goes via A to this network, C may go via B
to this network
• When net 1 is down, A informs B & D about it, C does not yet know

• C sends update to D informing that it can


get to net 1 via B
• D updates this incorrect route overwriting
the previously correct update from A
• D sends update to A followed by A sends
update to B causing both A & B to also
update the incorrect route
• Consequence: Packet originating from C
destined to net 1 will loop:
CÆBÆAÆDÆC

Problem: Count to infinity


• Large number of routing loops results in forever-increasing value of routing
metric, e.g. hop count, or count to infinity
Loop prevention: Maximum metric

Loop prevention: Split horizon

• The routing protocol advertises routes out an


interface only if they were not learned from updates
entering that interface.
Route poisoning

• To overcome large routing loops


• Set the hop count to one more than the maximum.

Avoiding routing loops with triggered updates

• Triggered update is sent immediately in response to


some change in the routing table.
• Triggered updates, used in conjunction with route
poisoning, ensure that all routers know of failed routes
before any holddown timers can expire.
Loop prevention: Hold-down timer
• If at any time during hold-down timer an update is received from
– The same neighbor indicating that the network is again accessible, the router marks
the network as accessible and removes the hold-down timer.
– A different neighboring router with a better metric than originally recorded for the
network, the router marks the network as accessible and removes the hold-down
timer.
– A different neighboring router with a poorer metric, the update is ignored.

Routing Information Protocol


- RIP -
Classful Routing vs. Classless Routing

• Classful routing must be used with classful


network or subnets with the same subnetmask.
It does not include subnetmask in its routing
table (FLSM)
• Classless routing allows updating routes with
different subnetmasks therefore it include
subnetmask in routing update (VLSM)

RIP

• Distance vector protocol


• Hop count is used as the metric for path
selection
• Maximum hop count is 15
• Routing update interval is 30s
RIPv1 and RIPv2

• RIP Version 1 is a Classful Routing Protocol, RIP Version 2


is a Classless Routing Protocol. RIP v2 enhancements
include:
– Ability to carry additional packet routing information.
– Authentication mechanism to secure table updates.
– Supports variable length subnet masking (VLSM).

Configuring RIP
ip classless command
• If a packet is destined for an unknown subnet of a network that has
directly connected subnets on router, it will be discarded. The ip
classless command allows it to be forward over default route.

Common RIP configuration issues

Command Description
(config-router)#timers basic Change routing update timer
update invalid holddown flush
[sleeptime] parameters

(conf-router)#passive-interface Stop sending routing update out


type number
this interface
(config-router)#redistribute propagate static routes over routing
static
updates
#clear ip route * Clear routing table
Configure RIPv1 and RIPv2

Show ip protocols
SHOW IP ROUTE command

Show ip route

R 183.8.0.128 [120/1] via 183.8.128.130 , 00:00:17 , Serial0


via 183.8.64.130 , 00:00:17 , Serial1

• 183.8.0.128 : destination network number


• [120/1] : [administrative distance/hop count]
• 183.8.128.130: next hop IP address
• 00:00:17 : latest update was 17 seconds ago
• Serial0 : outgoing interface is Serial0
• Second line : load sharing
Troubleshooting RIP update issues

• Other commands to troubleshoot RIP:


– show ip rip database
– show ip protocols
– show ip route
– debug ip rip {events}
– show ip interface brief

Load Balancing with RIP


Router route selection

• Among multiple routes to a specific network:


– Use the route with the lowest AD.
– If AD are equal, use the route with the lowest metric
– If AD and metric are equal, proceed load sharing

Default Route with RIP

• A router running RIP can receive a default route via an


update from another router running RIP.
• Another option is for the router to generate the default
route itself.
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
- IGRP -

IGRP

• IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol


developed by Cisco.
• IGRP sends routing updates at 90 second
intervals, advertising networks for a particular
autonomous system.
IGRP features

• Key design characteristics of IGRP are a follows:


– The versatility to automatically handle indefinite, complex topologies
– The flexibility needed to segment with different bandwidth and delay
characteristics
– Scalability for functioning in very large networks

IGRP Metrics

• The metrics that IGRP uses are:


– Bandwidth – The lowest bandwidth value in the path
– Delay – The cumulative interface delay along the path
– Reliability – The reliability on the link towards the destination as determined
by the exchange of keepalives
– Load – The load on a link towards the destination based on bits per second
– MTU – The Maximum Transmission Unit value of the path.
• Default metric use only bandwidth and delay
• Hop-count is used as a secondary metric to prevent loop
SHOW IP PROTOCOLS command

IGRP routes

• IGRP advertises three types of routes:


– Interior
– System
– Exterior
IGRP Routes

AS = 100 AS = 200

Configuring IGRP
Verifying IGRP configuration

• Additional commands for checking IGRP


configuration are as follows:
– show interface interface [brief]
– show running-config
– show ip protocols

Troubleshooting IGRP

• The following commands are useful when


troubleshooting IGRP:
– show ip protocols
– show ip route
– debug ip igrp events
– debug ip igrp transactions
– ping
– traceroute
Default static ip route

• Create a default route on the router which is


being configured:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 {ip_next_hop| interface}
• Static routes can be advertised to other router
via dynamic routing update using:
redistribute static
• IGRP has no concept of route 0.0.0.0/0

Default Network

• Tell other router to choose the network as the


default route:
ip default-network {network_number}
• Network_number must be a known classfull
network (taken from routing table)
• IGRP may use this with default static ip route
• For a network, default route configuration is
only configured on gateway router
Default Route

Summary

• How routing loops occur in distance vector


• Preventing routing loop solution
• Configuring RIP
• IGRP features
• IGRP metrics
• IGRP routes
• Configuring IGRP
Lab Topology 1 - RIP

F0/0 F0/0

Site1 S0/0
Site2
S0/1 Lab_B Lab_E
S0/1
S0/0

S0/1
S0/0 S0/1 S0/0

Lab_C S0/0 Lab_F


Lab_A S0/1 Lab_D
F0/0 F0/0 F0/0 F0/0

Port Lab_A Lab_B Lab_C Lab_D Lab_E Lab_F

S0/0 201.10.11.1/24 199.6.13.1/24 204.204.7.1/24 192.168.3.1/24 34.10.120.1/16 N/A

S0/1 N/A 201.10.11.2/24 199.6.13.2/24 204.204.7.2/24 192.168.3.2/24 34.10.210.5/16

F0/0 172.17.11.1/16 172.16.11.1/16 172.17.11.2/16 172.18.11.1/16 172.16.11.2/16 172.18.11.2/16

Lab Topology 2 – 2 IGRP AS with default routes

Internet

172.16.2.1/16 172.16.2.2/16

IGRP 100 Lab_B Lab_E IGRP 200


172.20.0.0/16 192.168.1.0/24

Lab_A Lab_C Lab_D Lab_F


CCNA2 – Module7

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